Reinventing the Automobile m It

8/20/2019 Reinventing the Automobile m It

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Reinventing the Automobile:Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st CenturyMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab

Ryan C.C. ChinResearch Specialist, PhD Candidate

MIT Media Lab, Changing Places + Smart Cities

2011 MIT Europe Conference Innovation in a Networked World: Technology, People, and Places


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In Memory of William J. Mitchell (1944-2010)Professor of Architecture and Media Arts and Sciences (MIT)


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World Population Estimates (UN report 2007)

1. 50% of Global Population – Currently live in dense urban areas (red line)

2. Increased Urban Densification – Urbanization trend will continue for the foreseeable future(rural populations will flatten and decrease)

3. Increased Inefficient Energy Use – Leading to increased carbon emissions and climate changeMIT Media Lab Changing Places & Smart Cities Group


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Big Problem: Buildings and Transportation

In the 21st century about 90% of population growth will be in urban areas; these will account for 60% of the population and 80% of the wealth. Hence, the pattern of future energy demand will increasingly bedetermined by urban networks.

Transportation and building operations typically account for at least 60% of urban energy use.

In congested urban areas, about 40% of total gasoline use is in cars looking for parking.-Imperial College Urban Energy Systems Project

MIT Media Lab Changing Places & Smart Cities Group


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5.7 million cars

13.56 million motorcycles/scooters.

3.5% of the growth

11 percent of the air pollution iscaused by scooters.

2 person per scooter (average)

4 person per car (average)

6.3car per parking space

9.8 scooters per parking space

33% cars

33%scooters

10%taxi

24% mass transit

Congestion and Pollution

(Taiwan Case)


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1. Private Automobiles – Major source of pollution and carbon emissions; massive congestion,parking, and noise problems

2. Public Transportation – Does not cover the entire city; inconvenient and inflexible schedules

3. First Mile-Last Mile Problem – Of public transit is not solved

Current Problems in CitiesCongestion, Carbon Emissions, Poor Land-Use



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Restrictions to Private Car Ownership

1. License Plate Lottery – Beijing has restricted number of licenses to 240,000 for new cars (2011)

2. Taxation and other limits – Certificate of Entitlement (COE) and Additional Registration Fee(ARF) of Singapore designed to limit the total number of cars through a bidding system andtaxation (140% in addition to cost of vehicle)

3. Congestion Pricing – London, Singapore, Stockholm, Milan

4. License Plate Rationing – Restricts driving based on license plate number (Mexico City, Bogotá,São Paulo, Auckland, Athens, and Santiago)



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The Emergence of Vehicle Sharing

1. Bicycle Sharing is exploding: By 2008 more than 80 cities around the world will offer the service.Paris’s Vélib bike sharing system utilizes over 30,000 bikes at 1400 stations.

2. Car Sharing systems like ZipCar, Car2go (by Daimler-Benz), and Autolib (car version of Vélib)are rapidly expanding.

3. 5000 cars in the US, 10% adoption rates in cities, over 600 cities in the world have it.MIT Media Lab Changing Places & Smart Cities Group


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RoboScooter GreenWheel

CityCar

Mobility-on-Demand Systems A Lightweight Electric Vehicle Ecosystem

New Use ModelUsers are allowed to pick up electric vehicles fromany charging station and drive to any other charging station in a one-way sharing scheme(point-to-point rental)



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In-Wheel Electric Motor Technology (Wheel Robots)

1.Integrated in-Wheel Motor Module – Contains electric drive motors, electric steering, braking,suspension in one self-contained unit.

2.Utilization of by-wire controls – Electronic control of Wheel Robot provides design flexibility withvehicle architecture and programmability of vehicle control system.

3.Lightweight Manufacture and Servicing – Economies of Scale at Wheel assembly level andeasy maintenance and replacement.



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In-Wheel Electric Motor Technology (Wheel Robots)

1.Integrated in-Wheel Motor Module – Contains electric drive motors, electric steering, braking,suspension in one self-contained unit.

2.Utilization of by-wire controls – Electronic control of Wheel Robot provides design flexibility withvehicle architecture and programmability of vehicle control system.

3.Lightweight Manufacture and Servicing – Economies of Scale at Wheel assembly level andeasy maintenance and replacement.



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CityCar Video



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CityCar Video



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Access and Maneuverability

Front Entry and Exit

Users can easily enter and exit directlyonto the street curb with the CityCar’snose-into-the-curb parking


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Energy and Space Efficient

CityCar Target

Specifications (Unfolded)

Length: 2500mmWidth: 1700mmWeight: 450kgRange: 100km


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CityCar Parking Ratios: 3 to 1 vs. Traditional Vehicles



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CityCar Half-Scale Prototype

MIT Media Lab Smart Cities Group


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CityCar Video



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CityCar Half-Scale Prototype



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CityCar Video



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Exploded View: Modules and Components



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CityCar Study in Hong Kong



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CityCar Study in Hong Kong



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CityCar Study in Singapore



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CityCar Study in Bilbao, Spain


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Contactless Inductive Charging (Wireless Power Transfer)



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The CityCar Full-Scale Ergonomics Study

Please refer to live presentation


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A collaboration with:Sanyang (SYM) and Industrial

Technology Research Institute(ITRI) of Taiwan

The GreenWheel

Smart Electric Bicycle

The RoboScooter

Folding Electric Motor Scooter


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RoboScooter Video



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GreenWheel Video



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Renewable Power, Energy Storage, and Smart Grids

With large-scale use, car stacks throw enormousbattery capacity into theelectrical grid.

Effective utilization of inexpensive, off-peakpower and clean butintermittent power sources – solar, wind,wave, etc.

A smart, distributedpower generation systemcomposed of thesesources (the entire city

as a virtual power plant)minimizes transmissionlosses.



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Developing Electric Charging Infrastructure

Integrate transformers into nearby buildings or use existing building electrical infrastructure


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Battery Performance

Lithium-ion battery cells based on nano-phosphate electrode technology to provide low

impedance, energy dense batteries that can be rapidly recharged with extended cycle life.


Consumer

Electronics

Automotive &

Grid ApplicationsModules & Packs


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Vehicle Charge Times by Power Source

*Times calculated using ideal calculations given 100% power transfer


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Mobility-on-Demand IT Network



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Dynamic Pricing


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Dynamic Pricing



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Dynamic Pricing



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Dynamic Incentives



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Dynamic Incentives



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(in 50 unit urban housing project, 1 car/unit, $29,000 savings per car)

270 sq ft per car @ $150/ sq ft = $40,500 per car X 50 cars = $2,025,000 for parking structure

77 sq ft per car @ $150/ sq ft = $11,550 per car X 50 cars = $577,500 for parking structure

Autonomous Parking + Folding


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Urban Model


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Complementarity with High Speed Rail



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Taipei City

Implementation Studyfor Mobility-on-DemandSystem


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Boston, USA

Implementationstudy for electricalcharging network



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Florence, Italy

Mobility-on-Demand SystemImplementation Study


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Ryan Chin, Research Specialist and PhD Candidate – [email protected]: http://cities.media.mit.edu

Kent Larson, Principal Investigator Ryan Chin, PhD CandidateChih-Chao Chuang, MS CandidateCharles Guan, SB CandidateWilliam Lark, Jr., PhD CandidateMichael Chia-Liang Lin, MS CandidateDimitris Papanikolaou, MS Research AffiliateNicholas Pennycooke, MS CandidateRaul-David “Retro” Poblano, PhD CandidateChris Post, M.Eng CandidatePraveen Subramani, MS Candidate

MIT Media Lab | Smart Cities & Changing Places


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MIT Professional Education Program – Short ProgramInnovations in Sustainable Urban Mobility [PI.966]

4-day Course Held at MIT from June 27-30th

Kent Larson (co-instructor)Continuing Educational Units (CEUs): 2.4

http://web.mit.edu/professional/short-programs/

MIT Media Lab | Smart Cities & Changing PlacesRyan Chin, Research Specialist and PhD Candidate – [email protected]: http://cities.media.mit.edu


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Thank You | MIT Media Lab Smart Cities Group

“It’s important to get the technology and the policy right, but in the end,the way you break a logjam is by engaging people’s imagination,people’s desire, by creating things that they never thought of before.”

-- William J. Mitchell


Reinventing the Automobile m It

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