Relative Clauses Defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Relative clauses
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BASIC Relative clauses
Based on A. Aguado’s examples.
Changed, Revised, and Completed
by Nur Garriga
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
NON-DEFINING
EXTRA INFORMATION
Between COMMAS
THAT
DEFINING
ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
COMMAS
THAT
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RELATIVE PRONOUNS: used for Clauses beginning with
Question Words
THAT: as WHICH OR WHO
WHICH: OBJECTS, THINGS,
IDEAS, SITUATIONS, FACTS
WHO/WHOM: PEOPLE
WHEN: TIME
WHAT: THE THING/S WHICH
WHOSE: POSSESSIVE for
PEOPLE or THINGS
WHERE / IN WHICH:
PLACES
WHY: THAT’S THE REASON
WHY
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OTHER RELATIVESWHATEVER: ANYTHING THAT…
E.g. Let’s do whatever you like, it’s your birthday!
WHENEVER: ANYTIME THAT…
E.g. Visit us whenever you can.
WHEREVER: ANYWHERE
E.g. With this cell phone you’ll have coverage anywhere, wherever you are.
ANYHOW/ANYWAY: THE WAY IN WHICH…
E.g. I’ll do that anyhow, I’m determined to do it.
WHOEVER: ANYBODY/ANYONE WHO…
E.g. Whoever you see and whatever you hear, pretend you are talking to me on the phone.
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Defining clauses give essential information about the noun/clause.
Examples:
She’s the teacher. this is incomplete, it needs a defining clause.
• She’s the teacher who gave me interesting lessons.
• Math is the subject. this is incomplete, it needs a defining clause.
• Math is the subject that gives me most problems.
• The girl who/that works at the library is very friendly.
• You’re the person the person who/thatwho/that gets the highest marks.
• School is a place which/thatwhich/that gives you education & knowledge.
• There are times whenwhen my mind goes completely blank during his lessons.
• You need to find a room wherewhere you can study properly.
• That’s the girl whosewhose brother plays basketball.
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Whose Whose versusversus Who’s Who’s
Whose refers to possession.Examples: He’s the person whose book I lost. They held a meeting whose target I did not understand.
Who’s is the contracted form of
who is or who has.Examples: He’s the one who’s very intelligent. (who is) He’s the boy who’s lived in Boston for many years. (who has).
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Omission of object pronounsOmission of object pronouns
We can omit the relative pronoun if it connects the object with the relative clause.Examples: That’s the film (that/which) we saw. He’s the teacher (that/who) I can’t stand. That’s the person (that/who) I truly love.
We often omit the relative pronouns: that, that, which which and who who in speech.
We can’t omit the relative pronoun whosewhose.
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Non-definingNon-defining give extra information which is not essential.
We cannot omit the relative pronoun.
Examples:• Ana has just passed a B-level in English.
• Last year, when I passed the A-levels, I met Steven who is my boyfriend now.
• The teachers at Miquel Biada School, where he took the exam, are delighted.
We can also combine two simple sentences by using a non-defining relative clause.
Examples:
Jaime’s sister is called Pilar. She’s a teacher.
Jaime’s sister, , whowho’s’s a teacher, a teacher, is called Pilar.
Jaime’s sister, who’s called Pilar, is a teacher.
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BASIC RELATIVE PRONOUNS & CLAUSES
THE END