Relative Clauses Defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Relative clauses
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Transcript of Relative clauses
Relative Pronouns and Clauses
IES El Señor de Bembibte
© English Dpt.
M
Pronouns
Come in the place of a noun Have a syntactic function
Remember:
These are the personal pronouns
SubjectI
youhesheit
weyouthey
Objectmeyouhimheritus
youthem
Personal pronouns always come alone They do not have a plural form
Remember:
SubjectWhen a personal pronoun is the subject in a sentence it always
comes before the verb.
He studies English at school. They went to a trip to London.
Object
When a pronoun is the object in a sentence it always comes after the verb.
Peter gave her a ring. Everybody likes them.
Noun
The boy
The ball
Pronoun
He
It
The boy could not catch the ball.
It (the ball) was too high up for him (the boy).
Noun
boy
ball
Pronoun
Him
It
Relative Pronouns
When
What
Where
Who
Which
Whose
That
Who / Whom
The boy who is dancing
The girls who are talking
The girl who is riding a motorcycle
The boys who are playing chess
Refers to people
Whom?, we’ll check on it later.
Which Refers to things
The film which we watched
The elephant which is at the Zoo
The pencils which are in the mug
The paella which we ate yesterday
The shoes which she likes
Where Refers to places
Bembibre , where I live
The high school where we study
New York, where the Empire State is
London, where we went
When Refers to time
The time when we start classes
In summer, when it is sunny, …
The moment/day/month/year when we met
At night when we sleep
WhatRefers to a whole idea not mentioned
He does not like what the newspaper says
I don’t understand what I am listening
Do you know what is in the box?
“lo que”
These clauses are nominal ones!
WhoseWhose for the possessive case.
•It joins an owner with an object possessed•It is a bit heavy in style and should be avoided whenever possible. •The commonest way of avoiding it is by using “with”:
The teacher whose sweater is red
Cervantes, whose novel is El Quixote, …
Whom• It is used instead of who after a preposition, • It is very formal.
Look at these sentences
The boy who I talked to
What is the difference?
preposition + who > preposition + whom
who > preposition at the end
Pronoun omitted > preposition at the end
The boy to whom I talked
The boy I talked to
The boy to whom I talkedThe boy who I talked toThe boy I talked to
ThatIt is used both for people and thingsIt cannot come in non-defining clauses! It cannot come after a preposition! It is used after superlatives and numerals and words like:
people, everybody, everyone, someone, somebody
…You are the one that I want, ho, ho, ho, honey…
Kinds of relative clausesDefining
Non- defining
Students who develop independent learning skills achieve good academic results.
A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic disciplines.
Computer games that involve fighting and shooting apparently have a negative effect on young people.
Albert Einstein, who put forward the theory of relativity, is considered by many as the most intelligent person in human history.
Defining clauses
give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
are often used in definitions
A sailor is someone who works on a ship.
Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be omitted.
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.
Non-defining clauses give additional information on something, but do not define it. are put between commas.
Mary, who is talking to Tom, is my friend
Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
The importance of the syntactic function of the relatives
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that- are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
The book which/that is on the table
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be omitted in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
The book (which/that) George put on the table
Person Object
Subject who, that which, that
Object Ø, that, who, whom Ø, which, that
Possessive whose whose
Relative Pronouns in Defining Relative Clauses
Person Object
Subject who which
Object who, whom which
Possessive whose whose
Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Relative Clauses
That’s all folks!