Regmi Research Series - Digital...

Ru~:J. Rasearch (Privat e ) Lt.d ht.I'lnill'Y..iUl November 1, 1969

Repi noseal'ch Series

Year 1, No . 1,

Edite:.l BYl

Mahoeh c . Regrni.

Contents

1. iillhok and Ucpal· .

2 . i:.1.rat Iniluenc:e in Lichchha:vi History

J . ~h ·; Lichcht.ll 'l"i King Manu Deva

4. iJ.r.:: Prithrt Uarsyan Shahls Lette r l..O Bhagava"lt.a N<i.th

5. On Shamards:m

6. D:IJ"I On Cow Sl.aughter

1 . ·La·;, On Cqnjugal Relations, 1952

8. La"'; Ch Conjugal Rel a t ions 1 1963

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Regmi Res:larch (Private ) Ltd, Lazimpat , KathJramu , llepal.

!:!la 1

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Ashok l,od Nard .

By fubu Rom Acharya

1 • . Nepa.1 ~.lr1n;; The Ashok Padod

The Bar.mati ilmlOJltlrial.. Tho

, appears· to have been tne centsr of Nepal from tj~

Kirl(;dom ef L:ll.itpur ·or Lalitpnttm and tIc Pl"C:lcnt here ~ Accordi~ to the account of the 7tll

Chw'nng, in those ·tifllls the area of Ilepal uxt'mdod "., to the Dheri in tho western lIimalay;u::.

Vol. 1, Ho. 1, P. ·5). But it apPO:""ll·:; wring tne period or G."\utam fuullh. .. 1. Md """"c'·' Nepal thon might l-nvo bGon limited l.:> 20 ct"

. 30 miles in · "nvirona Katlv:landu or 4litpur. Trodtlr9 from iWj":lvarta

. visited this area from t~o to time. But it ooef:; not appo.."lr that Umy Bottled hQre pormanently. The Kimal:J.yan .'rya5 (tha Kh ,1.~), "ha war.., ')ir.i.rr 'lti l~,-:

.. from Kashllu.r n.hKl. swear to hll.Vo stopped at. the Sllkhika Ltlkh. So NCi'.1.1 t,~d Mt boon arU"lexed to "lY.lvarta. The slMll Kirat or H<'!""".goliol1 conmunity l.'\IIIo" d

tbpar fl"Om «hose ll."lme Nepal in so ca.Ued, l'Il.led over this t:r!la . tlop.:tl. th'ln aPPCtari to hnva i"c.rrnod Q. part of the Kirat Kingdom • . - .

"When Bidudab, a Ko~hal King, invaood Kapilavasw, the birthpbcc ,,1· . tho Buddh:1, durin,; ~-ittor · part of tho Duddhals lifo ·(circa 470 j;.c.), (· '1.' ,

Shak-J<.L r a1\I{:etlS came· to Nepal. At that time; Gaut"m BlldC:hl R1.a :""Lt ;.:IJl~l\"::~ ' . . His chiof Shnkyn dUlciple, /I.1UnlLl, came to N<Jpo.l to callat;:t ill.fC.l·!ll'tt:i .v. ~ ohout thc;oe rofu.{;(.es. H1 lied "to travol ·~hrou~h ili.fria.llt \"Out.t:: . !If! l'l<it Indic.n trn.dora wb:. had corr~ hero t.o purChe.ll11 ~locl <llld crystals (Luvj., I n Nepru.. V . .,l. nI, (P:ll'iS .. 19(0)., P. 1IlJ-n~) •• ~en there uai; ia.'IIlJ'le b 1\~.~"':1 durine the pl;riod of Empt.'M::'" Ch:1'dra O::h;pUl Hauryt. (321- 2?7 )1.~.), ~~l;..\dl ·.' i . . h. l . tho !'1lIIIOUS J:l.i;, proceptor, ccm..., to J.!()p.-i.l. (ll;lvi, I..c N~t'a1, Vo.!rJ . • .', -: . ... . :.; a;ld Vol_ Il, P.6r;). Tha of tots j(:urllO'J doo:J rlot ltivc ~~' uat.."lil rtl(p.rdlnC l/ap.:U.. lut th.) ~Iritton by thu n· d · Cholndr:\ Gtlpta .• rofo::"3 to 1ofO'10n itl " il. lCf5~1(6). PerM-pe S'lch wooJ.f.>n r.hokets vere usec' for ·'ha;'! acOOllrtr, .:!how th:l.t 3be~p-:lll'min~ \in:J popul:u' in l/ep:11 Mid I rCMelt ·ucol.cn bw.nkets ~ .. ut'O oYpOrtcd in l"ll'!;o qUOoltitlon. Tile po:ritiun (,-: N-~paJ, dIlrine too po':":lOO.s orlhe lludOha am :::h:mdra Gupt...1. mi;'ht hn nCC<; l'·,L,·, · to ·:l cort.. ... 1n oxt.ont by stl1.dyir.r, the pl'e5'mt cond:i.tl.on ,) f Gilntl Pnkb:.r:>. :iI. Lon~ district.

Car, tu.,.

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. In toose times, the win r..:1,lt~ fro:n · h"l{~ar.<h o,r north Bihar 4v thN\lr~11 Bn.rn o.nd Po.r-.;<l. D~.T'anknr Shree hilCl COIOO Nepa.l tnrouch Si.n<.lbuli '>11

his w:'l}' to Tibet in tl;1) 11th I, P. 1(6). Bot,h before and a(ter ' tiiM.; riiany . h .. '!u vi~H.(· o.l cental's 01' lea.rning IU1d Buddhist of throoEh NepaJ. in the ndddle agos. Sl.:mt.i and othGr of tho !'!d;~ld :.l and Vikrarnsh:ila universiti,-!3 had to Tibot throueh NJpal. I ~'; I oC -the opinion tlut all of them ClIile thr'ot!€h tbe pass of Si.ndhuli. Sult,an Sh.."Vil:iuddin Ilias Sh.1.h of fl:tv,al and ')ih<U' a lso chose thiS routo ~h(1I h ::innood N~}X'l in the IRid-lJ,th cmtllI"y. (Thin spoculation has boon :rrndu on tho b.::lSis of bl'okon 5tQ"lO-fieur~ -; sUll to be 'seon in villagos clo:>u t o tho 1'ooto to 3.indhuli f'r'om tho c::r-it.:ll.). 'Ibe Son JU.rigd.om WQS osto.illishod in M'llmanpur at the or-d ' 0 r thi::l contw.'Y: .:loo tho routo throuRh B..-u-o. .:llld Pm'sa w.:t.: .orx::ncd. Du ... , it waa 3.diffio::ult one-, sO, Kinloch, tho British Jobj ''lr, .. ho wanted to .occupy r.a~u in 1767, triod to come throll£:h S:indlml:\. . I. cannon W!l:3 loft behind woon ho retl'ndod. (It can st,ill be suon !It til .1 ~iflolhuJi fort). lln..nd..1. !\nd. lIhadrlJ, Bahu Jrdght" have ' COIOO to Nopal :Ull'ollgh tho S:indhuli route durinc thl) p'Jriods of the Buddhll an<l Ch:mdra Ouptn. Out, 1::r.CIlUSQ of the fonr of enemies, and bocause Pnlpa could be roached eXJily thNUCf). the t.a.nk of the Tinau, tho Shn.ky;l refugGOs of Kapi].nvn.stu miGht h:-" 'J coritc to the c:"Ipit.'ll of N11pal ' t.hrough th!lt routo. From the capital, the fullutw. could he. "3nnily 1nformnd 'of' the cnlamity by the tr.'\doro. 'lholl~h Sindhuli wqs the hl::J.in rcutc, stbno houldors .had woundod tho fo ot of i,n.').n,b, th:loin[: which >~he Buddha pc rmittc<l Buddhist l!IClnks to put on sand.ds. (4,vi, ~~J VcQ.. Ill, . p.# 183). 'Iba routo from Palpa is dif't'icult even at Pl"t"lSCllt. In those t ilOO5, it nd.gh·;:' have boon moro dii'ficult. R;)i'I.1g:oos fl -:: e lJ":,~ for their Iba:; h:\q to travel, through t:uch dif'ficult routlls ovuryw'iJUl'u.

;l'he s.:anc: situation provnilod durinG . the period of King Ashok (26y-)? n.t: p,rontklon of' Chandrn Oupta. J..ohol: (ll"lo.\ . othor people of fok'u;t<ldh WO.!l'U :l,Ilal'C o f th i·

2. 1'ho "Vi.iit" 1.nd "!lntall Of Asho].;:

Mho1$. enjoys a positio~ oC glory i.n the )1istory of L .. dia. Con":";i.io.;r.:"l.l» .t~ ma.torio.l on his lifo 'i:; nyailablc ill Indian literat.uN, o:>puci.:U.ly i 'n )3o.Hklhi.:;I . . llt'Jrature. · 111e stom~ jn:lcriptions of t.t'hok aN fo,~nd' at )0 zH .. ,,:; bOtlIC.) 1I Dehradun and tho f .:->rt of Chitt:ll (lo\y'..;ort'l) and between P\lri all.! ,T\Ul'-lfr<lrh . (Kathia"\(,,j,r). A:;: thll regul..tions proacriood by Asholt in . th~u" in:.;Cl1ipti(lJ1!)

IlUsCoat hi:; pur-Lty of hoart and his love f'or the pooplt3, those aro chjCCt...l of' l'Cv(.;rcnco. let 1W r:;ow try to ancortain tho·rulation:;h1p between .\sr.ok run Nepal. wi th. tllo holp of' tho stono inscriptions ;:lIld Iluddhist lit<Jraturo.!. Tho aroQ. .1.nd eo!ldition· (or NC!XL1) b.:lVI!I "';Joon already mentionou' abovo.

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Ashok had sent mis~icnarie:J not .only throughout .India, but also to :trail an:1 '}rtecQ _~ .the western yorld. He had t.:::oied t.O 90pularize kil\(lne~S t

•. _~a:rc\3 'living, bajngs by open~ , ani centers."-plE.,l1f,il'g : trees on rocds ar.c.i digging wsl,.:;s. Ed. Janardan Dhatta · (Varanasi. 1923), 2nd stcn3 conte:d. he h .').s also mtlntioned scrnethiJ..g ",bout other Kingdoms. ls there ·is no need to llrita- hare about _ King9-cUS in t':\e wedt<n'n. world, it is necessary to ir.trr.:MJ Kinedo.m in India. exe b:r.dir.g thd Haurya Jornin.i.onn J fer ascerta ining tll..., relati.onship (u~' the , Ma':l l'Y:'l KingJorn) with NeP<J..

AShok ha:;; ,:iven tLle lLQIIl.?5 lI"~jittl and "Antall to t:'.5 Kingdom ~d to 1.11. neighbcrmg Kingdoms re>:if'l;' ctiw,}y. (2n<l sto.-IC ill!':.criptioll p.l.b:' .. ishod in kihok Ke Dharlll3. !.ekh). Whpn hi,. corona.tion <:9r<3.nor:y wa~ pcrfonneu, th.: KaIitlga:region, oituatad. tetw"JCn the ;-mhanad:i and too Godavt.ri not 'Wc far, from his capit.al Pateliput:..·a, \-Taf:. tn "Antal' Kingdom. Eight :rcfll"s !,ft·" r the cor:.natlon. he cOllq'J.erert thiz . and anne::6d the "Viji tt' Kingoom. (13th stone .insr:ription in MilliGn::: l, f people were shu.1h+;'ered ::'n this his ha .. t . PiL:carding th e olltpir~-1)Uilct(;r' 3 path of rul'i[' ;o'iJ conqu6flt. (13th stone ifIs ,-. ript.ion in • 50; tll el"o war;' 1 four KlnguoJr.s in south Il'dia which • P;;,.my .. >

SutY3PUtra end Kel'alaplltra, · weN then , iDC9npend ')r,t KingdOm~;. Cor(T':IJ;i ..

recion botu(;en llello!"e anc;. Padlukata ir. the pNseht tl)1t1i was t:le Cto:t •. KincdOlll or the :'lust •• :adura 2nd 'I'innevelly distr'.cts of the pr0~ent ';<, :,3 ul

tutcd the 'PllJlcya Kingdom, .Kalld~ has 'lJlI.'<nti'oned its capita). as lIr::.. ~t,)ln · (Rae9u Va:nsha. Canto 6 , VEir.3e ·$9). ~The lOC3ticn 01' S·lty:lput,r r.. ins not been identified us :ret. P"ssibly~ it'was a petty Ki~do,n uear · Ban!;alQr.~ . The region' 'batw<:en Hc.labar :md C3p('j COllbrin was Ul}der too d;:mliilicr. Gf Keralaputrll. t~o ~tcnQ inscription!) of Ashok have been fOWld- · i n 0I e,1(; "Antas tt as yot. 5.0 it appea:.'s that stone inscriptions liara inst:J.Ee{! 1) him only ir, his UVljitl' Kingc.om.

The M.:l.havamilo, ft. Buddhist Purana writt.en in Ceylon, glves ~n aC'cou!'lt of Aspok. As t!lis. was l-IrLten on the OWl::'s of fo},k tahs ? or 8 celltu:--''..a:; after his Jcath, In co10rful ::.wg.l£:.ge, it is diff'icu1t to accept its account without otJl.er corrtnorating materia.ls. It describos tho st,.ndin(; of l-lahendra and SAnghemitra, tho ::Ion and d:lUght('r of Ashok. t.o Coylo, . ';'n a religious mission. th'J _~c::IlL.a acccrc:ad by Kir.g Tis:,ya there 3.I1d th~ nlissiona.ry wc rk doro there , h)' thorn. In the · stone ::'nscriptions ol ' .(L~hokJ ttTamrap.:lrni ll 1s mantiona~ along with COOla, Pandya etc. This may IXlss:;'bly stand for Cay}on, So the visit. of Mahoncira and Sal'"€hamitra as Buddhist miSSionaries, to Ceylo:'!. for popularizing Buddhism camot be doubted . Chcla and oth~r IIAntau . Kingdom.9 are not :oontioood in tt.a fuhavamso. possibJ.y bocau$C people had already forgotten what had happened wring the missionaries ' tour ,

Contd •• ,

The stcne inscription~ of the Himulay:m region :3h",l no h [llt. i n tl .-: ~'

context . But th<l Ma.hav1.msQ speaks of the visit of Thor (monk) J.lajJh~' nti l : to Kashmir llnd 01" Majjhi:n towards the HimalaYas. (Mnhavo./mo 12. 5. 6.). As Kashmir lies in the western Pl..'J't of th", Himataps, it npp~ars that th b ",-'''''''''''' mentioned here is for tho bare HimaJ.'o;yon rogion ()a~t 6f Kcncr:J. '1'110 writes that MaJjld.in wa.s accompMi,"d by four friuncb. In t h(l

c;~,,:~~~::~.~,:· ~~::: nro given 33. Kas5apgot.ta., Dundu.bhi.!Jar. Saho.dul ~d Thtt !':lamas of J>hjjhim and Kassllpagotta are inscribed cn thu lid ruyj the bottom of tht:: mvta1. caskets found inside a stono-'Voasol b\iri.)d Wloor a Cli:.1tQra in Sanch1. (CWlningharn: Vilsa Stupas, London, 1854, P.1l9), The adjectiva, "Preceptor fer the cntir£l Him31.ayan reBionll are applicnb10 tc bot,h Uwso r .. ;m6s . Similarly, the name 0::' Ihmdubhisar is found :..t the: CI~-u tya of Sunari mar S .. nchi. (IlJid}. So it appeC\l's that M"ljjhim ani other Thurs hOld d6finitely gono 'to popularize Buddhism in the HirnaluY:ln rag-ion east of ll'Ul:ra. Possibly, the Himalayas wora. not mentioned in thoa ::;tone ipscriptioll3 ot Ashok as the Thers were. set)t t.o the HiIn<Ilayan :region o:11y art:or these stone, inscrilJtions were inscribed. ,During the last pm't of Asbok1s P.(lriod, or a fmr years after his death, tho 'IhoJrs "might , h..WlI Coma t c, Nepal waroering thrcugh the difficult routes of the H:iJI~'ll.,y.:l.!3 .

' It <l.::po:u-:i "M:t t ,he foundation of Buddhism was laid in Nepal at that tiJou.

, 'this, mission does not prove that the entire H~an region was .... ithh the ,i'Vi jitlt dol,union of Asbok. HI; had sent The r missiooaries to the "Vi jitOl and ' IIAhtart TSlJions llithout 'any discrimination. Other evidence is neces.:;l.u-y to ,prove whether t he ::egions were within thoa "'lijitll or the nJ\nt~· Kingdoms. According to of Kalhan, Kashmir was under th<3 authori ty ot Ashok. In a 11 V"ijit':' dominiol).' (Kallu:n : R.:l;jatarangwi, 1. 10. But evidence to prove Asnok

'::; po;ti,t;i,cal

authority in the .Himnlayan rag ion east of Kangra is available. Tho Chure (S:bralik)ral'€e hus divided th-3 Himalayan regiOn into two tnrts - IIBhanwZl r" .. n'd Tara!; The nortoorn parts of thtl Tarai are called IIBhaalar u :md tho low hilJ.s farther north are ca.lled nPahad". No stone in-'lcriptlon of J~h()k is Dovllil.nblc ip tho Tarai, the Inner Tarai and the , hill regiolllJ f:roln Ka l1t; r,~ thrOl.\gh Sirr..ur. So it appears that the lIimahyan rer,ion botweun th<J VYilO.1

and tha Ju."'l.\l.:nJ. was not a. part of the nVijit" dominion or'.A.shok. Ibhr;)dllll district in the south-west of GarllWuJ. is a Bhanwar. J.s thore 13 .::l. !lWI\ic' inscription of Aahok' at Kalsi, near the confluence 01' the JamulU and the Tons, thm-c can be rri 'doubt' that this district was a "Vijit" domin:ic'.fl, llevartholass, the hill::; of Garhwal we:o-e not IIViji tu. No stone irulcriptio'l of Ashok is ' ,foUlld in 'the h ills, th e Bhanwar and the Tami rogi0na of bllMU. Ihti am. Sinja in' tha east of Oarhwal. The plain in the south of Pyutl.lar. am Palpa is callid ButauL The KUIll'lri forests divide it into two p:lrts; tho Tnr.rl. am tt.'c 1J'tanwnr. 'No sign cOlJUl'Otnorat1ng j\.shOk, is available ,in

"t.ho IhlIlifaI', where the IfIlrket of Butaul , 1s 3ituat03d . At Runtnidei .:IX.d Nigllhawu, t'NO v1J).ages in the Tarai, inscriptions of Ashck have bIJon fcum. 1'ha first stone inscription installad at the vi1.lage whero the Buddh.<'.. W.:'.S born exoJl\pts 'the vilJ.a.ga from taxes. So it is definite that this Taroi region , was a uVij1t" dominion. Whereas thd Rh.:lI1W3r and the hi~'. do not appoar to have been urdor !.shok IS authority.

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Now let us consider the bordor region of tJepal proper. The Inner Tar .'Aj area of HokwaJlp.ll- and the Taral :regions of i3ara and P;r,r ::; n, ~rOr<J aJfll\it.Jl~'

·out.sido tho Kinedom of Nepal-tn the 'Deriod 'of Ashok. Al though 'tliMe then district::; are a part of tlepal at preSent. there " can be no doubt lli"lt the:;a woro separate ontities. As those dist.ricts ,",OrO denselY ,foreatod in tha.)(~ tOO3, only priInitivo hunters liV6u' -there; ChamJ)aran district i" situawd in the south-wast c4 Barn "and P.nrst..Threo stone inscriptioro art'! ;waUable at Radhiya, fobthi)"l and Rampuraw:l viJ~oee~ in this dist;rict. Those vill'lP,os ~e 20 c.r ' 25' miles distant frem the pr€scnt border of· N.Jpal . In tt.Que tim:J :J , tho borders of Nopal- did oot go b(lyond t.ho hills and honce thesQ st~nc ill.'3cription:l· UOl"'.l at n dist:mco of not less than 65 milos. So it c.:m in

_ B) way he .. nid that N'lp'll in th..r,;o Umco ·'li'as a part oC t.OO "VijiV' l\nmiuiol· of AGh(lI:. · i. stcme inscription would have boon definitoly in!ltallcd. at tho Gourea oC the ~at1 ha<J. .. the aituntion baen. othorwise.

The A:3hck'illl pillars ... ere mncIo from stone quarried at thll .Vindhynclnl lIlOunt..1.ln:J. It may bo 1ll"g\Wd that it "Will! rot. pO!l!Jiblo·to tako tholn "L111"our11 tJH.l ChUro o.nd Ihhabhnr"t hill md 00 wore left at. Rndhiy::l and otller

. villur.os. IlUt a oimilar sWflri-plllnr is foum to have bean takun tM H..1:;k.i (Ilyd<!rabad)throueb tho hills oC tht: Vlndtvachal and across tho GO(javm·i. ·So it W;cJ llIjt :l. fOT'midab1e l,:,.:;k foT' Hauryan onr,1naors to t.a.ko sue!l stl)ntJpillaT':l be.\'ond tllll Chure ond Mnhallharat hUla. tloreovt.-T, thoro "W;\;] IK; 13ck of stone boulders at tho !lOUreD of tho Dagm:J.ti for inscriui~ utooo inscriptions like theso in K:l.lsi. .

.b Ashok had t:l.kcn ::m oath not to conquer oUlor KingdollUJ a.ftor t hll oonquo:rt. of Kalin~a in 261 H.C., thoro io 00 possibility of Ne~l ho.vilig boon nnnOXlld to tho "Vijit.'! KinCdoUI. HoX'Uovor, his crand-[athor, Chal">drn Gupta :md r.ie fathor, Vindu58.I', had conquered Himukush :\Od MyDore ."It di.'1t.mcce of thousands of milos from tJlfdir eapi1;....'ll and had 3nncxod "lhcoo re8i~::: to their "Vijit" Kingdom. ~.rtw. ~as :Nepal,· situatod at;l distan(:l' (,f only 3ppro:xim."\toly l,J~OO miles from (the M,"\ury."l) capit..,l, not ~nlJox..:d ? Nop.ll"l-l115 a l..mct of difriclllt lllOllrtt...1.in:; and oonoo fON:::tS. Tr~lI",port:ll..i.U tl ond the :;upp1y of provi:lions ror n ~1i1itar.r C11np.:l.ir,n .... ,'l!l VI)l"), llif'fjcu.lt to Jlk"\!l."lI;;c. 'Ibc Maurya Kinr.;> .... ,)1'0 not jncnp"l.blo of Slll"1IJlltUltine tilOSO ak;t:,ci ..::' . But h<lnV}'. c:jlponoos 1tOUl.d havoJ bcl;)n incurrad to cOflquer the tiny \J..:ptJ... 'IS if' a lIDuntc.in h:vJ ooen due up to catch it lIDuse. Thour,h mt unnoxod to till"! IIVijit tl Kiq;;do1lJ, thr:. loc'Il Kirat. Kings would have become al..11c::: of till.. Hal.Uya KilWI:i . So Nepal might. not havo· ooen anncXlld to tho "Vijitll Ki1'(;doln. The brc.vo Guptn CIIl>arors at: tho litJ! nnd tha 5th conturius hart not. 1<0(11 able to conqutlr N6pal al"ld arncx it to their Indi:lll empire. SuJ.t..:.Ln Sh':fl"(iI\<Wir, IU:w Shah of fungal attacked Nopal and oet its eiti'ls on fiT'o, IAlt. k t flv ~nd 1.0 go back. The ltlghal OIIIpcror:; toe .... ON o.bl.e to conquor K3l1cra l:uly . 'looy waI"C net able to I'Inko efforls ror tJlo occup,:,.tion of Nopal. 1'h(", flr-i.U.'l!., with their lllodorn oquipmoot, occupied mo:Jt of the Hlmnl:.\yan NI;i' . .'ll. Jrut. they could occupy only the 'l'arai rocion oI Nepal, which they hlld to .::iVl: up later. tlopol. was formed as 11. Ki~om ·beforo tho Maury"J. .porlod,QlKi sinc(~ thon, it hac nnint.ained its indopon<l:mt oxistonce.

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:.,

Rut; rt'cco:rd:i.ng to the VNlllh-1.vcl.i edited by W~ight alii written by a Nepali (root;:ip, "';hok ' mil.r:1e,1 hlll do3uthtet' C~ti. tblJtw f'nl.~ 'fho . couplA l.l.tcr led 3eparaw UVIlS as fI'ONc ahl,\ IRm ntt.e,:" eonlltructinl~ 1 v UICL!".) each. (Wr;1{1;ht: .(GhanlbriIlg6 "- . 1877, llO-ll PP). llt Mother of Chaityas by A&ool, in L:U..itpUl" 1::' luenticnod' -fp). Pro!" .5. 1,)"11 suppcrts these swr"ics authi)flticlty~ (!.av1, 1.0 Nl.lpal, Vol. 1, ' 67., ,1'. 263 and Vol, 11,.' 'P. 336). Jt' is. surprising tQ :lee

' this grtlo.t ocho1a:r sunk hi e-.ich misunderstanding_ Cbing cae step furthor. Dr V;incont. l.rtblr&D1:th writ;os that th~ capital: or Nepa 1, Lalitpnt.:.ln, . wa.'l Wlrjor l\llhcik •. or. othor liords. It was under the "Vijlt" dominion cm that ' it was- central :-.uthority,'ooi.rJ8:'closa to Pa:t,:l.liputra, the' ~burya ()rd edition) Oxford, 1920) '17- ' 78 Pp; :llld edition, Oxford, 19lh. P. l62). Or F.W. ~ Dr Hem Ch3Jldra R.:rJo.chou-illl:J.q and otror It&nn. the laad of Levi Md Smith, oro 1!1,."OCi.ng the Ir1isunOOrstan4ine more ,of lm'ia, Vul. '1, 501 .. 502 Pp and

h\.1\ l:ill.ticn, Calcutta, 1918), and Rr.kMl ll=la &nnerJna, 'hnvo kept h.:;hok h.:!.Vl) l'om..'lirod free f.rlll" thio rid,sunder3tandtng. OJK; Pro-Hi:ll.oric, 'Ancit:tnt nnd -Hindu lOCi ,"\, (l::!t

" . ,

lli th Nopnl and thu.~ Calcutta. 1923

BomhtIY, 1934).

,

,.

- Kirat. Influence In Liehchhavi-History

(Dhana BaJra Bajracharyal "Lichchhnvi Kat Ko Itihl\.3 Hi! K1.rat. Ita) Ko P"~"" ''', -(Kirax. Innueooo "In J.J,ch-chhevi HC"",?) Baisakh-Ashadh, 202S (Aprll-JWlo. No. I, 1-0 Pp) .

The Lichchhavi period i n Nepal'::; histOry can be 'reg:trdad at a golden poriod frolll difforent ' viewpoints. A well-ordered "adtnini:l trativo syst.c:m, 11 Ili,gh level of social Ufo, a high standard of education and dllvolollod <lrto are h~1mark3 of this period. Thi3 di:.:tinct.ion was not achievod by tho Lichchh:J.vio without a back~roul"Jl of evolution.llY devolopmant.- But tho period that precodos tho l.ichchhavi period is stin ~d:lrk. •

Ncp.;l VoJloy wa:l first a lake. Only when U1D water fialOtI out. (till hum"m !lottJ.cmcnt bocomo poDslbla. Forost. lands wara sulublo for o:Jtabliilhlo.g c:ltth·· farms and G:>paln (i. u • cow-harus) t.hOrOreN sottlod horo. Tho Q~'p:ll.!!" ·i V~~~~~~ ~, tho !)lc,YiUruhu Purrm (publ.u.!\I:d by t.ha Asiatic Socioty, 3!f':J~ Pp), wd too , Himavut Khw.d.1. refor to U1~sa l Oj;unds .

; .' , 'Tho ' was co~Uad in t.he period of Sthiti Malln,

in the I' contury of the ''likrom ern, In it, ;l1l .:! LtclT!l't ha3 beon made to note down the main historical inCidents from tho Vct·.., begirvU.~ to the poriod of Sthiti Halla. 'The incidents of two or three centuries befol"Q the period of Sthiti ~lalla, moritiomd by the Vams\'lval l , can be eonsiaercd authentic , This VomsMvoli providod the ~roun<t,oork f r, r tho of othor Vamsh."Ivalis lo.ter. 9J.t · tho ia.ter V31T1Shavalb, th,-.ur,h

that ocrurred wring the Lichchh3vi paried, 'do nut ~'lJ msntioned were lichchhavio; ... hcr<3::t.'1 -1.11<3 cOII\)ilul' (.f UI(' is found to h:wo:. rotainod tho memory of th<l Lichc hlh\Oi says :'

!tIn thu bc'~rlninfl of th" Kali Yuca. Gnpals WON (~h:ttlud) ion the d'~ Il~;';' _Y fOl'ostcd aroas on the l,"Ip of t.hu !limaluyas •• •• there ~!CN 8 Gopt" l Kin~ ~: . Lator I'hhish[!,':.13 (i . e . buff':'llo-h,H'(.L::) blic..'ilIO Kin("J, V.:lnqlli;;hinl~ Lho G" ,V;}):; '

• • •

' " 'lhc,rn WUN 3 K"Ihbhpal Kinf:~ ' Kirat.:.: :rulotl OWl' th(l 'l .- ,no1 a('t.ur tll .- ; ,,11. of Gop..'lls anu ~1nhi::Jhp."lls •• ,. Too ro weN 32 KiI"\t Ki.1C~. Kimw : 1.1'0.1 Jl('W :,·,tl1,',1 in :11'00.:': ootlolQcn !.h o 'I':lIll.1kO:)lli :mu A\'l'l riVo:t'9 ••• , '\'1\" ·LJchclll~lV:l ,i;,'lJ-i:;- \' .

than n.Qcd over Nap:-~l wit.h the; J, lot'Y 01' tJlU soL-~r rlyn"l~t/'" (1"/-1:1 Po.,) .

'Iha Gopal 1t.',1 V3II\nhavnli give::; t.ho Mm...., of'rornul' Kln:n :up tl u.; ynri .... <1 of thoir rulo. In tho aiJ9,1nCO of uthol' n\'idonco , it c :mnot \)0 :J;.\id wb t"": '" tho nnJru:l of the Kings nnd their roli.rl!: periods UN autnr:ntic or tiCtitiCUlJ. But evidencQ 1:; not lackinG to shw that th: Kirats WON :Jt power buf)iv \:10: Liehchhavis.

COlloo •••

6.

Lichchhavi stone-inscription:; sht.w that thoro Were four llI.:lin offices ~ng those e3tablish~d to run , th~ a~iniBtratlon efficiently.

, ' . , ('11\0 author quotes 'from stotie-in.q.criptions of Ja15idewt\l ' and Qmukitnr, Dhagwan Lal - No. ' J, llnd ?urnin~1.. No. 10). . .,:. " . .

(The citil.tiona) :show: th",t ' th~ ' r~' most important ofrices in tho Lichchh..wi period "'ere Kuther, Shul1 (SOIIDtiJreS mention9d aB Sholla>, ~fnl 'lOO Hapchok. 'Iba names of these office:! are not of Sanskrit origin. All socne-inscriptions of the LichchhllVi period aro in Sanskrit. l:ianskrit -.01'115 thfm the national langutlRo. Govorrment reoords wore kept in S3nskrit. So H shouH bo c(lllsiJ.orcd "hy the nnme of thoso four.offices are not in Sans\n'lt. Theso officos C(lulU havu boon u~.vcn Sln~l..'l'it names as in the C:t8d or Pa:;obilll<,dhikai'an, furvadblkaran, . /.ntaraslln a..-x1 Paramo!I1UI I)n:icoso . .

::iinl.lnrly. Sine wd Chokhpara (taxes m:mtbood in the stone-inseciptioll -of Th:ll1kot-Puminl.:~, No. 1.3) are not S.:mskrlt to>:'lI\9. Tmse torul are in the eontctl\lOrnry veNUcul.;u·, ApparonUYJ the tt:rlll Si~ is the Sin, llIQanirl{; (1\1. 01) w'>od t'f thu pr:-sl!nt Uo\:ar:l, 'r,~nanc al1d LiJnbu langurigoa.

'Ihc l:t.'chchhavi Wrllll'J Gu (forestod hill). Du (khet-lam), Kich::l (olorh<lJ\t.) Md 'fil"llR:Jk (irrir,ation charmal) are ~till in use 1;1Cre or 'loss in tho S<lJDj fOl':n to cnnvay thfl s,'UIIQ JIIOan1..ngs.

COITflU-1.sory ani unpaid labCl' inpressud by the r,overm:ent 'W~ calJ.od Bishti. '!he to_"", IIsed to denote ccrl:.ain Bishti obll.gqtions are 'not in S:lI\skrit. Ka,f':hasthi Biohti (mentioned :I_n the stone_inncription of Bhringaro-shwar-Sun<\ Guthi. - No. 16) Tld Jhalandu Bishti (IIUntiomd in the atono-iru;cript:ion lio. 76) 3l"e IDt SaIl5:trtt terms. 'l'ho .tOanckhuttardllnn exc~tion IIt'ntioned in the atono-inscription or Bhinnrjun ~v and Ji.3hnu Gupta nt Kebalpur is not S£nskrl t.

Kamh\'. and Ikllllhu - two in-kind Dastu tlOOls (lOOntioned in .tho '1tone'\. ru;cription of Sanan - Purni~. 110. 7), arc not ' ·&>.tiakrit ton'rl!:-. III modorr. NCloIari, Hamo )roans mustard and this 1OO3I1i.nF: 1s appropriat~ :kt. U10 IXInt'JXt of oil-press-lOOm1oncd in the stctle-:inscription. . . .

The stone-inscription of Alllshu Varma (It Harig'lUll ~nt.ion:; a m..'1il.-cl!rrier mmod Go<.::tu;:hhimj'ik Md the stone-inscription of Narnyim Ct-..aur, N,J.X,"lI, morrtiorJ:; t"WO personS n::lllted Rogmachan .:md Siltdrir.·Thoee · MlIICS 31'0 siCn1ficMt lilY>;\Jll' t.leully.

• S.iJnilarl.y, IOOre than 8~ or the p1.aCO-ruJIIOS mntioned in the Lichchh. .. vi

stono-inscript1ons nre non-&u!slcrl.tic. TIle stona-inscriptior.s or K.,n." De..-':) period give the na.rr.;lS Khakanpring, DolflMn, Pr.1ngprinc. Jbisllil'€, Jolpi!l6J ....t.,~. Such non-5:umkrit,1c p1nco-naftlC!I al'e foun:! in the stomM1nscriptions or BlI~nt. ·Dov, Gal"lto. D(.'"v, Shiva Dov. Amslru Vanna ll1Id others.

Contd •••

9.

e

The namo of rivers, streams and ponds IIIEIntioned in tha LichchllJ.vi ston,,· inscriptions are a.lso foum to be non-Sanskritic. e . g ., Bar(illlnbradul, Gny:J.t.t -khrin au.l Tenl:hu )-ivars and Bilhinkho and Famshinpral streams.

Tht! lIon-~nskritic eoul-n Ilnd charncter of these mHliS sum est Ul~t theso bclon~ to the Kirat language. Dennitj.ve linguistic regearch "or i: 1s neCGssary to authent::'cata tIlL; tll'&,;:ulation . HoroOV8r, it ~ bu :;(Liu Lhat the non-S;otn:;;kritic pIleo mL~I'I6 S 1010'.'8 alroady po"u],'3.l' \lhan the l.ichcllhw"i ~, c~n" to pO'N"or. /i.l thosa na:rnas .... u·c o.L:cc..dy .:.n ues , th~ i..ichchllt1v':'s di.d not chanee tlIc~. ;3omu of these ar e still \l;J ed in c changed form. For (lY..:\.'lI~J1e, Khopring is now Khopa (i{ala:,,'i frn' Ill1lkt.:lpur),. KurpillI i - Zhopas:;' , SllUJ.gu::.Sllr.ga, 'i'enckhu"Tuku, ote . In the si1llle t,,,,,mer, the Lichchhav1 ."\lIars did not -::1:.:l.TlB:" .. the !\:IIIX)S of office:! sue:, ar.: ;{uth11' , Shilii, Li.llgl~a.l MU Ms.pchok and tht:: Bastu ta:;:os, thoug~ S .... wl"1'il. ;.!Us t :leir national lc.nguago.

This suce:est.'l that t :'e roots of th"j Uchchh:lvi admini::;tro.tion Y-lS back to the Kir:l.t poriod. Archoolo(;icnl. oxcavationfl ~ 0. Pl"Opm- r;tu;t" 01"

wail.ablll ma:terials will authonticate thin s)eculo.tion .

'~~~~~~'A!( __

• . .

10.

The' Lfchchhavi King I1a.n.i Ottv ..

( "L i chcl,havi R'ljn l'!'I; ·nl D:lv r," , Pu !'Tlima, 1.6, ~' .:;,A ,-- "Jha:i,tra . 2*4 : (Janu:I.;.'Y ~~:arch • . 1966T, 443-444 PP) ·

An inscript.ion of the Lichchhavi per iod has been fou.nd recQn~17 a t, Gairhi, GaW1, ' near Buddha Nllakant/li"by fuunji To,wari. It i9 inscribed on !I

w,g" lfater-llpClll. . Unf'ortun:.tely it i!J dun.aced~ so it could not be rEl ad . completely . We , ther efore a:re u n ubl 0 to publis h it in this issue . 1'\"103 i nsor iption described 8. h!3,retof~ c'unknQln Li chct'lhavi King eal.1ed MaIllJ [£" a . SOme portiom; .of t h<.' inacri pU 'JIl rc' .d e:.; 1'ollows :-

It D.lr~ tt,(l. time ot" Jol'llll 1;),;vn, l lOO h;JS virtuous subje c ts."

It is obviou:J that this inscription llas iJl.'lCrlt.ed durine ICing Y:am Dcv,~' $ reign. HOltEIver, no inscription had boon found so f ar which roent ioruu the mlllo of Harw. Deva . Since thls inscription wes not n»nt ion any daw , i t carmot. b.J said Yhon ho :ruled. £\ren the fu5hupati inacription of KiIlf:: Ja.Yu IEva, which contains Ul..\ch infonJJation about tho Lichchhuvi dyna:;t<Y, d~s rot hel l' Ui; , because it oooc mantion King3 precadine NuroncJJ:a D<aV'.1 3lld fluc cocUire iln :;Oll tu. Dova .

Sane Vamshaval i s helps U~ to :W.entify Manu Deva. Thoy mention "Mum r:oCl V:1"

as the auccollsor of Basanta Dova . A portion of' thu ValJlShavali written by Kll'lP. JilAl Uitra of Bhaktapur is as fol1ows :-

"King Vri:lha Deva, !llarllO [eVil , HaM Deva, Hahi Dova , Basant.:l, tId.lyo, M:lna Deva, Ko,u;o IAlva . 11

Th.

"" to Basz:nta DeVil and Ud.1.ya Olva .

in the oollactlon of the S'lnr'lodh.:m Mandol tlUlo'akot also ioontion ftllla OiJva Il.S too 3UCCeS30r

Joboo Ibva of thB Buddha Nilakantha inscription may thus be identifie d with ~ Dew," (IIBntionad in tM Varnshavalis). ThB script of the i nscriptions 30tlm to be of fusllllta D;tVIl'S pericd .

u .

Kinl; Prithv"i Na r!.l"yan Sloh' 11 -, totter 'fo 'llhugav@ta Nath

From Kinc Prlthvi No. r ayaTi Shah to Shri IJha~avanta tlath·Dev .

;,chilrv.'l in, ~h e . tlQnt:ily)" Vol.l, (De·c:ll.1bar lS'4~)'

Gbei::;anc" . ill is well hore . ~Ie ::;tcll fea l gratified tf you Olre al;:lO tle11 theru . The ne",/::; hure b good . stmst,idhnr Up~hyay:l. M.snrrivod uloTl¥ <lith your kind let'.;.er . We ' notad t a. conte!lts 01: t h~ let'.;{!r,_ • .net ·riu;o [lnnl".! hif. orui aCCOJ::rt. . ~-k were .exC<ledin,'ly aeli{;hted a t th,e new,:l tt\<'\t. a c:rona··ihJ: . haS tean born . You have di~ctaJ t hat .. i ,th ,thj) bla5si:_Ig:J ot' Sh.ri I/at,l, ')j'(, ,;f>.," rity trill t'l const antl\" '<11 th U~ . It is Shri Nath who .is .:U l_po\<"0ri'u1. Ih :1i!l" bOrn through lI i.!) ravo r -; it is with L103c.L1g5 that. h e has t ::.ken had; , '~ l:l ~; :1-tho natura . of the \-.'Or ld. It is ~rl N:lth who di!lposes . But if you (::r:.co ~~ witlJ your prtlSf<nca. no IOOrEr will be born, ~nl thos~ woo havo b':IHl ',X1111 Ili!J. livo 101lG . So bles:J us .

,You havo directe d that 1#:: snOl!ld m:dnta1n V<ll''Y <lllIicllulu l\'l:~ti<;.l!" hi t,:. _Julfll.a am Jajurkot i.n order t<l coneludo treaties \11th th(!lIl. A bead 11;''''.1\ ].;.",

gull() to J\U'ala .from here all OlU' behalt~' 'TwO, P~""8on'~ , U'lh:'~.l"a a:41 'I3'.lu;\i! 'dd hJ.ve C(,flU here i'ro~l .hllOl.') ; They !Io.1d t.hey dC,si:rt: u U'li.ty bd,w~<ln ,f;) . .-i;: , .• '_l d ,1..:m1:1 :...nd oxpres:::od their dusire for ;.m e;:ch.'U'go 'of (;cntl",E1l<).--. i't'"Cu, bd ~ I'hurtfW"o ai ght or ten persons in~ludin(! R1r . ..,bhaJ:-::. t'::u\th:l . !-j:->.hJ s lHar P:.lr.t..n · :;on~ :.-till v,o j:)'or.I he'c to Jij.nl:l . ThtlJ'- <l!'C r 'Hldy 1;.0 civIX!-rt .• j-..... t if '010 , :J ~l" thc~ by tilat rcut'l . _too 'Ch , :u b~.:;i St~, tos'may ptop. too SA lmr-ortallt pct'r.:cns frol'l come . 'fo;vun if th~'y !.Jt; ~\;I'I oor. r"" ~ 1.l1W- ~;il~_ fl.Jt l "t tho ;; ro!l J ,r~s " : tr1l.llSportc..;. thrc.'~h' ·TM";. l'OU'l" . :'1,pr,l t1>rc , they' ore j.e :rrl,ng by t:l<1 old ~',. "~ " through 'J:'ibet. , Pl 'l::if>e 'It:nd you,· fII '::!1 ~S~, to Jumu. Ilr,d flI":.an,~~ tt.:t,t C.U-:- :',.1 ,.~ions lo.'ith JIlI'~a n:1Q 71lja,'K{,t m",- b" ~ld..::abla. PI: ' (>"):~C: <1.'" .. goill€ <l'VL' 1-tL.' " r:. S1.1y:t1l. anI In.iar' :--.t, ,,~w<:'11 · ~ to ~"1tth!,j . _ .

. YO'.J. ',nmte:j ~iO:'CS 1'0" too r 'L::"1.t r,;q"Edi.ti'hl : B) ;;-01'1'_ hLilSl': .. --I-i!: :J , k.JJ ", ,e Kirnt dOmrin, in ·'.il(.l H~"ch(:!' I" i:L 'jlO II:LU:J ;;nd ~r_ · ·: :"l)'"t . ~'1.S 1;06n 0(;''-1_0'',. 1 'lb.o bc-"noorie3 hav~ oc.en' " xtcndu<i ' t .o 'the Xdnl:u':i · 1';l.v .:i:- in the ~:J.Jh~:;h ",111.4 the lkI:.iabh.:u'Y.uc.hol:i ancl -t.i'k' T:li,\ol' l-:i v':r .;n \.hc td~ls . Bo.'_~ ,-la I"e'o llot 'I t-J '' to kill 1lIolllf' lilen . M.1.l1j" JI. ':n rmi' a~-ay to th~ :,;oe-l:in (lw:li."') w~.il. ";\;:1 y ::.,. "~ ~ for Jukh:i.jn (Sikkilr.) . 8S ·o t t,V). ') <', n(llay I,url; ;;j.J.i. r. i;l l,ushu'(i ;\llll for '1:;~:; , \'h are .:actnblishing ponco tiit;'- .:>uJ, t'\.m. If tni~. b c(}n~lud'd, th\!y t> i.ll ':: :IJ"_[',J,U tnon th1l.t. r :m o.w~" f' l'OU' H ,J l:ir;,_t cO\lnt~'Y ;l(.J u"livn:' tb.'m t J us. :'.1' , howuvur, pe.'lce canm. t be ('lonc:lu1;.;:t, ~~ l,I ,;h,:J.l h.1. V,J to £.i ~h'l Sukiri.~: . '5;.' ~'(ll'r blo03i."lv; ) lie ahall corquc r Sul<:lttm .

~O:'l--'d" •

12.

You hOlVO asked whethur You should ,.~ to; Dallf, or remain in Sa'lyall. 1n our opini~, you shoUld remain inSal~n even if you gilt l oss rospect \-here than in D~_· . But i.f yOu' do ' not got the sliGhtost rospuct in Sr.1YaIl, t i lnru _u; 1\0 :J.u.l'-n U.vc Ou .-. t o lellve th'lt plac" , Wc havQ alro~d? off"'l'Jd at. ye,ul'

'lh'JlI~'Ullitra UparJhyaya and G:UIj.."::lrrmdr. Acharj ~ hJ.vo I dt f or .>ukhl !n. Briha::lpati P::l."1uit n.1.S gonu to t'u ~·.;!I ;ia . Kiritlllo-'lli ha:; gon..: to Y:lt na . j1.::1ikl. llth: , Upadhyaya ha!! gone to N:nM.b SUj<lutldL>_ul.~ . Wc: have et4tioD'-d men <\t all the.:lC plactls. DilL:tl'l1lth Upadhyaya has go:w to calcutta. H$ fM'J complete his 'no rk in 'a few days. Raj Girl, disciple. of Bhim Girl, Will go to UW,so.. Ha h.. .... s a finll in Kashl too. He h.."\3 housen, lands am a firlll her\! wo.

Amicablo relntioos. tholl@:h super.f1cinl , are C(lntinuing with Lamj,lJ} tr also. D1sh\~csm,ar UPadhy3Y'l and Siba Gbin:iro are s~i~ tnoro . Sim:.q .:-:.r rolations exist ~:1.th K!lski too. BirclJhactr:l. 'l'hnpR is r O;:II'esenting us tltcre. 1\10 Brahmins i'rom K .... ski 3.r13 st..1j"ing her(r. You knOW' well .. h:lt relations 1'" havlllnth the o thor Chaubisi S-::"-ltcS . They try to harm \llO a3 .far a~ pO~'l :ibl" ,

!tut thoy aro sitting inactive only bocaul.lC thtly lack stron,,;th . SIaa;;l.d.<lhar Upadhyll.y:l .... ill explain everything to you in detail. Wh'lt moro to lO:'ll'l1cd

. pooplo . Dated Friday, Ittadra Sudi 6 . Kattum.ndu. .

E:v;plrul.ati6n

'I'hi:; i ::: n copy of a .Utter written by King Prithvi Narayun Stuh to t h ' IIllndicant th: ,e.'lvant.:J. Nath of the O"rakhnath soot, "'ha wn!l living in ;,"'1;/; ,1 .• :.'hu l~ tter does not n.ontlon tht! )Ctll', rut it Rppaars to have bOd! ~o'l'ittC l l i. .. 1631 V'ikr:l1llil . This mendicant Wll3 rccardod t o be: possas3ed of much spirib,. l pJ'.tcr . 1'110 lct1.or t::hows what f aith and respect Prithvi Nar.:l.yan Shah In,,: 1'0" hi:l1. It W."lr. in this y()ar that Prithvi tla~an Shah ' s ()ld()st gram-son, t:ayu:: Sinp,h . wx: b ;;'rn to his. son Prlltap Sineh Shah. But the child di.od aftOl' t.lk.

month . By 18)0 Vikr.:uoo. Prithvi NM"BYarJ Sh!lh had occupied tho region up m 1.:1" Arun river in tho e.'\&t and thus laid the founo±l.tions of :t..h .. KiI\!'dOlJl of N~ p.:lJ • Th!l 1.1ttor mcntl[;fls tlk1.t 1n 18)1 Vikrorna:,tha paUo Kirat r~~ion Md MorrolG

. across th.:: !..run river. too were ' conquered. But Prithv1 Narayarl Sll..:lh hnd once sui'l'"r(:-d n di::l<.l:ltrous daf<1at .in· his a tteJl'opt to 3ubJUC3.te too CtHl.ubisi ::wtt::::: like L1.~ljul1t1 .'llld T=hu up t o P'j'll.than, 'Ilost of Gorkha. Yet this lotter snow:;; that Pritiwi Uar:({:.ul Shnh . inotoa.d of 1'0eling frustra:ted, in an uffol't t o wb ov.;.!" the K~a of Jumla, Jajllrkot and Sllyan "md 5\U"ound tho Ghaubi~i stat ..... ". sent his JI\ .. .!l'l tharo. Aa th .. Chaublsi KinGa had til ':lcl!:lld the way, it 1.0.8 ' decided to :::: •. 00 thcna Jfllln t ltrougli Tibot to tho north of Gorklu. Mandal muans a l.t:vy t o ba p;::.1d by each hous"hol.d onco 0. YS.:J.r to wandering mendicants .

13 .

, .. ' " ''!'he le tter ShCMS t hat at t h at. time. Brahmin Pandits were pr0n4nt~..in roreign aff ai rS. At this time, the B!-itis h Govemtnen t in India had i ts capita l in Calcutta . Dinanath Upad:'Yaya, wo went !if: ervoy there tnis year. :N1; <J. i~d in Calcut ta WOrking ably fer t hirty yoars . At Purnea , on tha border of t'.ot"l.l~; . llaB etati omid 'an E~llsh Officer , and a t::1eh officer was s ta tiom d at Pa t. r.::t . Suj auddaula WIlS the Nawab-Wazir 0 1' Oudh. At, th!lt til!l6 S,v.yasis (n(lndicants ) wore engaged in trade . Th~ l et ter appears to have been ~nt at a Wile \lhlm it had been decided to send a delegation to ll1asa f or " the. estahlishrrent of trada relations with Tibet .

Noto: -The origina l of t h i.!> l etter was seen in the

'lot t~ Ram ' JI'I:mRstery i n Salyan f rom a copy in the posse s s,i on of the Off1:ce ) . It has now-been c:hockad "'-'Ch'

po8 ;te ssiDn of' 11 mandi.c:mt This has been t::l~er

{ !>.lttd AdlIti.n:w. t r -I. !t..:1

1.4.

(h 'ShaJMnism

, Shamans, caJ,led Q-jall'li3,. were appoili.ted by the gover"mvmt duril:.g tilE: 19t.1' \ century llto ,lotok after t 'h8 area (assignerl under ' their jurisdicUon) and k~~n the gods - (dl;lv~E!vata) - satisfied." TheY' were entitled to certain CllSt01r3ry

pa;ymants f'rom too local,peop1.e. On' ~ma Sudi 5, 1860, Chinchu Dt;t.:uni .am 'l'hitar illallIi 'Wcre appointed' to ·Uscharg& 'these 'functions, in the rogl.On between Hetaw.'D. and t he Indian bol'(iJr).lllamis were in fact · appoi.ntad for diffarent r egions in too lurai t.,) clwck the Jepr:.'dations of wild anin . .uis, partic~ly ¥gers. They W(:1"6 hol(~ respcnsibla if poopl\:! suffered fl'om Sl!C :l depredations. .

DhaItJ.-Darda was b. fine l.mpos'~d. cna lIh3.mi in Pyuthan 'aniJ, oth .. r arJOS

in the 11estarn hil,l~~gion . w~ose 'rrOd (devata) caused suf,fcrinJ to oUlors. J

In.Dang~ DeukhuriS and other areas, Dhrunis appoar t..,.) have beon called 0uNwa.

-------'--~--------.-'--- -..

1.

2. Clrder '10 Day! Dhand Am Mlsya Illluwnni, Bhadro &.dl 5, 1~-65 . (:,\(1'U' )

J. And. Otr.:!.

4. or Bhadra .suoi l ~

•

s. ~ntment Of Muthuwa As Guru .... a In Dang, Bhudra Sudi12, 1895. (51572). ' " . .

• Ban tin o,w Slaughter

.: .

A ban on co\'- sl..aughte~ apPB!I:re "to have heen imposed rie:ol'QUs1¥ im:'l.xl1.!..t.·}., after tho Wlificiltlon of Nepal. 'l.'hU!: in the SolukhUlflbu area i n the eastern hiU r8iion. lhe ban vas enforced i l;1tlOdia.t.ely '.fwr" it was waxed to th E Kiljed-om of Nepal. HO\lO Ver" the ban waG not .. effect1vely enforced . In fact, the ban 1-138 Haived in the begiMine on payment of an unnuill oxpiatory fine callod Ch,okho- Danda. Thi~ fine wa:; aloolished in 1063 .1

!XIl"Brga fudi 9, Ir62 , · yagn','3. tlidhi 'l"i..nri and oth ... r jut1(;P.fl \t u l'>: :ll(lt. W Solul:huntJl1 " nd C'n~nkhu area!:! i n t.he eastern hi lls to ('ntorca th" b~n UI cm/ .t 1a.Uehtar. Regulations pr01ll1li::·.tGd in this ' cOM"ection a.imittod th.'lt. cc ,," :lu.~hter uaz \-iia::ly practisod tn ~hcse regions. '!'lleY pre s crib l:d s uIn cnflu peroons CUi 1ty of this crime are punishod with d eath or ens1.avCllL:nt, MO&'l ot the inhai.itnnts of these areas \1111 have to be killed or enslaved . Accor.l~l:r. tho he.o.v1&et possible finos 3hould be imposed on per sons who COl'1eit~· :i cow :l14ucht.or nrtor thoSI'J areas CalQO under our Nle. as long ~ t hey 1!<I"Ve lfi"Vl.!fI , cons . li8ughters ' and bondsmen avnilllblo for sale.. . T!lO:::e who C.:JI:Il..lt ;-.l,J thb crill"ll after Falgun U160 should b o ci.thor beb:laded or ooslavad . n"2 'HJ() ,-:oV01'l"lllant ma.du it clear at the same time that the slaughter of :r.'ll<s 1n t >lu Solw:humbu aroa "'&9 to be pertni1.ted . 3

Ver:r sever!! punishment. v as a.warded for st.ray cases or cow ;Qa\:lhu.r . " ~ eullty of Ulis crime in a wczwm hill district in 1962 was scnt·Jnc.' .' to doa"th. The local authorities 1·IOro d.i.lvct..;Jd to "cut n osh from hi.. ~J lac!" 4{)ply cOndonsad citrus juice mixed with 311l :1. (Qn the woundS), itll'co hilQ 1r~ oat (t.h~ n "sh) him:sel.t. rind thU3 kill film . ,,4

1. !bolltion or Fine For Cow Slaughtllr In So1ukhumbu, 3<lisukh Sudi 1;. , 1"0":-(67101) '/80 ·(; ' ::-.. . . ... , ... . . .. ,

2 . ~f~3.tions Ch Ban \)t Co~~hter In So1ukhumbu • . i3.rga ·B."lct 9. ICQ2 . (67662) . I~~£" . . ___ , -

) .

.. ,

Contd. •••

16.

Revenuo, ' although n:)t the main obje~tive of these lI'Basures, was not an lInimportant ecmsioorat.1on. The same o:ff'icials, when posted in Itladgaun. h;,.d earlier beEn Ordered to expedite action against person::! guilty of co''''' slaueh~ They were spucitically told not to make any dalal' in finalizing me8mlt'es "which will bring ' in a revenue of Ra 12-J.!),(X)Q.ot!> - On anottx:r oc"a :J lo1~ the:ltl otfici.al:; were wamoo, nyou only ~p~rt that you have collect-ad 1'ines . H~v&r, you do not remit the proooedS."

Cow Slatlbhter was banned in Jumla also after this t erritory wo.:. '-I.1Ul~<:"d . Pol'cons ~Iho sllll<ghtered cows in oontrovontion of t h<J ban ware bJhoo.Jcd, .... 1,U ll those Who did BO Out of 4:nor:mca wero haavily fined. A Procl:un.:ltior: .... as l !'lsueIT in 1862 t h;:. t U10 criminal would be pW1~hod by death or enslavemont .7 . .

Orders and ' rogulations pronul..e;ated from time"tl time on this question wero codified and i~sued as part of the Legal ere in 1853. 'l"hc new law. <'3

given in tho 1666-67 edition of the legal C()(b, was as follows:

6.

7.

Contd •••

..

. 17.

Section 1

".~ ... :., A.'ly polrscn ",ho deliberately kills IDSnt for llfe.

Section 2

In CaBe any person dalib\!rately :Jtrike s at a cow with a weapon , but Ilithout k1llin~ it, shall be ensl a ved if he belongs to a ca.ste whir:h can be ensla.ved ; if not , his property shall be confiscated nccordine to 11'\1/ ~d·)(.\

. he shal.l ba acquitted.

Section 3

In easo 11 001f is killed whilo being driven away, obstructad, OO"t.:l.inf:d or hit by aqy parson with sticks or .stones , or in casa an ' ox is killod .. lli 10 being caBtrat.ed or used t o thresh grains or draw thtJ plo .... such person .5r.3.11 be fined with Rs 1.00 and. granted expiation.

Section 4

In cast! a eow o.r an ox i s killed whUe being driven away or obst..l""UctHI Or hit with sticks or s tones by any person, so that it goes towa~ :l. dH'. f!<:rv: . place, 3.nd in c ase such P<Jrson reports the matter, he sha.ll b:: .fin<ld uitil Rs 1.00 ond granted expiation a coording to customary and sc!'iptur'll rjtell. In caae he accusos another person of killing (a cow or an ox) in Ul b m<>f,ne r, and is subsequently proven to hav'l rono so himsillf , he sta ll bo f1n!rl wi t. h R:J 100.00. I n c ase (any person) roports that anybody ha:! . killed (a cm~ or a(l ox) , whereas it had actuilly died a natural death, an::!. in case it i:. ll'?,,· n that such ("WrQ}C) intorD'ntiqn ...,·"s furnished. out of mali.cc and that ltr;c C{ · :~ or ox) h.Jd not actually b;.! ~. n ki lled, (such inform-lIlt) 3ha11 ht , :C\.oacl lr;\. ttJ as ~.oo and f7anted expiati.on. In caso he f .lili to p~ th e .£I.nu , tu s1",: 11 be l.m!lrisonod.

SocU on 5

In c <>so any pe rson fle~s a C'll1 ·boing killed. but docls not report th ,1 !!Iiltter, and :lUPj)rCSSllS H , he shill be .fl:ned with 1\s 50 . 00.

Soet1on 6

In Case 1l1l/'" p erso n hits at l. CO,1 30. ·th.":l.t blood flows, hu chall be fj 1'1U . f~h Rs 2.50. !n caae ~ person br(:~ th~ l eg 'of cows or buffaloe!;, th..' pric,l

of the aniInal) lIhall be recov~Md O!":i hehal f of the owner ~ a fine of k . 10 . 0, shall be ~a&d. The d~ahlod .'1nima1 s hall be handed over to the pn'ron vI><:> .tus. "inJunld .it. In C"IIO any .:lSl.'lIor, ·b" l aw,ing to 1\ beef-ellting cf'.~t.e bl'c~,ks t he leg of tl. CJ:r.l, the co~ at-sll not be h:J.Pdod over t.o him; bot·h the cow r rd its prioe shall accru~ .to t qe owner.

Con;;.d •••

w. &lotion '1

If'. C8.!:e anybody seos a CO'·i or an Ox bein~ ,k:Uled, Md kills the parSOll , • who 0000:30, ('XC(;pt ,ihcn it is di ~ 'fj c1l1t to " identify 3.lcr. persun baca'lse of

. '~ho pl'C:.JCll{'.Q vf 11 la~ge nulTobel' vC J;€op l o , ha $hall !lot be ,ieem:td to b;w<1 . ,colI':nittad <in C1 1COOe. I n- oaoo an>,"hody kills any pe.!'sr.;n '.mo kill i:l a ou •• (1).' •

an m: 'l!Qidst. a l at'ge number ot' pavr,l~, h(: shall 00 senv.ncnd t<.' iJnprioonrnent f or W'o if he belongs t o caste \f~ich is liabltl to punis twent llith partial shavin8: of the boa<). (instead of to capl1>ai puni.shment), and sentenced to capital punist-.n:ent if ' his caste status so permits.

SectjLcn 8

Any pP. l'50n r"-'-.v cut . t :-e t> <'ra of Cl. C1W or 3n ox whcn n ~oo3S1U·f. or clean wOUJl(ls and 1'8KOV{:I worn~ t.:,ol'E>tr (),j" (;.r CUT, open i;.;)i l.;; and 9~ nfcl. ',lQUU<::> sustained ()yj the· CUl( - 01' - ex ) aa a re::Ju.lt of r oj .line: doom. or c;;;_'1;;erir..::· -it or drow blood frotl it, for tll3 wc'll-heing of t he cow • .in mat.tors i nyolving thu wf;:ll-bo.lin p, (of ' too cow), no of1:ansq sMll be decnLld t o hav.; been cOIlIlnitted. The pcrmiSSioil of officos, 'CoUrt;J 01' looal authorities (Amal) med not be obtainori to do so. -

Section 9

Throughout til e KingdolQ of Gorkha, no paraon b&longing, to 3!\"f of tho' l cast.us I!Ild 36 sub-castes , shall kill ,'ny, bird, animal, aqu!l.tic allimtJ. er other creatur o, or hunt (animals) on land and wa.ter, on th~ eleventh day of ths moon (Ekadashi), the birth anniversary of Lord Krishlla (Krishnasht11'lr.. ) 'Uld Shivaratri • . except, for purpoSIOS -Or co~lsory sacrifice in tho ~oursu (if trodltion.:!l religious ptJrforunncos. In case a.rv pe rson kIDs any bird, :!Jlim.iL, :Iqu:ltic I~mal or other cro..'1.turc on theso cln;ys, ha .:nail b3 puni::lhl Iftth a fUhJ tlquivalrmt. t(.l the prico of tht: :urt mal which is killod. 'Ibo offi.ct;}r or ~. cou..-t or polico- station ~o ,exacuJ;..e5 the sentQlloa of clU)lt.:l:' ,P'J.~listuaer.\:. 'on <lny p·;rso n who has confessed to .:l criloo so pUl1ishabld d'i nil be fiood \lith Rs 25 .00 .. 10 caae ha ftdls to pay 'the f'iDJ, he shall be impri:;oned. In I,!~e ani person . .r.t:) eats mqat or- fish eats -stalu moat. ' or fish on those ,days , he shall oot t..:. doomed to. havecoIIID,itted an offenco. Mu shall not be:; . colJ1)olled t o oo.t (st\ch stale meat or fish) in case hq does rot do 00. "

Contd .. ,

19. '.

Section 11

I n case any persofl hits at 11 cow or an ox 2, 4, S or 7 timas with sticks and stones with the objective of protecting his crops without int.endirg 'W kill i t, and too co w- or ox: dies as a result, this shall be regardad a.:l an accident. )'hc price (of tile animal) shalL be recovored from him, and he shall be fined W'i th an equivalent a~nt.

Sect1nn 12

IIi: C&le ar:y person suppresses information in respect to the accident.al ~1111ng of a CC"" without telling anybody, or does so after he.arirvJ of or. see~ another persqn killing a cow accidentally. Md involves othaN in the sharing of water of kitchen (with tne person reeponsipla for tha acci dental killing of a cow), he shaU be Plnished.nth a fiM of Rs 20 . 00 alii granted expiation , since even the person r esponsible for accidentally' killing U cow is entitlod to ex:piation. ~ official who illq)ooas ' a £im :J,rt.itr:l·· ril;, on thUSQ mattcI1I) without studying or undurstandinf; thil law, t·hinkin:; : "vlhat \I1ll happen t o lIle if this porson is fiood with this .:uoount in ll\\ch a matter 1n, ahall 00 made to raatoro thu Ellllount involved. tv tha poril" tI to \/hOln it bolongs, and fimd wHh R5 10.00 . In case an of'f<3l'sO has batn OOlmlttted, action shall be taken accordine; to the law, or olo(o 'accol'<.Ung to the law ernctod by the Council whlln thu l1\J.ttor b r6forNd to it .

SectiOn 13

. In case cows or oxen tied in a shed are devoured.' by a tiger, or .:tN killed by firtl or: lightning, or die as a ' result 01 :ny d.iseas", or b.y ~ein: choked by the rope used to ti e tI",om, tbis ehall be r egard-old !l5 an accirun t., 'l'h! cw.rt or local authority stall ch<trge Go fee of 2 annas and grant ;IJCpiat1on on grouncts ot l~orance •

. Sectlon 14

In case e nrute person hits 1.t a COl .. l or an OT ;d.th sticks} stono~ or wCapQ1s and tiros injures it with.out< shedding; bloOl, he s:~ll be glVOIl 10 lushcs with n -.:bip 3ld relea.S3d . tlo (ot.her) punishmm'; shall 08' ,1."! !arda,1. 5:xpbtion sholl be grant ed . . .

~V.

Lw On Conjugal Rolations, 19521

A wir~, except ·when bound by a contract , .sh:Jll not, unless. soo ha:; oomrnittc.d an cf'f ense which is punishable by: abandontwlt , be abanooncd· according to thu custom prevailine: in the concemad caste, or otherwise. 3ha ·mall not ba harassed in any "Way without any off,msl) • .;ihe may, howevEr· , ba abandoned after the observance of: aD. the legal farma,11t.ies require::! by th\l na.turo of the offense, if she coll'tllits any offense which is ;mnillh:.lble by ablllldol mont, and after the signing and exch3~ing of Cl docwrent in dupli=te il.ccc,rding to the procedura prescribed by b.w, duly witn(:socd and atteowd, if both aru ....... lling.

Section 2

In case :l wife ·"ha if) ab:mdol.r.ld in eny way . othe r th:ln throllflh the sii;ning d.':.cum.mts according to legal formalities as prescribad in Sectior, 1 abovo t.:.kes Mother !Mn for her ~\lGband wi th<?Ut rimlcine any oompl:.int ~:lin::>t thE! l og:ll hu:;!.J<:!ld. t.ho. lCltter shall 00 entitled to have punis~nt, aWal'dl;ld for tb\l ,,!:fens£: of elopellklnt.

&.Ietion 3

J.:; l.ho act 01' COJQJlitting somethinc Ulat may caUSe thu loss of caste , or of oxp ... llinr,- from the· house , er of abandoning a wife declaring · hor to bd sirrjJ.ar to a dauehter , sister , or IOOther. is deemed to ha .an ;:tot of cruc:lt:r. the; hustnnd, the f ather-in- la\/. the plOthor- iri-b .w or any other leading nlel'llbc r 0.1' the family, whoaver may do so, shall oot be entitled to J'ljIuso bar 0 · share in the property on the ground that according to the Inw of subdivision ·of property a son, during the life time · of his father, ;md '1. wife, durillg till;) life time of hur husb.:lnd, shall have no cWm over the propc-rt .,- . Su.ch tl wife may have the prcpurt.y partitioned, tlccording t.o:.. the law, w.t or thc· share of he:.- hu.sband . In case she dies or t ;"l!ws anothul' m;"U1 for her hu~band, tho l..:lgal co - parcener maY gat back whatavcr prop.:J.·t;, 1.9 l~i't uy hur ait.::r spending on hur 11l:UnttJn.mcc. In cas;) sh" "bkes nnothtJr m:ul f or hL!;' hmobmd, tl.e husband. tltlO h",,,f truat.ed h<lr i!l tho mtl.1lllOr d...::>crib..w. abovo shall no1, b", t.::n"t1tl~ to have pWlishmcnt awardod for th", ofi\,)Lsc· , ·f (:twporrolnt . 11::- l • .uy, how~vor, do so if it was only· hur father-iD-l:M or u.(lth ~rin-l~ who had expl::llod hur in that In:lllI\£Ir . In cases other than thOtlO ~ntiollnd abovu , subdivi·don or proper ty shall ba dOM accOl'di~ to the tau rcbtirc to tha s~c .

8:m:Jni Ko .1! (On Conjup,tll Rol:ltiom~) . In Govcr!ll\<lnt 01' N.;:p..:ll, (kgal COlla) . Pur t Ill. Kattunandu: Gor khapat.ra Pr...::'>ll, 2009 (195 :~ ).

Cr.;ntd •• •

21.

Section L

In case ,a "fifa, not being able to live in amity with other lIIombtu's of the family, ' lives with the faoU.ly of her mother 'or of other relat:l"es, without arqthing having been done by her lNsband, and in c}ose she makee a conplamt aga.illBt such other mambers only, except her hIlsbard, such corn. pl.aint shall mt be registered. 'Iba husband shall be sunrnoned, the matter shall. be explained to him, anr,l the WOlmn stall be hanQ:id over to hil1l. In case sho oomplains. even againat her husband to the effect that ho has aban::lonod bar, such complaint shall. be registered according to the l~f and decided according to the findings.

Section 5

A co~bine Who is kept 'privately outside home shall get only whateVllr she is given by her husband and nothing mpre. She shall have no c1cd;n Over the eharo of thE:o property.

Section 6

rn cllSQ tlB' husband 'spends his wife's dowry, weh act 9julll'bo v:.J.iu irrospectiw of its halling bffen d:lIlIB with or without her consent. in writ:ing , provided her huBband has only one" Wife and childrm only by her and aar\~r,t:; ~nly, und provided he has d:lno so becauoe he could not _ m!ce both orn1s ;ooct. , 11le QIIount ttula spunt shall be t"OcovoNd whenevar the hus~and earn!' 'lI~:t' thing. ~lhun thus spending a 'wife IS dQlry, if there are oth€ll" co-p::U' .. ,no ','p. (1S 'Wall lIho live i:1 the Joint fa.ni.lJ", n+l of them 3l'oJ lilill0 !Qf'_ P.:l.)lICflt , from out of th(l. Joint propo:rty proviood al:l of them who aro abo'!,,; 1(, ),l3l.l·;:

of ago give their COl1gent in writing when- the tJIlslJand, becauso of :>u-:l.it,-!l":' d circ~tancos, sp<:ntiS h.is wife ls do-ilry ,,;"ith her 'consent :"n writ~ng , In -0 • • " .. : :

where t!lu dOWry 115 given :m:1 spant without llb.serving such fc.-:na.l1ty" th(. co-parccners Shllll.mt be ll:.bl.e for payment, which shall oot be maOO f'rc~j \:.he jOint Pl'Q~:"ty, if ot.he::- co-pareoners are not. 1dlli"g "':.0 cb so ,

Seetion 7

'. ' . My 'po:rscn Wh·(' . makes 6. f:use ~ltLiJn ond t.ak.,s ,i t ' b;., fore,] sh<l1~ 00 lILlde to Pa..v up ·tho 41110c0t involved, tOgether wiU. :.. lllkl llIIour.ting te lS;, of tho SQIJ'Ie.

Secti(.n 8 " ' -

In ea.s<J a V.:llid claim is no,. ontertainod, tt>e amo-.mt L'IY.l"/od r,h,,11 be recovorod, together with tineJ equal. tr. 5% or 10% thoJNef, · acc~' rdi.n~ to ,the 1'400.

Ccutd. '.

Section 9

A person who. makell :'a. !allleclairn . . . . .. , .C1 p imd.

shall Re ~~ 2$i of what h.e ha",

Section 10

'" . An:t porson lm/)' ~1T118 'mor:e' than what he 18 ~nt:i:tled -to' or-'Ofi'e17S less that what he 18 liable to ·shall. be fi~d - S~ or 'lO% 9f what ' is _claimed or ofl'ered, a:J the case may l>e.' '-' . .

~ctlon II -An informer who cann?t proVQ his all:egaUons shaJ.I be punished to

the extent of half Of what would have been due to -the accused 1!' the latter had becn ' prove~' _ guilty.

Sect.iDn 12

In ease where 'conpensation is to be' pdd, it smU be reallz8d along with an ildditlonal S% or .. ID.' of th3 amount. In cases where fines are inposed, the additional S% shall ' not be charged.

Section 13

In case M-.eN a wife1s . dowrl is spent, claims.1Il\Y be made within the lifu-t it.l6 "f ht;r. husband, if consent to that offecttas not boon given in \lritill\:. If there is any mch document, claim:3 'may ba l18de within three ye:1.rs after pal;',tition of 'property, ' prOvided the document /las been -)dtncssed by the co·parceners. No claim shall be entolrtairod -after the ~1ry ot t.he prescribed time-l1mit. . . -

Section 14

Except 'where the time-lbIit has been prescribed by laW', and whore cases ot ' illicit sexual intercourse, cast~, sharing of kitchen, assault 'lord subdivision of property are invol.ved, complaints to the effect that Sbandorwnent is made by the huabanli, Cl" UlC wife, or the father-m-law or'

the mothor-m-Illw, or that .suffering is_ eIlu:.led by such abandOment, or that expulsion is made after treatment leading to suiferir8, shall rut be ~ntortainad, 1!' not made within a yoar of such action.

Section IS

'No sentence of imprisOlUIXlnt under tnis lay stnll excoed 6 ye:u-s., -

(His

Section i

23.

'cn "Conjuenl Relations _ c

Gov~mment: :u,griil Relations). .

) (1%3 od,) ) ,

E:xcept in circumstances ' ll'entioned in Sections 4 and 5 of the Bihabari "0 -(L.1.WOn -Marri,ut:e) -a.s lieU as in Ul.e ,following, the r6l.at'ionship bbween 'l hunbaud Md'awii'e cannot ba broken off. If it is necessary to bl"Etak of t' relationship in Such circumstances, sepo.m.tion is peI-m1.ttad only according to the decision of tl)e officel, artar it lI'.akeB s\lch a decision 00 an application, indicating the reasons, whic h is submitted to It;- ...

1. The husband may break off his relationship with his wife if sh e leaves him a.nd Uvea separately for a period of three years or ' IOOre ~ntinuous1y without his consent; or performs any actioo or indulges in any iDtrigue or ccnspiracy designed to put .:m end to hiE. life, or lead to 1'118 pnvsical !31sability, or-ra.ault in ~Uly great physical suft;er1ng to him.

c •

2. The wife may broak off her reiationship with her huSband if.' P.:;J br1.ngs or takes anot~r wi.fe, or drives her out ct' his hou.Jo j or does not p:rovidB her with food and clothes, or leavos her \.1:~ hrut obtaining any news of and arorching for nnd t;~kine' care o f'L",r ccntirruously for a period of three yeare or rD:lre; or performs a.l1) '

ll-Ct1.on or .1nQllges in any intri&ue or oonspirocy designed W pht an end to-her life, or lead to hor physical disability, or i-ESllIt.

-, in I.llly_ grG~t phyIilcal. suffering tc her; or if the Il-w!band becoJT&:!r , inpotont. - I .

). In circUlllStanoos other -than those ~ntioped above, oonjugal rola.t j,: ns may ba brak~ off with nutual cOf\Bent.-.

Secticn 2 - '

. In case a ' wife, without eftect.i~ separation as mentiorsd in Sac:t10l! 1 o~ this 1.... ...... , colllllit~ adultery With ony person otrnr than her husband. er: liv~:J with another man as har hlU:ba.nd, the husbaDi is entit10d tq hava ~hJoent inflicted \1pon the parsGon toho has aloped with Mr, and · i~ SI'C};

Cl.l"CUlIBtanoes c.)njugal. relaticSt.s sh."\ll be aut0rA8.t1cally broken "fr. In C:'':Jo.l ,

c ,

• - . " ,I

lorticG in ttH:t}fut~ki Ain includes a court of lav.

Contu ••• ," -

. . ' !l ...nie contes:;u :It ~8 off,1c~Lthat. she ha:hjw:'l'!Jlittled aJultery wittl any person, even though she, haa , nQ.t.,. dc;.ne 50 in tact,. eon~.ugal ral,!ltioos· shilll ba broken off aut':)llat1.~J..y.

'. ' ,

Section 3

My chil~ born within 272 ~s. i.d.th effect. from the date \~I'¥lQ tho . , cor.jug:ll relations were broken off shall bit) unless othQ ~"lisu p~od, Con:l idOl'od t o be the i ssue of the husbard with 'Whom ral.it.ions WI13 )lrok CTI-" ' ott. Such a child. as well as other chilaren b elO'ol three YO'!I'S o~: 8(;0, i f any,) shall be lIsintained t>y the f.::.ther. if be so desires; :and i1~ l\\] _,'.oC8 nOt, by the JIIOther, ' unti1. thCty att.::a.in the :LSe at tt)rae ye~rS .·Aftar anon. children att.:.::In the a ge ot three ysars, t.titty SM,l1 biI m1rit:..,un<lli' by the tll.thor, oxoapt. wmm they ar e mainta:i.nad by the IIIOtller, wit h the mutu,u COM6T.t 'ot their p.-:u-ents . The liability cif a wife under t\l15 s cction U \ .:l hafl broken off oonjugal re1ations~':;ilall devolve on 'her new hushan:i "<ilso . il_. . . . ' . ,

Section 4

Any woman w~o 1s denied ~intenani.e by hC!r. parents~in-law and or .'ler ' hllSb~d an'.; expallad fro\!! tre hf)usc 1 O~ i'f! frequently. beaten up an:! hOl'at: 9f'l:i . or woes hl1sband.ha::: brougt.t or t.;I.ken up Mot-hor WOlIBn a:3 wife, Slall be 3lltitlad to obtain hett e~o of the proporty from cut '01," har husb:lO$ 1 'hnre . In case suclf 3. ,wit.) diea or t.akes up another lolall as hcro huSband, .' . the amount of thQ proplry len. a.ft.IJr provid.i.na:: for the expennu:;. of I:..: l' lIlolintornnoo shall nocruo t o .tho nearest r lllAt1vo . In a:L'JO sbo Il3s .oo !ll expelled on];I by her par8nts-in-4t' ~ sbo shall be provlddd loI,ith Illl.~ t,Jn:.. nt' c :LCcordiJl{! to income and ~+..atuB ..

SactLon ,

If the dc-wry or pur s onal prope,rty of .:l wtfe is sp:mt, "it may be CCl ..p:lln:".a~d from cut of Lh o j l,·1r,t prOl~rty 01' a 1 : co - pnrcQluir:J livil)! i n '\

. j oint ~ftil~' ;r.ithqut -oub-divls1on Cif property aCOOl"ding to -th:! ~li en Monetary Tral1~:..ct1ons only if :cofU.mt in WJ"iUng h:l.s boon obbinod ire" all co-pcrce:16rs ' -"oo aro ,~.bov Cl thu ago of sixtoen year ;) , i t' aOly. In o.:l!I ol '0 it is fl pant-witlL 'lt f\l1(111~r. thiB f armUty , the 11.nb::J.ity sll"\ll nlt b (l b)rne ~ the .;o-p.u'cc!Il'J!'s , ~~ COmpOmM"~ !'MID ,oUt of tna -'j..>in-t:. prop'lrty, in ca::'?- 0 91~:r'0 t.lI"<l no t willing. . . , . . :iect1on 6 .. -

Ex.eept ! n i-ofGl"onco t o.'c,'llles' ClClltiOtr,;' °ln,:S'cctJ.ori 1 ot tJ1:Ls 'hw a 3 \roll a:; cas.es 'of. obpe~nt, 1100 cnmphtnb sh!1.1 ba ant;'a rtaiMd in - ro~rec~ to uiJiar :tJa.ttOr5 UnloSD filL' i within on" 1~tlr ot tioa action or .~t .• .. -,

Regm1 R8aea.rch (Prlute) Ltd, ltathllandu1 Deer.ber 1, 1969.

Regmi Rosearch Serios

Year 1. No.2.

Edited by:

Mahesh C. Regnd..

Contents

1. Licbchhavi Sottlellllnta • ••

2 . Land Regul.at1.ms In Th~ Tara:i Roglon, 1861. • ••

3. EconoJd.c Oonditima In ·Mo1:'alIi Diatr1.ct Du:r1ng tha Earl;y 19th Cant"", • ••

4. Administrative " RegulatlonS For JuaU.a Distrtat, 1794 • ••

S. Trade and Job.rkata in Almora.. l8l2 • ••

6. DoclllleQta on Slavery • ••

7. I..alf "on DtI1lger1 'l'harus, 1870 •••

8. On The )B.dhesiyu or Tbe Tara1, 1670 ' . •••

111111 ........

,

RelaD. Research (Privat.e) Ltd,

." Iasimpat, KattaandU, Nepal.

PAge

27

33

.37

40

4J.

... J,5

18

21.

Lichehhavi Settlementsl

Not all the' areaa.W1ch are inhabited (in Kathmandu. Valley) at present had been setUed during the Liohetilavi period.. The boundaries or twpal durinr~ the Lichchhavi period cannot be fimd in the absence of de!1nit,be avidence. However, it can be S4id on the basis of' avai1able materials that the bound;; r.B:. of. 1t3pal during the Lichchhavi period were Il101'8 or less the Bamo as at prl)~<.:n t.

Kantip.u', -Ialitpul' -'Md Bhaktapur, the three principa1 citios of KatlJ1l311du Valloy, were already Bottled in the beginning ot the KLl.J:.a period a:I throu sovereign kingdomS.But these cities were not well settled during tho Lichchhavi period.

']h .. st.onc llif;crlpt1ons of the Lichchhav1 period show that important set.tleirllnts in Kati'maOOu Va.Uey includ.e~ Anantalingeshw.l', ehaplLgaun~

.Burvmati,· Bal.8IIIbJ., Thankot; Sitapaila,_ Dharaasthali, Tokha, BudIuulilnkJl1l t lV1, Tupy-..k, Gokarna and SaDkhu. These sett~nts were not iaIportant durinB- the KalJ.&' period. nor' are the~ so now. '

. .AnantaJ..i~estNar- teiapJ.e is situated "to ~e south of the &u-yavina;yak tewq:.Je in BhaktallUr and north-eaat of Lubhu in Lalitpn-. The ston~imlcriptl.(a

'. ot. l4cbchlilv:i King Na...-endra Dew. :In.£orms us th.-1~ ' there was. then 0. ttuW.lS seW_at. cullod HOm~ !)rang-do in "this area. . . . :

, . In , those t"iaas a ' settlement whicb bed a prsscribQd area; and whose POINlAtion wos larger than ·t.h9.t of a vUl..age aB prescribed. was Clllled Dr:U'l!"I' A rnmtbor of vtll.egea COl\IPrised a Dranga. Such Drangas lat.er developed into Dosbaa .(i.e., e:ity) during the Lichchhavl period.2 , .

, .' ldrpal.swund. ,!o.s tb'; tuteJ..a.ry god of HBmeag~. The stona-inacripticn ~ U,Bl VGnia at Hm"""gaUn' refers to endowments made for worship of thd god. ot H.:umegr1ba:. The stone"-1nscr1ption· of t6rendl'a Dova is damaged at !.he: lpvar portion. ,)breo..,er, the' extant portion ~QIIS that tbo ~od of HalIIsGgrihfl vas vorsbipPOd in a grand scale every year. A Kulpati vas appointed 't.c eonduc":. nU nli«ic\15 ceremonies nnd Ptlrlormances. Davadafl;a.;l wore appoin~ild to m:~intnin cl.)an1inass at the .te-mpJ.a, vh:U.e Divadasis used to perform corro1r, i'unctiona. during worship. 'lbo anrdvorsary v:lrship of' the go~ .was colabrr.wd ~ the 12th day· C?ft.be br'ignt .balt. of the lJI)on in the month of Ksrtik ever )" ~;, At 'present' the", 13 DO sattl.elD8nt near the Anantal~eBtMar t.rlll/J.o ,

nLiehchha:v1ka)1k' Vaat1," (The L1chchhnvi , Katmandu; Vol~ S, No. 2. (IB3\1O

1968), 87-lOJ. Pp; • .. . . ~~"~ 10, 13-17 pp. The stone-inscript:1on o£ Harendra Dsva shou~ SI ca.stea, troa Brahman to Chandal, lived in t.hia DrGnga.

Contd •••

· , Lela 1s si tuate'd 'in the south-west of the .J\nant.alingeshwar temple. l'h if,

settlelNlnt lies out81~ -.Kat\'Jn.1.ndu VaUey'. Ii\,.this area, there was Lemooti Dronga during the ' 14chc~hav1, period,~ ,'It!e'Bto~-inscription of Sh!va De'\la and liOOhu Vanna at':[61(1 SuSaests ·that thil!" ' Dr~gii'was then densely populated. The endo'Wllloot 01' Guthi 11\005 ' for different purpoges~ as nantioned in tr'6 stone in~crJ.ptlon; sheds some light. on the Li-chchh:wl social life • .3

'tnlen OIW enters· into Kattnnandu Valley from Lale, one has to pass t.hrough' Chapagaun. Chapagaun was a well-known ~ettlement· during the Lichchhavi p'Jri~ The stone iru:cription of Sbiva ~va installad there . refers to the tax liabili~ ties of fisherlOOn.4 , .

/l.re:as bdW'C~n the Chandragiri and fuhactlOk hills .. were -sites of ilifl'Qrent settiements during the Lichchhavi period. T-he . Satur.ea1, Ilisipindi, Th<:mkot, Bh£:lbu, Balmnbu, PS:l:1nkhya, lUltur and Cha1lkltar stone iriscriptiom; of th,· Lichchhavi pEriod provide evid:lncc of thisSact. Ho~t of the settlolf.ents in these areas were un:ier the jurisdiction of Sheet'ltika Drnnsa. There i .= ' no 5(otUoment at Bhelbl. P.::::sinkhya, &11:.ar and Cihauki1:.ar at presElnt. Dut ~

old bricks EU"ld ruins of buildings roecl.1 the fonner Lichehh.'lvi settl6l1lE':nts ,'-',

Thoro "ere tjoma Lichchhavi settJ.olT(!r.ts in the a.reas of Adoshwar, SitaPtdla. Dlnd.:lpamm. and Ichangu in the wu;;tern part of Katmandu Ve.lliy. 1'h.~ :Jtontl inscription installed at l!.d;;stwazOreferS to Chhagung. Yubisalll.l, ar.u Talanju vill<lgee. Similnrly, tho stono inscription of Sitapaila refers to vi 1J oges whose ' n,q,mas are rrdssinr,' in the inscription. Only ramnsnts of t.hu".; setUemonts are seen at present.

In the west or Sitapaila is siw.ated Kewalpur. It h,..'13 a stons inscriptio4 ~lh1ch shows that NUpunna Dranga w:lS :':itunted there during tho Lichchha\'i pariod.1 Different Lichchhavi rulers md 'granted nnny fncUitios to thi!' Dronga, as_ sugge:>ted by the -stone inscription. Th3 stone inscription iU:-th..; r shows that there was alao ' th~ templo ef Naray!lR Swami. But tha original Lichchhavi tomp1e no III:lre 8xist,~ in Kewalpur.

~~~~----~--~--~----~~--3Purnimo:, No. 13, -3-5 pp. 9ut l.elo at present 1a rot a i:lilport.:mt 5 cttlc p

ment; it is only a tiny hatnlet. The lembati Dranga of tha Lichchhavi p eri od has degbl'leratGd into the tiny _LGle of the present.

4oneli, N,Q. :32~·

5 purnima~ No. 10, I and 11-12 pp.

tonol1, No. $3. '

7Gnol1, No. 54.

r.nn't.A • •• .

29.

'1'ha northern outskirts of Kat.tmandu Valley .. ere well setUed duri~ tho Lichclhavi period. , ~1.chchhavi stone ~cript1ons have been found a t. llharmas~li~ Tokhe. Dhapasi, ,Ibarmapur, Chape11gaun and BudhanUkantha. , Theso eatUemantll"still e.xls~ in S!)ffifl form or Q,thar.

, . ' !bJ;"oover. tha most famous settli:mcn.t III this area, 'rhantungri DruTI{;<i

is eorrpletely lost. Three Lichchhavi stone inscriptions have been found recontl.y at the foot-hill ,of Vishrrupachlka 'mountain, on the ,banks of the Vistmumati, 'north-.... est of thJ Budhanilkantha temple.B The sbne inscripticn ai' Shiva Deva s hows that Thantu~ri Dranga w~ situated in the area. Tax remissions granted to inha't>it:mts of that Dranga are mentionoo. in the Bton~ inacription.Th.J installation,.af -·n Shiva Lingam by King M:ma o.:.va. at the sito of , tho Dranga also .suggests that Thantungri Dr anga wa:> famou.s at that tiroo. Dut at p.re:'J'lnt only old bricks Rre available in tha areO. •

.As sugg(;stod by atoM inacriptions, there l"ere L1chchhavi settloncn\.f.; in GQcarna, Changu mld UUbar:lhi in the north-eastern and tla:;-wrn parts of Kath!n:mw Va~y. (An unpu~!ishQd copy of the stone inscription at Ookarro is available at the B:u: Librar;f).

The Lichchhavi eettleJlOnt.s in the outskirteo'f KatlElandu Valley sugge!; t that the sites night have been chosen ·on the basfs of facilities availeblu thare . It appo:.lJ"S that these settlements steadily bacatne :dlpopul.atad whom ~:.e three main ::ettl.ements 1 11 KathnOlldu Vallay cama intO existence.

'lbare l/EIre d1.frereut I,ic: ..... 1.havl t;(;tt,lomeote in the arOaB which PNa:mtly COu:priso Kathr\! .ndu~ Lalltpur and Bhaktapur.

. 'lbo Lichchhavi sottletr\(>nt in Lalitpur · \8S more denealy POPUlatod than in other· nroo3. wh:!.ch 9.l{tgests that Lnlitpur was already developed as· tl city at that t.:U:e . '!ho stone insc:"iptions of the Lichchhavi period !'oumJ. at ~al DaZal'.l.'1 KUlIbheshwa:-. Chyasal.. Khnpichhon, Yagbahal, Tyagal, Sul";.h,~. ·L ,

Gaishidhara. M::!lnath and L"lgClllkhol bear testim3~ tq this) fact. But such :l(~ttlelJleuts diii .rot constitute a city as at present. 'Iba settlelOOnt at t~ pr"sent site o~ Mlng.al Bazaar WaS kmWll as Yupagr.ama.l-1len YupagIil""!a becw"e 11 ~ang3,~ ~£fere~t settlimier.ts mar it, which were Qramas. Cl!III8 under ih JuriSdi.c::.ton .Bl~~ Gramas which ware at a little distanoo continuod their irxleilcn&lnt c:.."i.ctmcQ . Buddhi.st Viharo.s wer:e .. constructcd between such Gr.2I1\a~ .

. The stone inecript10ns of: Narondrn: IXlva, at Talajucb:lk 1ri Hanga! Bv.zC:Jl', and at Bh:iln.serethail. aiw. thQ stOne insCription at thQ water--tap near · the J.U.ru;ath temple mention Yupilgrnm Dranga and rofer ' to facilities and tnx rom~sDions grnnt,d t.o inhabitants of this Dranga. ,

---------------:------Brumillla.. No. IS. :330.32 pp.

Contd. ••

nut. the gta}e ,inscr:iption at. &mdh/U'a raant~c:ms 'MatiIlt1 GraCle., while t.tu..'l of Yagbahal give", t he boundary l i.,d.ts of GUll.a·ng~ Ornma.The 'highuays a ,l" paths mentioned there. also suggost that · roads weN constructed from one G.~,,~ to 1lllOthor. The !.1chi;htlavi s ',;.one in$eriptio\,!. at 9lvasal 'l'o1o mentions l.opr~ Grama. . . ' ' .

. .. . Yu~rnm oranea 'lI\3Y be considered .to 'be ,the" 9ristnal settlament of

L:J.1i tpur ~

~o central portion of Kant.ipur wa.s taffiou~ as Koli&rann duz.1.ng t he Lichchhnvi pc:riod. Till the ti'1l€l or K1ng Yilksha 'Kallt\., this area was koo\!n , Kl,liJrwna.9 'Iba ~outMrn p~tion of Koligr.alII , ~as more populatad..than j other portions. Grndually, the 'southcrn portion came to bo known rul Dakshin., koli.grama Dranf!s. '1'he stale inscription of N3rendrll. LUv.]. a.t Yangalhiti shows ilill t a large number of Comms was under the ~risdic tion of DukahinkoligraJ:o"1. DrnIlCa. A:> in tll '! c .].se of Lalitp.1l'~ the Drangn vas rot a city in itti<ll.f b\;.~

was cOlflprls.:;;d of Gram units.

ThJre wor e inportant Lichchbavi sct UolOOnts at tho pro5llnt tli 1:.os of Na.xal and Handigaun. This is cOl.Toborated by the s tono inscription of llarayanctlrour, Naxal.lO The stono inscription shows that in this llI"UU tOON W<l:""il Tamrakuttashal.:l, M:waahw<U', ~pur, J a lfiyambi and tin-ea dtoor Graruas. Those Crnmas,according to the stono inscription were lator formed i~to a Dranga. The boundaries of Ma.oi.ls ttwarraj Dranga suggest that there was aao a royal palace a t this Dranga. 'Ibe atono inscription of ~hu. Va:t'I!il at Hnndi.enun refers t o endowm~nts mnckl for funoshwar aoo Salllbapur .

'IhB s.tone inscription of Narendra Deva at Yangalhiti mentions too:t ,Dak::;hinkoligr~ Drsnga bad hoe n given the re sponsibility of nnintairring the Bl'Iu:Waneshosar te~l,a in ·ManostlWtl.r, which suggests tmt ~S(! two settleIIICnt:3 \lera · closely aligre d. · . ,

The stone InsCl."ipt1on of All"fIhu Vnrma at Gatrhidhe,r'a, NaXal, rufer.! t o Jonjonding GraJ!l.3.,situatcd in this aroa. The Uchchhvl stono ::i,nscriptlofUI of ·tbI'.cIi£auntJ. sugges1 that thcr a \lLlr6 Lichchhavi settlOOlonts ill that aroa toe ,

9pllnchnrckshya, Catal"Cue No. lllJ of the Bir Librory publir.hod in Purnim:l, No . 9,. p.15.

l'hrnima, No. 16, ' 360-64. PP.

1.1anoll, Nos. lh 35 and 36.

Contd •••

· 31.

Daupatan and.':tho areas nearby was known ~ 'Navagriha during the Lichc hhnvl period. tins mDla 'WaS ~ usa al50 during too '.Malla. P6,riod .12 During the mll1. period, this ,area was considered a s the capl~l and re!'&rences mntioning th-,.·:, cerUl:1q Halla IUngs 'pertorlDBd t.he1.r coronaUoo",cerem::my t.here are Ilvailahlu .1. DJ.~ t he :U.~hC~~ pc.rlOd too, thill area w~· wel\ Populated. Thero 'omS a r oad nall'led Brijikarathya 1n Ka,vGirihn, whi ch 'lNggoot8 that there was a cotmrunity 01' Brijiks settled in the area.1.4

Comp~od to Witpur and Kantlpur , Bhaktapur has only a few Lichchhavl stc:na :!.lisc.rlptiOll3 . Th1a l eads one to speculate that Bhaktap,lr w~ sparsely popuhted during the LichchtUv1 period . The atpne In:u: r 1pt.lon of ShiVIl Ik/v and Arlr3hu V~ a t. Golmadhl Tol e montiON " MakhQPring Dranga . This DI'IU"€8 had avp~nui flOJrislKld during t.he Lichchhavl period . Khopring l ater beCDIllo ~ cnpital of tho Malla Kings • . - . .

Lichchhavi stone l Ncrlpt1.ons have been f ound. in areas "illlll6d:intoly boyoo.d KatlJnaIJ:1u Valley, This suggests that there weN Licbchhavl sottltil1'kJn t,9 at. Sanip, Ba.nepa, Hau, Khopas i, 1'alanchok; Lele, PharPing am olflewhlro . A s t ono inscription ot t he L1chchhnvi period has . beon touild in Gorkha . BlJ.t t hat has not' been studied yet .

'Iho stone iruJcriptior)S or' tho Lichchhavi period mentum overy settloro:mt a:3 Grama. . Not a S~le settlem:mt is ca1l.6d a city. Drama. cannot be trnnslotnd a:3 village. Even the capit al ot the Lichchh3.vi J;'Ulers tlllS then knoIm. t.8 Or .1rrn. 'U\e stone inscription ot Nllbarah:i mo.nt1.ons that Jishnu Qupta had his hc3d-quarters at: YaPrin& Grua. .

'l'htI ArUlashaDtra of Kaut1lya, the 01' BhaBa show that in ancient

•,,;~,;~~;~;d:,an area ot two or tour D1il.ov"Was called a Ol'Mla. 'Wore accordinely: callad Gramas.

'l'hu site of the L1chchh.!t.vi capital in Kathnlnrrlu Valley has not yat booa

4idontLtied. A ChinOB6 accOWlt ~ys thct the capital l s_ aroa was about 4C UIl .

o 11s is equivalent t o about 6 mlles.lS

12 PurniJna, No. 6, 1'. 1.).

11 .. . """"Tb) IlGopal Vamshavali" lIltlnt.io~ that ooronation carB1IIlnias ot Jayad" v

in lJU Vikrell1 SaIn'at and of Ari Iilll.a i n 1377 V1kram Saravat were par!ormed in D:lupatan • .

l~mima.~ Ho. 6, 7-14 pp. 15 '

""",,"-l'rom ..... 2)-24 pp.

Contd ••• ..

).2.

In the middle age6, too thref! cities and at-har small towns, called Des~, weN all "wal.l.ed like tor:"tso A high wall surroo.rdad a .city or town and immediatelY oo.tsid.e the wall a moat. was dug.16 But tnsl'6 were not such i'orutied lIot.tloms~ts ,' .dUr.1nB'~ he ~chehh&ij, 'p8rlod. )t)reovor, there u;:!cd to be KottaG, i1W1de which ~attleperit:,l n~:n~r1l!1~:~ finil people culUvated their field:J. The. · sto;~ei.nsf1'ip~io_ri: of Shi,,,: ':~~a ~and Alwhu VarJIB at Chang:l rafers t o Lichchhavi' regula,tion"::(i'or set~J,.e{'JSlnt and, developl'OOnt of at::ricul-tura wide Kottas. . -. . .. . _.

Lichchhavi sott1eme~ts' were intUbitad by -B.rijlks and KOUB in addition to Lich.ch~Vi9 tha!bsalv8s. The :3tone inscriPtion ofNarenqra Deva . at D3up'ltan clearly -shows that. lIriji.ks Wet:'~ sottJ.od in·_ Daupatan and " adjoining arons d.uri~ the Lichchh.;xvi pariod, Area.s in the re"gian of Kan:t.ipur was known a s Koligrall~ 'I'ho nam3 itseU BUgg"H.ts that 1C0118 \/cre ,in a \1I!I.jority in this Gramn. In those times, Kolis, like Lichch~vis , llriJika "and Shakyas, were well-known conmunitios. ,_'.

Kap1l.:!.v<l.stu, ~ho ctty of the Shakyas • . W~· ~iiuated in tho .... aat 01' t~ river Rohini. and in-the enst \laB situated the city of the Kolis. The Kolis

. and the Shahl(as us~d irrigation facili t i os in ~ha Rohini rivor jointly. (heEl there was a bitter dispute bat .... oOn these two people on too 15.300 (.1' irriGation. "Which alJrost erupted into w:u-. But with the int{)rvontion of V w Bucklha, the dieputo was r esol.ved .17 . . . . . .

Shakyas too had setUed. i~ Kc.thmandu Valliy • .A. stoM · iri.~cription at TabahaJ. Toh, Ka"tt"Jm,:wdu. montior.s a furldhist monk Pr1¥ap..u· Sb.3.kya.18 S. kvi refoI':i to thf: ::Iettlemant a! Shakyas in Kathllia.ndu Vallay.19

~milT.aJ No. 2, 22-30 pp •.

17Rahul Sankrityayan'::I Buddhach3rya>.251~252 pp • .

"lBSanskrit-Sa.rx1esh, No. 2. :

19S.1o~i. · L:; NcPai. (English 'l'ran3lation). pp. 156-15.

. .. Contd ...

Land ReflulatiCXl:J In Tarai Region, 1861

Note:_ On lbrga Badi 6 , 1918 (November 1861), Prime Minister Jang &hnduipromulg<l'Wd deta.ilidre~ti.ons concerning. the l1lnd tem.re and t"lle I»"st.ems "in the district.!! ot KJI'8J'lE, S<lPtari~ Mahottari; Rautahat, Sarlaht, "Ba.ra, Pusa am Chi~n districts. FollowinJj" are excerpts, under appropriate headings .. from regulations pro",uJgated tor Moral!g district, which were substai:ltially applicable also tor the other districts mentioned above.

Land Tenure

Section 22

Lnncls cultivated by local rQ3idsnts have been granted. ns Pota Jllxw in . t.nair nWles on a non-alienabl.o basis as long a.s they pay the Pot.a tax duo

thartlon . In the evtlnt of default, the umds sha.l1 be ccnCisca.ted.

Scct1cn 23

" ili(l1l3 allY be allotted l ands for oultivation on the personal :rEIojXln;ibi-lity of the Jimidar it' tooy:

(a) 'br:i.ne thatr .twn:Uy, into Nep:ll. or,

(b) furnish & roSpoiIctable local person as ptlI:reonal slU"oty.

In caso thay oan do neither, away from them. "

lands cultivated by thelll. shal.l. be tclcen

Section 26

, "'My poroon who const.l"lic'W a brick hOuse with tile ' roofs 5hall be giv<lll the site thereof ns Birta. In CllDO the value of the house' u: Rs 5,000.00 or above, he s.'ull l be given 1 bigha of land as Birta in addition £Or ul3e as nn orchard.

Section 31-)2

In case .0: ryot 1s unallle to cultivate his PotA B1rta larxis, "tbe Jim1da.r shall provide him with necessary !acilit1as. The :r:yot may relirquish l'js right,a to av01d tax obligat1ons. t&ltil h03 relinquishes his r;l.ghts, or until Qltotbir parson is" grantvd 'the land, the tax obligation shall continue to attach to h:1zn. . , '

Cmtd •••

" 34.

Section SS

In Cati.8·" any ·"ry9t.d1es or : otp..e~ise d&tauit8 ; ~ PIlymem. ot reverue, the arrS&r8, al.on6. ,with l.O% · lntaro;~t, shall be rlJcovsred troll! his property. . . - ,

Land Reclamation Section 68 ---

Taxes sbal..l not b e a5Desscd. Until 1923 Vikrama' on lands recl.a.:imed af'Wr 1919 V:Uu-al'Q.

Five-year Pattas tor l~ reclamation shall be granted to ~ person who otters to . :lsttle people on virgi."l lan:I.s situated. far a"ol8.y, or which local people are unablo to reclaim, on condition tha~ ha' does not collect a'1Ythinr, from the settlers for 5 'yoars, but (.obtains on ox-team or 1 laborer, ss the case ma,y bc. from each set.tlsr fo;:' recl.al'lBtion, does not evict settlers frum lm1ds cult:l:vatod by them. pl'ovideL! leans with interest according- to law anJ procures sstt.lers from non-FW.:ikar lands. After 5 years, the land -shall be lOOasurOO Ill"ld. registered in hill na;oo. and taxes assossed ttwraon •. -:

SUction 69

Tho gOVlJrllllu,nt 101.11 firunce SeT); tho cost of irri8atJ.on pr<)je,cw. 'I'w balance TI1.IIlt. be met by local ryots or by person:;l who have underta kCn to reclaim virgin J ~:'Ids.

Tho Jilnidari Systom

Section 28

EverY qot s.':I::Lll provida -(IJl ox-t..::llm, 1:f ~ has on~ , or 111;:111 one laboNr, to the Jimidar one day- every yen!". en other" occasions, ,wages shun be paid ~t the rate ot 4 .mna.s :for an ox-team and 2 annaS :for 1 1J1ohoror.

Soction 33

The Jimjdnr by depopulat.ion.

Soc:iiion 32

shall not be. granwd rcmis sipn for loss o:f revenue caused He shall s~ttJ.o now ptlople·-oti such lands.

-" ""

Lands belooging to ryots sh.ill mt be cmverted into Jir.:vat.

Section 42-43

Priorit.y in the appointment o:f J1m1d.:lrs and Patuwaris shall be given . to hill pe",le and respect.abla settlers, in that crder. They shall. be diSH!1.~'S:;l4 it they are unath to collect. ravel/ues in tue, or 11' they oppress the people.

35.

Section sa 'i':J.xable l:md.::l shall be granted as Kh:mgl to thtl JimUbr yielding an

.lI'<XlUllt tlqUDl to . 5% of the e.olloetion n\(Ide by him'.

Suction ,9 Pntwaris shall be granted n conrnission of 3% of tho oollection in ea:oh .

Fis cal ReforllJ3

Section J6

Darshani levies 1'or each lOOUj::l.. collected from Jim1dara and P3tuwaris, havo teen rotained. All other Livias,. AIIIilan, Najran:l., Tika, Qa.sti-Sal.aml., KojllllUU., lI"oOjani, etc, whicl\ had bean ctI11eewd until 1910 V1kra:IIID.. have boon atolished.

lntorest, Remittance , e te

&.lction 12 ..

Interest shall bu el\arged at 10% on botb ca5h and grain loans until 10 Y(lIll'S have passed. Therea.rtcr. an tllIIOtint doublo the principal. amount in cllLlb wd treble in kind shall bil collectoq /lll.u the loan 5hall 1)"e eloorud off.

5oction So

Exchange rates:-

123 Hohar rupees for 100 P atna rupees.

1 Patna l'Upoe _ 1 rupeo and. 1 anna Company. . -.scction 52

Funcb shall be reR'l1ttad to tho Sadar Huluki-Kllaro in Kathmondu ilMwdiattl ) ,'( aftor a 8UJIII of Ra 20,000.00 18 ac:cUlllll.:lted.

Mis eell.::maous

Section Je

Porten sbaJ.l be paid wages at. the. rate or e pice for e very 10 Kosh. 8ue1irl (unPaid labor) shall not bl> "Irl:.U1r.ed.

Contd •••

,

36.

Section 85

Chaudharis end Kanugoyes who h<id been grant8d Bakh and PhikUar land'> without authority to sell or mortgage such .lands, nnd who have sold or mcrLgaged such lands. shall be dism:issod from 1919 Vikrawa..I ' . , .

Section 86

Evon if Chaudharis am Kanugoyos have npt sold. or mortgagod Harikar, .Belch 3JXl Phikdar 1and.S as nunt,iomd above , thoy shall be dismisso"d from . 1.919 Vikr:ur.a if they have rot satisfactorily ~J.l.ectod revenues and ma.1nt:-ai nei

. accounts. -., :

Land Tax Assessmunts In rara! Districts

(According To Satt4mont Made In 1914 Vikrama)

District Reveme

Morang • ••• R;:I 209,514-14

SnptD.ri • • • Rs -)12,5l6- .8 ,

K.:!.hottari ••• Ra )20,8)1- 0

Rautahat • •• Rs 158,:315- -.,0

SarlAhi • • • .' R;i 1)9,762-11

Ea ... - , .. Rs. 146.696 ... 6

Pars. ••• RB 63,293- 5" as 1,311.151-14

*Rupees and emu. '!he figures are in the 16-anl'l3. rupee unit. - -_ . . '

Contd •••

Economic Conditions In l-klrang District DUrinr, rho Early 19th Century

The writings of European lrdssionaries, officials 3!}d trav",llel's con~; " ... ~t \lt, ,, an imPOrtant source of infornutic.u on different aspects of Nepa1 1~ histvry. "An A.ccount of Nepal, and ot the Territories AnMxed to This Dominion by HOU:H':

of GOrkha tl , written by Dl' Frands Hwlil.ton· (Buchanan) and publh:hed from .Minburgh in 1819, is even at present an lJ!lportant work of reference aM. inexhaUstible soJU}'ce of citations for Nepali writers and ,tlistoriaru::.

IUri~ tha years lB07-lt. Dr Franois ' Buchanall (he IlPpoars to h:",v ll cllilnr;fl :l his ruuno to Hamilton later), ' 1US ordered by the Govert;lqr Genoral ill Cow\Ci1 ~r India to conduct survtlyS of tho dis tricts of Bihar which at that time constitutud part ot the Pr€-sidency of Bengal. A report of his survey of PU1'O<j:I ~s~rict • . which e.djo ins the Nepdi di::;trict of Kol."ang, was published by the Bl~r am CTi5sa Rosearch Society in 1928 . Th!:l roport contains valuoble V-l.mpse~ into Oconomic conditions in !<brang dis trict nearly hulf a century after tho tljrritory wa.s incorporated into the Kingdom of NQpo.l .

Tho boundary b()woen ~10rong 3Jld Pumas bad not baon propo:cly d(:m:ll""C:,t"d a~ that time, so that udispub,; botwoen the subjeCts of the two state:> tlrrl. dl:;OCutlsions botwoen tho govorrDlloots" \lOre frequent. Dr Buchanan noted th;J.t "l.:ondlords on ' ooth sides \naka frequent innovatiorui, which aro ofton ... illklOd at for acme years br tOOS!:I on the opposite side: for evary Zimidur who lO:J;~;: an ~cro maces his 10s8 a pretenco for withholding tJle reverJlQ of tllonty." ;;;uch border incurSions were not limited to umlcrupulous lar.dlords. Dr Eluch.-lm.n states that ohphants and othor wild animal:; "harbourod in the wa::too of hOl'W>g" also made occasional incursions into Indian terrltol"Jo landlords ~H! t.~l.l Indian sidu therefore e~loyed regular IIJaeirdarsll 'to pl'<!.t oct their f"l.ol,aa frolll such depredations ~ -,

'- Indcod, ccnsiderabl ", areas of l<>lld in Homng district wore wa~to aI' 'm,j"l' forest . 111e grea.ter pa.rt of cattle from the adjoining Indian areas W(lS tt;"r,,f2 ro sent to !-br': IJg for pasturu durlIig th'J dry seasen . Dr Bu.chonaii writes, 1:lho woods thure, at the foot of. the mountains, always retain some d"r,rcc 01' .lr~:;hn(lss. and the rains of spring are th':lre -uSually olll'ly and COplClIS , ~jhidl ~l.I'l£s .CONard a very s trong ve~taticn, 'whUe almost .... v~rythi.ng h<.rc (i.<! . l.ll ~), even to the bambOO,~5- perfectly witherod.lI. For. each herd of c~~ttlc, tho -indl.M graziers paid tnx_ in :the £c.rlll of a m:lw calt', \-ihili .tbr u(lch pair C),f Ouf.rAlo~I!I, th6y paid 10 to lP 8OMs. _ '

- - . , ' -, ' -. , - ,

(no ~a!lon why largtl ariaS of cultivable la.nd bad r.omainud "W~te in ~r:U1tr might bavo beo.:n that aftur Frithv1 Nar<l¥~u} Shah cOnqUoroo thut ro~-:iuu 10 1774, -many of the 10 ,~ i~abitants f~d to' the' adjoining Indian terri.t.ory .

Contd •.•

)8.

ilc\..al1 ~ourc ... m~te::,1als sub::rt.t:'l:ti.ite' Dr Bucruman 's otkiirvationD i n th1~ NSp.h:t.; · Dut the . .f'uo!1t.i.vei, ~o()n ,{ouni tha.t their choice had not been wise" I.CCON ... IJ6 to Dr, Buchana~: · , .".'\ · colony of :hardy ~un~~~ers who £le~ from t h.-, opprossion of their conqller.)r.; t:ett;tod -,in the WO~5(l-'1 India) ~(1 cloarou IIOSt. 01" what h-w. a rich 'soil. ••• (But) no sooner had the natives soen tlmi:. 1 the uni.:03ls had vani;; t.o;j th-J.n thi.ly quarrelled wah the r.lOUntaincor s ; and os t.hu£u pt-op:W md 00 lor::.1 socu.:';"l-ty for Uw':prop",rty whic h tj,<,:y had cl'i~n"' 4 a I!rtlnt many hllva bear. driven 'out, nnd the l ,mi.s g iven 't,o f ;;lvorit<):>." Or Illchanan ',; dosix~ to COnl.;llr.n t ll" noppr~ss.ivall - NgiJllv of the (Gorkhnli ) IIconqutlroro" appoar".to ".h uvtI 4<.1 hi D to 1:;:n0ro 1'"ho s t ata or o.f1'a1rs in Briti~h-lnd1a \~hm'e ,tillers ,1"1'0 not 'entitled to the l"ll"ds thoy had recL. h YJ. ~Ior does be In.:!ntion mat" rr.an,r c l ' the i"u.f;itive s ' had 'been per~'U~dod, to ratunl to Nepal becaus:: thoir Lnds and houKlst.tlads had b • .'c n res tored tc ' th"m and a eeneral [lun8Sty proclaimed ·by ·thu .00'Nrn:rnnt of N.,pal in 1'/95 •

. lobranf; district exported :;,'Uch £01'01;1. and agricultural product.s to lndi .,

as ricu, ,timber, oilsueds, sjliccs, cat.ochu, horb,; and dl'\..l€S', UlU;>k , wax, honey. bires, elephants and o!'.'llIC '~::;'" I'k"U'l 'J f:\cturus tJuch Il!I canoO:;, p1ouehf: J

cotton C.1.1-pot!l, ~a~k-cloth and \<1001411 c1(.o'\..h loI'ora also .;!xportod . TiJ'fbt;r 101'1) :'; • t.ransport.{ld to Ind:l.an t.lrrito~' by bos t through the Kank<lYi ::.rrl othor riv C>1:'<1

Sal tiInbar exported by Hor':'llg I T.:.3 cOn::ridorcd IIlOre v"llu~b1e than that proc,u'oJ'~ from Bhagalpur in India. pr !lpeci.:l.l interest is the fact that iron .:md coPi>~:r. .. , l1Crc exported from Mol'ang to IndL.l, .:l.l thoue.;h sOOIequantitias of thes!; TIt)t..-~1 :; !

w<:ro also import." d becauso of' ~ifj'cr"neo::> in ·qualit.y. Solllt! entropot trnoo l1U3: ccnductod betwe en "Bliotan" (the t..-lrm iA IIsed obviously to .. ,..;8.11 T1bt.t) arxl. India ,thl'ough Mer.,ng in FUeh 'cOlllJnoditias' as blankets, :ivory :'Uld yaks I tuHs . , . . , .: . " , ,, ;. ,

It i..s s ignif:ic.."l.nt that tho lint of' furling '5 imports is :lhortor thah ··· that ef UJq';()rts . The fOrlucr was 1ilnik'd , a:ccordi~ to 'Or Rlch:man l5 acco,mc, to trugar. tobacco .. indigo dYJ. Salt, co tton goods 'and m.ltul uknsilc. fboro"ll' thus had a f'avo~roblo "balsnca of trade with Infu. Dr Buchannn cst,j,mntad th", vuluu of ~port:; from "~r1!llg a t fu; 364,(0), and of import:S . at Rs 7l,l.(lO. 'l'ha bul.anc~ ww paid by ' t.h.; & • ..')t Iu:1in. CO"JfJ<lliY 1S wn-itory ·in silvor.

. r . - -

Dr BuchW.:l.1l ends his accour.t o! liepul- In<iia t.rade in tint :;"ct.or with . a tJ:lbuto to thu :fi ll.:J.1ICial !lli£f:city of tha Gov o:rnllk.lnt. of, tbp.:;.l . I!o ~lrite;;"

uIn NSpoct to money, th .. GOllOrrw:mi:. cd: Nepal has far surpassu~ in \<Iisdom ma.ny nations th:!. t havo advanced r.n~ch farthar in sc.ilmOJ , ~ •• The Gorkhnlc~;,.l, 3inco their conquest of Ncp'\l ~"1d MO~·'l ng, do not in geooralsodn to have actod wry unrol.1sonably t<JWa.r<.tl OUl: Oltll'ch.'Ults, nay. th~y SOODI in SQJD{' CU::> ,"S to havo shown them a p!lrticular "It£Iu.gllnc .,.u

.. , HQiQver; ' tir Buchanan has do~r!b.ed in detail ana particul.ar, CQs.J in

which, in his opinion, the G0ve:mn"llnt of tbpnl did not. act with" just1co.

Can'td. ••

In Uw au-wm of 1809, thij : mtlrctUn;;~ of Nathpur '(in India) had made advanco» to loo farlWr3 of "&J.~nn Saptir,l'l 11 1'01' the ::mpply' of pa!.t:l.y at 2 Ill<;.unds por l"Upoo and 0:(' other grains in proportion. Hooover, the Govornm::mt of Uapal ilnpostld a bnn on tI;~r":ii : saon 'thcrcaft,er on the ' ground that::. famiM was upprahandod, illl(1 mada intorruU p:..'oz\U"clllont at 4 maunds of paddy pur r uptlo .. Dr Ib,?li<:anan collpl,a:1.ns, . "~t. ,~~rch<?r.t:l ha ye lc;lst "all:- tnat thay have advuncod ; and "the 'Raja1s ' profit is ' nOt 1 1!tely to ~e great." It is clear that Dr Buch:man hall stresstd only -thE! c c,1I':iIIercu 1 crp;::.; t ef "\:he :si'b.lat1on. Nepal Wn.!j at t tut. t1aO appr6hendii!8 ' a ' wm' with Ul.,l lllitish. ;.nd it is riot ' inconceivable that the ban on .(001 oXP9rts con:J ti>~<lt3d f.,ll' t and parool of the military PNpara-Uon:J then undertaken. .

4.t OIle place Dr B\~Chalk'U' ;"-~'l Ol'ggcstad some administrative chargos Cll tha ln11an sija lhich ,",ould' E.n ,,~ the lC'~:ll ' officials ,llOOre easily to wat ch the frontier of Morang.tI D::- Cu~~::.r..:....ts miBs!on '1139 primarilf 1nto~dQd to colloct infol'1liation to pro!OOte the to.1Tlto:da1 and general po1itie31 daSif;nil of the East India Colt!>::Iny . E ... :m. tmn) we ";ray be tharicful to him fbr the l/al.\1:I.~ account b,a has left er CCO_l~m::.C corrlitions 1n Horapg district durlru1 thil 'oarly 19th ccn"tur-f.

.' Contd •.••

•

, ,

i

{These

Jwnla Administrat1:'e Regulations

(Abstract -Tr<!.l'Is:Latioo)

Shrawan &1d1 ), IfSl (Ju~y, 1794)

regulations_ 'ware is'sued in the name' of Subba',Jog ~ - ,

.: • r - , .' Narayan Malla).

1. Financial. al.location.!: for tell'.pl.es shall be lIIade as in the pru>t.

2 .. Religious and charita bla expense:; be incurred /lS in tho pc.st.

for the Chandanmth temple shall ,

3. ,Elcpalisos shall be inc\:.rl ~9. as i n the paet dlr1ng the Da!bain festiva l .

4. Expenoo.s incurred on mail-car-~': ~ rs and Wak11s shall be remitted as in the past.

- " . , S. PrEsents which 'are rC::·':'·'ii'.' c;d thore shall -be transmitted to us.

, 6. In the EJVoot of reb>Jllion, guilty persons of above the aga o£ 12

ye .. rs smll bo boJyJ aded, b~t the PlOrotlr::l of their famillis shall not be en~la ... ed.

7. Of1'er.~oiJ committed '..r soldiers and oUlar porsons shall be ~crutini~, l:<.l by PanchaB and p.lnint":nont :Jha'l bu <ll-!ard.ed in tho form €If donth or cnslavcnnnt a s .. ppNfria:ta.

8. In case feudatory ch:!.oft.l.i.ns i."'l t III area do not extend ass:iBtanc c in war or in othar matters. nnd re!:""l~ they shall bu aW.::.l'OOd Il.ppropriato punishroont.

9 . In t.h<l evont €If im'::o..:J~.c.1 1.7 ,"nomias, appropriate dofel1BO rnoasu~s shall be adopted. In.::tru.cticns from the center shall not bo oocessary in such ll!'D;jrgencifJs, as the p....l<..co is situated at. a dis:tan::o .•

10. Complaints against you. shall. bQ dispo:.ed €If only ai"tor proper scrutiny of ovidenco aubmittGrl by both part1es. Cb.e-sidQd evidfJnciJ shall not. ba heard.

ll. Stationery expenses i'or tho Klic~'1ari shall be incuITed as usual.

12. Remission .shall be [!rt'.r.tlld for 8."q>Imsas incurred in NpairinC fort s . constructing ~u:Jpen:Jion bridges and making boats.

13. IWwnrdS shall be grant,ad to persons rendering 0 xceptional 8Orvico.

Contd .....

Fran B:un shah.

Trade And . 1

~1.:~kets In AllrPra , 1812

(Fa}gun Badi 3, 1870 (February 1811d

To His Majesty King GiJ'ban Yu:idha Bikr<lm Shah. '. .

1 have received ,the f'i;lil ",~inC ord .. r (from You.r Kajesty):-

ttYoll ,have rightly 'Writt.tm tint our ryots am 'meri?hants willlo::.e thoi r ornployment and tho consoquoncas ~ii11 be bad if Tibetans and Englishmen mee t.. &ach other and COilduct tread. You have, moreover, ropl1ad COl' l'uctly to Hoal""oy' s lettor. You ha\'o aluo done ~all by writing to the Tibetan:; and 5GM~ lOOney. But so far l:.S t.r~d::. i!; co'!~ernadJ if people woo lOClVu in s!£h a c~stina manner. as well :;.s ona or ':;Wo other persons, are dispose d of , ,~, ~~ D9t be able to do s.:. ag:l.ir.. This territory i~ s1~ted ~~y...v ~: _»ta: ' thtl !'!adhe$h. If rogUJ.tio:l5 ~"or TrPMpol¥ tra<:u are enf'orcedprescribing too prioc. at which goodf; ~:-ou.ght there l:iy Ti.betans Ql"e to b,}

purchased by w.; as well aB t heir prOfit, with provision for profit whil.o w," 0011 these goorls to ry.:>ts and tra-la) 's, as woll ss the profit uhich ryot..s aoo. traders shoclJ. be P~~' ;"i t i ;"1d t, :) mnk o while taking such goods to -Ult, l'I.:ldhesh. ald. in ndctition. p!'u8~rtLir.s the profit to be providad for wtwu wc supply such gooQS direct .. ly to the ~lish. arrangamonts which will av o ld haras~ltmt to both :tIo Tibot:l.~ and to other ryots and tradors wlll c<.mtinulfor a lcng timo . Moreov.)r. we ~hall be lObI" to dea;t in a 'Oetter way "With _ the ~lish. 'r:Ylse proviaicl:'; "'('!'6 not contained in the, draft of tho Ord<Jl' which)'Ql have sont. Accprdii161Y~ the royal soal hiis ,not bue n u.i"i'ixud on it ~his time. Th.o:.-ofore. prcpe.re a draft containing part1cular.s of arr;'lJlgunemc, ~n 'consultation tdth our :-yot.s a.."ld trader 3 in both Tibat Md the hill ':r..:gic.ns . conoorning cOllllllercial t\'ansac':.ions bct''''len Tibeh the hlll rogions ,nnd tho _ H;;;dhosh~ with provision for prof1t :l according to local conditions, l.tlicil, in ~r judgmcr.t, will continl<.6 for lone, sateguard the Hvellhood of om' ryot::l and traders and nbo b,:il':€ in SOIrtJ revenue. We stuU than af1"i:x tll.) N'l:f31. seal Ul.erGon.'] ,

, - ' So f'ar 35 the o_rder conce~ing p(.l'50ns Woo' lOClv(l"about c1Ondostinl.':iY· 15 COl;lcamcd." nobody tu;..1I dOl\eso aftor lliorcrollt' 'and Hoar:>oy wore captu~u while on thfOir way back fl'9Ul Tiwt. Arrangements Nl!:ardipg trad ... apPear to have been nado in 1'ibet itself di:.rm" -!.he visit ot lok>Orcroi't and HOD.r :Ji:lY to . that pl.ace. In case ttey con:a hal'" clandastinaiy.: and ara c»wcted, I shaH act ilCcord:41g to Yc.ur Mp..!astyls ~r.

. .

Of. ~stry of, Education of His Majesty' ~ , 2OZ3

!'p.

Contd •••

I ,

• 0 --. Your • .aJElst.y ha,s ~:).:lo . o~ro,:! ~ to SI.\,bmit purtieul.al'·:! ot Pl1.C cS ar.J

profit:l . Prlco15 are rio t the S:llnO"'Qv6rywhore: In ' case Uto nu,ubur o.f purch asuTJ i s ' large, and tho quanil~ or" goods 'snaIl, pr-icos are hil!;h . DuI. if l~ooda Ill"

avallable in largo quantities , \lhUs " the nunbcr of purchasers is Bmall, pric&s are cheap; ' tibetanS "come to ••• alo~ with t.raders, mar cho.nts arU ' Jilnidars, et'! tht. Maghe Sankranti Day.? I too tud gorw'thoro, h01>11\; t hat prlCO:f would be de torminod ard that I wo~d be able to ::lllxrd.t a report. Lo~ had hoon advanced to merch~ts fo r Lho supply oi bo r ax . They charffo two rupees and -'f our annas·. or · two f'l,.lp0.3es and eight annas ibr ea ch rtIceipt. . It \f!': IUrchase borru: and Bell-' it horo at the same price. thoro .will be I),)

profit •. nUl monopoly trade introwCGd by us will t OOn <lam a bad reputaUt.n. . .

". On t}:le l o w cciuntty, 1n t1ioir t crriWl'y, ',the Eng11'sh have ,established markot:l at·: turr,( poi nts a s well a el.sawher8 f or a lo~ ~ timu paat:. Tb2y ul:ind ~ p.1rchase a. 'f f.jw ,prof'1.t-y.i.e1dinf: goCxis produced 1n Tibe t '.:md the hill ro lEi::lldl and sell tJlese olsewhere. Seaing that if we too ostablished marknt.s in thc ,'". . ..

' territories under our cOntrol, th€l mo.rlcets i n the low ' countr,( 'Wou1d dry uP . wldl o 9ur : te~r1tory ' WO':lld , pro 3p,er w.d Tibetans Mid Fnglif:hman" 'WOuld not 1.0., aLlo tC! ~me~t oach .otho.r dirl!ct1y, I 1l1Jd, in 1868 (1811 A..D .. ), intended t o 05~1iS~ ~e? J;lut I had t o, g1vo up t~1s plan oocauso I had to .go to Doem.

. , . - , .

After -the ordor relDting- to n-onopoly trade 'in borax as lIoll 'tJ:> .fun i s ~a.d boan sat).,t- t o Tibet, ' I " ha~ sent Dlonto establish markets , i 'n Kota. ,md Kwn,'lun Val1!JYu .• A tnarkot was ,outablisood at Dnikull 1n' Kota Va)lqy . (ne,) ;1

TI\OIl"ket 1,~ es tablished, the fores t adjo1niJlg it cannot be encroachod u pon , from below, am our prc.stigc too will grow. I 'thorofortl rosolvod to' est£lblh:h

' a lIltlrket eVoJn though no profits rroy accrul! this Yi:lar. I informed Jilnid;u' o . . ', ",' t hat I 'l'Ioul puy f cur aOf.as, more at the ma.rket fo);' ~'ach rm.und . coIIJP~l'I~ d t " b . ;t ,

,, '. yoar. At first the people of· .Kota became ple.:1sed and came forward to 5011 1

"-, ' at tllu lIurket. Chly t he J1midc!rs of Behahari in Kali- KUlII:!lun; ' frON D.?l'ma, ' ~~oyad ~hi!l , order and suld t tKd.l" goocb t o the En.1lish •. Even thO:lfi , I ' ~roc te.d ' o1"tl.ci:ll.s (JaIlBdars) who had been dapa ted t o c:oll .. cc. n.vti))ues i ," Klll1':'Kumaun t o establish a marka t 1n c.ur. territory and rapriJ:land thoca 11110 i

': ;d1!l obC,fed' ,t.hp ordilr: From hdre also: I sent an ot~c1o.1 (J amadar) ,to e.st.:.bl'i:,r,; 'il marke,t at. a pltI.~~, calle d Kilr3.U;d . So !nr I 'do not knOll W-hethor ' .:lr!y prfJf i t 'w1;n aCCru.C"~})is year. Wa h9.ve only e~ t.:l.bli shed a rrarkDt a,ftor ,obt.:l i nire l oam from ~odttorS and provento4 'l·1OOtans, ~n:{' tng11slimon flV1D rn.Jc ting each other . Had we :iui'ficient 'funds in OO: r 'pOsses 'sicn;' we- could have pur c!q:., . .; ( borax tl'9111 Tibetans 1n, the 'l!IOP-tfi ot 'Kartilc ~ (O~tOber-Novoni:Jer-») ,s9l.d 1 t to " 1 JLn1dars 'and tr~dor3 '8rt ' ;, :; ,~ ~ 'pr(J scribed t.ro ~lco at vhicli" it , d1ou1d b~ '3..:-1,\ " o.t tho mrltetj -a nd __ m.1-de :ioalo ' profit by 'selling ' rt,; t o othor CU!.i~r::J;' 'l'b.: :ntU'ket wUl not flourish , it 'virgin and othor 'was't& l ands around ' it' are mi. cLlirooda Accordincr},y, I have submittod tho draft ef an ordcr~ ti:l 'porBon lIill

, , -_ . . , ' " , ... , , ... . ,

. . Cont<! •••

settl.e down on waste lams ,in the Bhar,'rlar region if a tenure of S or 7 years is not provided. In case the royal seal is aff1:.md on this draft, I shall. have people settle there. A.rraneements have to be made in re:;pect to borax. There are a few other I'Illtters al::!o . I had therefore llUmr.::med Bij<l¥u Singh to Al.Joora.. He has arrived her e. . He s~s. liThe Tibetans hav.e obtaimd m:mc,y from the English trom Juhar-Bhot to make arrargemcnts themsolves f.or · transactions in goods . When I asked t.hem 'Woo had permitted tMm to d>:> so. the.:r said they, had never met Engllsteon or held talks on trade with t\»m, 11,00 asked 100 to seize those persons who. had sent. such r eportf1 .••.•• I havo :nllllllon o!u

, the TibetanS' who had ,made 'direct 'arrangerents with the Ebgl1sh. I ~Mll repo~ lIhenowr the fact,S' coma to '"l1.ght..3

3 . 'Ihe rest of the letter deals with other 1IIIltters. •

Contd •••

,

44 •

. . "

1", 11'~_ rG1" ~ ' .. '; rl'OltI " ...... 6 , 1:u11ll~ .. " .... ... ._~ , " Ka:rtik. Badi 10, 18.60 (N_q~Jr~;.-el.· l~O) ; _ . . -' . . " ""~ . , .. ;

"It ~h.:id ~n t~ p~~cti"ca . in' tbe rt!g~ 'be,tween the Bher1 river and thiJ Mlha.kal.1:' river to enslave Br~~ a.nd R:ijputs~ ' . l'):qm toda,v, no Br.:l.hmn or Rajput shall be enslaved thro~;hout' "·ur eoU'ltry ~ . Other r,(ots too shall he enslaved ally Ilith their consent, in the presence ot the respactab:Le porrun:; of the vUlag6~ not through the' -uoe of forca."

Kartik Badi 10. 1860 (NOVOmbSl' 1803)

lFrolll King Glrban, To Kaji BalHant Rena.

"The inhab"ttants of tOOSlI regions v111!'Ul1¥ sell their children to t-4slilnB and others fronI the Hr.dh6sh as well a:!I Tibetans. Th:ly alDo Kidn:l (l nnd sel.l the childr61l or others. This is a grave crime. IssUtl a proc"Llmation to the e.rfact tJnt any p<frsotl who sells or purchases (human beings) .in thi::! manner nU be pll."l:isllad w:i:th his li.f'e and property 30d stop such transaction ,,' . Establ..ish outposts at d.itiel'tlnt ferry points. AnT p6r::lOfl who Balls . (hWrml beings) in cootl-8"1entlon of t OOfl6 orders and regulations shall be severely punished. Too gcoos er people ~ho COIll9 1'1-0111 too M .. dhosh and l 'ibet to· plU'cr"::':J,) (nunvm be1nc::l) eh1:!J.l be canfiRCatod. Imp1cmnt thege order:.l prq:.crly. or c~~,:,,, ye\.: ohilll be deeu:ad to hav.e cor.lItIittoo. I1n otfen.930

Azwin Eadi 2, 1665 (~pteTJber 1808)

laegmi ~sl!arch Colloeticns, Vol. 19, P. 137.

Zyogi Nal'aharinath (ed), (A Collections of Tro3ti.QS In ",iIii' (February 1966) , pp. 68-69.

Contd •••

45.

3From King Rajendra, To The Dan~ar 1IIOO.ey--l.enwl"5 of Satgam. (~an district).

'You, suwly loans to the people in th9 .(Ol"lQ of padI\Y, harass Uicm on tm g:J:!ound that t.he lo.~s have do\ihJA.d ' or trebled and take their sons and daug!1ters on bondage, or else foreib\y ensla:vo tilem. Nobody mall- honcei'orth be pel'Jlitted to charge i.uterast -on the loans which he has ~upplied to the people. Collect only the principal amount, not interest. PunishDiont shall be cr<larded in case fOrce is U!lod for bondage or enslAve1n9nt. A rOyal ,order to thia effect had boen 1ssmd by our great-great-;randi'ather (1.0" Killg

.' Prithvi Narayan Shah) .in lBJO (Vikrama" or 1773 A.D.), which we hereby contipn. _ . . , .

. . "~IIMII"II.

.. ,

3 . Chittaranjan NepaU, Gene:r8l. Bhimsen ~ Ra Tetkalin: N~al (General

Bhimeen-~a ald COnteaporary Nepal). hlhiiiiliiiu NEipal CUltur Association, 2013 (1956). P. Ul7: " . . . " . . . • . ,

Contd •••

,46.

Law Ch Danger! Tbarus1 ,. ,

Soction 1 - '. '-c, .• . 'd __ ·,,'·,' . - , '.

In case a ' Dan'geri ·Th!l.ru- C'll!lnits " adult~-- ~ith his cwn mother. or witt any wib or marrled VOIllal\ ~u&Jit .8s .,wi.t:e 'by hi s ftnher. 01' his full sister, or his wife IS motror~ he shall forfeit - his' liberty and be separat-ed fl'Qll Buch a woman. " , .

Saot1ct'! 2

In case a DSlI86ri Tharu COIl1T.its adultery ldth tOO da~hter of thtl full brother (elder or younger) of his father, or his father's sist~r, or hiB own sisterla daughtoJr, or his O'WT\ mother 1a mothor,. his property fhall be confi s ca.ted pccording to lau and hI) shall be separated from her .

Section 3

In case a Dangeri Tharu commits ndul.tery with the wi.£e of his own brol;.her, or his own daughter or son's wife. he shall be finad with Rs !:iO . GO and separated from her. In caso he fails to pay the tine. he sh8J.l be imprisoned according to laH.

Section 4 ,

. In CaBS a DaIl@sri Tharu comndts adultery with the sister of his own moUl.er, or the wife of his mether1s brother, he shall 00 £'ined with Rs 40 .00 and separated from her.

Soction 5

In case a Danger! '1'baru canmits adultery with any b,l ood relativG up to fiv.e genwations otoor than those specif~d harem, m shall bo fined with It!> 40.00 and separated frOlll har.

, .-,.'-

----------~----------------------loovemment of Nepa.l, lIDangeri Th3.ru Jat Ko." (Law en The Dangeri

Tha.ru Caste). Un (Legal Code), (1870 ad.). pp. 42-422.

Contd •••

Secticr\ 6

, Incase a Dangeri 'Rlaru commits adultery with MY blood relativo betMeen live and seven generatioos. he shall be tined with RIl 20.00 and with R8 5.00 in the ca3e or. 'bloOd Hlat:!:ns up to twenty-one generlt1on3 ,

\ AIl4 ,he ehaU be separat&d t rom her~ In case he tails to pay the fine, he ,stall bf! bpriaoned according to> law. I~ otrense shall be ,considered to havo been cOlllllll.tted in the event of adu1tary with relat.1ves s'eparated by IIDre thtLn twenty~e genarations.

Soc:tion 7

, In case a I:8nger1 Tharu COIJUIl1ts adulte r:t vtth the mother of h1a Bon' s vUe or of his daughter's husband whose husband 13 alivo, or with hb \111'0 ' ::1 elcmr 6iater, he shall pay Ra 30.00 to t.ho latter as marriago exPOIl8OB :lOd tined with R:I 2:0.00. The rightful husband my accept. ll1e w1.fo back or retali:lc; lIl.lrr1o.ge expenses. sa he likoo. No olfanea shall be cleated to hav o been oollll'lltted in the case o!' eoxual intercourse with Q girl \ilo i s at ago, or vith a .... idoW, with her ooncant. '

Section 8 .'

In case a Danseri 'lbaru colllll1ts adultery with a married WQI13lf,of his O\al caste whooe husband is al.iV6, he Shall pay Rs )0.00 to s_uch h~band as lIIalTiage n:p6D.atS, as well as a "t1Da of Ra 2:0.00. The rUhtrul husband ~ QOCOpt. his wlte back: or ·reali..w 1IWTiage expanses as he l1lC6s. 1b otrenso shall be ooelled to ha"/e been comdtted in the event or sdti!.tery with a girl "Who 1~ of age or wit~ a widOW, with oor ctnsent. '.

Soct1on 9 .. '

In case anY_P8r8C1D.' ant1ces ·au:l conaitB ad.u1tery vitti· .... girl ~·r :·~d 'l'haru . C<:.8te wh:> has bee.n given away (in marriage) by hBr"paran~ or othor "latives atter holding !\ faast according to the custom or tt-e c aste, ho shall be tined with as 2:0.00, and the girl shall b:) hmlctid over to her pa.-onts or other relatiYea.

Section 10

In case a Dangori 1'haru coJlDldte adultary rlth a WOIIan, whose touch contam:inates vater, but ocntiwt wi th wholl does not necessitate purit1cation by tm spr1nkl.1ng of .vaterJ he shall bs tined with ~ 20.00, and rsstoNd to his casto af'ter pertorslling the custaGary ritoe.

Contd •••

~8.

Sect:im 11

-'i ~; In . .cas.e,. a: Dangerl,- Th:J..N w:p:u:u1l.Y cOlllml"~5 aduJ.tery with a woman contact.

.i!'ith "haD necessitat.&s purification by t;ha sprinkllng qf water, but suppres~,,; ,. ~'¥l . .tAAt, anc1 i,nV~.Vf;l8' .. pth~ . ~nilers of . h;!..s caa~ .in COO\lIl3nsu;Li ty and tho . uso. d water ,tou::bed .iIy. him, .his prop~ty mall, be. oonfiscated according t.o .iaw~· ··an4 dogr.:-.dad ,to the cil5te of ,the woman :with",whom he -t.as committed adult.:.4

, . : ' . Section 12

In eaoo the daught&r or daughter-in-~\I of a Dangeri Tharu is polluted t~ugh adultery with Dny person water .touched by whOm. cannot be used, or

.contact with 'Whotn necessitates uurif1cr..UolI by the sprirlkling of "t.mtor . :;lh,) -'shall be, 'degraded to ' the SMla c~te. ,Such a w~ ,cannot be Bxpia:tedin matters rogarding conu;~naalit.1 'llld \me of water • . S&ci:ion 1)

In case any boy or girl of Danger1 Tharu caste wil.l.f\llly involvee liiln-· soli' or hersel.t in cannansal1ty or cOlll1lita or instigates adulttry with [JIIY person water touched by wmm cannot be usod or contact tdth wrom nacessit;)te !> purif'icatiDn by the sprinkling of watot', .'l'ld "in caslJ any (other} person, on the ground :tt¥Lt_1t is (their) ,traditional. custom, accepts fluch a man or woman os one _of' l;d.s commmity ,<\£tar par,fol'lld,.ng custan.'U'Y ri. tea, such a parson shaU to de.gndad to . tro casta or the boy or gir). with ,whom the

& ,. , , -

Dan~er+ 'l;hnru ha~ ccmni.tto4, I!-dul.tery or got 1,n~olvad ·in coflUOOllst\Ut.y.

. -SectiDn 14 , ; .

In CaBS ariy widow of De.ngo:ci Tharu casta who is f'aithi'ul to oor husb.'.'_n.j is forc!..bly given away to another per::lOIl by" ..ny offico'r on p"\YMmt of 3. £ .. '0

. _.d~ded. by him, Buch-'offl.c&r shall be .f:ined with dr;;:nDl.e thQ . nmount charge ", -:: : :fo'!. It ahall dSJII:ind upon ,.he paternal rchtions, of th9: wcm:m "}O:hlother to give ht.r away (to the othor !,~~Jon) or not. ." " .

Contd •••

49.

Section 1

In case a person of Hatwali (liquor-drinking) caste who cannot be enslaved is provod guilty of COlllnitting adultery "Iith a widov or girl. abov o.' U ytIar,J of age of IJpadhy~~ pure Jaisl, Rajput Chhotri or other sacred thread wearing cas t.e with 00r coneent, he fttall be sentenced to iJIlpr1.601'11tent

,tor three years, prov1.ded h9 has not- in'Olo1ved her in comroo~lity. In C3se: ho is _prOVt.d gullt.y of even iuVol"Vil1g her in COIIIl!Iensallt.y he sMJ.l b6 ~risc:ned for a period 6f six rears. In case he is willing to PaY lOOney two t.:i.JlBs DDre than the period he has to ' remain in prison :it shan b a accepU-d. Anybod;y proved to h'l.vo bean involved ~ in colltlIDJl!Jillty shall be grantai expiatiDn.

Section 2

In case a person of It:r,t~fali caste who cannot bo onabvod ifi prO'lud guUty of COInm1ttin6: adultlJl')" with a w1,ci;Jw or .girl ahove II yuara of ago of Dova Bhuju, 'fahraWlte, Bhattn, Marhatta, Nagar, Gujerati, H3harnstrly:.ln . Tail angnna, Dravid1an, Hadhesiya Or Devi Brahman or ot a Brnhman of othar 4nd With her awn cooaent, he shall be ~r1aoned for a period or three years, pl"'OVicfud h8 h.is Mt iirvolved her in oolllllOneality. In cane he 15 prov ed gunty 01" even invoJ.ving her in ccmriloru.ality he eMU ba ilIprisomd f or a period ot eix years. In case hu is willing to pay JlX)noy two t:l.lJea tDOro tbo.n too period 00 ha5 to remain in priaon, it shall bG accaptod. Anybody proved to haVtl boon involved in eollUlon~llty unknowingly ab.:lll. be granted. expiation.

So('tion 3

In case a person of Haw~i casts voo cannot ' be onslavad ia pr:ovad guilty ot COmlitt1ng adultery lfith a widow or gLrl above 11 ya.~rs of' AgII of' .:l .medicant (BbJuhdhari) including ))asnam, Jog1, ' Jangam~ 3.Jkhada, nau:ag1, K.:lllf.:ltta, tmnWc, Ud3.si ;¥ld ABhori or or a Ja1si inclUding JaiBi Dot;ral or J.:l.~.3i Jumli born of' a ~cn with the third hWlband, with hor ovn consont, he shall be lined as 30.00 pro'iidud ha h4fI not involved ~r in con!lllo.'Il&3lity. In case he is proved guilty also 'Of ittvohmg her 'in coJlllleD8:lllty ha shall be tined as 40.00. Arq ~rsan provoo to have been involved in COJImensality mknowingly mall l}(I gr:ll\tad o:xpint1.:ln.

lGovomDllnt 'ot Nepal, Tare.1 la Madhesiya KO:IlAij811 }l:l Ka.rn1 (hm,iya Hasin;ya Ko Ra !iaaasirlya KO." (en Ad1lltery Md Slav'ary AJrr:cg the I4adlos~ns ot the Tnrai). ~ (I.egal 'Code) .. (1810 ed~j.

~ ... '

So.

Section 4

hI case a person of Ibtwal.1 casta who canot be enslaved commits adultn:r with a widow or girl above 11 years of age of relatives other than blood.-elations, enlist'ad -under t!l~ ot.:lte-of'i'ense, or of Hawaii caste simil.ar to his own, lrl.th thl;lT con:Hmt;~ :tw $1a11 not bo deemed to have COlllmittod allY offense provided 00 has !lot: involved har in commansality. In caso b3 is proved euili,.y of -in"V;olv.:l.ng ot.'lCI".3 in oommensality \Jith her, he shall lK fined only Rs 10.00 anj ~hall not lose his caaw, providod he hoD not invu_vu~ himsolf'. Iu -caSE: after corr,mitting adulwry with her, ha is provud Bui~ty c.i: I1

involving not <:n1y hilns<Jlt' qut aIst) o:';'J3rs in oolmldnsality, he will be fined Rs 1Q.00 and degraoodto the' caste 0'£ that woman. In casa the perf;olls ; who have unlmowingly l!eqn involved in conmenSality approach for expiation, they shall be granted too sa'llEl of ~he girlsl naJIE. In caso they do not a:; aWroach. it snaIl not ba gra."lted, they mail belong to their own casta .

::--oction 5

(0) In carlo ~ person of Hatwnli c aste who cannot b", Of-slaved con~uit::.; adultery with l. wid/:;w 6r ~1rl abovci 11 ya'lt'S of aee of Hatllali ('<\ute ' ",ho can be. cnslovati with .her consent ha shall not be duonl ,d to havo committed 3J:IY o1'renso. He shall~ hOW"evor, be f'1nad Rs IlJ.<X' if ooy comp"laint "e1'O filed 3gninst -hia involving ill coJ!!OOn~lity.

(0) ,

In ca:lC a person 01' M:l.twali caste '0100 caD be onslaved ccmmit:;; adult.:lry with a widow 01" gil'l above 11 year::; 01' age, 01' relatives other than blood-relations enlisted as punishllb1e moor the lin-I on I-!a\,wali C,'\8'OO sLnD.ar t o his own, with her own co~scnt, IN shall not. b e dO ':lIaed t,o h.:!ve committed any offense provided no invol"dlUnt has bcOll maoo in cOJ:llllensality. He sl..:111 however be fimd Rs ~ .ou, if" ~(' cOI;.pudnt w~r".l filed that such Ii1l invOlv(;:It.'1nt has . 'oocn n.::-.ck.

;';oct1or, 6

In c aOO n porsOn of fo~:tw!l.li cactc who cannot be en:Jlaved Md who C:~l :-F)'l ,

by himso1i' punish il:!..S,v.ii\lls purarrour is provliId guilty ,o f cOmmitting ndult..'9 \iith a widow 0):" gi~l abovo II ;yc .. r3 of age of Hat-walJ, casto who OOIlnot bo , onslaved but in whoso sccl.ety a pEl:"50n CM punish by hUnsolf his Wi[o.J'5 P.lrwn:rur, 'oIith 00r cons.lIlt, ha w",n b03 f'!.nod as LO.DO if he ha::! irrvolvod in oomm.::nsaliJ;y but only Rs 20.00 if no such tnvol.vemcnt taB oo('n nudo. In Cal.:iO he tail s to m:1ko the p~t, .. ..e shall be inpris:mod.

Regmi Research Series - Digital...

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