Regulating Gene Expression. Reviewing Vocab… GENE: a segment of DNA that codes for a particular...
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Transcript of Regulating Gene Expression. Reviewing Vocab… GENE: a segment of DNA that codes for a particular...
![Page 1: Regulating Gene Expression. Reviewing Vocab… GENE: a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein/trait An expressed gene is one that is being transcribed.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e035503460f94aef372/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regulating Gene Expression
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Reviewing Vocab…
• GENE: a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein/trait
• An expressed gene is one that is being transcribed (i.e. it is turned to the “on” position and is being used to make proteins!)
• A repressed gene is one that is not being transcribed (i.e. it is turned to the “off” position)
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How do we turn genes on and off?
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Demonstration
• Observe the two DNA models – can you identify the histones?
• What is different about the two models?
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Video
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/intro/
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Vocabulary
• Epigenome
• Epigenetic Tags
• What do these do to the physical structure of DNA?
• What kinds of things shape your epigenome?
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DNA structure and Regulation
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/control/
• Watch what happens to the appearance of the DNA, the # of mRNA, # of proteins, and the appearance of the cell as you turn the knob.
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TRUE OR FALSE? METHYL AND ACETYL GROUPS CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION BY CONTROLLING ACCESS TO DNA.
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TRUE OR FALSE? THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA IS STATIC.
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Lick your rats
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/
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So what does this have to do with protein synthesis?
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/biot09_vid_epigenetics/
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/body/epigenetics.html
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/epigenetics.html
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30,000+ genes
• Does each cell need to be using all 30,000 genes? (hint: cell specialization!)
• Do you need to be using all 30,000 genes at all times? (hint: energy conservation!)
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Regulation
• “Controls” over gene expression• Variety of methods– One basic way is by modifying the structure of
DNA
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Epigenetics
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/intro/
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Epigenetics
The development and maintenance of an organism is orchestrated by a set of chemical reactions that switch parts of the genome off and on at strategic times and locations.
• Epigenetics is the study of these reactions and
the factors that influence them.
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For example…
• Genes that control whether or not a cell gets to go through mitosis…– regularly turned on and off = cells only divide
when needed.– Cancer cells = unregulated cell division =
epigenetic profile looks different…
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Epigenetic Tags
• Acetyl and methyl groups• Chemicals that act as switches that determine
gene expression without changing the underlying genetic code
• Turn genes on or off in response to cell signals• Create a layer of control called the epigenome
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Epigenome
• Reacts to factors throughout your lifetime.• Can affect future generations too…
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Regulation of Genes
• Genes can be turned on or off• Off = not active, not making proteins– Tightly wound– DNA covered in methyl groups
• On = active, making proteins– Not tightly wound– Acetyl groups attached to histones
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Other ways to control gene expression…
• Introns vs exons• Activity -
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k_oKK4Teco