REG562 - Lecture 3_Transportation Systems in Buildings
Transcript of REG562 - Lecture 3_Transportation Systems in Buildings
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TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Present by
Dr. Faizal Baharum
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MOVEMENT SYSTEMS Forms of mechanical transportation may be
found within, around and in general
association with modern buildings anddevelopments
Lifts
Escalators Travolators or moving pavements
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LIFTS
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IntroductionA lift or an elevator is a transport device
used to move goods or people vertically
Considered a requirement in all buildings overthree storeys
Minimum standard of service one lift for
every four storeys with a maximum distanceof 45 m to the lift lobby
Floor space estimates and car capacity can bebased on an area of 0.2 m2 per person
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Various speeds of lifts
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Location of lift Positioning of lift should be at locations which
provide easy means of access for all building
users central entrance lobby of offices,hotels, apartments, etc.
Grouping of lifts is essential for user
convenience
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Possibilities of liftgroupingarrangements
1
2
3
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The former World Trade Center's twin
towers used skylobbies, located on the44th and 78th floors of each tower.
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Lift performance Lift performance depends on
Acceleration
Retardation
Car speed
Speed of door operation, and
Stability of speed and performance withvariations of car load
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The assessment of population may be foundby allowing between one person per 9.5 m2
of floor area to 11.25 m2 of floor area. For unified starting and finishing times - 17%
of population per 5 minutes may be used.
For staggered starting and finishing times -12% of the population may be used.
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The number of lifts will have an effect on thequality of service.
Four 18-person lifts provide the same capacity asthree 24-person lifts but the waiting time will beabout twice as long with the three-car group.
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The quality of service may be found from theinterval of the group.
23 to 35 seconds excellent
35 to 45 seconds - acceptable for offices
60 seconds acceptable for hotels
90 seconds acceptable for flats
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Further criteria for the comfort andconvenience of lift users:
Directional indication of location of the lift lobbyfor people unfamiliar with the building.
Call buttons at landings and in the car positionedfor ease of use with unambiguous definition for
up and down directions. Call buttons to be at a level appropriate for use
by people with disabilities and small children.
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Call display/car location display at landings to befavourably positioned for a group of people towatch the position of all cars and for them tomove efficiently to the first car arriving.
Call lights and indicators with an audible facilityto show which car is first available and in whichdirection it is traveling.
Lobby space of sufficient area to avoid congestionby lift users and general pedestrian traffic in thevicinity.
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A method for estimating and comparingefficiency and effectiveness of lift installation
is by calculating the round trip time (RTT):An average period of time for one lift car to
circulate, incorporating statistical data for timelost due to stops
It is measured from the time the lift doors beginto open at the main terminal to the time theyreopen when the car complete its cycle
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Example
A building having five floors at 3 m floor to floor
spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons and 2 ms-1speed of travel
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n
SSSSS
11
1. Probable number of stops (S1):
where, S= maximum number of stops
n= number of people or car capacity
,3.34
1444
6
1
S i.e. 3 stops
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VSVLSTu 21
2. Upward journey time (Tu):
where, L= lift travel, 4 x 3 = 12 m
V= car speed, 2 ms
-1
sxx
Tu 5.16]22[24
123
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VVLTd 2
3. Downward journey time (Td):
sx 10]22[212
sxnTp 12622
4. Passenger transfer time (Tp). Allow 2 3 s per person
to transfer, depending on the depth of car. At 2 s:
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sV
WST
d
o 2.195.0
2.1)13(212
1
opdu TTTTRTT
5. Door opening time (To). Assume door speed (Vd) = 0.5ms-1 and door width (W) = 1.2 m:
6. Round trip time (RTT):
s7.572.1912105.16
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Estimation of the interval and quality of service
Example
An office block with 20 storeys above ground floor havinga group of four lifts with unified starting and stoppingtimes is to have a floor area above the ground floor of8000 m2 and floor height of 3 m. Each car of the lifts has
a capacity of 20 persons and a speed of 2.5ms-1
. Theclear door width is to be 1.1 m and the doors are to openat a speed of 0.4 ms-1. Estimate the interval and quality ofservice that is to be provided.
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personpersonmm 124
100/11%1780002
2
1. Peak demand for a 5-minute period:
2. Car travel = 20 x 3 m = 60 m
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n
SSSSS
11
3. Probable number of stops (S1):
where, S= maximum number of stops n= number of people or car capacity
(usually approximately 80% of capacity)
1120
1202020
16
1
S
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VVS
LSTu 21
1
4. Upward journey time (Tu):
where, L= lift travel, 20 x 3 = 60 m V= car speed, 2.5 ms-1
sTu 79]5.22[5.211
6011
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VVLTd 2
5. Downward journey time (Td):
s29]5.22[
5.2
60
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sV
WST
d
o66
4.0
1.1)111(212 1
6. Door operating time (To).
Door speed (Vd) = 0.4 ms-1
Door width (W) = 1.1 m:
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opdu TTTT
7. The average time taken for each person to get intoand out of a lift car may be taken as 2 seconds.
Passenger transfer time (Tp) = 2n= 2 x 16 = 32 s
8. Round trip time (RTT)
s20632662979
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minutes5perpersons93
206
8.020460mins5
9. Capacity of group
s5.514
20610. Interval for the group
The capacity of the group of lifts and the interval for thegroup are satisfactory (Note: Car less than 12 capacity arenot satisfactory)
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Electric/roped lifts
In these elevators, the car is raised andlowered by traction steel ropes ratherthan pushed from below
Components:
1 - Control system
2 - Electric motor
3 - Sheave
4 - Counterweight
5 - Guide rails
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Motor
Located in lift motor room
On anti-vibrations
mountings
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Lift motor onmotor room-lesslift
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Highly efficient permanent magnet (PM)motors for high-speed and super high-speed elevators(Mitsubishi)
Motor room
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Roping
High tensile steel ropes driven throughtraction sheaves attached to the motor shaft,
a system of pulleys and a counterweightAvailable in various combinations to suit
different occupancy requirements
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Single wrap 1 : 1
The simplest but will beprone to slipage if subjectedto heavy loads
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Single wrap 2 : 1
Improvement of single wrap1 : 1
Number of pulleys and thewrapping ratios increased to
improve resistance to slipage
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Single wrap 3 : 1
More pulleys used
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Effect of wrap ratio on car speed
as the ratio increases, the car speed decreases
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Alternative roping arrangements to maintain highspeeds and sufficient traction
Double wrap Underslung
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In very tall buildings theeffect of bounce and spring
from the rope load can bebalanced and compensatedwith ropes suspended belowcar and counterweight
Compensating ropes
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Emergency braking
While moving the car is
retained upright andcarried smoothly byguides and channeleach side
Car guide (plan view)
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In the unlikely event of rope failure, an overspeed governingmechanism will effect an immediate brake
Safety gear - alternatives
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The emergency brakes areactivated by a continuous ropepassing over a pulley in the pit and
an overspeed governor pulley inthe motor room.
The governor locks in response toflyweight inertia from the
centrifugal force generated byexcess speed, thus jerking the ropein process.
The position ofthe governor
rope andpulleys, relativeto car travel
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Active Roller Guide(Mitsubishi) This greatly reduces
lateral vibration of high-speed elevator.
An accelerometer detectscar vibration duringoperation and actuatorscancel the vibration with
optimally controlledelectromagnetic force.
The result is much betterride comfort than with aconventional roller guide.
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Lift doors
Required in two components:
Fitted to the lift car
Fitted to the landing Landing doors must be incombustible, preferably of
sheet steel construction over a light steel frameworkof about 30 mm overall thickness
They usually slide sideways (although verticalmovement is used for some industrial applications)
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Door-openersystem
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Various functionsof lift doors
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Passenger andservice lift doors
Vertical lift doors
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Multi-Beam Door Sensor(Mitsubishi)
Prevents passengers from being caught
by the doors, using multiple infraredlight beams mounted along the entirelength of car door edge. Doors reverseand open if beams are blocked duringdoor closing
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Constructional dimensions
Lifts manufactured to individual dimensionalspecification are possible but very expensive
BS 5655 provides standard dimensions whichhave been coordinated with manufacturingprocess and building applications to suit all
but extreme clients or obscure buildingrequirements
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Normally located abovethe well, containing:
winding gear traction sheave
control panel
overspeed governor,
and other components
Machine/Motor room
Section through lift motor room
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Noise from motors and winding gear must be contained withadequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery
An overhead universal beam for raising and lowering
equipment and parts during maintenance is essential Adequate daylighting and supplementary artificial light
Fan assisted ventilation to remove excess heat from electricplant
A locked door (key with security staff) provides the onlyaccess to the machine room, except for a trap-door over thelanding area this is specifically for raising and loweringitems of machinery
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Pit
Located below the lowest landing level,containing buffers
For slower lifts spring-type buffers
For higher-speed lifts oil loaded buffers
Depth of pit varies from 1.4 to 2.8 m,
depending on lift specification
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Brake
The traction sheave drive shaft is fitted with anelectromechanical brake
When the lift is moving, the electrically operatedbrakes are lifted clear of the brake drum, but as theelectricity switches off to disengage the motor,spring retainers activate the brake
In addition to the overspeed governor, this providesanother safety feature which would activate if theelectricity supply failed
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Shaft
A lift shaft should incorporate the followingfeatures: Water tightness
Means of drainage
Plumb, vertical sides
Smooth painted finish
Ventilation void for emission of smoke
Permanent inspection lights
Have no other services except those necessary foroperation of lift
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Lift controls
Possibilities of control arrangements:
Operator
Automatic Down collective
Directional collective
Group collective Programmed control
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Operator In prestige buildings and hotels for the benefit of special guests.
Automatic Response to one call from either lift car or landing. No further calls
are accepted until the car is at rest.
Only suited to light occupancy and low-rise buildings up to five floors.
Down collective A call button is located at each landing entrance and a set of buttons
in the car corresponds to each floor. Landing calls are stored and answered in sequence as the lift car
descends.
In upward direction, passengers are distributed in floor sequence byselection within the car.
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Directional (up and down) collective
Two call buttons are provided at each intermediate landing,one for up and the other one for down.
The lowest and the highest landings only require one button. Afull set of destination buttons are provided in the car.
Landing callers simply press the direction button and the call isstored
On a downward journey, the lift stops at all floors wheredownward callers are waiting or where passengers want to goout.
Likewise upward, operating in sequence in response to storedcalls.
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Group collective
Applied where groups or banks of lifts occur in largebuildings, using an interconnected collective storedcontrol system
This permits the closest lift traveling in the desireddirection to respond, rather than passengers waiting forone specific lift or having to press every lifts button.
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Programmed control
This is an improvement of the group collective system,incorporating time-controlled functions, where demand isknown to be particularly high on some floors at certaintimes.
The lift cars can be programmed to be available at theground floor during arrival times and at upper floors
during departure times.
This lends itself to routines found in office blocks, whereregular hours are worked.
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Elevatorbuttons
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Hydraulic lifts
Hydraulic lift/elevatorsystems lift a car using ahydraulic ram, a fluid-
driven piston mountedinside a cylinder
For low-rise buildings
Hydraulic liftcomponents
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Oil hydraulic lift - application
Oil hydraulic lift -principles
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SINGLE SIDE OR JIGGERACTING
DOUBLE SIDEACTING
Oil hydraulic lift - variations
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Holeless Hydraulic (Otis)
The Holeless Hydraulic system eliminates theneed for either a well hole or buried piping.The best application for the Holeless product
is most any 2-story building with less than 14(4.3 m) of travel from one floor to the other.
Its above-ground Holeless configurationresponds effectively to the risk of soil andgroundwater contamination, and greatlyreduces environmental concerns. Thispackage-type unit is most practical for those2-story buildings where handicap access isrequired.
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Advantages of hydraulic lifts:
Capacity for very heavy loads
Accuracy in floor levelling Smooth ride characteristics
Low-level plant room
No structural loads from winding gear Pump room can be located up to 10 m from the
shaft
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Fire-fighting lifts
For rapid emergency access
The original concept was a variation within
conventional passenger lift, which containeda priority break-glass key switch
This was normally at the ground floor, and
when activated it brought the lift to that floorimmediately
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Independent fire-fightinglifts are required in offices,shops and other
commercial premisesexceeding 18 m in height
Typical fire-fighting accommodationin a shaft located no more than 60m from any part of that floor level
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Panoramic lift
applications
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Paternoster
Apaternoster or paternoster liftis an elevator which consists of achain of open compartments (each
usually designed for two persons)that move slowly in a loop up anddown inside a building withoutstopping
Passengers who are agile enoughcan step on or off at any floor theylike
The speed is limited to no more
than 0.4 ms-1
for safety reason
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Not suitable in publicbuildings and otherlocations where the
elderly and infirm arelikely to gain access
Most suited to singleoccupancy buildingssuch as offices, where
familiarity with thesystem and a highdegree of staff mobilityis a feature
Paternosterlift
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Paternoster lifts
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Stair lift
A means of vertical transport in homes for the elderly anddisabled, hospitals and conventional homes containingphysically infirm people
Developed for simple application to domestic chairs The chair moves up an inclined rail parallel with the stair
gradient at about 0.15 ms-1 powered by 230 V AC electricmotor
The rail is a standard steel joist bracketed to the wall andsupported by the stair
Transformed 24 V DC controls provide push-buttondirectional and stop facilities
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Stair lift approximate dimensions
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Other types of lifts
Double-deck elevators They are elevators designed such that
two elevator cars are attached one on
top of the other. This allowspassengers on two consecutive floorsto be able to use the elevatorsimultaneously, significantly increasingthe passenger capacity of an elevator
shaft. Such a scheme can proveefficient in buildings where the volumeof traffic would normally have a singleelevator stopping at every floor.
Example: Lifts at Menara Telekom,Taipei 101
Taipei 101
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Freight elevator
An elevator designed tocarry goods, rather
than passengers
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Car elevator
An elevator designed to carry cars (e.g. for parking)
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Dumbwaiter
A small box elevator designed for thecarriage of lightweight freight is called a
dumb waiter (or dumbwaiter)
Service lift/Dumbwaiter
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Platform lift
For disable
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ESCALATORS
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An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transportingpeople, consisting of a staircase whose steps move up ordown on tracks that keep the surfaces of the individual steps
horizontal Where large numbers of people are anticipated, such as
airports and railway terminals, department stores andshopping malls, several escalators will be required and can
be grouped in a number of ways to suit the buildingfunctions
The angle of inclination is normally 30o, but may increase to35o if the vertical rise does not exceed 6 m and the speed is
limited to 0.5 ms
-1
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Escalatorarrangements
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Escalators components
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Step Speed
Escalator speeds vary fromabout 90 feet per minute to
180 feet per minute (27 to55 meters per minute)
An escalator moving 145feet (44 m) per minute cancarry more than 10,000people an hour -- manymore people than astandard elevator
The individual steps from an escalator
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Long escalator in Washington MetroWestminster escalator
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Spiral escalator
Conventionalescalator
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Escalator capacity
The following formula can be used to ascertain capacity andcompare efficiencies and suitability of escalators at buildingdesign stage:
L
xVxPxN
cos3600
Where, N= number of persons moved per hour P= number of persons per step V= escalator speed (ms-1) L= length of step (m) = angle of incline
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The void containing escalators could encourage fireto spread rapidly through building. Therefore thefollowing precautions could be considered:
Sprinklers, installed to provide a continuous curtain ofwater down the escalator void
Fire curtains or shutter mechanism released by fusible linkor smoke relay to seal the top of the escalator shaft
Compartmentalisation or separation of escalators into awell or fire-protected enclosure
Spread of fire
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TRAVELATORS
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Amoving walkway, moving sidewalk, or travelator is aslow conveyor belt that transports people horizontally up tothe practical limitations of about 300 m.
They work in a similar manner to an escalator. In bothcases, riders can walk or stand. The walkways are oftensupplied in pairs, one for each direction.
They are particularly useful in large railways and airports
terminals, as well shopping complexes, and may be inclinedup to about 15o where level differentials occurs.
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Parisian high speed walkway
Inclined
travelator
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REFERENCES
Greeno, R.(1997). Building Services, Technology and Design.Essex: Longman.
Hall, F. & Greeno, R. (2005). Building Services Handbook.
Oxford: Elsevier. http://science.howstuffworks.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.mitsubishi-
elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.html
http://www.imem.com/en/s2/2a3.htm
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