Reform Movements

Chapter 9, Sections 1 & 2

Protestant Revivalists LeadersLeaders

Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher (minister)13 children, including author

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

Protestant Revivalists GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

Believed that if Americans had better values better values and were more spiritualspiritual, then society could be fixed

(Good people people = a good societysociety)

Transcendentalists LEADERSLEADERS

Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (poet, minister from BostonBoston)AND

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau wrote WALDEN WALDEN , about joy of simple simple

livingliving & being close to naturenature

Transcendentalists GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

** Rejected traditional religion ** Spiritual discovery & insight can be

found through reasonreason ** Human beings are naturally goodgood &

should be self-reliantself-reliant, should act on own beliefs

** Involved in other movements believed moral life helped in reforming reforming

societysociety

Temperance Movement LEADERS

Mostly northern womenwomen WHY???

socially unacceptableunacceptable for women women to drink women women were the ones suffering due to rise

in alcoholismalcoholism (byproduct of industrializationindustrialization & urbanizationurbanization)

Temperance Movement

GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT + eliminate consumptionconsumption of alcoholalcohol, b/c

it leads to increased domestic violencedomestic violence & child abusechild abuse wanted abstinenceabstinence

WHY IN THE NORTH?WHY IN THE NORTH? More peoplepeople, more citiescities, easier for womenwomen

to organize in a citycity

Public Education Movement

LEADERSLEADERS ***Horace MannHorace Mann (self-educated lawyer from

MA)

ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS taxes to support public education schools divided by grade level consistent curricula consistent teacher training

Public Education Movement GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

+ education to promote self-disciplineself-discipline & good

citizenshipcitizenship + assimilateassimilate everyone, especially new

immigrantsimmigrants + teach a common cultureculture + democratic society needs literateliterate,

educated educated citizens ++used McGuffey ReadersMcGuffey Readers

Prison Reform LEADERS Dorothea DixDorothea Dix (Boston

schoolteacher) visited a prison, saw conditions

** everyone crowded together(People were sent to prison hoping they would use time there to become better people & be productive members of society)

Prison Reform GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

++ better conditions in prisons (were poorly fed, in rags, in chains, no heat)

++ wanted creation of separate institutions for the mentally illmentally ill

Utopian Communities LEADERS

+ Robert Owen – founder of New HarmonyNew Harmony, in Indiana

+ the Shakers Shakers (branch of the Quakers) ++ known for their furniturefurniture

Utopian Communities GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

** create places free from troubles of urban & industrial growth

** all people would share in common property, share work, take care of each other

Abolitionist Movement ++ William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

** published The Liberator The Liberator (Boston anti-slavery newspaper)

** founded American Anti-Slavery Society middle class white northerners

+++RADICAL +++ DENOUNCED MODERATION IN FIGHT AGAINST SLAVERY

Abolitionist Movement American Colonization Society

* felt free blacks & emancipated slaves would never receive equal treatment in society

* not all believed in racial equality

++ favored colonization ++ founded LIBERIALIBERIA

Abolitionist Movement FREDERICK DOUGLASSFREDERICK DOUGLASS

+ escaped slave + member of Garrison’s Am. Anti

Slavery Society + spoke in US & Great Britain + autobiography –

Life & Times of Frederick DouglassLife & Times of Frederick Douglass + published the North StarNorth Star

(newspaper)

Abolitionist Movement

FREDERICK DOUGLASSFREDERICK DOUGLASS (continued)

+++ member of Garrison’s society +++ opposed use of violence +++ slavery should be fought with

deeds as well as words

Abolitionist Movement UNDERGROUND RAILROADUNDERGROUND RAILROAD

+++Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman (former slave)Network of escape routes for slaves fleeing

to the NorthPeople opened homes, gave food, money,

supplies, shelter, medical attention to slaves on their way North

+++ risked prison by doing so

Abolitionist Movement Some refused to wait for long-term

legal strategies to work to end slavery Used both legal & illegal means to

attack slavery See pages 272-273

Abolitionist Movement DIVISIONS OVER WOMENS’ PARTICIPATION

Americans in general DID NOT approve of womens’

involvement. Garrison insisted they be allowed to speak,

many men left Society. GRIMKE SISTERS SOJOURNER TRUTH

DIVISIONS OVER RACE Issue was personal for African-Americans, felt many

white abolitionists saw them as inferior

DIVISIONS OVER TACTICS Some argued should use legal means, some felt that

wasn’t enough