Religie en het maatschappelijke midden in Nederland René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies...
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Transcript of Religie en het maatschappelijke midden in Nederland René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies...
Religie en het maatschappelijke midden
in NederlandRené Bekkers
Center for Philanthropic Studies
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
May 31, 2013 1Secularization, so what?
Religion in the Netherlands
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 2
Giving in the Netherlands
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 3
• Civic participation tends to be concentrated among a small group that does most of the giving and volunteering.
• Reed & Selbee (2001, NVSQ) call this group the ‘civic core’.
• Religious people do more of the total giving and volunteering in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and Flanders.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 4
• You can think of giving and volunteering as a natural phenomenon with a certain level of concentration.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 5
Like firebugs.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 6
• Firebugs tend to cling together.• In my own front garden I find them
especially on dry and sunny places.• Churches are like the sunny rocks in
my garden – a fertile environment for donors and volunteers.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 7
This is not what the bugs do.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 8
They concentrate -
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 9
Into a core.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 10
So, why?
• Why is religious affiliation and activity associated with giving and volunteering?
• What is it in religion that makes people care about society as a whole?
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 11
Popular dichotomies
• Conviction and community (Wuthnow, 1991)
• Intrinsic religious motivation (Cnaan et al., 1993) vs. associational ties (Jackson et al, 1995)
• Structure and culture (Bekkers, 2000)• Norms and networks (Ruiter & De
Graaf, 2006)
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 12
Volunteering and Giving
• With Pamala Wiepking I recently summarized the literature on charitable giving in a review article for Voluntary Sector Review (November 2011 issue).
• Volunteering and charitable giving are two types of contributions to society
• They are both indicators of social capital, governed by similar principles
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 13
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 14
• In this formulation, religion is viewed as an external force that influences people.
• From religious communities, people ‘get’ their networks and convictions.
• Religious beliefs and prosocial values may vary from person to person.
• Endogeneity bias; simultaneous choices.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 15
Secularization: so what?
• This talk is mainly about how the concentration of giving and volunteering among religious groups in the Netherlands has changed over time.
• This is important because religion disappears from Dutch society.
• Will giving and volunteering decline along with secularization?
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 16
Not…
• …if those who are ‘left behind’ in churches become more active citizens. this would lead to a higher level of concentration of giving and volunteering among the religious.
• …if another factor gains importance, such as education – but I am saving that for another occasion.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 17
The data
• All the ‘Giving in the Netherlands’ survey data that we have gathered since 1997. Total n=9,696. Winsorized at 99%.
• The data are treated as separate cross-sections and then pooled into one file.
• Amounts are adjusted for inflation.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 18
Geefgedrag (1997)
19
Geefgedrag (2009)
20
Total giving by religion
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 21
Religious giving
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 22
Secular giving by religion
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 23
Vrijwilligerswerk
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 24
Increasing concentration
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 25
Proportion of volunteers by total giving quintile
Amounts donated by non-volunteers
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 26
Amounts donated by volunteers
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 27
Household giving: no-yes
Catholic 1.403*** 1.438***
Protestant 1.757*** 1.751***
Survey wave 1.116***
Catholic * wave 1.038***
Protestant * wave 0.985
Secondary education 1.166*** 1.191***
Tertiary education 1.618*** 1.673***
Secondary * wave 0.915***
Tertiary * wave 0.916***
Church attendance (4 categories) 1.180*** 1.182***
Attendance * wave 0.997
n 9,696 9,696
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 28
Odds ratios in logistic egression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
Amount donated in €
Catholic -109*** -111***
Protestant 216*** 215***
Survey wave 14***
Catholic * wave 7***
Protestant * wave 3
Secondary education 51*** 71***
Tertiary education 160*** 185***
Secondary * wave -17***
Tertiary * wave -21***
Church attendance (4 categories) 125*** 124***
Attendance * wave 2***
n 7,857 7,857
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 29
B coefficients in OLS regression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
Volunteering: no-yes
Catholic 1.142** 1.146**
Protestant 1.723*** 1.709***
Survey wave 1.045***
Catholic * wave 0.999
Protestant * wave 1.025
Secondary education 1.190*** 1.245***
Tertiary education 1.613*** 1.695***
Secondary * wave 0.958***
Tertiary * wave 0.963***
Church attendance (4 categories) 1.333*** 1.326***
Attendance * wave 1.017***
n 9,030 9,030
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 30
Odds ratios in logistic egression of household giving, also including age (model 1) and age * wave (model 2),
Amount donated (logs, donors only)
Catholic -.063 -.097 -.098
Protestant .841*** .744*** .688***
Survey wave .111*** .106*** .085***
Secondary education .707*** .585*** .554***
Tertiary education 1.393*** 1.278*** 1.237***
Volunteering .389*** .235*** .159
Volunteering * wave .067*** .059*** .046***
Social responsibility .384*** .357***
Altruistic values .628*** .582***
Asked to volunteer .108* .058
Number of solicitations .214*** .161***
Requests * wave .015*
n 5,983 5,983 5,983
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 31
B coefficients in OLS regressions of log of total amount donated, also including age , age * wave, education * wave, religion * wave
Secular amount donated (logs, donors only)
Catholic -.063 -.259*** -.296***
Protestant .283*** .098 -.064
Survey wave -.026*** .114*** .085***
Secondary education -.025 .585*** .522***
Tertiary education .554*** 1.278*** 1.304***
Volunteering .375*** .132
Volunteering * wave .054** .031
Social responsibility .357***
Altruistic values .643***
Asked to volunteer .057
Number of solicitations .165***
Requests * wave .018**
n 5,983 5,983 5,983
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 32
B coefficients in OLS regressions of log of total amount donated, also including age , age * wave, education * wave, religion * wave
Additional results
• Concentration of giving among the elderly is due to their stronger religiosity.
• No significant changes in relationships with hours volunteered among volunteers.
• No changes in relationships of prosocial values with giving.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 33
Additional results
• Similar denominational differences in helping behavior as in volunteering.
• Helping is positively related to volunteering, both secular and religious.
• The relationship between secular volunteering and church attendance has become stronger over time.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 34
Conclusions
• The civic core is increasingly religious.
• The civic core is becoming less highly educated.
• The civic core becomes increasingly concentrated: volunteering and giving increasingly go together.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 35
Concentrating from
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 36
To this core.
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 37
A grim future?
• How can we create new forms of cohesion in society that bring people together?
• Creating opportunities to contribute time and money in groups with positive norms: sunny rocks
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 38
May 31, 2013 Secularization, so what? 39
Something else
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40
Dank!
Contact
• ‘Giving in the Netherlands’, Center for Philanthropic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University Amsterdam: www.geveninnederland.nl
• René Bekkers, [email protected]• Blog: renebekkers.wordpress.com• Twitter: @renebekkers
May 31, 2013 41Secularization, so what?