Refrigeration Compressor

55
Refrigeration Compressors Air Conditioning Clinic TRG- TRC004-EN A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic © American Standard Inc. 2000

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Transcript of Refrigeration Compressor

Page 1: Refrigeration Compressor

Refrigeration Compressors

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

© American Standard Inc. 2000

Page 2: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration

expansionexpansiondevicedevice

condensercondenser

compressorcompressor

evaporatorevaporator

Page 3: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

expansionexpansiondevicedevice

A

F condensercondenser

pres

sure

pres

sure

Refrigeration Cycle

B

CE D

compressorcompressor

enthalpyenthalpy

evaporatorevaporator

Page 4: Refrigeration Compressor

period one

Compressor Types

Refrigeration Compressors

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Page 5: Refrigeration Compressor

scrollreciprocating

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

helical-rotary

centrifugal

Page 6: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Reciprocating Compressor

pistonpistonrefrigerantrefrigerantvaporvapor

cylindercylinder

dischargedischargevalvevalve

rodrod

suctionsuctionvalvevalve

intake stroke

Page 7: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Reciprocating Compressor

suctionsuctionvalvevalve

dischargedischargevalvevalve

compressionstroke

Page 8: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Reciprocating Compressor

dischargedischargevalvevalve

suctionsuctionvalvevalve

dischargedischargeopeningopening

headspaceheadspace

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Reciprocating Compressor

suction suction openingopening

motormotor

pistonpiston

cylindercylinder

crankshaftcrankshaft

rodrod

dischargedischargeopeningopening

headspaceheadspace

Page 10: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Scroll Compressor

stationarystationaryscrollscroll

drivendrivenscrollscroll

intakeintake

dischargedischarge

intakeintake

dischargedischargeportport

motormotorshaftshaft

Page 11: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Scroll Compressor

journaljournalbearingbearing

motormotorshaftshaft

drivendrivenscrollscroll

directiondirectionof rotationof rotation

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Scroll Compressor

dischargedischargeportport

intakeintake

intakeintake

Page 13: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Scroll Compressor

intakeintakephasephase

compressioncompressionphasephase

dischargedischargephasephase

Page 14: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Scroll Compressor

motormotor

scrollsscrolls

domedome

suctionsuctionopeningopening

dischargedischargeopeningopening

Page 15: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Helical-Rotary (Screw) Compressor

Page 16: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Helical-Rotary Compressor

male rotormale rotor

female rotorfemale rotor

housinghousing

Page 17: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Helical-Rotary Compressor

pocket of refrigerant vaporpocket of refrigerant vapor

intakeintakeportport

Page 18: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Helical-Rotary Compressor

meshing pointmeshing pointdischargedischarge

portport

Page 19: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Helical-Rotary Compressor

motormotorrotorsrotors

slide valveslide valve

suctionsuctionopeningopening

dischargedischargeopeningopening

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Centrifugal Compressor

impellerimpeller

Page 21: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Centrifugal Compressor

volutevolute

diffuserdiffuserpassagespassages

radial radial impeller impeller passagespassages

bladesblades impellerimpeller

Page 22: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Centrifugal Compressorrefrigerant refrigerant enters enters diffuserdiffuser

path through compressorpath through compressor

velo

city

velo

city

stat

ic pr

essu

rest

atic

pres

sure

refrigerantrefrigerant enters impellerenters impeller

refrigerant refrigerant enters voluteenters volute

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Centrifugal Compressor

motormotor

impellerimpellersuctionsuction

inletinletvanesvanes

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Open Compressor

compressorcompressorcrankshaftcrankshaft

housinghousing

Page 25: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Hermetic Compressor

motormotor

housinghousing

compressorcompressorpistonpiston

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Semihermetic Compressor

compressorcompressorcrankshaftcrankshaft

motormotor

housinghousing

pistonpiston

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period two

Compressor Capacity Control

Refrigeration Compressors

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Page 28: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Methods of Compressor Unloading

Reciprocating Scroll Helical-Rotary Centrifugal

Cylinder Unloaders

Cycle On and Off

Slide Valve

Inlet Vanes

Variable Speed

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Cylinder Unloaders

unloaderunloadervalvevalve

refrigerantrefrigerantvaporvapor

dischargedischarge

unloaderunloadersolenoid valvesolenoid valve

controllercontroller

cylindercylinderpistonpiston

Page 30: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Cylinder Unloaders

unloaderunloadervalvevalve

refrigerantrefrigerantvaporvapor

unloaderunloadersolenoid valvesolenoid valve

controllercontroller

dischargedischarge

Page 31: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Capacity Versus Suction Temperature

suction temperaturesuction temperature

capa

city

capa

city

50°F50°F[10°C][10°C]

40°F40°F[4.4°C][4.4°C]

20°F20°F[-6.7°C][-6.7°C]

30°F30°F[-1.1°C][-1.1°C]

40 tons40 tons[140.7 kW][140.7 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70.3 kW][70.3 kW]

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

6 cylinders6 cylinders

4 cylinders4 cylinders

2 cylinders2 cylinders

Page 32: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Compressor Unloading

suction temperaturesuction temperature

capa

city

capa

city

50°F50°F[10°C][10°C]

40°F40°F[4.4°C][4.4°C]

20°F20°F[-6.7°C][-6.7°C]

30°F30°F[-1.1°C][-1.1°C]

40 tons40 tons[140.7 kW][140.7 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70.3 kW][70.3 kW]

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

6 cylinders6 cylinders

AB

DC

EF

4 cylinders4 cylinders

2 cylinders2 cylinders

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Alternating Cylinders On and Off

suction temperaturesuction temperature

capa

city

capa

city

50°F50°F[10°C][10°C]

40°F40°F[4.4°C][4.4°C]

20°F20°F[-6.7°C][-6.7°C]

30°F30°F[-1.1°C][-1.1°C]

40 tons40 tons[140.7 kW][140.7 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70.3 kW][70.3 kW]

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

25 tons25 tons[88 kW][88 kW]

6 cylinders6 cylinders

AB

DC

4 cylinders4 cylinders

2 cylinders2 cylinders

Page 34: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Cycling On and Off

onon ononoffoff offoff

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Cycling Scroll Compressors

nominalnominalcapacitycapacity

10 tons10 tons[35 kW][35 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70 kW][70 kW]

30 tons30 tons[105 kW][105 kW]

40 tons40 tons[140 kW][140 kW]

# of# ofcylinderscylinders

activeactive

22

44

66

88

# of# ofcompressorscompressors

activeactive

11

22

33

44

stepstep

11

22

33

44

reciprocatingreciprocating scrollscroll

nominalnominalcapacitycapacity

10 tons10 tons[35 kW][35 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70 kW][70 kW]

30 tons30 tons[105 kW][105 kW]

40 tons40 tons[140 kW][140 kW]

Page 36: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Cycling Scroll Compressors

suction temperaturesuction temperature

capa

city

capa

city

50°F50°F[10°C][10°C]

40°F40°F[4.4°C][4.4°C]

20°F20°F[-6.7°C][-6.7°C]

30°F30°F[-1.1°C][-1.1°C]

40 tons40 tons[140.7 kW][140.7 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70.3 kW][70.3 kW]

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

3 compressors3 compressors

2 compressors2 compressors

1 compressor1 compressor

4 compressors4 compressorsA

B

DC

EF

HG

Page 37: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Slide Valve

discharge discharge portport

slide valveslide valve

housinghousing

rotorsrotors

Page 38: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Slide Valve

slide valve(closed)

slide valve

(open)

valvevalveopeningopening

to suctionto suction

full load part load

dischargedischargeportport

Page 39: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Inlet Vanes

inlet vanesinlet vanes

impellerimpeller

Page 40: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Inlet Vanes

2525

7575

1010 1414

6363

pres

sure

diff

eren

cepr

essu

re d

iffer

ence

capacitycapacity

surgesurge 9090

3636

5151

A

unloading lineunloading line

vane positionvane position(degrees)(degrees)

CB

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Variable Speed

variable-speedvariable-speeddrivedrive

Page 42: Refrigeration Compressor

period three

The Compressor in a System

Refrigeration Compressors

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Page 43: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

System-Level Control

direct expansion (DX)

chilled water

Page 44: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Constant-Volume DX System

DX coolingDX coolingcoilcoil

thermostatthermostat

supplysupplyfanfan

compressor compressor capacity capacity

controllercontroller

Page 45: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

supplysupplyfanfan

thermostatthermostat

VAVVAVboxbox

Variable-Air-Volume DX System

DX coolingDX coolingcoilcoil

sensorsensor

compressor compressor capacity capacity

controllercontroller

Page 46: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Chilled-Water System

pumppump

coilcoilsupplysupply

fanfan

thermostatthermostat

evaporatorevaporatorcompressor compressor capacity controllercapacity controller

modulatingmodulatingwater valvewater valve

Page 47: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Preventing Evaporator Freeze-Up

suction temperaturesuction temperature

capa

city

capa

city

50°F50°F[10°C][10°C]

40°F40°F[4.4°C][4.4°C]

20°F20°F[-6.7°C][-6.7°C]

30°F30°F[-1.1°C][-1.1°C]

40 tons40 tons[140.7 kW][140.7 kW]

20 tons20 tons[70.3 kW][70.3 kW]

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

3 compressors3 compressors

2 compressors2 compressors

1 compressor1 compressor

4 compressors4 compressorsA

B

DC

EF

HG

freeze-upfreeze-upoccursoccurs

I

Page 48: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Sensing Suction Temperature

expansionexpansionvalvevalve

evaporatorevaporator

condensercondenser

compressorcompressorsuctionsuction

lineline

sensorsensor

Page 49: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Hot Gas Bypass to Evaporator Inlet

evaporatorevaporator

condensercondenser

compressorcompressor

hot gas hot gas bypass valvebypass valve

expansion valveexpansion valve

distributordistributor

suction linesuction line

liquid lineliquid line

oil return lineoil return line

Page 50: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Hot Gas Bypass to Suction Line

evaporatorevaporator

condensercondenser

compressorcompressor

hot gas hot gas bypass valvebypass valve

suction linesuction line

liquid lineliquid line

liquid injection valveliquid injection valve

solenoidsolenoidvalvevalve

Page 51: Refrigeration Compressor

period four

Review

Refrigeration Compressors

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Page 52: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Review—Period One

scroll

reciprocating

helical-rotarycentrifugal

Page 53: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Review—Period Two

Reciprocating Scroll Helical-Rotary Centrifugal

Cylinder Unloaders

Cycle On and Off

Slide Valve

Inlet Vanes

Variable-Speed

Page 54: Refrigeration Compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN© American Standard Inc. 2000

Review—Period Three

System-level control Constant-volume DX system

Control by sensing space temperature

VAV DX system Control by sensing supply air temperature

Chilled-water system Control by sensing temperature of water leaving evaporator

Preventing evaporator freeze-up Sensing suction temperature Hot gas bypass

Page 55: Refrigeration Compressor