A CommentAry on the missile

ProCurement, Design & DeveloPment

ProgrAms

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Destructive capabilityA look at the present Missile procurement, design and development initiatives

The INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE DEFENCE PROGRAM (IGMDP) was sanctioned on July 26th, 1983. Since that day, the program has come a long way and has many achievements to its credit. The program initially consisted of AGNI, PRITHVI, TRISHUL, AKASH and NAG missiles. Later on, Project K-15 was also added. Besides TRISHUL, all other missiles have been inducted into the armed forces.

On 7th MAY 2008, DRDO closed the IGMDP and declared it a success. The other missiles such as

AGNI-V, BARAK 8 and NAG variants were being pursued independently.

India in 2010, posses a truly potent and accurate package of missiles that ranges from the 4km NAG to the 3500-5000km AGNI-III. It is also the only country to have a supersonic cruise missile, the BrahMos.

This commentary provides a brief description of the various programs underway regarding Missile procurements, Design and Development.

DETAIls

AGNI-V is also known as AGNI-III +, as almost 60% of the

subsystems of the two missiles are similar. AGNI-V is a 3

stage, solid propelled, canister based missile having multiple

independent targetable re-entry

warheads (MIRV). This missile was

not a part of the original IGMDP.

The Advanced Systems Laboratory

(ASL) Hyderabad is the design and

development hub for the AGNI-V.

The material cutting stage was completed in February 2010

and the sub-system testing is currently in progress. The Ring

Laser Gyroscope and Accelerometer have been developed by

the Research Center Imarat.

India is building a 3-stage missile for the very first time. This is

adding an additional 1000kgs in weight and 5meters in height

to the missile. To keep the missile weight in check, the entire

3rd stage and parts of the other 2 stages are being built from

composites.

The AGNI-V is India’s first missile to be equipped with the

MIRV (multiple independent re-entry vehicles) system.

This will enable India to have a decisive second strike

capability in the event of a nuclear

conflict. The MIRV has the potential to

maneuver and send decoy warheads to

confuse enemy anti-missile defenses.

Each MIRV will have between 3 and 10

warheads and be able to impact within

40meters of the target.

The AGNI-V will also be the first strategic missile to

be capable of canister launch. This will allow it to be

deployed and launched from even the remote corners of

the country. The canisters are made from maraging steel

and are hermetically sealed, which facilitates long-term

storage.

AGNI-V will bring India one step closer to developing its

first true ICBM.

• Program Sanctioned: May 2008• Range: 5000-6000Km• Development Cost: US$ 556 million• Estimated Test: Late 2010, early 2011• Payload: 1500kgs

AGNI-V

At present the Indian Navy has no

submarine that has the capability to test

the SAGARIKA. Thus on DRDO’s request,

Russia will loan a conventional submarine

to India, in order to carry out the launch of

the SAGARIKA from an actual submarine.

The missile launcher of the SAGARIKA, called Project 420,

was completed in 2001 in Hazira, Gujrat.

The Indian Air force is actively considering attaching

SAGARIKA to its fleet of medium range transport aircraft to

act as a stand-off missile.

AGNI-III is a two stage, solid propelled missile. The guidance

system is similar to that of AGNI-V.

AGNI-III was first tested in July 2006; however the

missile failed in its mission and fell into the Bay of

Bengal in a mere 50 seconds. Upon investigation,

it was found that there was a problem during the

separation of the first and second stages.

DETAIls

SHAURYA is a two stage, solid propelled, canister based

missile. It can reach speeds of mach 6 even at low altitudes

and is maneuverable as well. This makes SHAURYA a very

effective weapon system for defeating Ballistic Missile

Defenses. The missile performs a role in flight, to evenly

spread the heat around its surface. The missile is loaded on a

single vehicle which also acts as the launch platform making

it difficult for satellites to track the launch platform. The

missile has 6 motors; the first one to eject the missile out of

the canister and the remaining five to propel the missile.

The first test took place

from an underground

facility with an in-built

canister. The flight lasted 485 seconds.

SHAURYA has been specifically designed for submarine

launch capability. The canisters can be fitted in the

submarine without much problem. This missile is very

similar to the SAGARIKA project for developing a strategic

SLCM.

The biggest

challenge in the

d e v e l o p m e n t

of SAGARIKA

has been that of

miniaturizing the 500kg warhead to fit in the submarine.

The missile weighs 7000kgs and is solid propelled.

Till date, there have been 6 tests of SAAGRIKA, in which it

reached a range of 700km on three occasions. In February

2008, it was launched from a pontoon, of the coast of

Vishakapatnam. The pontoon simulated conditions of a

submarine.

AGNI-III

sHAURYA- PRojEcT K-15

sAGARIKA – PRojEcT K-15

DETAIls

DETAIls

• Range: 600-1000km• First test: October 2004• Payload: 500-1000kg• Maximum Speed: Mach 6

The missile was successfully tested in April 2007 and May

2008. Finally in February

2010, the Indian Army

conducted a successful

user trial of the complete

AGNI- III system and found

it to be satisfactory for

induction.

• Development started in 1991• Range: 600-1000km• First tested in April 2007• Estimated Delivery: 2011 onboard INS ARIHANT

• Program Sanctioned: July 1983, part of IGMDP• Range: 3500-5000Km• Estimated Induction: Late 2010 in

the Strategic Services Command.• Payload: 1500kgs

The IAF will be

the last service

to receive

the BrahMos

cruise missile.

The IAF variant weighs approximately 2000kgs and has only

a single booster onboard. This is because the missile will be

launched from a fighter that is travelling at Mach 1.5. The

missile is anticipated to free fall for about 150meters, before

its booster kicks in. The range of the missile is anticipated

at 290km. The air launched version will also be shorter in

length and have a self start capability. The ignition system

has also been modified to enable the missile to be fired at

high altitudes.

The IAF has already sent two Su-30MKI’s to Russia in March

2009, for the necessary modifications required to carry the

BrahMos onboard. These aircrafts will be used to test the

air launch of the missile. The wings of the Su-30MKI are also

being strengthened to enable carriage of missiles on them.

The fabrication of the launcher is already underway at the

Trivandrum facility of BrahMos.

It is expected that the air-launched BrahMos will be inducted

by 2012 onboard 40 aircrafts.

: ASTRA is a beyond visual range air to

air missile (BVRAAM). It is powered by

a single stage, solid propelled system

that is designed to perform turns even

at 40G’s. The missile has a maximum speed of Mach 4

and can achieve a height of 20km. It carries 15kgs of High

Explosive in its pre-fragmented directional warhead

that is activated by a proximity fuse. The onboard radio-

frequency seeker has been designed in-house. A radar

fuse already exists on ASTRA, but the DRDO is working on

a laser fuse as well.

An experimental flight that verified the ballistic

performance and control at low-altitudes and short

ranges was carried

out in March 2007.

A guided flight test

was undertaken in

September 2008. In November 2009, CAPTIVE TRIALS

took place on a Su-30MKI. The fighter aircraft with the

ASTRA on board performed 7G maneuvers at supersonic

speeds. In January 2010, another test of the missile was

undertaken at the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur,

Orissa from a land based launcher.

The missile is slated for use on the Mirage- 2000H, Su-

30MKI, LCA and FGFA. Induction is expected to happen in

the next 24 months.

BRAHMoS-AIR LAuNCHED

AsTRA

DETAIls

DETAIls

After the success of the BrahMos-I, plans are afoot to design

a HYPERSONIC version of the missile, having a speed of

Mach 5-7. The range would be kept at 290km. It is expected

that the missile would be ready by 2015. Further details are

awaited about the program.

BRAHMoS-II

DETAIls

• Development started in 2007• Range: 290km• Estimated Test: December 2010• Estimated Induction: 2012.

• Development started in 2001 by DRDO• Range: 80km(head on); 15km(tail chase)• First flight test: March 2007• Expected Delivery: 2011• Payload: 15kg

India acquired nine systems of the BARAK-1 for US$

360 million The Indian Navy was very satisfied with the

performance of BARAK-1 ship defense missile and in

2003 started negotiating for a longer range version. On

January 27th 2006, the co-development contract was

signed between IAI and Defence Research Development

Laboratory (DRDL), an arm of the DRDO. The Israeli’s call

it BARAK 8 and the Indian’s, BARAK 8ER or BARAK NG. The

Indian NAVY has initial plans of acquiring 6 units and install

them onboard the Project 17A vessels.

The BARAK 8ER has a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, whose

second motor fires as the missile approaches its target. This

ensures that missile is not coasting in the final stages of its

mission, thereby considerably reducing the chances of a

fast, maneuvering target to escape. The BARAK 8ER also

features an active seeker. This enables the missile to be left

alone and the radar does not continuously have to paint/

illuminate the target at all times. The BARAK 8ER is capable

of receiving mid-course correction and updates.

India had already signed a deal with RAFAEL and IAI in January 2006

to co-develop BARAK NG (Next Generation). This program and the

program of IAF were combined and together called BARAK 8..

The IAF wanted a missile system that had a longer range than

AKASH. The MoD wanted an indigenous system, but it would

take DRDO far too long to come up with something that met

the IAF’s requirements.

Thus, looking to emulate the success of BrahMos, the Indian

government agreed to a joint venture between the Israeli

firms Israeli Aerospace Industries, RAFAEL and the DRDO.

This venture would co-develop the medium-range air

defense system.

However, this Joint venture could only be inked in February

2009, after clearance was given by the Cabinet Committee

on Security, Attorney General of India and the Central

Vigilance Commission.

The MRSAM JV aims to provide the IAF with 9 advanced air

defence squadrons, each with 2 firing units. Each unit in turn,

would consist of a command and control center, acquisition

radar, guidance radar and 3 launchers with 8 missiles each.

The total would therefore be 10 C2 centers, 18 acquisition

radars, 18 guidance radars and 54 launchers armed with

432 missiles. The missile launcher and the command post

would be made in India, with the rest of the complex system -

including the missile itself - to be made in Israel.

The DRDO has stationed 25 of its scientists in Israel for the

project. The first prototype was planned for 2011 and the

development would be completed in five years from its start.

IAI is exploring joint venture with a large Indian conglomerate

to integrate the MRSAM’s. The Israelis would be supplying

the seeker and some radar components, and DRDO making

the airframe, servos, and propulsion.

In November 2009, the Indian Army agreed to a US$

1.11billion deal for the Barak 8. The missile system would be

delivered by 2017.

BARAK 8ER (NG) loNG RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (lRsAM)

BARAK 8 MEDIUM RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (MRsAM)

DETAIls

BAcKGRoUND

DETAIls

• Co-Development agreement signed between IAI and DRDO in January 2006

• Development Budget: US$ 450 million• Range: 120km• Initial testing: 2010-2011

• Joint Venture between IAI/RAFAEL & DRDO cleared in July 2007

• Contract signed in February 2009• Total cost: US$ 2.22 billion• Range: 70km• Initial delivery: 2016-2017

The Indian Army was initially supposed to use AKASH missile

for its air defense systems, however the then Chief of Army

Staff, Gen. Deepak Kapoor had expressed his dissatisfaction

at the performance of AKASH. The IAF had cited a similar

reason to purchase the Israeli SpyDer.

The Indian Army issued an RFP in April 2008 to:

o RAFAEL

o RHEINMETALL DEFENCE

o RAYTHEON

o KPB TULA (Russia)

o MBDA (France)

Only RAFAEL and MBDA submitted their bids in November

2008. Raytheon did not receive government permission for

the transfer of

t e c h n o l o g y ,

while the

other firms

only had a 12km range QRSAM and needed to invest money

to increase the range to the stipulated 15km.

This RFP was then withdrawn and a fresh RFI has been issued

on 25th January 2010. The requirements are for a reaction

time of 6 seconds, the entire system being road and rail

mobile and having Electronic Counter-Counter Measures.

The missiles should be able to engage targets at speeds of

500meters/second.

QUIcK REAcTIoN sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (QRsAM)

DETAIls

In mid 2005, the IAF floated its RFP for a LLQRM air defense

system. The original QR was for 12 systems and the outline

was drawn out for systems specially configured for Indian

deployment and terrain conditions. This was increased to

18 systems and a TOT clause included. The first 3 systems

would be procured off the shelf and the remaining 15

systems to be built in India by BEL, BDL and other firms.

This plan was dropped and all 18 systems would now be

bought off the shelf.

There were only 2 contenders, RAFAEL and MBDA with its

VL-MICA system. RAFAEL won the tender, but

the contract was signed only in July 2008

SpyDer is designed to counter attacks by

aircrafts, helicopters, UAVs and precision

guided munitions. The system incorporates

RAFAEL’s air-to-air missiles – the Derby

active radar (RF) missile and Python 5, a dual

waveband Imaging Infra Red (IIR) missile.

SPYDER’s truck-mounted Missile Firing Units (MFU) is

equipped with both IIR and RF missiles. The MFU carries

any combination (IIR/RF) of four missiles on a rotatable

launcher assembly. The system’s high mobility allows

quick deployment and operational agility. The SPYDER

System has 360° engagement capability during day or night

and under all weather conditions. The SPYDER System

can engage multi threats simultaneously. It has Lock-

On-Before Launch (LOBL) and Lock-On-After Launch

(LOAL) modes of operation. The intercept envelope of the

SPYDER system spans from less than 1km to 15 km, against

targets flying at altitudes between 20 m and 9,000 m.

The truck-mounted Command

and Control Unit (CCU)

comprises the Elta EL/M 2106

ATAR 3D surveillance radar.

The surveillance radar has

advanced ECCM capabilities

and can simultaneously track

multiple-targets. Wireless data

link communication enables deployment of the MFUs

at a distance from the CCU. The CCU is also capable of

operating with neighbouring SpyDer air defence batteries.

loW lEVEl QUIcK REAcTIoN MIssIlE (llQRM) - sPYDER

DETAIls

• Contract signed with RAFAEL and IAI in July 2008

• 18 units for the IAF• Total cost: US$ 400 million• Range: 15km• Expected delivery: 2011

• RFI issued in April 2008 / Jan 2010• 3 regiments and 1485 missiles• Estimated cost: US$ 1.4 billion• Range: 15km• Operational height: 10m – 9km

The Indian army at present uses the European MILAN and

Russian KONKURS systems, both of which are licensed

produced by Bharat Dynamics. Javelin is manufactured

by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin and has replaced the

M-47 Dragon

in the US

army. In October 2009, the Indian army was at an advanced

stage of conducting user trials of the Javelin system.

DETAIls

BrahMos was launched from a moving warship INS Ranvir

in the vertical configuration for the first time in March

2010. This was a

significant step

as till date all

launches from a

moving platform

were carried out in an inclined configuration.

The BrahMos Corporation has now requested the Indian

Navy to provide one of its KILO-class submarines to test

the missile. The submarine will first have to undergo

modifications to enable it to carry and launch the missile.

Already a model of the AMUR-class of submarines with

the BrahMos fitted onboard is ready, incase India decides

to purchase these submarines for Project 75(I).

DETAIls

The Indian Army has issued an RFI for a 20km SRSAM

system to strengthen its air defense system. The missile

should be capable of operating in both day and night

conditions. The missile system should be mobile on rail and

road launchers and be capable of targeting objects moving

up to speeds of 500meters/second. The radar of the missile

system should be capable

of targeting multiple

targets simultaneously

and have inbuilt Electronic Counter-Counter Measures

(ECCM). The entire system should be able to operate in a

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical environment.

DETAIls

MAN PoRTABlE ANTI-TANK MIssIlE- jAVElIN

• Possible FMS agreement with USA• Range: 4km

• Development started in 2007• Estimated Submarine launch: 2011• Range: 290km

• RFI issued in APRIL 2010

BRAHMoS- SuBMARINE LAuNCHED

sHoRT RANGE sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (sRsAM)

The NAVAL SCIENCE TEHNOLOGY LABROTARY (NSTL) has developed

a1500kg torpedo that has a top speed of 74km/h (40knots). It is wire guided.

The Indian Navy was very satisfied by the user trials that were conducted off the

coast of Vishakapatnam and has agreed to induct them into its submarine fleet.

DETAIls

• User trials in 2008• Expected Induction 2010-2011• Range: 30km

VARUNAsTRA- HEAVY WEIGHT ToRPEDo (HWT)

In May 2007, DRDL and MBDA of France signed a co-

development agreement to develop a next generation short

range surface to air missile system. It was essentially a fusion

of the Indian TRISHUL and the French MBDA’s MICA.

However the Indian Air force went ahead and purchased the

SpyDer from Israel and the Indian Navy signed a deal for the

BARAK 8.

Now a detailed work share agreement has been reached

between DRDL and MBDA and a mockup is expected at

AERO India 2011. The ownership of the Maitri program is

envisaged as being fully Indian. With baseline technologies

from the TRISHUL SAM program, the Maitri program

basically envisages the sale of certain key technologies by

MBDA to DRDO for the seeker, endgame avionics, thrust

vector control and propulsion modifications.

Maitri is being built in two basic variants -- a ship-borne point

defence and tactical air defence version for the Navy and a

land-based self-propelled (wheeled and tracked) launcher-

based system for the Air Force and Army.

loW lEVEl QUIcK REAcTIoN sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE (llQRM) – MAITRI

AKASH is a medium range surface to air missile. More than

40 test firings had been done before the IAF in December

2007 finally agreed to induct the missiles for its air bases in

north-east India.

AKASH uses an integral ramjet rocket propulsion system

to give a low-volume, low weight missile configuration, and

has a low reaction time- from detection to missile launch

of 15 seconds. The solid propellant booster accelerates the

missile in 4.5 seconds to Mach 1.5, which is then jettisoned

and the ramjet motor is then ignited for 30 seconds to Mach

2.8-3.5 at 20g. AKASH has an effective ceiling of 15km.

RAJENDRA is a 3D phased-array surveillance and

engagement radar that was developed by the Electronics

Research& Development Establishment (ERDE). It is

mounted on a modified BMP-1 chassis. The RAJENDRA is

capable of tracking 64 targets in total. The radar is mounted

on a turntable at the front of a raised platform.

A single AKASH battery consists of 4 self propelled

launchers, with each launcher carrying 3 missiles, a battery

level radar- RAJENDRA and a command post. For the IAF, 2

batteries combine to form a single squadron, whereas for

the Army, up to 4 batteries combine to form a single AKASH

Group. Each AKASH battery can engage up to 4 targets

with the RAJENDRA radar and a maximum of 2 missiles per

target. Communication between the various vehicles is

through wireless and wired links. The AKASH system can be

deployed by rail, road or air.

In MAY

2008, the

IAF gave a

confirmed

order for 2

squadrons

for US$

2 4 0

million. However this order was not large enough to

undertake an economical production of the missile system.

Thus in January 2010, the IAF ordered a further 6 squadrons

and 750 missiles worth US$ 1. 11 billion. The launchers for

the AKASH are built by Tata Power SED on a modified

BMP-1 chassis. Now even the ARMY is actively considering

acquiring the AKASH system.

AKAsH-MEDIUM sURFAcE To AIR MIssIlE

DETAIls

• Part of IGMDP• Initial budget: US$ 45 million• Expenditure till date: US$ 112 million• Cost of each missile: ~US$ 0.5 million• Inducted into IAF in 2009.• Range: 30km• Payload: 50-60kg

NAG is a 3rd generation, fire and

forget, lock on before launch, anti-

tank guided missile that weighs

42kg. It is the first missile in the

world to have a complete fiber glass

structure. It was initially supposed to

have 3 different types of guidance;

a wire guided version, an infra-red

(IIR) version and a mill metric wave

(mmW) version. As of now only the IIR version is in use. NAG

uses a tandem HEAT (high explosive anti tank) warhead to

penetrate explosive reactor armor or composite armor.

The NAG has a top speed of 230meters/second and its flight

path is almost invisible as it uses a special NITRAMINE based

propellant that is smokeless. NAG has a 10 year maintenance

free shelf life.

The land variant of the NAG is carried onboard a NAMICA

(nag missile carrier). It is a modified BMP-2 and carries 4

missiles in a ready to fire mode and 8 in stock. More missiles

can loaded without exposing the crew. The vehicle is

fitted with a hydraulically operated elevated observation/

launch platform. The new land version of the NAG is being

developed to have an extended range of 7-8km.

The helicopter launched NAG is

called HELINA. It is to be fitted on

the ALH DHRUV and the LIGHT

COMBAT HELICOPTER being built

by HAL. The missile will be launched

from a twin-tube stub wing-mounted

launcher. At present a basic version

is being tested, which is launched

from a quadruple launcher and is

linked to a nose mounted stabilized thermal sight and laser

range finding package. For the Cheetah helicopter, a single

launcher has also been developed.

An air-launched NAG is also under development, to be fitted

on-board the upgraded Jaguar. This version will have the

mmW active radar seeker.

DRDO is also working on a man-portable version of the NAG

with a maximum weight of 14kg.

After more than 40 trial flights, the Indian ARMY has placed

a conditional order for 443 NAG missiles and 13 NAMICA’s

for US$ 80 million, pending satisfactory short range

summer trials.

• AGNI- I and II Inducted

• PRITHVI- I and II Inducted

• DHANUSH- Inducted

• BrahMos- Inducted (Ship and Land launched)

• TRISHUL- Shelved

• NIRBHAY- Covered in Unmanned systems

ANTI TANK MIssIlE- NAG

DETAIls

• Development Trials began in 1990• Final user Trials (Indian Army) to

happen in May-June 2010• Part of IGMDP• Range: o Land Version- 4-8km o Helicopter Version- 7-8km o Air Launched- 10km

Rahul GangalSenior Vice President - Religare Strategic Advisory Services

col K. V. KuberSenior Vice President - Religare Strategic Advisory Services

Ankur GuptaSenior Manager – Religare Strategic Advisory Services

• Worked across 9 Tata group companies heading operations across verticals world-wide.

• Experience includes working on joint ventures in the aerospace and defence segment

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contact: rahul.gangal@religare.in

• 29 Years experience with the Indian Army.

• Specialisation in Electronic Warfare – Commanded an active EW unit

• Experience includes working as the PRINCIPAL OFFICER – CAPITAL ACQUISITION PROGRAMMES,

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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• Current specialisation includes Market entry, Regulatory Compliance and processes pertaining to

Aerospace and Defence.

contact: Col.kuber@religare.in

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regularly interacts with most major corporations, embassies and international players in the Aerospace

and Defence/Homeland Security arena.

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experienceD ManageMent teaM

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