Refrigerators and air-conditioners with natural ... · ODP & GWP of selected refrigerants Substance...

Refrigerators and air-conditioners with natural refrigerants –

a safe, energy efficient and climate friendly solution

Energy Efficiency and Climate

Benefits from Household Appliances

Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) Media Briefing Workshop

Markus Wypior

GIZ Proklima

7th November 2014, New Delhi

Introduction

CCl2F2

Ice Harvesting in Massachusetts, early 1850’s

1922 Frigidaire "iceless" refrigerator

newspaper ad.

In the late 1920’s CFC replaces

ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl) and

sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a refrigerant

Some Facts and Figures

� HVAC market size: approx. 100 bn USD

� HVAC sector accounts for roughly 40% of commercial building energy

consumption worldwide

� China manufactures approx. 100 mn split air-conditioning units per year

(growing at about 14% p.a. over the last 5 years)

� Sales of air-conditioner in India approx. 3.1 mn units in 2013/14

(expected to grow by 10-12 % p.a. in the next 5 years)

� AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 30% (100 mn units)

� AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 3% ( 40 mn units)

Methane Derivatives With Chlorine and Fluorine

CClCCl44RR--1010

CFCl3CFCl3RR--1111

CHClCHCl33RR--2020

Toxic

Reclamation Training - 27/06/2008 4

CHFClCHFCl22RR--2121

CFCF22ClCl22RR--1212

CHCH22ClCl22RR--3030

CFCF33ClClRR--1313

CHCH33ClClRR--4040

CHCH22FClFClRR--3131

CHFCHF22ClClRR--2222

CHCH44

RR--5050

CHCH33FFRR--4141

CFCF44

RR--1414

CHFCHF33RR--2323

CHCH22FF22RR--3232

Higher PressureHigher PressureMore FlammableMore Flammable

Ethane Derivatives With Chlorine and Fluorine

ToxicRegion

C2Cl6R-110

C H Cl

C2F2Cl4R-112

C F Cl

C2FCl5R-111

C2H2Cl4R-130

C2HCl5R-120

C2HFCl4R-121

Reclamation Training - 27/06/2008 5

Higher PressureHigher PressureMore FlammableMore Flammable

C2H3Cl3R-140

C2H4Cl2R-150

C2H5ClR-160

C2F3Cl3R-113

C2F4Cl2R-114

C2F5ClR-115

C2F6R-116

C2 HF5R-125

C2 H2F4R-134

C2 H3F3R-143

C2 H4F2R-152

C2 H5FR-161

C2H6R-170

C2HF3Cl2R-123

C2H3FCl2R-141

C2HF2Cl3R-122

C2H2FCl3R-131

C2H2F2Cl2R-132

C2HF4ClR-124

C2H2F3ClR-133

C2H3F2ClR-142

C2H4FClR-151

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Development of the ‘Ozone Hole’

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

2007 2008

Source : http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov – no data available for 1995

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

ODS emissions 1960 - 2020

Source:

1987: Montreal Protocol

Actual F-Gas

Emissions


Actual F-Gas

Emissions


Actual F-Gas

Emissions


Actual F-Gas

Emissions

Achievements of the Montreal Protocol

Levels of ODS in the Stratosphere:

Source : MLFS

ODS emission reductions by the MP

Ozone Depleting Potential of F-Gases (ODP)

Maximum

Minimum

Projected F-Gas Emissions (Scenario without Montreal Protocol)


Maximum

Minimum



Maximum

Minimum



2010:

Completion of

CFC Phase-out

Actual F-Gas

Emissions

Abated

Emissions

Source:


2010:

Completion of

CFC Phase-out

Actual F-Gas

Emissions

Abated

Emissions


2010:

Completion of

CFC Phase-out

Actual F-Gas

Emissions

Abated

Emissions

Source:Source:

ODP & GWP of selected refrigerants

Substance ODP GWP

CFC-12 1 10,900

HFC-134a 0 1,430

HC 600a

(Isobutane)0 3R

efr

ige

ratio

n

HCFC-22 0.055 1,810

HFC-32 0 675

HFC 410A 0 2,100

HC-290 (Propane) 0 3

R-744 (CO2) 0 1

R-1234yf (HFO) 0 3

Air

-co

nd

itio

nin

gM

AC

Total CO2 Emissions

Maximum

Global Warming Potential of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

Total CO2 Emissions

Maximum


Total CO2 Emissions

Maximum


GWP-weighted emission reductions by the MP

Projected Emissions

from ODS (Scenario

without

Montreal

Protocol)

Actual ODS

Emissions


2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out

Minimum

Abated Emissions

Magnitude of

Kyoto Protocol

Reduction Target (2012)

Source:

Projected Emissions

from ODS (Scenario

without

Montreal

Protocol)

Actual ODS

Emissions



Minimum

Abated Emissions

Magnitude of

Kyoto Protocol


Projected Emissions

from ODS (Scenario

without

Montreal

Protocol)

Actual ODS

Emissions



Minimum

Abated Emissions

Magnitude of

Kyoto Protocol


Magnitude of

Kyoto Protocol


Source:Source:

Estimated HFC emissions till 2050

Fig A: Predicted Growth of HFCs without constraint

Fig B: HFC share of global GHG-emissions (compare HFC high vs. 450

ppm stabilization szenario –> blue dotted line)

Source: Velders, Guus J.M. et.al., 2009

http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/

Worldwide HFC-emissions projection till 2050

25

30

35

40

2e

q

total CO2 emissions target in order to

achieve 450 ppm atmospheric

concentration levels (IPCC 3rd

Assessment Report)

0

5

10

15

20

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Gt

CO

2

2050: 43,5% of

total CO2eq

emissions2010: 1,3% of total

CO2eq emissions

Assessment Report)

HFC-emissions

CFC-, HCFC- and HFC-consumption

in developing countries: Business as Usual

1,000

1,500

Su

bsta

nce

Prognosis

2,000

3,000

CO

2eq

.

Prognosis

0

500kt

Su

bsta

nce

FCKW HFCKW HFKWCFC HCFC HFC

0

1,000

Mt

CO

FCKW HFCKW HFKWCFC HCFC HFC

Source: UNEP and own projections

Total emission reduction potential including banks

Source: UN Dept. of Public Information, 2009 Source: UN Dept. of Public Information, 2009

Ozone Layer Protection

CFCs (MP)

Funding

Sector

Ozone Layer/Climate Protection in RAC and Foam Sectors

Controlled

SubstancesLang-term

Alternatives

Non - Market

HCFCs (MP)

Ind

ire

ct

E

mis

sio

ns D

ire

ct

Only ~20% of all

Cost efficient conversions to

„substances in kind) MontrealMontreal

Production

Climate Change

HFCs (KP)

End-user

(only KP)

Natural Gases

Energy efficiency CO2 (KP)

Market based

CDM

Ind

ire

ct

E

mis

sio

ns D

ire

ct

projects will avoid

2nd conversions

UNFCCC

/Kyoto

UNFCCC

/Kyoto

Production

(MP & KP)

So what can we do?So what can we do?

Types of refrigerants

CFC HCFC PFC HFE AmmoniaCarbon

dioxideHydrocarbonEthers

Fluorinated Non-fluorinated

Refrigerants

“natural” synthetic

HFC

un-

saturated

HFC

saturated

HFC

un-

saturated

HC

saturated

HC

R11

R12

R13

R113

R114

R115

R22

R123

R124

R142b

R318

R218

R1234yf

R1234ze

R1243zf

R161

R32

R125

R134a

R143a

R152a

RE245cb R717R744R1270

R1150

R170

R290

R600

R600a

R601

R601a

RE170

un-

saturated

HCFC

saturated

HCFC

R1233zd

R1233xf

Medium to low GWP alternativesMedium to low GWP alternatives

blends

6000

8000

GW

P (

kgC

O2eq

/kg)

HCFC-22

HFC-134a

HFC-32

Important to consider Important to consider

shortershorter--term warming term warming

impact of refrigerants (as impact of refrigerants (as

well as 100well as 100--year GWP)year GWP)

Source:

Data from

Overall global warming implications

0

2000

4000

1 10 100

Time horizon (y)

GW

P (

kgC

O2eq

/kg)

HC-290

HFC-152a

Data from

IPCC AR4

HC-290, HC-

1270, R744, R717, HFC-

1234yf, HFC-1234ze

120

140

160

Nu

mb

er

of

Reco

rds*

R-32

R-290

R-410A

HFO-1234ze and yf

HFO-1234ze or yf with R32 mixtures

Critical to be wise to the IPR implications

98

25 24

73 64

54

8 7

4644

36

7 4

2924

17

17

15

19

19

11

14

14

13

0

50

100

150

200

250

records patents active patents

applications active applications

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Reco

rds*

R-32 R-290 HFOs R-410A HFOs-R32

Total Records 977 170 198 179 25

Greenfreeze case study

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/3/greenfreeze-from-snowball-to.pdf

Global dissemination of Greenfreeze

https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/klimawandel/klimaschutz/der-greenfreeze-geschichte-eines-siegeszugs-0

Success of Greenfreeze

technology diffusion in China

o 1995: Company Quingdao

Haier introduced

Greenfreeze Technology,

supported by GIZ

o 1997: Company Kelon

changed its production to 50%

60%

70%

80%

% o

f P

rod

ucti

on

usin

g G

reen

freeze

Greenfreeze Technology Diffusion in Chinese Refrigerator and Freezer

Production

changed its production to

Greenfreeze

o 2008: 75% of Chinese

production uses Greenfreeze

Technology

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

1995 2003 2008

% o

f P

rod

ucti

on

usin

g G

reen

freeze

We did it 20 years ago. We did it 20 years ago.

Can we do it again?

07.11.201

Demo Projects in China and India

Target Group: Air-conditioner manufacturer, industry associationstechnical institutes; technical committees of international environmental agreements

Production capacity: approx. 100,000 units p.a. in China

Production capacity: approx. 180,000 units p.a. in India

07.11.201

Production capacity: approx. 180,000 units p.a. in India

Project elements: (1) Optimization of technical design(2) Installation of new production equipment(3) Pilot production(4) Training of service technicians

HC-290: Safety Considerations

� Lower explosion limit (LEL): 2.1% approx. 39 g/m³

� Upper explosion limit (UEL): 9.5% approx. 177 g/m³

� Minimum ignition temperature: 470 degr. C

� Safety Classification: A3

� Human occupied space (Max charge) - EN 378 : 1.5 kg

� Min room area - EN 378: 57 m2/kg of HC-290

07.11.201Plant inauguration on 31.03.2012

07.11.201

07.11.201

To date approx. 100,000 units sold in the market.

07.11.201

India Project

1.0 Ton unit

Refrigerant HC-290

Refrigerant charge ca. 300 g

Capacity 3375 W

Power Input 912 W

EER 3.7

07.11.201

1.5 Ton unit

Refrigerant HC-290

Refrigerant charge Ca. 360 g

Capacity 4900 W

Power Input 1325 W

EER 3.7

EER 3.7

China Project

07.11.201

Final Remarks� China HPMP includes conversion of 18 out of 32 production lines to HC-290 till 2015

(will lead to the introduction of millions of HC-290 ACs in the market)

� So far about 100,000 HC-290 split ACs introduced in India

� Service history, feedback, quality database and safety analysis implies high success

� General, use of HCs

— Impose new responsibilities on manufacturers for safe production practices

— Requires additions and changes to the existing production processes

— Products must be designed for safety, capacity and efficiency

— Infrastructure must be established to ensure safe environment

— Re-training of technicians must be concurrent with development processes

— Flammability risk is extremely low; >10,000 times below background fire risk

— Risk to S&M technicians also miniscule

� Compared to competing products, HC-290 has lower TEWI, low- to medium cost (per

kW) and higher efficiency

� Activities are ongoing to expand the range of products

� Developments include designs for greater integrated safety to further reduce the

flammability risk

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

[email protected]

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