Relation of Stable Environment to Milk...

67

Transcript of Relation of Stable Environment to Milk...

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  • Technical Bulletin No. 591 November 1937

    l.:NITED STATES DF.PART~IENT OF AGRICULTl.:RE

    WASHINGTON, D. C.

    RELATION OF STABLE ENVIRONMENT TO MILK PRODUCTION'

    By M. A. R. Kg(,(,gy, agricultural engineer, Ililrision of 8/ruC/,lIres, Bllrea"t of Agricuitl.:ralliJlI-{/1o'lIccrill{h find 1'. 'Y. Rl1I'i~J" aMislant 1/'ojcssor of animal Iw~bmulry, (}lIi~ersil?l of W'iscollsin

    CON'('EN'I'$

    J}n~e

    Tnt.rodllctioIL __ . ___ ...._........'. __ ._ I Beilltlnn of slnhlr condil ions 10 sit'knr,~s , Dc'scription of5tahll'5 ........ _.... ___ __ 2 l)rnrtsnnd pnrurnoniu" ..... ~ ... ~~_~_ Sell'ction of test co\\'s_ _.-. ...... . o l\1inorilll1t\~s(I~_~w~~~_ .. ~ ...... ~. _~_r'''_' Kind unt! nmount, of fl'"d .. .. 8 Elrrd~ of stuhll' ('omlll iOllS on physi",1 fUN"r~ Dutn recorded __ ._ 10 I~tltlct$ Or Hlahk' 11'1IIpllrnl.UrtlS OIl n'~pirn

    "'cut her. _ .. \0 liOll ..... __ ...... __ ___ . ." . :17 Stuhlc condiLions. __ .. JO EJft'C'is or ~lIddl~n l'IlIUHWS DC slnhll' himC'hllrnct('risl ies of cows .. _ ..,. .. ~ 10 Iwrnlurl'_. __ __ ......... ____ .. ..... _. :Ii '\Vutl'e t'()n~uIJIPl.ion . __ .. ,,_ II lJillrllfll \'orinUolls or IlIll~()lllld rN'llll t.Pllllh'rtl Physiologicul dutu _.. __ 11 turt'S, ~ ~_. e_r ~_~_ ... ~~.~_ ... " .. ~~ ..... ~_" __ ,Fnt corrected milk. _______ "" __ J1 "'niN l'OIlSlJlllpliOIl ___ .. ...... "."

    ..

    EtTl'ets of tClII(l!'rntur

  • 2 '1'};;('HSlf'XIJ HULLj~'rIN 50}, e. K Imp]'. OF' .\GH1(,Pffl'lJltl']

    DESCRIPTION OF STABLES

    The bu,I'!l 11sed for the JII11in tORts is one unci. onc-hnlf stmies witlt it ~fi.mbrei roof, \1.1> showl1 in li~\I ro I. 1Ii is :Hi hy 1no feet" a.nd nOrIlmlly

    }'IGL'ln: J.-i:iouthw~st view of test burn. :-.loll' gl](~lter, Ilcar rigll!. cnd, of WCI.thcr llureau tYl,(l for outside C~Jlotillrc of hygrothcrrnograph.

    holds 100 cows. Three pn.l'titions, dOlible-boarded with paper between, wcl'C built ncross the barn, dividwg it into four approxImately equal sUtbles, as showll on the Hoor plan in figure 2. The openings around the feed-litLer c,fLl'l'ier tracks wero closed by means of closefitting hinged doors. All sClTiee doors were fitted with stops and a batten to reduce len.lmge botween stables.

    The purpose of the investign.tiolt WIIS to determine the efl'ects of suddell chnnges in stahle temperatures n.ud of difl'erent stu.ble tempemtllrc!'?upon the milk nnd butterfnt pl'Oduction nncI pllysioIogicll.l reactions of eows of lI1edium cnpacity 011 fL 1llocit'1'a.te ration. Four Ulliforlll lots of cows wpm stabled tinder different tempemtul'e concli.tions dlll'in~ pn.l'ts of (,wo winteTs. Thr{'

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    t"' ~ Outside l St,\ble Awrage daily milk yield A "erage physical can Water con >I~ I I dition of animals 3 surued ~

    1 ..... --;- @L Period Date Illldll'I,;; j Stllble I Hes

    Tern ,:reIll Pulse Tem PerHeln Rein Per cow pirath"c tive TotalT ~ I perno pera 'rotal F.e.m.' lion per pera pound 0hu- hu daily ':;Jture ture Ad llutter per minute ture of milkt:> midity midity I Ijuste I 1 SR i ;oj 733.1 ;07.S' 33.31 3.71l 32.17; 28.4 66.4 100.91 258 2.93 ( I ~

    IS.7 .~~ j ~5. ~ ~~?'?) ~4. 3! 4. as ;~. 7~ I ~~. , 6?,. I 100. 54 ~IO 3.28 Z56.4 b. 536. _ 009. U _4.31 4,30 .;).4;): _. _ 6.. 2 100.63 _03 3.16 .5li.6 fj1 720. 9 ;LlO. 5 32. 77 3. S 1 32. 84 24. 1 6';. 4 100. 76 255 2. !l6 59.J fjl; 721.:! 601. U 32. 79, 3.73 :!l.-l5: 25.0 64.7 100.92 261 3.02 ~ W.S 59 527.4 505.2 I 23.97 i 4.-IS 25.69 i 18.0 65.S 100.54 206 3.26 0

    4j.Feb. 4-9 (0 dnysl.., , .- .-..... {l~ }27.2 70 I{ ~ 56.S 7.2 [';14_6 553.0 'I 24.30! 1.23 25.N i 22.4 02.5 100.52 211 3.15 40.S f,(J 71~1 70S. U 32. 71, 3.90 32. 2'2 i 19.4 67.2. 100.74 235 2.72 "'"+"0-,, ''''''''11) J~' I "!1 no." 6~! 721.f' 67S.S: :l2.80 3.60 30.S5 i 25.6 65.3 100.90 248 2.S7 .... -L'51.1 Q~ ~:!O. ,\ "Q~, ~ I *4.10 ,1.;12 ~. Ii} i ~8. ~ !l4. ~ 100. ~~ 197 3.1~

    fl ITeb. 12-20 (9 days1-. . ,.; H i, 31.0 US 58.5 I _ v.!!.. 5;)9. n _4. -11 4.36 ,,'.4.1 I _-1. 03.;) 100.61 184 2. 86:{ ~\ '} If ~ I 51. 5 li~; ~*~. ~ ~16. ~! :!~.~! ~. Q3 :!2. ~~ I ~!. 9 64. ~ lOO.&! ~J ;;-Il;! I-:l00.] Gb /... " 69~. _ .i..SO 3. 14 31. vi> _"..I 63. S 100.9S ._4 _.59 ::::5,1.1 f,~ i 520.2 547. Co 2:!. 92 4.27 2U:i[l j IS. 7 (13.7 100.70 191i 3.11 0.:iD.l 00,518.0 543.; 2~.36 4.14 2,1.71,.24.9 63.0100.84 20:1 :1.1671 Feb. 21-22(2 dUY51 , ............ ,,{ ~ i} 33.7 7-1 !{ t::l55.2 5~! 7:!u.] 713.4 32.77 3.93 32.~3 2'2.2 63.0 100.82 ~'27 2.62 q61.3 6-1; 72~. S OS:!. Ii, 32.!l5 3.1l2 31. 07 I 25. IS 65.1 101. OS '176 2. 02 C53.2 :is,' 515.3 547. fl 2:US -J.40 I 24. S9 I IS. -I 63.5 100. r.:! 197 3.10 ~

    s IFeb. 23-28 (6 days)................. { ~ :} 35.2 OS I{ 58.3 65 5IS.1 5.18.7 2:1.04 .1. IS 24.4!l I' Z.!.1l 6.3.1l 100.75 : 160 2.53 .....

    65.6 71 722.7 7OttO 32.9;; :!..~2 32.0!l 26.9 66.9100.87 253 2.91 0 66.0 72 ... 722.,~ 6SR~!_32.S~_3.70 31.:14 2.~. 6 64.4 101. 10 193 2. 23 Z

    1 Fat corrected Dlilkon basis ofnY(lT:u.!:e fnt test of Jl cows on north shit'. XI) fllt test in stables A and lJ until period 3. Instrument out' of order. 2 Milk adjllSted In normal yields whell l'OW$ nlf feed or temporarily ill. 3 :\Ieters lID! umilahle in stables"~ und D until period 4. Hending unnccountabl}low. a it. verage of 6 cows in each stuble. ~

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  • A brief sched lIle of tbe rou Line opel'H,tions of cnrillg for the cows is given in table 5. This schedule ttpplios to both test~.

    All opomtions stn.l'ted in stable A n.Jld progrossed to stltble D. The intervlI.ls between milkings were pmcticnlly oq ual. 'rhe sallie milkers did the milking in on,ch stnble, With the exceptIOll of one mnll, the milkers were tbe sallle both winters.

    DATA UECOUDED WEATH.m

    Detn.iled. won,t,hel' recol'ds were kepti, including cOIILLnuous records of teJlJpel'ntu]'e !lnd 1llllllidity. Hnl'onI etel', willd direetion n.nd VciOClt,y and prevalence of douds were )'oeordod fOil], timos It dn.y. Light intensity wns road. twice II. dn.,y. Detniled l'eeords nre given in tltble 13.

    op,'rniloll \. JII. I 1'. III. Op(!rntillll IA.III. !1',111 , --"'I--~--

    "l1leJ' ~I"hl" .. I('I"III1.'llIt"" ulltll'mrs 7:1(1 ('hlll1~l' l'lolhrs 7:10 -n:ili :-;'lIrl.llli1kil1~ .. 7:25"'111 milkll1J(VI,,'tI sllllgo 111111 ~mill ~::tll :;;20

    H'I'AIII,I':

  • ltELATJ.ON 01" STABLliJ ]i}NVmONMgNT TO 1\1lLK l'IlODUC'j~lON 11

    each of the weight periods beginning December 2, DecembOl' 17, ,January] 8, February 1, and Februnry 20.

    WATER CONSUMPTION

    Water drunk by the cows in eud! stu.blo was 1l1etCl'cd ILnd readings were taken fOllr tUlles daily. Hourly readings of wu.tcr COllsumption between 1 u.. Ill. and 5 p. ni, were obtained for the 5-dny p~riod February 9 to 13, 1931 (tu.ble 4), .

    PHYSIOLOGICAl, BA'I'A

    Since milk and bu tterfn.t yields nre tho cO!llposite rcsults of sevewl factors, some of whieh cannot bo isolnted, it Wl1S desirable to find other more delicH,te indices of the roactions of the cows to their enYironmont. Rccords of respimtion mte, vulso rn,tc, nnd rcctal

    }'lGUItE a,-Interior \'j~w of ~tH!)I\' II showillg lIIiikillf muchitws, 101.:l\ioll of IlIstrUIIl('nLS, sJlecial sCllle for weighing mi!k, 1111( specill: milk JUIi!.

    temperaturo WQl'e mnde twice daily for six cows tho first yenl' and eight cows the second year 1Il ench of stables A, 13,0, and D (tn,ble 4). Similar records were made ocen.siol1nlly in stable K

    In uddiLion to the inslnunentul dn,tn, obtained, ea.rcflll llotes were made of u.ny signs of sickness among the cows, al1d of any OCctll'!'OIwes that )night explnin fluctuations in the data.

    'AT-CORRECTED-MILK

    Neither milk nor butterfut ulone is all entirely satisfuctor:y measure of production when dairy eows ure to be compared e;\.llel'llllentally. Gains (6) presents experimental evidence thu,t tho energy yield is a more fundamental measllre of perfol'mnll(,() by t.ho eow. 'l'herefore daily production for 010 entire seeolld tmit 1111

  • 12 1.'EUHNIUAL BULLBTIN em, u. s. Dl

  • RELATION OF STABI..1!l l~NvHtONl\-.mNrj' ~:O MILK PRODUO'l'ION 13

    cows in stable B aDrl stable C were balanced beforo the beginning of the test, using the best avnilable daj',a, no trial run was made. For some unknown reason, It few cows ill stu,ble B di 25 ~ 24 - _...---+--. "" - J..I .. _ "

    -:4- "~~_2!:...Sj~l>I.es l_and .Dr ~ .23 MILK YIELD ~ 2Z

    II.: eo "110 J 1 I .. I I I ~ 60

    '"'- r ...... -.....L J TY'"~&' 50 """ ~I~ TEMPERATURE~ 40 -Z7

    ., 26 ~~ 'Ii 25 ..........., M!LK ,_ c+.-.~,_ . _-' "

    ~ . ~-,..}-~, ~V J,;~4 ~:A~;,!;9;~fabl"5 Aand 0 -. 'r~ 23 --B- MIL!K YIELDZZ

    10 15 20 25 30 4 9 14 19 24 January February

    FlCltJIn; 8.-111:10-:11 II'sl. c1ntn: A, For sl.nblt' A; 8, for stnble D.

    in milk yield. The totn.l yields of milk und fn.t-corrected milk in ::;table B were 37,640 and 36,890 pounds as comparell to 37,941 and 36,388 pounds in stable O. The higher fnt-corrected milk yield suggests tho.t butterfn.t production was stimuln.t,ed hy the eooler temperatures in stable B.

    Milk yields in stables A find D Ct\J1J1ot be directly compared with those in Band 0 since the cows were less productive and more advanced in la,ctation. To find a basis iOl' comparison between A nnd D, the averuge milk yields for the two stables fo)' the first 10-day period and the last 10-dn.y period ~vel'e compute

  • 14 TECHNICAL BULLI'JTIN om, U. S. DJJP'.r. Oh' AGHICllJlI'UHJ.J

    the two stables were almost the same, but since there was no temperature control in D, the dnily fluctuations were 8 to 14 F. as compared to 6 to 8 in stuhle A. This douhtless accounted in part for the lower yields. Yields were doubtless afl'eded also by the greater exposure of stahle D, liS indicated in tahle 1. The total milk yield for tho 52-day period ill stnhle A wnq 2~,240 pounds and in stable D, 27,985 pounds.

    Chnnges in weight of the l'OWS in t;\1C fCHlr stables nrc shown in table 6.

    The smull dumge in wcight ill stable D contrnsted with gl1ins in the other stubles is further evidence that cows in this stu,ble were not utilizing their feed for milk production as economically as those in the stables where temperature flu ctuntions were less, and where a smaller proportion of the IInimul heat wns lost by conduction through the exposed wulls and ceilings. On the other hnnd the cows in stable D had good nppetites lind thdr mangers were clenned out., while in the wurmest stnhle, (I, fecd wus left in the mangers during wnrm periods. Experienced judgcs who eXHminc(l the eows during and nt the end of test agreed thnl, there was lIO question bll t that the cows kept in the cooler st;ablcs were in hetter eondition; hair wus more glossy but somewhat henyicr coat in A, 13, and D thun in C, their eyes were brighter and they were IllOTe flINt. The eows in stahle C were more restless nnd held their elll'S hllek, und thcTe wus more rubbing and shaking of stnnehions.

    TAnI,E G.-Chell/fles 1/1. wC'iflhtoJ cUU'.~ in the v(t1"iu/l,.~ st(/bles du.riN(1 firsttcst, ./030-31

    A \'orn~o woig-ht. por ('nw A vorage g-sin 1'1 .. 1110 in weight

    .Inn. 5, Hl:ll Mar. 2, IUal por COW 1----

    A .. .............. Po'nul,~

    1,(Hfi. i POIl7ll1.,

    1.002.0 Pound8

    16.3 B ......................................... . C_........... , . , ., .........._, ......_ '

    I, O:l1.:l 1,032. a

    1,045.2 1,001.6

    10.9 29.3

    D .... ", ........ " ... ""'. I.O'W.I 1.051.0 5.5

    H'I'ABLES A, Il, C, .\ND D

    The major test continued from December 4, 1931, to NIarch 1, 1932, at which date it was discontiuued without further expectation of continuous cold weather. The test in stable E WfiS continued until April 4 flS 11 "hedge" on the weather, which was It fortunate procedure, since the wen,tiler unexpectedly turned cold and the coldest record of the winter wus obtuined between ,Murch 3 ltud 11. Although the main set-up of the test in stables A, B, C, and D was broken up by the removal of the partitions 011 1-1n.rch 1 and n c11nnge of a few COWS, the weighing of the milk and testing of the Temaining cows were reslimed Ml1rcb 7 to 17.

    Figures 9 to 13 present in condensed form the data obtained the second yenr in stnbles A, B, C, D, and E.

    At the top of en,ch figure are shown weather conditions including barometric pressme, wind direction (arrows pointing to top of the graph sho".' south wind) and velocity, I1nd maximum and minimum outside. temperntul'es. Dittlt on stable conditions include inside temperature, rell1tive humidity, nnd wall tempemtures. Data regarding cows include production of milk and fat-corrected milk and body

  • RELA'.rION 01

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    c:: t" 8~:~t ~H~ I a Cl ~ !> 10 I!> 20 2! 30' 4 St 14 1St 24 2St 3 8 13 18 23 28 t:;

    Februar)'December January

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    ;;~ 27 h cl\"kW_" ..... t-: I ~..,....... -. IV."'.... _.-1"....... ~S-~ ~ 211:.i --;..!.=." ........., ~

    u v.... oMILK YIELD ~I '. "':J

    .:...: ~ 24 en t-::: I I I I I I I I 0F I I 1 T~;~Kr-~t ~ f;j t'j Z1::;; 1 1 I 1 1 LJt W!EIGJ 1 Ftf 1 1 1 1 I I' l(' crmdition., unrl of milk production, physical ('ondition, nnd Wfill'r con:mlllption of cows f1r stahl

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    . ~. ~..'I ISTA~LE +EMP~ERAT~URE I [ l::;;k I Iref ~ t ?'4Tt ~ ~

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    (":)cf;~~LT~~:Y t=: ~ c: ~ ,,.20 14 19

    Oecember January february

  • 21 tgLA: ..-~ 28

    A A- t. I ::""'\ J:'A /IX.. .. 1\ JV AI\,~ A ] :;. ~ 27 -.~. I"l.: ....... ~ & \ F;..C.M. ~ ~ ..-; ..... ............. . .,.\;; A 21 "'"' ....... ........ - " I ",,\1 tV .- z 3 ~ 2$ .

    MILK YIELD .1 ;--:~veragedeclin~ ... i' 24 . " '-5. MILK '.- .. -r.:r-- . '" .,,- .. '. I23 if...:: ......,

    1:~:~r; I I~ I Wi'GH~ I xj I I xI !' .-. :;:

    LIVt ,-, Z -<

    ~~ ~ :~~u~j::T-t=i 1~COI ;;,1-:1 ~ 52 :,..

    .-, ~ '"' Ij!::t:t~ES~I~1"vHc+=:t::t -h:tAj :4 44 ~

    ;:::;~:~:::~ODr t J ~

    11::~~~~N~v:t :t1~ 10 15 20 30 4 9 19 29 3 8 23 28 ~2!> 14 24 13 18

    =:;

    December January February C ZFIGUnE lO.-Daily recoru of weather and stable conditions, lind of milk prodnction, physicnl condition, and wat,-r ronstlluptiOIl of cows (or stnbl,- B.

    ...... ~

  • t,jTABLE S.-Comparison of average conditions in stables, physical condition of cows, milk yields, and wa~er consumption, 1931-33 o

    Average daily milk production Water con ~ Physical condition sumed 1 ('")Winter, 1931-32 (8 cows) (22 cows) Zlcows (Orl~inBl),116 cows (rebalance), 7 cows stable E III

    8 cows stahle E z... ('");..

    Outside 1't"blu A \'em~e per cow Total A verage per cow i I ! t'" t:C

    Period DO. Date and days C1Stahle I Tcm. R!'IIl' Tomi Rrla. I 1 ~~~g~' Pulse t~~,c~:~'iI ~:)~~ 111~~d 11\'0 t:ve sture of uulkpen!' humid. pern- humid- Actual F. c. IU. Actual, F. c. IU. Actual F. c. lTl. ~

    ture itv lure! 'itv t:'lI - ! - ,; i 1-3 ..... c.-----19-3-J----l~~ -~IpcrcentI 0 5~:'0 I Perc~'g P~.'t. P02:~' =_~~~~~J!:~~_n_~.~.lp~~.n~ls Po:s~~" 1.~~~~t~.,_'~9~I_J.:.~J~~~I~.n.~\=_~~~~d_' Z

    11 Dec! (3 davs) , i{ D i} "80 -Oll[ 50.() 03. 2

  • 73 27.78 ~.70 ~17.4 439.8 26.09 27.411 23.6 66.8 100.97 12.50 I60.6 27.58 436.8 27.:10 11.55 3.3. 9

    Jan. 7-15 (9 days) ________ij; :l5~ I~.8 Ij ~.6 78 28.30 419.1 26.20 ~.O 6\1.3 101.18 6 81 27.75 28.40 419.9 432.3 26.24 27.02 29.6 66.2 101.11 ~ 72 26.47 28.27 405.3 434.9 25.33 27.18 25.3 66.5 101. OS 46 to;:, E 75 2~. 7S 26.86 174,.1 IS6.6 24. it 26.66'" Ill1 --zn- ---oo:ii- -iiiii:oo- --!~:~- ----~: :;

    ~

    69 27.25 ~.80 410.8 443.7 25.68 27.73 12_56 I 3. 84 51. 4 69 26.79 27.60 406.9 427.0 25.43 26.68 20.4 68.1 lOLlS 11.08 3. 5iiI J} llll; IJan. 16-20 (5 dayS) ________ , g 76 I SO. 9 67 27127 28.64 412.S 435.4 25.80 27.22 19.3 65.2 101.03 11.19 3. 2 ~ l31.9 53.S 67 25.72 28.12 393.9 429.0 24.62 26.81 23.8 66.4 101.05 10. ;3 3. 48

    , 1 E I 36.; 70 23.76 26. OS 106.9 181.4 23. ;4 25.91 ------ .. ------... -- ... ----- -------- -----~ ~ 68 26.17 27.81 393.9 428.2 24.62 26.76 22.1 65.2 100.97 12.76 4. '7J 55.0:) , 52.3 67 26.14 27.45 400.4 429.1 25.02 26.82 20.1 68.1 101.18 11.71 3. '4 C

    8\i Jan. 21-29 (9 days) ... ___ . ',' 30.3 77 , 51.8 68 2ft 06 27.88 '104.3 432.9 25.27 27.05 20.5 66.5 100.99 11.55 3. o "':l1~ r' 09 2.1.29 27.44 38.1.5 41S.1 23.97 26.13 24. S 64.9 101.01 11.38 3. 5 1:/).J 37.7 72 25.38 27.48 177.6 190.7 25.37 2;.34 -------- ----~--- --~----- -_ .. ----- ------ 1"3 46.0 69 25.40 27.76 381. 9 426.5 23.87 26.61i 17.6 68.3 100.99 11.51 3. '8 >,, 113 II 55.4 70 25.07 26.86 3S7.0 419.3 24. IS 26.20 20.4 69.0 101. IS 11.02 3. i tT:lA01 Jan. 3O-Feb: 8 (10 days) ~ 19.2 74 50.7 W 2.1.09 27.41 400.6 434.8 25.04 27.18 18.8 65.5 101.07 11.04 3. 7 t"' 52.2 71 24.56 27.13 373.3 414.9 23.33 25.93 24.7 64.9 101.09 10.53 3. 58 t;: 26.8 68 24.23 ! 26.36 Hl9.6 183.3 24.13 26.19 ----~--- ----.--- ... -,.- .. --- --".---.- ----- to;:A 55 3 73 24.34 26.66 37".6 420.7 23.48 26.29 2'2.4 66.4 101.00 11.14 3. 2 B , 1)9.3 73 23.97 ' 25.79 384. I 414.6 24.00 25.91 22.7 69.0 101. 39 10.4S 3. Zo

    10 ; Feb. 9-11 (3 days!. J C 11 . 73 25.33 27.07 39:1.9 420.6 24.62 26.29 21.6 64.7 101.01 10.58 3. S -

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    ~ eO'lr---r--~--~-=--r---~--~--Ir---r--~---.----r---r---~--~---r--~~~ .... ?

    c.'

    ~401~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-t~--t.~~~~~~~~~~---+___==r~~~~~~~Jl c,.. ~ ~20 ' rn~ 0 OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE" '

    s:!L-' ....,:;10~'.-~ ~~~ :1: ~

    ~!lO~~LE !EMP,ERA~U=~ o .'

    '::l :-. 1;: "......t::~L~~ c::C t::

    1>80~_.t~ c:: 1;:

    !I 10 I!I 20 2!1 30 4 t 14 It 24 2t 3 8 13 18 23 28 ~ eo RUATIVEHUMtOITY to::

    t:::

    December Janu.ary february

  • 2t::l 11'1.. A .;~A':0 28 ,

  • 26 TECHNICAL llUIJLI!}TIN 5Ul, U. S. D1

  • ~

    ~ ~ .... ~ o

    OlY '-'" V'Y'V"'CY 1V\eIT.:'I 'kJYV I VYI Y'II Y"1,"Vlrv Iyvr-V-rv",, I I I I I >.;:

    8

    ~ t"~~iBfNr#iib~~5Md4*kiffim tmi Ul

    t;l

    t;l Zl:hfi~*~ATqmi3-+GH#'fUR I] -< ~~I~~I ~~h1if'+~ ,J ~ -t ~ t ~ ~

    i::: t;l::'vf iELATfE HUMIOk='irFiv1iqz~'1 z ....

    30, 1\ r\) I I iii iii iii iii i ~ ~:'. ~ 1\ /\.!;oJ.:::Do o 8 27 ;o4I.L .. ,v ]...7' ~

    ~ . , ~ 26 t--+-i " hL::::: i::: - ...1-"-,_... ....M\ I/\~ fJl t"~25~ Vi' .... D./--- :.... ~Q.: 24 t--- vj: .........

    23 t--- .. ,0".........~- ~ .--..:MILK YIELD ~ 22 121 I I I I I I IT I I I I I ',: o d oll~~~~ I I I I i I I I x~IVE:WclE~Jt :f4=:1::f1:tX+ 11X I " tj

    6 10 15 20 25 30 4 9 14 19 24 29 3 8 13 18 23 28 4 9 14 19 24 29 3 H"'" December January February March ~

    FIGl'RE 1~.-Dnily rN'fml of w~atlll'r, p('n'''''ction conditions, and milk production of cows for stable E. ~ ~

  • 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 591, U. S. DEPT. OF AGIUCULTURE

    noted that four, or one-half of the lot, had freshened less than 2 weeks before the beginning of the test and that one-half of the lot were Holsteins Friesians. The butter fat test of the cows in stable E was also higher than that of the cows in the main barn. They were fed the same kind and equal proportion of feed.

    During the first 3 weeks of the test the average milk production of the cows in the open barn equaled and the fat-corrected-milk production exceeded the average of the cows in the otherfour stables. There was also an average gain in weight of 15 pounds per cow, as compared to estima,ted gains 6 of 5,7, 15, a.nd 15 pounds, respectively, for cows in stables A, B, 0, and D. During this period the weather was very mild, and the average temperature to which the cows were subjected was about 43 F. On December 27 and 28 the milk and fa.t-corrected-milk yields dropped sharply, and except on December 29, January 7, and January 15 were markedly below the averages for the main barn until January 24. During this period the cows lost the 15 pounds of body weight gained during the first part of the test. The decline on December 28 is believed to be due to the OCCUlTence of the oestrum period in three cows and the consequent disturbance of the cows in the loose pen.

    The low temperatures on January 4 and 9 were followed by slight decreases in yield. On January 23 began a marked rise in production of both milk and fat-corrected milk produetion. Milk production increased from. 24.2 pounds pel' cow on January 22 to 25.9 pounds on the 24th, and fat-corrected-milk from 26.0 pounds on the 22nd to 28.2 ]>otlllcls on the 25th. During the following 4 days production dropped to the avel'llge of the other four stables, bu t remnined well above the average of the per'ioel December 28 to January 23. On ,Tnnuary 30, however, the outside tempera.ture droppnd to minus 1 F. and the avcrnge tempernture to which the cows wem 'Jxposed dropped nearly 20 to a minimum of 10.

    Readings were taken on the morntng of January 30 in all stables with a lmtathermometer. This instrument measures the rate of cooling ]>ower of the air, which is an important factor in determining the degree of comfort. The dry katathermometer reading as obtained in stable A with a tem]>erature of 44F. was 9.8 millicalories per square centimeters per second, and that obtained in the pen section of stable E, on the same morning was 20.0 millicalories with a wet katathermometer reading of 35.9 millicalories at a temperature of 12 and 34 percent relatiye humidity. There was a noticeable draft through this section. The significant fact is that the cooling rate as measured by the dry katathermometer in the latter stable was more than twice that in the closed stable. It was evident (fig. 13) that the wind was efl'ective at times in reducing milk yield and this is at temperatures which alone would not have ca.used susta.ined low yields.

    The drop in temperature on January 30 was accompanied by a drop in milk and fat-corrected-milk yields ill stable E, wllich then continued near the a.verage of the other stables until February 15, when both the milk find the fa.t-col'l'ected-milk yields again rose a.bove the average. During the period February 10 to 23 milk and fa.t-correctedmilk yields were above the line and the cows gained in woight an Ilverage of 42 pounds.

    , Weights were not taken on tho slime .IIIY nntl therefore nro not OX!lctly comp!lrtlblo.

  • RELATION OF R'PABLl~ J.}XVIHONi\m~T '1'0 MILK I'ltODlTCTION 29

    On March 5 began the coldest period of the YOlll', with the outside temperature dropping to minus 4 F. and the pen tempemture to fl, minimum of 7 on Mnn:h 7 nnd 5 on Murch 8. Dur'in:r much of the winter the cows in stable E appeared to be eomfortnblc nnd lny at ease. This was not the cnse itt 11 n. m. on Mar'ch 7 when the temperature in the pen was 12. The eows nU stood with baeks lnll1ched and hair on end nnd none nppearcd to be comfortnble. At the snme time cows in the other stables showed effects of discomfort in those parts wherein the temperature was less than 46, which ine1ucJed all of stable D and about half of stable O. This was after the partitions between stnhles A, B, 0, and D had been removed. 'rhere WIIS a 10 temperature difference between the two ends of the bnrn and, with all windows closed, thero were noticeable dmfts. DllI'ing this ('old period milk and fnt-correeted-milk yields dropped s11ftrply for 3 dnys, ami in 11 days the ('.ows lost an a.verllge of 22 pounds of body weight (fig. 13). Milk und fn.t-colTected-milk yields in stnblc E returned to normal on Mnrch 10 ns the weather' moderated and improved slightly with the contiuuance of wnrmer wcather. Body weight lost during the preeeding 10 days was mostly rcgnirwd in this period, and the seven cows which remained in :rood health averugcd 32 pounds heavier at the end thnn nt the beginning of the test. On :Mareh 26 the eight cows in the open stnble wlwl'C the ternperatul'(l W!lS approximately 40 were trnnsferl'cd to stnlls in It eiosed bnrn (stable F), with a tempern.ture of about 60. After' 1 dny of readjustment the :wernge yield of milk incl'Onscd by more than 1 pound pel' cow pel' dny nnd of fnteorrceted-milk production by more thnn half it pound pel' day.

    Tho yield of cow no. ]ij2 6 whi

  • 30 ~'E('HNICAL BULLETIN tim, u. S. DI~PT. Ob' AGlUcm.:.rURE

    whereas the dC'crensc in milk yield wus much greatel' thun the butterfat, dming the ('oldf'st pC'riod, lind indieutC's 11 katnholizl1tion of body fat. In addition to this them WIIS n. Joss in hody weight (fig. 13) which was g'r('ntcr thnn during IIny othe/' pcriod. Thcl'e wus a gain in scvcml othc/' {>c/'iods. The mild pC/'iod following March 11 stabilized tho milk yield,. HCIl(,c results after tho chnnge to the stanchion stable fire more notIcell ble.

    80 -I( 60

    MaXimum

    ~ 40 A J~ r l-/\ .- J

    ,r-.......:/'\ ~-\~ ~0, ----,- -~~,'" /\ '" f~ ~/ -,~zo Q) \" ~ , I

    c;) 0 -' "V '. ~ -,-.....-' Min'mum -.-

    OUTSIDE TeMPERATURE

    eo M}~,mum

    I( 60 ...._-.. ., ....11\ ...-. /'" 'v'

    .. 40 -......, ...- '\J-

    J ,. "'" . ,._-'. " \ ) , ~ 1", - .~~. ----~,Minimum ~

    C\ ---......- ----TEMPERAT~R[ PEN SECTION 2' 20 'PI- .... o

    zzo t-

    210

    8 COWSIL-...L F. c, M. L

    2.00 }--i !--=---=='

    r----~ I ,____-1 ~ 190 ~ 1

    1- ~1---1-ti 1 ----VMILK 8 C~WS ~-.-r-fl. 180 1 orr--- ,- 11Co'";;;7 1F.C.M. 7

    L ~ \) ----

    ----1 ___

    1 ~ 1L.. ...r----I 7 -----1

    170

    i ~jMILK cols 1 I160 I I I 1

    MILK YIELD1---'

    150

    15 20 25 6 II 16 21 26 31 February March

    FIIWIt~; 1j,-TelllPeralun fJlJt~ide IIlul or slnhl~ '_.1111

  • RELATION OF S'l'ABI.1~ E:\VJltONMI~:\'J' TO MILK I'HODCCTION 3]

    Cow 110. 3, a timid flnimlll WflS illjUJ"ed thrce times, nnd cow no. 8, the hoss cow, wns nlso injured.

    MII,K-YIEl,1) SUMMAIUES

    Tahle 9 summlu'izes the totnl production of milk and fat-corrected milk for the originnl groups of 22 cows ill stables A, B, C, lind D and 8 cows in stahle J~, nnd for the rehnlnnccd group of ] 6 ('ows in stnhles A, B, C, D, nnd 7 (~ows in stn.hle E.

    TARl,E 9.-'f'0/lll (werflge lJrOllucUon ller COli' of UI'ilk and /1I1-rorrrrll'd 111UI: /r(l1/l Dec. 4, 1.981, 10 Ff'il. i.'J, /.9."U, IIII Nlllbil"~

    I Originul groups or2'2c()w~ in stllllics A, H. C, and I), nut! Scows in stahle E~

    , Hebulnnced grOUJl of 16 cows in stables ,\, B, C, lind I), and 7 cows Instuble ~;.

    This tnble shows much Jess dill'C'I'ellcc than wus (\xpC'cted between yields in thc closed stubles nnd ill thc opcn shC'd. (F'ol' difJ'emneo in stnge of lactation sec tnbles 2 nnd7.) III eonsidering the yit'ld of nil cows in the live stables, it is found that those in the OpC'1l shed produced the Jeust milk nnd fnt-eolTc('tf'd mille On the other lIn lid, \\'II('II the redudion in yield due to sicknC'ss are eliminnted by discIlJ'(ling records of all sick cows and rl'bnlluwing the groups, the difJ'el't'IIl'('s ill yield are small. It is intCl'csting thnt the, group of' lwnlthy cows in the open shed yielded mOI'e milk nnd mol'C fnt-corl'petpd milk thllll the similar grou ps in stables A and D, which wcre the lenst prote('tC'd stu hIes in the mnin bill'll. The eows in stn.ble D yielded lowest in both milk and fnt-corrected mille The compnrison bused on nil cows seemed the fairer, howevcl', for in stnbl('s A, 13, C\ nnd n SOIlW of the records which were dropped in J'ebnlnncing wel'O those of the higher yielding cows, sevel'lll of which wel'O side fOI' short periods but reco\Cered. For n, furthC'r discussion of sidmess 1I1ll0ng the cows see pnge 35.

    Tahle ]0 summnrizes temperntul'C nnd milk-yield data for the foul' closed stahles for the periods prior to nnd nfter chltnges in temperuturC' level.

    The dnta show drops of 5, 10, lind 15 F. und rises of 5 nnd 10 hetween ndjacent periods. Ditta for the different stahles nre COIl1pnred without regnrd to chronologicnl sequence, though in some cllses similar chunges in tcmpemtum were concurrent in slweml stnbles. A chltnge of 5 in stu,ble tempel'lltul'es nt the ,55-60 stnge produced less decline in milk yield thnn nt the 50-55 lovel. Decrt'nses in milk accompnnying tempel'll.ture chnnges from 55 to 45 and from 60 to 500 wero slightly hU'gel~ tha11 with tempernture dlnnges from 55 to 50. The cooling of stahle C from 65 to 50 cl1used slightly more than the expected dedine during the following period, but thereafter the rate of decline wns retarded while the temperature was held at 50 (fig. 11).

  • --

    32 TECHNICAL BULLETIN G9.1, U. S. DEPT. OF AGHICULTUllI

  • UELATION Ol" STABLI~ l~NVlH()Nl\m~T TO 1\LJ LK l'HODUCTION 33

    their previous record, whereas only one-fourth of those in tho poorer barns l'eturned to tho former yield. It wus obvious that better management along With better barns produced better results. It was also noted in this study that cows kept 1Il pool'ly lighted and poorly ventilated barns did not respond sO readily whell once their yield was upset, as did the cows in better burns. Cold blLrns with clean stable nil' obtained wIthout drafts give better J'esults than warm. stuffy barns. The largest losses in milk yield oc('uJ'rcd in climatically ILffectod barns, and in some cases where the cows were poorly fed us well us poorly

    I ~ ~" ,~....

    " ,(':I/ ,~

    ..e~'~~~ Test .," .. "-' ...... '. " .... " ' ............... -E--f--- :;:-:.;..,.,." ,,~...., ~ ..q,. " :~ .-0-'"1-'-:1'~cte--'::!."" -_ .. --" ,i'". nSe"y ... ... ~.;c;ram ... '=' e':)l

    4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II IZ MARCH

    FlGeHE 15 .......;Dfparlllf\' fmm IIUflllUI of nlilk yilld~ ill tlw Jllllin tt'Sl Imrn. in !'tahlp I~, nud iu farm hurns shipping to tl t'n'alllllfY, U (fond(lm;ar~' fwd n rt'c('i\'ing, slation for grlHh.\.A milk.

    shdtcrod the lossm; WOI'C 15 to 25 Pl'I'(.ont. These studies Teveal ('onelush'ely that there is n, weather ofl'(\('t and thu.b bhis Tl1ay be modified by barn ('ollstruction Hud l11unngclllont.

    DISCUSSION OF EFJo'ECTS OF Sl'ABU~ TI~MPERATURES AND

    TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON MILK YIELD

    On account of the C0H11Hl.mtively slllnll and conflicting difl'erences in production of the cows stnbled under the difl'erent conditions described I1bo\'e, it Illllst be coneiuded thnt if ('o\\"s III'e well fed moderately low stnble tempel'n.tures lltu.y not cause serious losses in milk or butterfnt produe.t,iol1. A tempcmtul'C in tlH~ stn.ble of 50 Ii'. seemed most sn,tisfnctory, but n. ternpcl'a.Lme of 45, the lowest obtained in the closed burn (p. as) was H.ceolllpanied by nlmost equal tLYorage yields. As previously Hoted, e::qJOsure of the eows in the open pen to n.veruge temperatures of 1/;0 fOT 5 days wns necolllpttnied by It drop of 0.85 pound of milk per cow' pel' day below the averago of the previous 5 days, ILnd 22 pounds per CO\\' loss of weight, but production returned to 110rmal us the wen.thm moderll,ted and body weight was practicnlly regained when the cows were weighed 2 weeks Inter. Loss 01 fnt-corrected milk, und theJ'el'oTe of butterfat, wns less thnn of milk. These cows, of COllrse, werc aedimatcd to open-pen conditions nnd hnd heavier conts than those in the mnin test and were rolatively high in butterfat test.

    Study of the milk-production clIl'\'es presented ill figures 9 to 13 and 15 shows that in a In;r~e number of clIses there wU.s n. slight decline in milk yield and a smaller declino in fnt-corrected milk yiold when the

  • 34 'l'l~CHNl(,:\L BULLI~rl'IN unl, u. s. DIWT. 01.' AGHICl'IJJ'Ulm

    outside temperature dropped below 20 F., oven though, itS in the case of stables A, B, and C, inside tempemtul'es were not aH"ected..

    Holding the tempernture ill stltblc Cat 65 Ji'. by closing ventilators mnde the cows 1ll1comfol'tl1ble n.nd l:educcd the YlC!d of fut-corrected milk but not of milk. It seems possible thn.t reduced ventilation may have been responsible to n, cel'tnln degree for this lmfn.vomble effect.

    Reference to figures 9 to 13, and] 6 to 19 show severnl cases in which milk and fat-corrected milk dropped sharply with sudd.'n cha.nges ill tempemtures. An interesting vnrintion wns noted in all stables on ,Juuuary 29, 1932 (fig. 10). This wus probttbly IUl'gely 11 wenther effect, but the unusually low bnl'ometlic pressure mdicntes thnt it wus not wholly 11 temper[tture effect.

    In most cnses the production wus affected most for the first two 01' three mil kings nfter the c\mnge, The cows in the open barn were subjected duily to much gl"Cnte[' chu.nges than the cows in the closed stnbles, but there is little evident'e tllllt this hitd n. hnrmful efl'cct on their production or body weight except during the ('old snnp ill endy March, when the tempenlture to whiclt the cows were subjected averaged 18 F. for 5 dn.ys.

    RELATION OF STABLE CONDITIONS TO SICKNESS

    IJRA~'TS ANI) IN.~lIMONIA

    The IllHIIlIgel' of the fnrm at whieh this expl1l'illlllnt WIIS ('olulucted hns repcntedly noted that sevcrul cows in n stahle lllay he nfl'cetcd by illness n t the snme time following certain won thpr conditions nnd pnrtieuln,r!y nfte]' n,fog. '}'hntoxeessive ventilation alld neeomplUlying dl'afts 1111lY eause sickncss resulting in serious loss of milk lind possible loss of cows is l'epen.tedly iIlustl'flted in the dutu, of the two win tel'S. Nille cows were nffected the first winter by disorders attJ'ihuted to dl'Ufts, foul' cnses resultillg in pn('umonin.. Twenty-six cnses of simillll' illness were recorded during February of the second year lind thl'Oe of the cows devcloped severo cuses of pneumonia. '}'wo of these under ordinary ma1JugemclIt, would llHve Tosldted in loss of the nnimllis. The immediate ('n,lIse of sieknoss is helicved. to have been excessive drafts ineidentnl to attempts to hold the stnbles nt tompemtures lower thnn outside ('onditions wlllTa.nted. Since most of these Cflses followed exposUl'e to drafts on Fobrll!!!,Y 6 :tlld 7, the conditions on those days nrc described in detnil. li'ebnmry Qwns n. mild, cloudy day with the temperatul'e in the middle of the day rising to :36 F., or only 9 below the tempcrn\;ul'C of 45 desir('d in stnble A, 1\) below thu 5,50 tempcrtlture desired ill stnble H, nne! ] 4 below the .500 level dcsircd in stable C. To curry nwny the oXON;S heat given ofr by the cows and hold the desired tempCl'lltuTc levels in these three stables, vcntilatol' intnkes und most o( the windows werc opened. The windows in stn.ble]) wcre ulso opened. 1,n ter in the day the tcmperature dropped and thc wind rosc, causing rapid drops in stnble tcmperntures-15 in stnble A, 6 ill stnble B, ] 2 in stable C, llnd 18 in stable D. ,

    February 7 wns also 11 mild, cloudy dllY with very high humidity, and ven tilatol' in tnk{\s :lIld windows ,,"om ngn in opencd. Oil account of the !'clntiyehr high tell 11)0 I'U ture of the outside nil', it WfiS necessary to incl'ense grciltly thenormnl yontiln tioll. Though no mensurements were taken, it is probable that six 01' eight times us much nil' pnssed through the stHble ns under ordinnry conditions. The resulting drnfts

  • UELA'rION OF S~'ABUj BNVlHONMI~NT 'fO MILK I'HODU("l'lON 35

    are thought to have been primarily ]'esponsible for the cases of sickness that followed. Februllry 8 wus cold and chilly in the mOl'l1iug with a minimum temperature of 8 F., but tllC next day t.he outside tempel'llture rose to 40. All control of stable tempemtUl'es was lost shortly before noon of FcbrullTY 9 amI was 110t regained until the ufternoon of February 11. The morning of February 10 was I'lLW nndhigh temperntures were carried in all stables becallse of sick cows. At 3 p. m. Illl extra heavy fog occurred alld thunder Ilnd lightning oceu1'l'ed fit ]0 p. m. Februnry 11 wus unotherpeculinl' day with an extmlow bnrometer and high outside temperature with Tilin unci hellvy douds.

    In stable A, ~ow A.l6 was first ill Feb1'un ry 8 nnll Y('1'Y ill following February 20. She did ]lot fully recover during the t>st. Cow A 20 wus very ill for 12 days following ]i'ebrul1l'y 7 while cow A 9 resisted until a suhsequent chill cnuscd It reln:pse which kept hm' ill from li'ebruary 16 to the end of the test,

    In stnble 13, cows B 30, 13 33, 13 35, und B 40 were nfreetcd with illness during this period, 13 35 bein~ YNy ill. llcl' iniUnl iIllH.'sS started li'ebl'llnry 2, followed by pnrtiull'ccovcry up to February 7, when Illl nbrupt relapse to"k plue('.,

    In stable C, cows U l3 and C l6 were yisibly affected tlml throe others hnd minor dcdilles in milk yield dllrin~ til(' pCl'iod, Cow (' 10 wns quite ill for 10 days, At this period It stuble trill pCI'f1.ture of 50 F, was nttrmpt,ed,

    In stable D, ('ows D 27, ]) 35, und D ;36 were ill nnd three others showed "minor cfreds 011 milk yield,

    Hefcrenee to figure 2 (floor phn) shows fhnt the worst enscs of illness occlllTed on the south side of tile stables. (Odd-numbered cows fire on the 1l()J'th and CV('I1-nllmbel'cd on the south,)

    The pl'cYlliling winds were mostly from the SOli th d tiring this j>l'I'iod Ilncl n I'tel' Februury 7 it WIlS neceSSlll'Y t.o limit. window Yl'ntilntion on the south side be(;lluse of the cows 'thn t \\"('1'(' ~'il'riollsly ill. Five of these cows (A 0, A 16, (' 16, D 31), D :3(j) wer(\ dose to ventilators,

    The loss in yield of milk hccn.use of illness of ('oW's dtlring Februfiry, nnd chiefly following ]!'ebnJ:II',\T 7, ('xcecded noo pOllnds, but since the milk of the siek COws could not be tlsre! as c('I'tified milk, whi('h WIlS the chief product of this Jnl'm, the reduction in 1I1J10llut of crrtified milk produced ex('ecded 5,300 pounds lind the loss in vulllc of the milk exceeded $600 cvell nftcr (,I'rditing the milk of the sick cows ut condens:1I'Y pl'iees, '

    Conclusioris dl'nwn fl'Om this cxp('l'i(~j]('(\ Ilre that hnlmy dnys of the Jnnuury and February thaws I1l'e dangel'otls ~days for ('o~\-s housed in wnrm hnl'lls, rrempel'ntures or 30 to 40 1t, 1l(~eompnlUed by dl'ufts nppenr fuvMable to chills, At this time the st:able nttendnnt is likely to neglect dool's nnd windows 01' thoughtlessly open them too freel,Y, ThlLt there is 00nsidemble risk incident to this prfletiee is shown by the results of 2 yenrs' tests,

    Windows may be used freely for ventiintion when the outside tempernture is nboyc freezing provided harmful dru:fts nre avoided, but it is obviollsly impossible to supply ]n.rge quantities of fresh air to the remote comet'S of the bnm without ehilling nnimnls nenr the windows, Cows continuously stu,blNI nrc Vrohnbly more susceptible than those turned out frequently dUl'ing cold weather,

  • 36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN om, u. s. DBPT. OF AGUICULTURE MINOR ILLNESSES

    D.uring the 1930-31 tests there were three cases of mastitis seven of dIarrh~a, and seven cases of "off feed", in addition to the coids and pneum?ma rt;lported above. Stable B had the greatest amount of Illness, mcludmg four cases of diarrhea, while stahle C was next Most of the illness in stable C was reported as "off feed", and ma.y be related to the higher stable tempemt.ure .

    . D';1ring the second winter there were 14 cases of minor illness (hstnbuted through aU sections of the barn. Cows in the stall A 20 (fig. 2) were affected by pneumonilt both years and cows in stalls n 31 and B 33 wcre ill WIth colds hoth yeltrs.

    Cowpox was pl'c!3ent at time~ in aU sta bles. The greatest number and most severe C!lSeS occurred lJl stable C, the ",urmest stable. Less trouble was expenenced tlfter the temperature 111ld been lowered.

    EFFECT OF STABLE CONDITIONS ON PHYSICAL FACTORS

    A record of the respirntion, pulse, and rectal tempernture was made twice daily on six eowS in each stable during the first season, and on eight eows in eneh Htnble dUI.ing the sceond season. The morning rending wns sturted nt 8:30.11,. m. nnd the afternoon reading lit 2 p. m. Fifteen to twenty minutcs were required by two men to make the readings in eneh stuble. These ('ount cows were high-grnde Guernseys nnd were seleded on the sceond test to represent the mRximum, nYel'Hge, nnd minimulll ltwels of milk production in ench stu ble, nnd for conyenienee in ohtnilling datil were plnced in the first foul' stnlls on either side of the stable. At t.he times thc l'endings were taken the cows hnd finished enting and were relntively quiet.7 The rnte of respirntion was obtnined by eOllnting the movement of the ribs at each exhnlntion nnd timing with It stop \vntch.

    The hClut rn tc wns detcrmined by coun ting the pulse oyer the artery on the inner surfnce of the leg nenl' the junction of the udder. At this point the pulse can usually be readily located whether the animal is standing or lying.

    The rectnl tempernturn wns flscertained with a standnl'd clinicnl thermometer, with nn insertion for not less thau a minute. As a mfl,tter of routine the ratc of respiration wns counted first, then the thermometers inserte(l, the pulse counted, the t.hermometers withdra'....u, find tcmperatures recorded. Notutions w(,rc mude of the activity of t.he cow, whether stnnding or lying, chewing the cud, or en.ting, etc. Thesc physi"f'l uctions were l'ecorded in order to note their possible effect on other fnctors. Since the lcvel of feeding wns not changed d1ll'ing thc experiment, vnrintions in the eO'cct of diet on body functions should hnve been reduced to n. minimum. Figures 16, 17, 18, and 19 show mill( yields, respiration nnd pulse rntes, and body temperntures for the eight cows in ench stable during the second winter. The charts nlso show stable tempernt.ures, outside temperntures, relntive humidity, and bnrometric pressure. These dat.a, are presented fully sincc it is expected they will be of speeinl vnlue to those dellling with nnimal physiology. Similnr dutn. obtnined during the first winter mny be consulted in t.he B\l1'enu of Agriculturnl Engineering by those hnving 11se for this information. Menger datn, avuilllble f!'Om othel' sources reveal n. l'elntion of these functions to milk secre-

    I See tnhle r. fnr relntion of this tillle to fel'(lilll(, ctc.

  • 'Me; tMftMf'at\lrt rF.), T--Outside 'frnptrifure (Of.)

    lIelative fllHllidity (pcrunt)

    Milk yield (pounds)

    !ltsplrltlo,,(IIrtaths)

    COW I 'Puis. (bUts)

    80dy temperature ("F.)

    Milk yield (pounds)

    Respiration (breaths)

    COW 3 Puis. (beats)

    8cdy temperlture (OF.)

    Milk yield (pound.) Respiration (breath.)

    COW 5 Pub. (butS)

    Body temptreture (OF.)

    Milk yilld (pound.)

    Respiration (breaths)

    COW 7

    Pulse (belts)

    Body t.mpenlun (Of.)

    Milk yield (pound.) A..pir.tion (breath.)

    COW 2 Puis. (be.ts) 80cIy te'"ptr.tur. (OF.)

    Milk yield (pound.) llespirttion (breaths)

    COW", Pulse (beats)

    cBody 'e,"perature COF.,

    ""11 yield (pound.) Alspirltion (brth.)

    COW 6 pulu (beats)

    Body !emperlturt (OF.)

    MUk yi.ld (pounds)

    ~"'(br.aths)

    COW. fIaI..(buhl

    icily t,mptretur, (Of.)

    Dtc.ftlW , 1 II 113 17 Ill" "2~27a I 2 2

    :r40. ~. o STABLE A ~

    ~I-to '0 n JO

    ~.",;,. !~ - - - - ,

    IOI.~ _.__._ ;;=ro. .- .- .'" -- ._101,0

    i Itallll. ..,. 3D2.,.20 i~:::..

    '02.~ 102,0 lO\.~ 101.0'00,"

    1'100& 16.-0.utsldl) temperature, barometric l>re5SUll!, stable temperature. IIDd relative bumldlty, and mUk yield and pby:deal ooDdltioDS Cor eight Co,,", In stabJe A: ., OelItrum: b, bred. 28811~ (Facep.36) No.1

    http:Facep.36

  • stabll temperature rF.) '.

    Outside t~mptrllJre (OF.)

    Blrom"" (Inchu H,}

    Milk yl.,d (pounds)

    IInpiratlon (br"t.,s) COW 23

    Putse (btlts)

    Sody temperature (OF.)

    ",ilk yield (pounds)

    Rospintion (bruths)COW 25

    Pulu (be.t,)

    !lody lemper.ture (Of.)

    Milk yield (pounds)

    Aesp'ration (breath,) COW 27

    Pul.. (beat,)

    8ody1ernp"atur. (OF.)

    ~ilk yi.ld (pound,)

    Respintion (brta!h.)

    COW 2St Pulse (bell,)

    eody temper.lure (Of.)

    Milk yield (pound.) Respiration (brths)

    COW Z4 Pul (beats)

    Body temperature (OF.)

    MUk yield (pound.)

    IIlSpi,.tion (breaths)

    COW 26 1Iulse (beats)

    Body temper.turt (OF.)

    MUk yield (pounds)

    Respiration U>r..ths~

    COW 2. 'UIM (beats)

    Body temperature (OF.)

    ,Ioi;;~ yi.ld (pounds)

    .l!apiration (b",aths)

    COW 30 ,,"ulse (buts)

    lad)' tempe...tu... (oF.)

    21I 1 I !I 7 tg: .0:goI. STABLE B

    :~:~ n,o

    20I. lOZ. 20 n ~~.. ,...... .. ........- .... - '"... _..... 50

    UU.!t

    :g::~r- a a 10l.0 101.' 10,"0

    F/Gt/&I: 17.-0utside temperature, bllfOmetric pressure, stable temperature, and relative hwDldtty, aud milk yield and physical conditions tor eight cows In stable B: a, Oestrum; b, bred. :; 2885-37 (Fuce p. 36) No.2

  • -', ", ,", '-'!' ,',

    . Dtctmbtr "

    ,..W. t,.,..,ur. (F.)

    OUtside temper.ture ("F.)

    Aeleti..- humicjity,(1'tfUnt}

    Milk yreld (pounds) Respiration (bretths)

    COWl purse (buts) Body temperature (oF:)

    Milk yi..ld (pounds)

    Respiration (breaths)

    COW 3

    Body lemperalure (OF.,

    Milk yield (pounds)

    Respiration (breaths) COW 5

    Puru(be.ts)

    eody temperatura ("F.)

    Milk yield (pounds)

    Respiration (brul"s)

    COW 7 P.ulse (beats)

    .Body t.mperature ('F.)

    Milk yield. (pounds)

    Respiralion (bruths) COW 2

    Pul (bnts) aDdy tempe...lur. (OF.)

    Milkyield (pounds) Respiration (breaths)

    COW 4 Pulse (beah)

    Body temperature (oF.)

    Milk yield (pounds)

    'R'.pir.,ion (br..thr.)

    COW 6 Pulu (beats)

    Body lemper.'ure C'F.)

    Milk yield (pounds) ilesp1relton (brealhs)

    COW 8 .Pulse(beats) lIody temperature (oF:)

    7 "I r r7 10 'I 23 25 27 '1 31 ..:r 19 '0 STABLE Co ~ 10

    21,0

    '010 40,. 30..,0

    70 .~ ....... , - , a ' i~ ,

    101.0 IOO.~

    .. 30 20 eo '04' , .40 3S 30 a 2> h ~ ............... , . -- -... ,"7. -,eo..

    :g!:~ .-

    FIGURE IS.-Outslde temperature, barometric pressure, stable temperature. and relative humIdity, and mIlk yield and phy~feal conditions Cor eight cows In stahle C: a, Oestrum; b, bred. 2885-37 (Face p. 36) No.3

    http:Puru(be.ts

  • - - -

    .. - .~ ~ f,

    I 3 ~ 7 9 II 13 Drtt"'r\ft 19 21 23 2S 27 9 31 2 4 6 e 10 12 14Ja~~at~8 20 22 24 6 8 I !table temperature ('F.) ;~.

    40

    Outside temperature ('F., ~g. 10'

    !go Relative humidity (percent) 8arometer (inches Hg) ~H

    Milk yield (pounds) ~g 40

    Respiration (brellihs) ~~

    COW 25 ~t. I

    - STABLE 0

    oa oa

    Pulse (beats) :g . - "'. ..;I--f-"'.r" ". I02~g, I h

    ~dy temperature (eF.) :g::~ -. _ _._ - _ "~~ .

    J'Jov.1I: lll.-Outside temperature, bvometrlc presaure, stable temperature, cod relative humdlty, fWd mlllt: yield and physical coIiditions for eight cOws In stable D: II. Oestrum; b. bred. 288lS'-87 (Face p. 38) No.4

    http:J'Jov.1I

  • REI.ATION OF S'.rABUIJ F,NVmONM1'1Nrl~ TO ~nLK PRODUCTION 31

    tion (p. 11, and tu.bles 8 and 13) which is substantiated in the data recorded herewith.

    EFt'ECT OF STABLE TEMPERATURES ON RESPIRATION

    A comparison of the datlt for respimtion of cows in the different stables shows that a drop in st!l.ble temperature is generally accompanied by_a decrease in respiration rate and vice versa. This average relationship is shown in table 8 and graphically in figures 16 to 19. There is a close agreement in the respiration rate with changes in temperatures in stables A, B, and C. In stable D the temperatures were rather variable so that the average vulue hus less significance and the daily record must be consulted, Exceptions must be noted also durmg February 9 to 11 as the outdoor temperutures were so high us to make it impossible to control temperatures in the various stubles at this time. During the middle of the dtty the stable temperatures rose markedly but dropped buck to control levels ut night, hence the avernge in tins period CHnnot be used in the study of this single factor.

    In stables A, B, und C the stable temperatures were well controlled and sllltill difl'erences in (wernge temperatures show significant difference in the rate of respirn tion.

    During the time stublc A WIIS held at 60 F. (Dec. 4-Jun. 6, see table 8 lind fig. 16) the respirntion rntc avcraged 27.3 per minute. A 50 reduction in temperntuJ'C (~lnn. 7-29) WllS nccompllJlled by a decline to 22.6 in the rate of respirntion. "Yhen the lowest controlled temperature of the experiment WfiS }'euched (46 Jnn. 30-Feb. 8) the rate of respiration fell to 17.6 ppr minutc. An nyeragc temperuture (51.3 Feb, 12-24) wus nccoJ11]lllnied by n, fespirn.tion rntc of 19.3 per minute. This indicntcs tllllt d !Iring the period of low stable temperatures the grenter loss of body hell t from the skin surfnce Tesult in n nn.tuml reduction ill heat loss by respiration. This samc Tclation wus shown in the curlier test but the Hlllount of differen('e was somcwhn.t obscured by other fu('tors and its determinntion must awuit further study of indi viduul recol'(1s.

    Stables ]3 und C show the same general Tcsults, pnrt,icularly if period 10 is disregarded. "Vhcn the tcmperature in stable B wus lowered from 60 l!'. (periods 2-6) to 50 (periods 7-8) the rcspiT,lltion rate declined from an nyernge of 29.4 to 20.3. During period 11 when the temperature wus lowered 5 the !wcrnge rate decreased only 0.5. In stable C which wos first m:li.ntained ut 65, Itycrnge respiration dropped frolll 30.4 to 19.5 when the temperature wns reduced 13.6 or to the 50 stnge. In the subsequent period (11), :wernge temperature was raised 4.5 or to 55 and the nyernge l'espirntion changed from 19.5 to 19.9. Some evidcnee of the cfl'ed of the ndvonce in lnctation and the concurrent decline of milk flow Hnd energy requirement is seen in these data.

    EFFEC't OF SUDDEN CHANGE OF STABU; TEMPERATURES

    The immediate effect of sudden changes of stable temperature are somewhat obscured 'when only the avernges over n pmiod time nre considered. There aTC several complementary and compensating influences nt work in regulating the heat losses from the body in addition t,o the regulation of milk secrction.

    Two periods are available for the study of this condition. Stable A was changed from 55 to 45 F. on January 29, or a drop of 10,

  • 38 TECHNWAL BULLETIN Gfll, U. S. DBPT. OF AGlUCULTURl

  • ItELA'.rION OJ!' S't'ABLI

  • 40 TJ~(jHNl(jAL BULLE1'lN tiln, u. l::i. D1

  • RELATION OF STABLE ENVIHON~mNrr TO MILK PRODUCTION 41

    Fromme (5) reports that the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station found that the demand for wn.ter WfiS greatest after feeding and varies with the feed. I!jxperiments in Iown, (2) show a consumption of 3.26 to 3.76 pounds of watcr P('/' pound of 11lilk and that 64 percent, of the daily water was consumed between 5 n.. m: and 5 p. m. and 36 percent between 5 p. lll. and .s 11" m. A compl11'1son of these results ",ith those reported in this bulletin lire of interest.

    The hourly wuter consumption wllsobtaincd. for It 5-da,y period February 9-i3, 1931, as shown in tnble 12. Since the cows under test were fed dried and chopped hay these data m:e of speeilll interest, as the demand for water WIIS grentest after entmg the hay. In these stables, wherein nIl chores were performed on schedule und the feeding and milking periods were 12 hours I1pnrt, the avernge difl'erence in water consumption between 5 n. m. and 5 p. m. nnd 5 p. m. and 5 n. m. is less than 2 percent. These cows lIsed very little wn.ter between 9 p. m. and 6 11.. m. und practically no water between 1.n.nd 6 a .. m. and a very smnll amount between 3 nnd 5 p. m. 'fhe perIOds of grentest consumption nre between 7 to 9 a .. m. nnd between 6 to 8 p. m. following the feeding of hay. From 32 to 39 pm'cent of the dllily wuter usage occurs in these morning hours nnd from 33' to 41 percent during the evening period.

    TABLE 12.-Ilourly consumpt.ion of waler, atlcragc for 5-day ]Jerorl of cnu's ill each stable, Feb. 9-13, 1931

    \I'llll'r I'ollsumptiou

    Slllble A Stllhk,1) Stllbl" II Stahle C

    Bllrn operation Time -:----1----- "---,---Percent P(lrc(,lnt. Percent Percent

    Gill ofc~~~IY r"l- ufc:~:~~IY GIII- ofc(~:~i1Y 0111- ofc~~~IY lOllS sump- OilS SIIIIIP- lOllS S~~lJ-" lOllS SlIlIlp

    tion liun lioll lioll

    ---- ------,--' ~- --1----

    ~)::::::~I~~.,~n 3000:~ .--,,-- fi~I;"i':1 . ". f1i:7 :::::::1.'i~7 I:::::::: 3:15 n. m., ch.lllfl stahlr.: stnrt all.I11 ,,' ,,_ 0 ____ "'14~'ll ""--" milking 5!45 n. 111., Cl'(11i

    silage uul! gruin. ~::::::., U-~::~'l' 8:::,,::1 ~.ol:::::::: g 1-:::::::lill.lIl 1.0 __ ._ 0 ___ ,I 1.0 __ ,, __ 0 _______

    i!15 n. m., ((wd Jlny"'-_ ...._., .... 711. III ,1!l2. 7 ~ 12.1.2 ~ 12(~1, 7 ____ .- 21.1. I }SII.III_ :150.0 37.4 lall.1i 3211157.8} '~g _ W7.S 36.2 o11. III ' .... " 120.7 ,,}2.4 140.3 . 1 5.1.0 10 II. III, 18.5 41. 7 45. 0 4:1.4 11 II. III." _.' :la.o 3a.0 as. 2 :JO.3 121101111 __ 0. 12.4 lUI 14.7 Ii,O Ip.III ... " 21.0 I!U 46.1 17.1

    2:45 p. 111" cll'JUl st8hh'_". .. _~__ 2 p. III ..., !!'l.7 2,1. :1 ". 84.:1 48. 4 a:o.'} p, Ill., stllrt lIlilking____ _ 3p.IIl",, __ _ 21.7 8.8 __ U.S 1.0

    4 p. III . _ 4. I 4. !J 0.8 13. 0

    Ii p. III . __ 4.1 1-1.4 . __ .. 5.n ________ 14.1 _______ _

    Ilnd Imy. o p. Ill.. mg.8 } IflO,O } 132.4 } 18:1. 9 } 5:15 p.ln., remi SiIllg(, graill,

    7p.IIL_ .. 147.4 41.a 147.4 a8.4245.01 32,8206.0 ;1$.2 8 p.III, . .,,,. :l!I.1 lio.n 50.0 7:1.8 Up.I1L 28.9 ~ .. ~ .... _.~ 72.7 52.a .. __ ,. .. +" 75.8 _. __ ......_7

    ________-'-_gl_ll;._JIJl_l).-_-i_~~_:!_!!_:,__ ~U ::.:' 1,!S:~ '::~L~~:~ ::::: ~_.~g:~

    For n. period of 12 days (Feb. 5- JG, H)32) 1111 houriy I'eeol'd was made of water consumption Itnd of the nUlI1bCI' of cows stn.nding or lying in each stable. The n.vel'n.ges of these records 11.1'0 JH'esented in figure 21 with which is included gmphs showing nvemge daily variation of pulse and body tmnpel'lltllle. The J'eeonl of It single cow (D 28) is given to avoid diflieultics thu.t would lII'ise from the

    http:a8.4245.01

  • 42 ~'J~('rtNICAr.. BULLWJ'fN :;fl1, u. s. J)J~PT. OJ!' AGHlCPJII'UHFl

    vnrying physicnl activity of mnny cows. This curve may be compared with the records of other cows by referring to figure 20.

    The feeding of hay nnd grain sepamtely in the morning as compared with that of feeding all together in the eyenillg) produced n distinct difference in water consumption. 'fhe greatest houdy demand of the day occul'I'ed after the evening feed, whereas in the morning. it was likewise high after feedillg but continued longer nnd Itt a lower ]'Ute. A little more thnn one-third of the daily water is consumed during the 3 hours after each feeding per'ioel, the remainder being drullk throughout the dllY, but very little durillg the milking p'liod. This result is somewhat different from tllH t found. by Cnnnoll (2) with difl'el'Cnt hours of milking.

    The cows were tied up before washillg to keep them standillg and left tied during milking. Ench cow was relensed nftt", milking and it was a gencml habit 1'01' them to lie down shortly after being released, Standing or lying, fig. 2], the ('OW8 drank wnter at about the same rn,te. Water consuined between milkings during the day WIIS gellel'l1Jly at It higher rl)te (pounds of wnter used for pound of milk produced) than between milkings during the night. On Februn.ry 26 the hny und silnge were changed nnd n, ritpid decline in the l'nte of Witter used occurred (tnble 8), 'I'hus the kind Hnd condition of feed us well liS time of feeding llll:tw!'s t!l(' hOllrly rate of wntrr demand (1).

    W,\Tlm CONSUMI'TIO!II ANU STAIII,t; CONJ)JTJONS

    ,Yater consumption nn.turnlly is higher in slimmer than in win tC'l'. :Moore (9) shows nil nppurent relationship of wllter consumption to tempemture when temperutures were above 60 0 und below 500 F,

    It is nn.turnl to expect It Yllriation of the insensible loss of wn tel' with chnllges iu the animal's environment. Excessive drafts 01' excessive ventilation, combined with other fnctors, appellr to lIfl'ect this loss, varying with the degree of cooling efrect. ]?orbps, Brllman, and Kl'iss (4) found thn.t nt It temperntul'C of 71 0 Jr. npproxilllntely 40 percent of the hent pl'Odu(,t'd left the animnL us latent hent of wllter' Vilpor, Jijach gl'nm of wntcr vnporized from the lungs o.r skin rcq uired 0.586 calory for vilporiziltion. Hitzman, ns repo/'ted by Kendall (8) found thnt even on mnintennn('c, wnter lost by insensible l)erspirntion is from two to thrce times grclltel' thnn thut pnssed in urine, The results suggest n, compensating nl'rnngcment between these two methods of elimination. Not'll1nll>: the water pnssed ItS urine, on a uniform feed lov('/ nnd fnirly umfol'll1 tempern.ture, remnins faidy constant, but the insensible loss of wntcr undcl' like conditions mny vary 12 or 1110r'(\ pounds, CHell pound Tcmo\'ing approximately 1,086 B, t, u, of heat.

    Cold WitH SlIrfaces ndjll,('cnli to WIU'I\l bodies nll'c(,t thc m.te of ('(loling of these bodics. As water forms an important pnl't in the regulution of body tempe1'lltul'es it is readily seen how H. chnnge in the ll\jil1lwr of heat loss from the body may in tlll'll n,fl'ec,t the demand for wntel', nnd this mny t\xplnin jl, n'intionship observed Il,t t.imcs dming this test between the Vlll'illtions of witter' consumption nnt! wnIl telllp(~l'ntur('s (figs. 9 to 12),

    Similnr J'eil\.tionships W('J'C observed between wILter consumption and relative humidity, stable tcmpemtUl'e, and barometric preSSUl'e, but the relntionship between wnter consumption and waU tempemtlll'cs appeared to be the closNlt. 'l'hcrcfol'c, it seems, that witH tempe1'lltUl'e

    http:Februn.ry

  • REJ.ATION OF H'I'ABLl~ gNVmONMI~N~J' TO 1\IILK PIWOl)("I')ON 43

    has a more direct bearing on animal comfort than has been recognized heretofore. This factor SllOUld be furtller investigated in stables having walls of different materials and insulating values. In the present test, wans of all stables were alike.

    SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

    This series of tests covel'cd the relationship of environmentnl conditions to milk production. :F'our stltblcs, euch housing 22 cows, were studied during the wintel'S of 1930-31 and. ] 931-:32. In the main test barn it wus impossible to ll1itintainll tempcmtme us low itS 45 F. when the outside tempemture WIlS above 30, even with drafty ventilation. It WIIS difficult to hold the tempemture down to 50'0 with an outside tempel'llturc of 32, A temperature of G5 was difficult to maintain steadily with outside tempernture below 30. To hold it required undesirnble restriction of ventilation and often required artificial hent. Drltfts and temperature fluctuations Wl're greater after removn.l of the cross partitions used to divide the hill'll into the fOllr stnbles during the test. During 1931-32 nn opel1 stable hOllsing eight cows WitS added to the test.

    The cows in the test were cUTcfully s('leet('(l. fl'Om il. herd of 600 to form groups balunced IlS ncarly IlS possibll' ns to ilgC, sir-p , productivity, stn.ge of lactation, Ilnd other factors.

    Therefore, it is ron.sollnble to nssuIlIe thn t vluilitions in production between the groups were prillt'ipnlly the result of difJ'('J'ellcl's in environmentul conditions. Cnrcful. studies of the data as to how different tempe1'llture levels, sudden cll!Ulgcs in temperature, nod drafts nffected milk and butterfat production, body weight, nod heulth of the cows, brought out the following g(>nernl conclusions:

    1. The optimum stable temperntul'c for cows in stanchions nnd on modernte feed undcr Wisconsin win tel' conditions appeared to be about 50 F. There wus little decrellsc in production when the stnblc temperature was 45. Produ('tion of milk WIIS nbove the avern.ge hut butterfat was below the llverngc at tempcl'flturl's of 60 to 65. At the wll.rmer temperntul'cs cowpox was more prevalent und ('ows seemed less comfortnble than at }ow('1' tell1pl'rntures.

    2. Within the limits of 45 to 65 P., ('!lIl1lgcs of 10 in the controlled stables affcC'ted prineipnlly the first three milkings.

    3. Cows in the pen bnrn hnd proportionally more eascs of illness and injury thnn cows in stnnehions. Co.ws running loose in a pen and accustomed to low tClIlp('rfltU1'CS wlthstnnd low ternpemtures better than stanchioned cows undcr the 811111e l'onditions in ot'her respects.

    4. There wns It dircC't Tl~lntionship \)CLW('('11 execs8h'e dl'l1fts and pneumonia. Risk of sidmess npPN1l'S to inncllsc with the degree of exposure to dl'l1fts.

    5. Under ordinnry good ('onditiOlls of milk production Ill'tificinl heat in stables is undesirll ble.

    6. The decline in milk yield wns fustcr in the stable where inside temperatures fLuctunt.cd ,~rjth weather thnn in those where tcmpcratures wore held 1ll.'Il.rly constant. Cows in the open pen fell off sharply in production dming cold periods, but with the return of mild weuther recovered more q uiekly thn.ll the (~OWS in stanchions.

    7. Loss of milk yield in tempol'tl,rily cold stables is but partly made lip oy increase in pel'('entn.ge of buttcl'fut.

    http:pel'('entn.gehttp:fLuctunt.cdhttp:avern.ge

  • 44 TECHNICAl. BULLETIN U91, U. S. DNI'1'. Ol!~ AGIUCULTURI~

    8. Cows in the open barn lost body weight during the coldest period.

    0. There is no economie :i ustifielltion 0)' Il('ed for mnintnining stll.ble tempemtlll'cs of 60 to (}5]f. if cxecssive irlfHllntion 01' nrtificiul hellt is required to do it. A uniform t(,IlJP('/'u,tuJ'c of 50 to 55 was found sntisfuctol'Y, the 10\\,('1' stage iwing (,lIsi('r to maintain in northern areas. Such a tom PCIU.tIll'C stngc is conducive to good appetite, body\;igor, nnd n healthful stnblc condition.

    UTERATURE CITED

    (1) ARMSDY, H. P., Ilnd CA/,/lWgl,I" '\V. H. 1889. NUTIUTIVtJ VAI,UE (W PAs'rUlm GltASS. I'll. Agl'. Expt. Stu. Ann.

    R!'pt. 1888 (pi. 2): liO-77, ill us. (2) CANNON, C. Y., RANSf1N, E. N., Ilnd O'Ng,\l" .T. R.

    1932. TlfE USE OF WA'r~m 1I0WI,8 IN Tin) IJAJJtY BAIlN. TaWIL Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 292, pp. r103]-114, illus.

    (3) COMMITTE~J ON Rgl,ATION (H' 1~I,flC'TltI('I'I'Y '1'0 AGHlcUl/rIJlUJ. 1931. ELEc"rHl(,ITY ON 1'IJE ~'AIlM. C. R. K A. v~ 7, 332 pp., ilIus. Chicago.

    (4) FOIlBES, K B., BltA~IAN, W. W., unci Kltlss, M. 1932. THE J[}],\T I'ltOIJUCTI()N 01. 403-438, ilIus.

    (7) KELLEY, M. A. R. 1933. A STUDY OF ]00 !lAIllY IIAIlNR IN WISCONSIN. Agr. Engin. 14:

    271-273, ilIus. (8) KENI>ALL, ,J. C.

    1931. I'EHSPIHA'rION A FA("rOHIN ANIMAl, ME1'ABO!JJSAI. N. H. Agr. Expt. Stu. Bull. 256 (AIIII. Rppt. 1930): 5"G.

    (9) MOOHE, JJ. A., alld BOW"INO, G. A. 1930. LACTATING DAIHY CA'r'n~J NE}])) PI,ENT\' OF WATEH Mich.

    Agr. Expt. Stll. Quart. BIIII. 13: 15,417, iIllls. (10) NATIONAl, B(iARD O~' Flit}] PNDEllWIU'j'g!Ui.

    1031). NA'rIONAL ~;r">c'rHIn CODE N. B..F'. U. Pamphlet 70,318 pp., illllfi. New York, Chipup;o [ete.J.

    (11) WOO[)\\'AIlD, T. R, lind Nrc-NtH/n', ,J. 13. 19:31. JUJI,A'rION OP Tin) JII}JTIIO)) O~' WA'nJIUNG DAIIl), COWS '1'0 TIIEIIl

    w",rEll ('ONFH!MI'TION ,IN)) MII,K I'IW))U("rION. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. BlIII. 278, 14 pp.

  • APPENDIX ~

    TABLE l3.-Comparison oj stables A, B, C, and D with respect to daily jluctua~ion oj milk yield, daily and group averages oj temperatures t;::and physical condition and water consumption for original herd oj 22 cows, as affected by temperature and humidity, Dec. 4, 19::11, to Feb. t"'

    ;..29, 19813 t-;:s'rAIILE A ....

    l'hysicnl conditions 'Vater used ~ AIr conditions )'H1k yield o

    Respiration per Pulse per minute Body temperature "OJOutside Inside minute rr.

    Date t-;:A. m. I P. m. 1Total\d IFH~ln ! "\. til. 1'. 1II. Total I justed 1 .c.m.H~ln \ -rem.\ ti\"c ' A.m. P.m. age A.tIl. P.lII. age A.m. P.m. age1A\"er'l I IAver 1 1 1Aver E;Tc.m'l ti\"" perno humid. 1 ~ra humid ture ity ~ ture ity t;:: ______1__1___ __1___,___ ---.---.--_.--_.---.---.---.---,---.---'---'---'---'---,---,-- ~ Sum. Sum SU11I' Sum ;-;1l11l' S1I11I' Gcl Gal I Gal Z

    0p. lPerccnt OF. Perccll/. Poumd., Poun

  • TABLE l3.-Comparison of stables A, B, C, and D with respect to daily fluctuation of milk yield, daily and group averages of temperatures, ~ and phYlrical condition and water consumption for original herd of 22 cows, as affected by temperature and humidity, Dec. 4, 1931, to Feb. 29, 1932-Continued

    STABLE A-Continued 1-3 t::J oAir conditions :\Tilk yield Physical conditions Water used II: z....

    Respiration pl'r cOutside Inside Pulse per minute Body temperature :;minute Date t"

    .\dA.m. P. lll. Total justed I F.c.l1l. A.m. I P.m. I Total t:::: pern- tiye Tem- Rela'I'em-I Rdn-I I I P I '\\'er-I 1 1Aver-II' 1 .\.ver- 8ture humid- pern- th'c -.\. m. _m. - nge A.1II. P. m. - age A. m. 1. Ill. - age

    ity ture hl!nlid- t"' It, ~

    1-3------,--,---,--,---,---,---,---,.---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,--- ....

    2!

    OF. Pereent eF. Percent \POUndS Pounds PoulIds Pou.uls PoulId, ber ber ber ber beT ber OF. OF. OF. 10118 10118 lon~ c:...

    .1Vum- Num- .J.Vum- J!.l'um- Num- 'tum- Gal- Gal- Gal-

    Dec. '>.3_______ 43.0 91 61.0 68 317.9 30S.2 fi2fi.l 649.0 32.0 30.6 31.3 73.4 6-1.-.) 70.3 101.16 101.09 101.12 135.3 147.6 282.9Dec. 24_______ .?38.0 85 60.5 i2 317.3 a06.5 623.8 638.6 31.8 26.8 2Jan. 2_________ 28.5 87 59.5 80 323.3 302.7 626.0 ________ 644.2 31. 8 31. 4 31. 6 71.9 65.8 68.8 101.69 101. 46 101.57 128.3 147.2 275.5 CJan. 3_________ 21.0 94 60.0 80 310.2 302.8 613.0 ________ 641. 0 28.8 30.5 29.6 72.5 66.9 69.7 101. 57 101. 34 101.45 127.6 157.2 284.8

    Jan.4_________ 20.0 80 60.0 75 312.4 298.8 611.2 _______ 624.7 26.2 27.4 26.8 71.4 64.0 67.7 101.11 100.95 101.03 123.8 141.0 264.8 ::: ....Jan. 5_________ 33.5 95 60.5 78 312. 6 296.3 608.9 ..______ MS. 2 25.9 26.5 26.2 68.2 63.1 65.7 101. 05 100.99 101.02 125.6 155.1 280.7 oJan. 6_________ 31.0 78 58.5 74 300.2 302.1 602.3________ 616.5 27.2 26.8 27.0 70.6 63.8 67.2 101.00 100.88 100.94 132.9 138.1 271.0 c:

    t"TotaL ______ 1______ /_______1______1________11' 558. 711, 502. 713, 001. 41_.._____ 13' 171. 6/_______,_______ ,_______,_______1_______1_______1_______/_______ /_______ / 638.21 738.6 1,376.8 1-3 Average_____ 26.8 -s7 59.7 ---n---au:7-a00:6-W==-;;a:u~--;s:s~ 70.9 ""64:7~1101.28 101.12 101.20 127.6 147.7275:3 c::::

    ==~==.=,=,==,======;=====. -- ~

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  • -------------------------------------------------

    --------

    ----------------- --- -- --

    lan. 7_________ 613.3 ________22.5 75 55.5 72 311.3 302.0 637.9 21.1 26.0 23.6 69.1 62.4 65.8 101. 02 lUO.99 101. 01 130.8 148.8 279.6lan.8_________ 20.0 83 65.0 .72 316.1 290.8 606.9 -------- 622. 3 22.9 21.0 21.9 68.4 00.6 64.5 101.07 101.00 101.04 123.9 139.4 263.3lan.9_________ 17.0 73 54.5 75 316.7 301.8 639.5 20.9 24.1 22.5 71.9 63.9 67.9 101.13 100.89 101.01 134.5 145.8 280.3618.5 -------- ~JaD.IO________ 24.5 69 56.0 73 310.2 299.0 f>35.5 25.4 25.5 25.4 71.2 65.2 68.2 101.05 100.94 100.99 120.3 150.0 270.3JaD. 11 ________ 009.2 -------- t::j

    JaD.12________ 33.0 73 66.0 69 310.4 302.6 613.0 638.6 21.9 22.9 22.4 69.9 63.2 66.6 100.95 100.87 100.91 129.4 143.0 272.4-------- t""42. 0 94 57.0 ii 310.0 304.6 630.9 25.9 23.8 24.8 71.0 61.6 66.3 101.01 100.91 100.96 134. 2 142.5 276.7614.6 -------- >JaD. 13___ ~____ 44.0 84 66.0 75 306.7 304.0 610.7 623.2 25.S 24.4 25.1 70.S 63.1 66.9 101.06 100.80 100.93 131.3 156.1 287.4JaD. 14________ -------- ~ JaD. 15________ 29.5 81 55.0 69 307.7 307.2 614.9 632.8 23.4 2'l.5 22.9 69.2 63.4 66.3 100.96 100.74 100.85

    132.0 138.7 270.7 ....-----.. -26.5 89 55.5 i4 309.6 290.1 599.7 -------- 620.7 23.1 24.4 23.8 72.0 64.6 68.3 100.99 101.08 101.03 124.6 150.2 274.8 0 -------------------------------------------------- ZTotaL ______ ------ -_ .._--,..- ------ --- ..---- 2.798.7 2,702. 1 5,500.8 -------- 5,681.4 --,,_0._- ----,.-- ------- ---- ....- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 1.161.0 1,314.5 2,475.5 0

    _" \'erage_____ 28.8 80 55.6 i3 311.0 300.2 611.2 ------- ... f>31. 3 23.4 23.S 23.6 70.4 63.1 66.S 101.03 100.91 100.97 129.0 146.1 275.1 "'j

    JaD. 16________ -----= = ------------------------= --------= 0028-32.0 92 55.5 74 315.6 1.1 603.3 644.4 24.8 22.1 23.4 68.5 61.5 65.0 101.01 100.84 100.92 136.8 134.3 271.1JaD.17________ -------35.5 68 55.5 67 306.6 299.7 606.3 -------- 640.2 20.0 2'2.4 21.2 68.9 62.9 65.9 100.94 100.84 100.89 140.1 148.9 289.0JaD. 18________ 25.0 i3 54.5 69 304.1 295.9 600.0 -------- 629.5 20.5 22.1 21.3 70.4 62.1 66.2 100.98 100.75 100.86 119.8 140.7 260.5 ~ JaD. 19________ 33.0 6! 55.0 67 307.2 290.8 598.0 -------- 637.3 23.4 21.5 22.4 71.2 62.2 66.8 100.97 100.95 100.96 131. 7 136.3 268.0 ::""Jan. 20________ 34.0 86 55.5 70 294.1 295.6 616.3 21.2 22.8 22.0 70.5 61.8 66.1 100.79 100.94 100.87 138.0 154.8 292.8 t::j TotaL ______

    589.7 -------1,527.6 1,469.7 2,997.3 3,167.7 666.4 715.0 1,381.4 -Z ""

    A\'erage_____ 31. 9 76 55.2 69 305.5 293.9 599.4 .... - ...--- 633.5 22.0 22.2 22.1 69.9 62.1 66.0 100.94 100.86 100.90 133.3 143.0 276.3

  • --------------------------------------------------

    00 TABLE 13. -Comparison of stables A, B, C, and D with respect to daily fluctuation of milk yield, daily and group averages of temperatures, ~

    and physical condition and water consumption for original herd of 22 cows, as affected by temperature and humidity, Dec. 4-,1981, to Feb. 29,1932-Continued

    STABI,E A-Continued ~ Air conditions lIfil! yield Physical conditions Water used @

    Z Respiration per Outside Iuside PUlEO per ntinutc llody temperntun'minute ~ Date

    "\\1. t:O Rein A.m. P.m. Total justed I F. c.m. A. m. I P.m. I Total Rein Tern tiyc

    TODl'1 tin; Iperno hUDlid. A.m. I P.m. nge A. nl. . m. age .....\.lfl. __ m. ngeAwr'l Ip IA\"Cr I IP IA 'cr fl perno bumld ture ity t;ture ity .:-; ------\--\---I--I--__I ____ ,___I___ I ___I ____I ___C___, ___1___1___' ___, ___' ___' ___' ___' ___' ___ 8

    I ..... Z:"YIl11l .Yum- .J.YUTIl- .lVUTTl- ,:,VIl7n- ~rllm- Gal Gul Gal

    P. Percent Percenl Pounds Pound., Pound" Pound" Pound., ber ber ber ber ber ber F~ P. Ions Ions Ionsopt. of. ~, lOeb. 9......... \ 3t 0 ;9 51. 5 flS 2GB.~ 273.2 541. (; 611. 5 17.0 17.6 17.8 66.~ 62.4 64.4 lOt 06 100.90 100.98 119.9 128. :2 24S.1 o .!"'Feb. 10........ 30.0 94 56.0 74 261. i 2GB. 6 5:lO.3 578.4 10.8 23.1 2t4 72.6 HI.! 100. liS 100.89 100.93 112.1 132.0 245.068. " Feb. 11........ 44.0 84 58.0 76 271. 4 26:l.1 534.5 570.0 30.8 25.2 28.0 70.S 62.2 66.5 lOt 18 lOt 02 101.10 115.2 127.-1 242. 6 !=1

    TotaL ............ SOl. 5 804.9 1.600.4 1.759.9 347.2 388.5 735.7 -------------------------------------------------- Vl ~ ~ ~_ _ .. ft..\.\'erago..... 38.0 86 55.2 73 207.2 2GB. 3 535.5 [>S6.0 22.8 22.0 22.4 69.!! 02.9 CO. 4 101.07 l00.!4 101.00 115.7 1W." 245.2 t1= = --= --- = -----------------------= ------ ..-- ~ Feb. 12........ 24.5 OJ .11. 0 02 272.8 2r>8.5 541. 3 . ... ~,... - 581.7 1S.5 19.5 19.0 09.5 61.0 65.2 101.04 101.06 101.05 11:1. S 145.8 259.6 ":IFeb. 13........ 20,5 50 50.5 08 270.9 202.3 533.2 ~ 595.6 17.4 17.2 17.3 08.9 liO.8 64.S 101.03 100.89 100.06 100.3 128.-; 2:'11.0 4 ~. ~ ~ ~. ~ Feb. 14...._... 16.0. 48 50.5 nli 259.1 2117.0 520.1 ..- ... 582.3 17.8 17.0 17.4 73.0 iiI. 5 67.2 101.06 101.01 101.04 122.3 134.6 2.16.9

    Feb. 15........ 2~.0 70 51.0 68 276.S 265.2 542.0 ... -~. ... 580.4 21.4 10.4 18.9 72.6 61. 9 07.2 101.08 101 06 101.0. ll;:. ; 121.9 239. !I~- ~ ftW"_~

    Feb. 16.____.. 34.0 U4 52 . .5 71 271.3 273.1 544.4 __ 5!!8.1 20.5 17.6 m.l 71.2 02. 0 f>6.6 101. 03 100.110 100.97 128.7 125.2 253.0 o I::j ,..Feb. 17........ 27.0 78 50.0 72 267.0 267.8 534.8 .. ---"'~ ~. 589.3 21.1 16.8 18.9 O""l) tiO.2 63.S 101.09 101.07 101.08 128.9 98.4 227.3

    Feb. 18........ 24.0 72 51.5 U9 262.7 260.1 522.8 -.-.. 583.4 19.0 17.8 18.7 67.8 til. 4 64. ti 101.02 100.84 100.!1:! 112.5 12:1.8 236.3 :.-.--~~ .Feb. 19........ 23.5 70 50.5 fi7 258.5 266.2 524.7 ._> ... 575.7 20.5 lS.0 19.2 66. U 58.5 62.7 101.10 101. 07 IOI.l'S 107.4 100.6 214.0 o

    Feb. 20........

    -~-

    572.3 20.8 19.5 20.1 GB.I 59.9 64.0 101.36 101.06 101.21 130.!1 130.8 261.726.5 65 51. 5 65 261.0 265.4 526.4 --" ....-~ .. ~ Feb.2L.__ . 38.5 06 52.0 64 257.0 257.3 514. :I --.. ---~- 5i1. 2 20.4 23.4 21.9 71.6 64.0 67.8 101.12 101.39 101.25 IOn.S 119. Ii 220.4Feb. 22.... __ .. 23.5 ~8 53.5 63 250.:1 244. 9 495.2 .......-.. - 543.0 23.2 21.4 22.3 09.5 61. 6 65.6 101. 51 101. 37 101.44 08.9 132.7 231.6~ gFeb. 23........ Ii. 5 42 51. 5 65 244. 2 2Sl. 5 497.7 ............. 557.7 21.0 20.4 21.0 69.4 62.0 65.7 101.50 101. 55 101.53 117.0 118.5 235.5

    Feb. 24........ 26.0 68 51.5 64 238.2 259.6 497.8 ...... "........ 529.1 17.5 17.0 17.2 70.5 61.0 65.8 101.07 101.34 101. 20 IIi.S 117.4 235.2

    TotaL_..... ______ ...................__ 3,389.8 :l.410.9 6,800.7 i.4t)(). i 1.503.0 1,f>04.0 3.107.0 ~

    ~

    krerage..... \ 2.1.01 641 51.3! 66! 200.7! 2C2.4! 52~.ll'''''''1 573.11 2O.0! 18.61 19.31 69.71 61.21 65.5!~!101.12!1O1.141 115.61 123.4! 239,0 l=J

  • F.eb.25. __ . 40.0\ fi7{ 56.6, fit 2t5.01 252.7 -\IlS.:I'. 5.15.. \. \I IS.!l IS.\' 71. OJ 61.8\ 67. \l lOt. 12 101.19 101.15 117.3 123.7 241.0 Feh.Z6....... 44.5 70

    1 til.5t 611 253.71 251.4 [,os. III . 552.8 21.4 2 . 5, 25.01 70.4 62.8 no./! 101.21 )01.21 101.21 130.5 110.1 246.6

    Feb.27 __ 37.5 81 51.5 70, 255.5 250.4 511.11.__ 56:1.!l1 24.1 22.1' 2:1. \. liS. OJ 1;:1.11 0.1.8 101.28 101.12 101.20 100.2 108.7 214.U ~ Feh.28 ..... 39.5 \l:1 55.51 691 256.6 258.1 514.7 . f>3o.11 17.11 19.1] 18.2l liS. 01 62.4 0.1.2 101.2'J )01.00 IIlI.1I1 116.5 87.0 203.5 t'lFeb.2'J..... 42.5 69 55.5 60 252.7 255.1 507.8 5511.4 2tl.4 23.0 21.7 70.n OO.\) M.O 101.02 )00.94 100.9S 112.1 110.9 223.0 t"'------1-------- ---'- ...._- -------1--1------------------ ?'1

    Total... "'::::':':;: :'::"'::':'::1"'::"':':1"':"':::_ ~:.:~~ 1,276.7 2. ~~~i- -~1...::2~1.::::.:...: ::"":':-1=-::"::':':"':"::':"':'::::': ~ .:.:::..:.::.:.:.::.:.:.:.::::::.::: 58S.6 540.41,129.0 Average '" 40.8 77.56.71 66 252.8 255.3 508.11...-..:....- 558..1! ~>O.5 22.1 21.01 69.7: 62.9 00.3 101.IS 101.11 101.15 _117.i, lOS. 1 225.8 ~

    Z Oruml toluI. .. \. .; .. ", ..... 1. ..--l5I, ~J\lIJ. S ...... :'>I'142.7i .. \ .... ,.. . ., .....-l-... T ...... ! ........... ... +...... 2:1,151.6 o

    "'.l STAHLE H

    Dec.4......... 32.0 83 fil.b 731 :n,'l.3! 31-1.2 02lJ.:;II'~~ 0:16. 7[ ~1(J'2\ 211.1i\ '~,,'-~I 71.2 67,2 'O.R 101.40' lOUr.: Hn.:l,~\ llu.ol 140.0 :ltiS.v ~ Dec.5......... 28.5 90 OU) IS! 315.1 30:1.1 0IS,2 ....... 021.0 25.\. 2 0 2S,O 7'l.1l tm.1i 71:1101.51 Hll.:I' 101.41\ 13CI 140.1 274.4 t"' Dec. 6 .. , __ __ 30.0 'Ii nO,ji 'Ili :llIl.o\ :;05.U 621.9. __ 1\5:1.5 27.11, 24.nj ~.'J'~l 72.S li7.n 711.2 llll.:m 101.27 I11I.31 1:1'2 1:17.2 271.4 t'l Deci. __...... 15.5 67 no. 0 .1' ~17.2 :!il7.1 Iill.:! __ . . 6:la.7 ~~J.4, 2~.r., 27.5 71.l; iO.5 72.1' IUI.21 1111.15 HlI.I!I 1:10.2 la8.2 273,41Dcc.S. ,...... 21.0 Ii m.D .,I! ~1r.'4. 21l7.9 61:1.:11", MH.:!, :1\.2, 26.2 25'SI 74.,1 liS.S 7l.4 lOl.-I'l lOl.2ii LOt.:IS 137.2 127.4 2\'"ttl t=: Dec.g........ 3l.5 90 61.0 72; 31:1.4 311.3 624.7 __ . li!l1.l!j :1:1.1' 28.\' :1\.0 71.0 I;Y .1 70.2 101.1~ 101.30 101.24 126.4 130.3 256.7 Z Dec. 10 ....... 35.0 W 01.0 73: 317.5 :IOS.l ()2;;.n! '12I.S, :11\.2: 2f1.-I ;12.:1 77.S foil. I 73.4 101.30 lIJl.:l2 101.:11 131i.2 140.0 282.2 -.!),... fi~~1.7, 27.51 31.S WI) .2.1 70.2 71.2 101.24 WI 21 101.2:1 I2'.!.5 137.2 259.7 Pec.13 32.0 90 flO. 5 71! 311.8 3OS.6 li23..II.. 1':1'1.1, 33.S 2'J.ii :ll fl\ 71.2 flS.2 fiO.S 101.40 JIlI2fi 101.;l(l Ill.7 135.3 247.0 Pec,K...... 25.0 8() 60.0 f>9,310.7 31:1.7 m:!li"" Il~~ln\ 21l,j 30.8 28.4 69.S 690 flO.IIOI.3.11Ol.J5101.25 ]28.4138.2266.0 ~--1--\'------_ '------1------------ ..."" ~ Total ...... :.::::.: :'::::':'::':'1:"::':"::':.:':::':':"':'\ 3.4.5 1 ~ 6's~::'I\:.:--: \ Ii. 9 ItIu!:::.:_= :::.::.:..:.. :.::..:..:.:.::.::.:.::.::.:.: :::.:.:..: ::.::.:.: :::.:::.: .:.=..:: .:.::.:::..:.: ~11.5\~1.12, \J\)f>. i

    A 'crage..... 29.6 ___8_1 ~,~i~ 30. 3 ~,.::.... __ J_~:l~. ~:~Il~ ----=~ -.:."'!:.!.I~~ ~!J. I 2:': ...!~~ ~I~.~~I~~ 8 ~ J)/,c. 15........ "25.5 ~6l.O\~: 316.2 !lOO.7 1;25.91:--. - I;iu.:i:n:OI3i:fi132.3!7U --07. I --mi:\ 101. 2Ii 101. on 101.18 I:?ii511ii5.2 25.1:7 P.c.16........ 31.0 72 61.01 70' 312.1l 2Ui.:l 010.2\.... __ . 59Slii 21) 9 a.~.21 '11.1 72.4. 65.0 69.0 HH.:H l!ll.HI 101.27 116.6 1:1:1.2 249.8 ~ Dec. 17........ 31.5 is 61.01 70 326.5 :110.4 o:ln.III __ ... 6lS.2 :?S.2, :ll 0: 2!J.!lj 75.1i~ 70.0 i2.S 10l.foIl 101.62 101.59 1lfl.5 IH.I 211:\.0 Dec. IS........ 38.5 60 61.5' no, 311.S a07.1 618.0.... flI3.1' 21i.0 :la.!J :10.-1 72.,5. 6S.2[ 70.4 101.W 101.21 Hll.2fi 1111.0 137.2 25:1.8 ~ Dec. 19 ....... 37.5 00 60.5 72 :12'2. t 2UIJ.S li21. 9 . \\2'J. i :?S. \J :Ill ~ ~~} i' 71.2 1)7.11 70. II lill. 72 101.20 101. iii 12'2. .s 128.4 2511.!l ....

    ' t"'Dee 20.. ~ .... 38.5 91 60.51 72 3OS.,1 3011.1 617.5 ...__ 63J.31 2'J.I. :11 0,' :10.2, 7-\.1 m.I ' 70 I 1IlJ.14 101.31 101.:'9 121.5 141.1 2112.01 ~ Dec.21........ 43.0 \14 02.5! 75, 317.1 :103.7 02()~ .".. r,2'J.3 31.!J: 27:;' 2l1.)i,\ ~J.2 f~l.1 OS,S 101.2:1 lOl.IG 101.10 mt(i HS.9 2\\7.5 ...

    Dec 22........ 46.5 __~~l__~:~_~ _ 02:12_' ._',' _6~j .._~;~~,~~/i ....2:.~ ~~~ lOl.!! ~~::.:~....:=; ...'1.\l7~J;1....\",(1112 I :;::1 TotaL..__..........._..........I ......12,532.11 2.+13.3 ....1.......1...... .' ..................................... 1l:lS.71,QU7.D,2.036.2

    Avera~e. '''; ao.li~ 511 IH2 =-~~~ 310.0\ 305"1, 6:;~(;);::1 tl;i:-:l ;~! 31:..:!r 30~r i2~! O~, 70.2~ HH.3l1! IOl.;if-Hll'~1 1l7.~i 137~21~ ~ ~ C Z

    ~

    http:12,532.11http:11.5\~1.12http:flO.IIOI.3.11Ol.J5101.25http:I'142.7ihttp:77.56.71

  • TABLE l3.-Comparison of stables A, B, C, and D with respect to daily fillctuation of milk yield, daily and group averages of temperatures. g;and physical condition and waler consumption for original herd of 8:13 cows, as affected by temperature and humidity, Dec. 4,1931, to Feb. 29, 1932-Continued

    5'1'.\ nT.E B-C'nntinued 1-3 to:: l.:.-\Ir conllitlous ~Iilk yil'hl Physicul conditions Wutcr used p::

    '~~----,-~' ---_. __.._-,----- 2! ...... HI'.sllirlltion lu~r aOutsldl' )n$itll~ Pulsl.' p~\r minutl"- Bndr ll~I1lprralIIr(lmiuute- ;..

    DnlP t"'I ,----. Ad toA~ In. P.1I1. 'rotal l'.e.lIl. A.IIl. I P.lII. I 'I'otnl

    j IH(ln

    ,

    --l-\m.'I'(,m. H('lu 'I',m th'c jUSII'd d pt'rn .A.m. I Awr'l A.m. A.III. I 1'.111. I A,crt.i\'~ IPl''''' humid. P. rn~ ~ n~w P.IIl. I' nge age ~ tUTe- hUlllld ture ityit) i tr:

    1-3 ...... I I. :.\:~' .\"11)//' . Su 1/1- i s;=1 XII/II.I.~=' -.-- "----- -;;:; Gal -;;:; !Z

    c;. Dec. 23. 43.0 III 0. 01 ; aH.~. .10 ...1 1> 1 1,1" ,I, 30" ,H. I, .1. 3 . 11, Il 8 101.34 101.30 101.32 I.Y." 14 0 6.4 c Dec. 21 3S.0 85 01. 0, .:11 :110.4 :110.1 0:12. S . IHt 2. :11,0 20.5 :!S.li: iC" OJ 68.,1 n.2 101. 38 101.38 101.38 123.5 13i.2 260.7 .J-' Dec. 25 30.5 if (;0.5, 117' 309. S 30S.S 1i18.1i Mli.51 211.0 27. 0: 28.;1; 7:1. 6' 66.6 70. I tol.31 101.16 101. 25 I~'O. Ii 137.2 257.8 Dec. 20 :12.0 iS

    l 61.0 71 :117.1 30a.5 U2U.1l 0:\53 2:UI, 31.5' 27.71 68.8 67.2 IIS.O 101.11 101.00 101.10 121.5 137.2 201,7 !::1 Dec. 2;. :H.O 76 fiI, 0 6,~ 30!\'(\ 30(U roOi.O flIl. Ii 2. 0) 30. I ~ 28.61 73.5 nS. 1 .0.9 101.32 101. 21 101.26 110.7 137.2 247. II

    Dec. 28 :1Lfi \12 110.5 72 318.8 a02.8 1\21.6 1>1:1.5 :10.8,. 27.41 ~'9.1 73.2 0,.0 70.1101.28 101.06 101.1i 111., H2.1 253.8 rn .Dec. 2!.~ :1ll.1i 82 60.5 ,3 30\1.1\ aO:I.2 fil2.S 627., 20.5 25.2{ 25.91 71.Y 65.9 (IS.\) 101.32 101.08 101.20 119.6 1:10.4 250.0

    op, Pf.Tft!1Ilj o~~. !PfTCt'7Ltr);PO!{nd'~tPO!lfl_.d~ J)ot!,~~/.'l. l)nU1ld.~ P(J~lI!l~ t. btr _'. IJ.Cf 1 b.e~ \ b!~ J b!~ b!~ OF., OF" op',. lo~.~ 1o,!;" 'g!k'f

    .Dec. 30 S:! Dec. 31 j:~: g ~;l:ill: g ~ ~&: ~ ~g

  • -------- ------------------------------------------------------

    Jan. 7 22.5 75' nO.5 801 311.0 :102.1 013.1 ...1 n3n.1: ~'i,1 21.f>, 26.~: 72.8 66.S! 1i9.S! 101.19 101.11 101.15 121.5 129.3 250.8 Il1n.8 _. 20.0 83 60.5 80\' :117.2 ~'92.1 (lOll. 7 . (\2\1.\1) 31.0~ !!'J.O 30.01 73.n 6.7.6, 70.S IOL29 101.21 101.2.1 127.4 12i.4 254.8 Jon.9....... 17.0 7:1 60.0 82 314.i ~'9S.1 612.8 'li3:!.,!' :1I.!1 31.,1 :U.Il, n.2 tiS.S 70.U 101.21 101.11 101.11i III.i 132.:1 244.0 ~1Jan. 10.... 24.5 611 60.5 7S 305.5 2\18.S C>O-I.:I 620.fi, :11.1, 2S.Ii, ~'l.U, 72,1 1:0.2 70.S 101.:1,1 Itll.2t 101.29 .Il7.1i 132.:1 249.9 t::Jon. 11..... 33.0 73 01.0 it 3tt.O 2\17.3 1ll1.3 1i2\I.S 2:1., 21.9 2t.2 7\.-1 U5.5 !l8.,1 101.18 lOl.21 101.19 114.7 139.2 2fi3.0 t"'Jan. 12.... 42.0 !H nl.5 791 301i.S :102.0 (lOS.S 112:tr.' ~'9,21 29.1 ~~1.2: 70.0 rS.2 lli.O 10l?O 101.20 101.20 125.t 120.4 251.8 ;:.Jan. 13.... .. 44.0 84 60.5 i6 207.9 2\)8.2 5!)n. I 001. 6' 21. 4, 21. I 21.2 @.5 US. 2 tiS.!I IIlI. 12 101.07 101. 10 129.3 130.3 25U.6 ~ Jan. 14 "... 29.5 81 60.5 75 302.6 21).1.9 fl1l7.5 . 5\)3.71 20.1: 2S.0j 28.71 liS.,' 117.0 07.S J0120 101.15 101.18 123.4 134.2 257.6 SJlln.15..... 26~ ___~ 00.0 --~l-~~':~\_~~~:~ _~O:'~:~_..:!~l-=~I'_ 2S~I__~"~~~~~~~~~U ~~~:':~:::~_H:i.O~~

    'Potol.... ~ _ _ .. ____ ...: ___ ':'2:~ ~ .:~~~:? ~~~. ~ _ !!' nO I. 0, .. i .:~...:...:l_'___ ,_~ . _:..,. _ . ___ . _ _ _.' ___~:~ ~~~ 2,286.9 z

    I , I "".:A\'e[oge ~s.s_ 80 6O.6~ aOS.:l 298.5 liOO.8 __~,J~_,~!_~7.6i 2S,O:~_67.2~":Cl!..~":I~..!.(~~~ 251.1 ~ Jan. 16. 32.0 92 51.5 -~~ 2H2.!f 587. Ii [;s,.til-';o~:;;:22.,;:-IM(--;u.'-67:ii: 63.S {15. I lol:a:i!loo.l.S 69.2 101 ].] 101.12 101.13 Hi.6 12U.4 247.0 t:Jan. 20. 34.0 80 52.0 70 296.2 291.4 5S7.0 liO; 31 19.5 2-1.11 21.8 72.2 67.0 09.0 101.3-1 1QI.19 101.26 120.0 127.4 248.0 ....

    ----- ------ --q:-: --.- -q--'- -- I', '.-,-- ---,---.-------~ - ------ -.-.- --q- -,,--. ~ToWL.. , ..........,. ...... 1,-1.8.1> J,+11.8 .. 946.1 .. , .1.03fJ.O . ... 1...... '" __ . _...... ..... bOil. 7 61..61,.19.3

    ~Average. 1~~1'0- 7~ 51,4.__ 69 299~ 289,6 .S~9.3~!~~07:;1 21~1 105;_'':''!:..!'l 71.2 243.S ~ 65.1=_68.11012.1101.10101.18121.3122.5 C ~Jan. 21.... \3;;.5 !IS 53.5 7S 101.(1 290.5 502.1 021.0 22.2\ w.21 ~>() 70.2 64.8 67.5 101.21 101.1$ Hll.2O la7.2 120.-1 2(;3.6

    1Jan. 22____ ~I.O III 52.5 72 2\)0.0 28!1.4 57!). 4 , ,'iml.:! 2-1.0, HI.S 21.0 730 OS. 0 .0.1; JOl25 JOl.15 101.20 127.4 133.3 2f~J. 7r ZJan. 23.. 29.0 79 51.0 6\1 :102.8 288.2 591.0........ !jao.1! 20.-1 10.2. 10.31 70.n 67.1 IiS,n 101.2:1 \01.16 101.10 128.1 HO.O 27-1.4 J1In.24... 25.5 60 51.5 liO 291.0 285.7 576.i 603.', 22.61 17.~l 20.21 72.2 03.1 07.7 101.2:1 HI1.07 JOI.15 120.5 14U.I 2110.0 ;::: Jon.2L. :1l.5 64 .'i2.5 59 2I):i.3 2S7.3 5r~).Ii, 0lS,41 21.U\ Ii. IIi 19.-1 tm.S 6:1.0 00.4 IOI.I~ \o1.U6 101.12 122.5 141.2 263.7 Jan. 26.. 31,0 SO 51.5 il7 278.5 200.3 511S.S.' 5l18.11 20.6 ' 16.5; 18.0 71.0 66.4 US.7 101.21 101.2:1 101.22 100.7 Iali. 3 240.0 Y. Jan. 27. 20.0 66 51.0 (12 289.6 282.1 571.7 li07.S 21.9 10.01 20.4 71.2 Gt.4 Gi.S lOI.02 101.0S 101.05 126.4 135.3 261.7 ...,; Jan. 28. 35.5 78 55.0 Iii 287.6 277.;\ 50.1.9.. .]017 22.9 2O.S 21.S Ii!J.O 66.5 Oi.S 101.21 101.02 101.12 lOti. 9 131.2 2H.1 JIlD.2O. 27.5 83 52 S 70 270.9 271.!! 551.li 552. 7 I~.S 18.0 IS.-I iO.5 6t.S (ii.1i 101.31 101.35 101.3:\ 127.4 119.5 240.9 8 1 o

    'Polal.... .1-.-:-:: ~ --:-' . -.--: 2. 611:a ~~ 5:~:J;i.; :-::=-I=--'~- :-::-:= ~=--~ --:---:-~ 1. 106.4 1,212.32,318.7 ~ .... A\'eragc..., 1~:lO:a 77 52.3 ~-H;: 200.1 2SS.! 575.2 =..:.~~ - 60t:O 2~6 Is-:61 2~ 70.S oi:i tls.'i .!.Ol.~O 101. t.l 101.18 122.9 1:11.7 257.0 t"';r,

    Jan.30......1 3.5 f,s 51. 0 70 300.5 276.0 576.5... n~~u IU'O 2(1. '\ ~~l. 3 GIL 9 0:1.;; 60.7 101.21 101\ 97 101,09 J10. 6 1:12.3 248.9 .....Jan.3!. ...... 2.5 57 55.5 74 273.8 288.6 562.4 (ilili.1 2'2.2 IS.2 ~~1.2 71.0 IH.4 li7.7 101.22 101.11 IOI.Hi 110.8 132.:1 243.1IFeb. I......... 16.0 72 56.0 75 28-1.2 271.3 555.5. 5!1O.0 20.0 1!I'6110.~ 75.S 1i5.2 71.5 IOI.a5 1111.25 101.:m 114.11 124.5 2:19.1 ,-.Feb. 2... .... 31.5 92 55.5 72 28..'i.9 275.4 561.:1 59. 5 19. I 18.9 19. 7-1.2 66.0 70. I 101.27 lUI. IU 101.2:1 lOi.8 1:14.2 212.11

    ~

    Feb. a... 19.0 7i 55.5 70 286.7 265.4 552.1 _ 596.5 20.0 I!J..I 20.1 71.S U5.4 68.4101.32101.11 101.22 IH.n 1311.221;0.8 --t:I Feb. 4.. ... 19.5 flU 55.5 liS 275.7 267.0 542. 7 5So,. I 22.61 22.9 2'2. S 72. () 67.2 119.6 101. Ot 101. 06 101.05 105.9 134.3 210.21 SlFeb. 5......... 24.5 Iii 55.5 64 277.7 260.2 543.9 .. 574. II 21.51 21. I 21.:11 7-1.2 65. II 70.0 101. 17 101. OS 101. 12 103.0 12'2.5 2'21i.4 ...,Feb.G......... 211.5 70oli.0 (IS 278.7 265.7 544.4." 577.71 20.0 18.2 19.11 71.4 65.6 68.5101.22101.34 101.28 1~>().9 127.4 248.3 Feb. 7......_.. 28.0 92 55.5 70 2Ot.3 274.2 538.5 .. ..... MIL OJ 21. I iU.2 21. i 71. 0 6:1.5 6i.2 101. IS 101. 15 JOI. IG 110.8 13r..4 247.2 -Feb.8......... J8.5 80 55.5 67 282. I 2.111.3 538.4........ 595. -I IS.2 21. 2 19.8 it. 2 66.5 70.4 101.:11 HlI. 16 101.24 lOt. 0 135.:1 239.:t o

    2! Tota1................................... 2,800.5 2,706.1 5,515.7 ........ 5,\)f~J.II! ......................................... """ .............. I, lOU. 9 1,:115.4 2,42.'i.3 ---------1------------Average..... , 19.2 74 55.4 70! 281.0 2iO.1I 2.11.11:.:__ .... 591.0 j 2O.S ~'O.01 20.41 n5, 65.3. 69.0 101.23 101.14 IOI.IS 111.0 131.5 242.5 C1-

    http:5,\)f~J.IIhttp:68.5101.22101.34http:68.4101.32101.11http:61..61,.19http:J~_,~!_~7.6i

  • TABLE l3.-Comparison of slables A, B, 0, and D with re~pecl to daily fluetl/ation of milk yield, daily and group averages of tempI -atures, t:11 and physical condition and water consumption for original herd of i2 cows, as affect.ed by temperature and hllmidity, Dec. 4, 1931,10 Feb. ~ 2.9, 1.9S.e-Colltinued

    81';\ nLE B-('ontilllH'rI ~-----_.- ,.--- ~ .-~

    Air conditions ~lilk yil'ld nPhy.sicnl l'on

  • Feb. 28 39.5j 93\ 60.0 6~ 259.i 25:1.2 M4.0 ........ 549.2l 21.9\ 21.1 21.5 il.2 62.1\ 66.i 101.32\101.10 101.21 101.9 90.2 192.1 Feb. 29. ~__6_9 ~__6_0 ~~~:::.:.::::.: ~_I~.~ _~~_~~~~~~~: 2.01.16 ~~~ 210.7

    l"jTotaL. ..... .:.:.:.:.::. ~ .::::::.:.:.:::=::: 1,308.2 1,284.2 2, 592. 4 ::.:.::.::.:~ 2, i31~ ~'_':I':':_:'" ___.: __._'.: _.'_'__\:":'=:':' :.::..:..:.::..1:.:.:.....:.:. ~~~~_~ I, 109.3 ~ t"'

    A\ernge..... 40.sl iii 60.S 60 261.i 256.8 lilS.5 ....... l'HO.3 22.3 21.9 22.1 1i!I.n 02.6 611.3 101.28 10l,Oi IOI.IS 114.1 10i.8 221.9 ~ ....Ornndtolnl.; .... : . J. ....l.......:..... '1' .. 51,097.1: . !52.931.a=..F.. 1., :.: ......;......IJ..T .... i ... 1 ...... 21 ,i5i.8 o z STAllIJE 0 o

    "'J Dec.L.. ' 32.0: 83\ 04.0: (21 312.S 320.2 63a.OI. .J 6-1-1.8 31.nr--;~ '28.4' 71.1 n:l.1\ Iii. Ii 101.251un.21 101.2.1'1' 128.31 138.. 41' 200.i YJ Dec.5.....


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