Reinventing Personal Urban Mobility:

EN-V (Electric Networked Vehicle)

Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird

Director, Advanced Technology Vehicle Concepts

(and EN-V Program),

General Motors

Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry

• Energy

• Environment

• Safety

• Affordability

Megatrends: Urbanization and Aging

Source: UN Population Division

New York City: Personal Vehicle Ownership

New York City:

vehicle

ownership by

borough

Declined across

NYC between

1990-2006

Lowest in the

high population

density –

Manhattan

Highest in low

population

density Staten

Island

% of households owning vehiclesSource: NYDOT

Developing cities are the most densely populated

London

New York

Shanghai

Source: Mats Andersson, World Bank (2005)

Population density (people/hectare)

Source: Alain Bertaud (2002)

Top 20 Megacities – Regional Transportation Policies

Delhi Mumbai Beijing Shanghai Moscow Seoul New York London Tokyo

Bus Rapid

Transit Lanes2011 2011

Metro/Subway 2011

Congestion

ChargingPlanned Planned 2012 2012 Future Planned Future

Parking Cuts

Road use

Charging/BanYes

1 Week Day

Ban

1 week Day

Ban

1 Week Day

Ban*Future

EV/Hybrid

Incentives

Bicycle Lanes

Energy and

Environmental

Standards

Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4Euro 3 Euro

4 by 2012Euro 4

CAFE

27.8mpg by

2011

34.7 mpg

by 2016

Euro 4 Euro

5 by 2011

25%

reduction by

2015

Not planned Existing currently * Voluntary no road usage incentive

Source: Frost and Sullivan

Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry

• Energy

• Environment

• Safety

Urban Mobility

• Congestion

• Parking

• Accessibility

Samefor 100 years

What Type of “Car” does the City need?

City

Objectives

Reduced

parking

space

requirements

Safety

for

All

road

users

Faster,

more

predictable

travel times

Renewable

energy

sources

No

Pollution

(air,

noise)

Accessibility

for

All

Beautiful

Urban

Design

Electrification and Connectivity

Future City

Future Car

New Automotive DNA

CURRENT DNA

Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine

ControlledMechanically

Energized by Petroleum

Powered Electrically by Electric Motors

ControlledElectronically

Energized byElectricity and Hydrogen

NEW DNA

Vehicle Application Map

New Automotive DNA

CURRENT DNA

Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine

ControlledMechanically

Energized by Petroleum

Stand-alone

Total Dependence on the Driver

Powered Electrically by Electric Motors

ControlledElectronically

Energized byElectricity and Hydrogen

“Connected”

NEW DNA

Semi/Full Autonomous Driving

• Automated

parking/retrieval using

smartphone

• Vehicle platooning

between EN-Vs

• Collision Avoidance

with other EN-Vs and

with people

Autonomous Approach and Features

New Automotive DNA

CURRENT DNA

Powered Mechanically by Internal Combustion Engine

ControlledMechanically

Energized by Petroleum

Stand-alone

Total Dependence on the Driver

Vehicle Sized for Maximum Use –People and Cargo

Powered Electrically by Electric Motors

ControlledElectronically

Energized byElectricity and Hydrogen

“Connected”

NEW DNA

Semi/Full Autonomous Driving

Vehicle Tailored to Specific Use

Atypical car

A typicalEN-V*

Mass (kg) 1,500 500

Occupancy (# seats) 6 2

Footprint (m2) 10 3

Maximum speed (km/h)

200 50

Propulsion output (kW) 200 10

Driving range (km) 500 50

Energy consumption (Wh/km) 1,000 100

Well-to-wheels CO2 emissions (g /km), based on US electricity

mix500 50

EN-V: Comparison with conventional cars

* Not the exact performance of current EN-V

Reinventing the Automobile for Urban Mobility (EN-V)

Design

ConnectivityElectrification

Reinventing

Personal

Urban

Mobility

Wireless communications

helps to avoid collisions

and optimize throughput

Battery propulsion provides

zero emissions and encourages

diverse , renewable energy sources

Ultra-small vehicle is easy to

maneuver and park

and is inherently affordable

and clean

Small vehicle is easy to park at public transport

stations, encouraging more use of public transport

Electric Vehicles can be

charged at key locations, such as

public transport stations,

and parking lots

Wireless communications

can co-ordinate with public

transport or can help to locate

nearest vehicle

The EN-V vision is Freedom

• Freedom from pollution

• Freedom from petroleum

• Freedom from accidents

• Freedom of movement

• Freedom of expression

EN-V: A Design Renaissance

Summary

• Automobile usage in cities is common because it has some valued

advantages over walking/cycling and over public transport

• For urban use, today’s automobile is over-engineered

• By reinventing the automobile, it is possible to preserve its benefits (safety, security, comfort, convenience, utility, freedom of route and schedule)

while significantly reducing the side-effects in urban use(energy, environment, safety, congestion, parking, affordability, accessibility)

• The same enablers (electrification, connectivity and vehicle design) can

also create new opportunities for seamlessly integrating personal and

public transport

In memory of

Professor

Bill Mitchell

(1944-2010)