Reforming American Society

Reforming American SocietyReforming American Society88CHAPTERCHAPTER

Overview

Time Lines

Transparencies

Chapter Assessment

Religion Sparks Reform

Slavery and Abolition

Women and Reform

The Changing Workplace

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

THEMES IN CHAPTER 8


Cultural Diversity

Expanding Democracy

Women in America

“What is a man born for but to be a Reformer, a Remaker of what man has made; a renouncer of

lies; a restorer of truth and good . . . ?”

Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1841

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Science and Technology


What do you know?

• What do you already know about abolition and other reform movements of the 19th

century?

• Who were some of the leaders of these movements?

• What reforms did they call for?

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Time LineTime Line88CHAPTERCHAPTER

The United States

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1831 Nat Turner leads slave rebellion. William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator.

1834 First strike occurs in Lowell textile mills. National Trades’ Union is formed.

1837 Grimké sisters lecture on the evils of slavery.

1822 Lowell textile mills open.

1848 Dorothea Dix campaigns for public hospitals for the mentally ill. Seneca Falls women’s rights convention is held.

Time LineTime Line88CHAPTERCHAPTER

The World

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1840 World’s Anti-Slavery Convention is held in London.

1834 Britain abolishes slavery in its empire.

1830 King George IV of Great Britain dies.

1825 Decembrist revolt in Russia occurs.

1821 Napoleon dies.

1845 Great Potato Famine begins in Ireland.

1848 Communist Manifesto is published.

Religion Sparks Reform1

Learn About

the Second Great Awakening and other spiritual reform movements.

To Understand

how religion shaped the social and political reform movements of the period.

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Religion Sparks Reform1 HOME

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Key Idea

Changes in the political and economic arenas contribute to the Second Great Awakening, a renewal of religious sentiment that brings about a host of social reform movements.

Section


Assessment

What were some events and ideas that relate to the Second Great Awakening?

SUMMARIZING

1

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SECTION

revivals

transcendentalism

the African Methodist

Episcopal Church

Ralph Waldo Emerson

school and prison reform

the Unitarian movement

Second GreatAwakening

Section


Consider the philosophical and religious ideas expressed during the Second Great Awakening. What were the key values and beliefs that guided 19th-century reformers’ actions?

SYNTHESIZING

Assessment1

• concepts of individualism and individual salvation• attitudes toward social responsibility• the viewpoints of Finney, Channing, and Emerson

THINK ABOUT

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Section


Assessment1

How might 19th-century reform movements have influenced reform movements today?

RECOGNIZING EFFECTS

• 19th-century reforms in schools, prisons, and asylums• who is responsible for reform• the social problems that are addressed today

THINK ABOUT

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Slavery and Abolition2

Learn About

the abolition movement, the lives of African Americans, and debates over slavery.

To Understand

the growing rift between the North and the South.

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Slavery and Abolition2 HOME

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Key Idea

Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working for abolition.


Section Assessment2

What were some of the major antislavery and proslavery actions that occurred from 1820 to 1850?

SUMMARIZING

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SECTION

ANTISLAVERY ACTIONS PROSLAVERY ACTIONS

the defeat of the Virginia motion for abolition

tighter slave regulations

the growth of vigilance committees

the 1836 gag rule

publication of The Liberator and Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

formation of antislavery societies

Nat Turner’s Rebellion


Section

What was a more effective strategy—violence or nonviolence—for achieving the abolitionists’ goal of eliminating slavery?

FORMING OPINIONS

Assessment2

• Garrison’s and Walker’s remarks• Frederick Douglass’s views• abolitionists’ petitions to Congress• Southerners’ reactions to Nat Turner’s Rebellion

THINK ABOUT

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Section Assessment2

Analyze the similarities and differences between the situations of free blacks in the North and slaves in the South.

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

• the experiences of African-American workers in the North• the conditions of rural and urban slaves• slave owners’ perceptions of the Northern “wage slave”

THINK ABOUT

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Women and Reform3

Learn About

traditional women’s roles and reform activities.

To Understand

the early development of the women’s rights movement.

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Women and Reform3 HOME

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Key Idea

Women reformers expand their efforts from reform movements—such as abolition and temperance—to work for women’s rights.

Section

Women and Reform3

Assessment33

What were historical events, ideas, and people that relate to women addressing gender inequity in the 19th century?

SUMMARIZING

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Stanton,Mott,

the Grimké sisters

Troy FemaleSeminary

Seneca Fallsconvention

Cult of domesticity

Women address gender inequity.

Elizabeth Blackwell,Amelia Bloomer,Margaret Fuller

Section

Women and Reform3

The Seneca Falls “Declaration of Sentiments” asserted that “woman is man’s equal.” In what ways would that change the status women held at that time?

ANALYZING

Assessment33

• women’s social, economic, and legal status in the early and mid-1800s• married women’s domestic roles• single women’s career opportunities and wages

THINK ABOUT

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Section

Women and Reform3

Assessment3

On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing “most effective,” rank women’s effectiveness as reformers in the following areas: education, health, temperance, abolition, and women’s rights.

EVALUATING

• the problems that each social reform was directed toward• which reforms seem the most crucial, and why

THINK ABOUT

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The Changing Workplace4

Learn About

changes in manufacturing and factories.

To Understand

the problems faced by the emerging industrial workforce.

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The Changing Workplace 4 HOME

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Key Idea

A growing industrial workforce faces problems arising from changes in manufacturing and the creation of the factory system.

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Assessment4

How did factory workers respond to worsening conditions?

SUMMARIZING

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Worsening conditions in factories

the 1834 and 1836 strikes at Lowell

the 1835 coal workers’ strike in Philadelphia

the formation of the National Trades’ Union in 1834

the formation of the Ladies Industrial Association in 1845

Workers responses:

Section


Did the positive effects of mechanizing the manufacturing process outweigh the negative effects?

ANALYZING ISSUES

Assessment4

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• changes in job opportunities for artisans, women, and unskilled male laborers• changes in employer-employee relationships• working conditions in factories• the cost of manufactured goods

THINK ABOUT

Section


Assessment4

If you were working in a factory during the mid-1800s, would you be a striker or a strikebreaker?

FORMING OPINIONS

• how your decision would be affected by whether you were a native-born American or an immigrant• how your decision would be affected by whether you were an artisan or an unskilled laborer• the outcome of most strikes during the 1830s and 1840s

THINK ABOUT

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Chapter 8 Assessment

1. What new religious ideas set the stage for the reform movements of the mid-19th century?

2. Briefly explain the concept of transcendentalism.

3. How did Dorothea Dix contribute to reform during this period?

4. Summarize the key abolitionist beliefs of William Lloyd Garrison, David Walker, and Frederick Douglass.

5. Describe the conditions of urban and rural slavery.

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Chapter 8 Assessment

6. What steps did white Southerners take to suppress slave revolts?

7. What was the cult of domesticity?

8. What was the purpose of the Seneca Falls convention?

9. Briefly describe the working conditions of the young women in the Lowell textile mills.

10. Why was the formation of the National Trades’ Union important?

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Reforming American Society

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