Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou ...

US Forest Service International Programs Technical Assistance in Collaboration with

USAID/Mali and MCC Mali

Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region

September 12 - 18, 2010

Lauren Chitty, Africa Programs, USFS International Programs Cecilia Polansky, Forester

Nikola Smith, Ecologist, Region 6 and Pacific Northwest Research Station

USFS Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region, SEPTEMBER 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION: SCOPE OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 5

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 7

ISSUES, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 I. WOODLOTS AND PLANTATIONS 14 A. Findings 14 RECALL: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLEARING & PLANTING LAND 14 1. Configuration of village woodlots may not match village preferences 15 2. Species selected for plantation are too focused on exotics 15 a. Threatened, protected and other indigenous forest species mentioned in the EIA 17 b. ICRAF species trials on combinations of local and exotic species for food, fodder and fuel 17 c. Why Eucalyptus? Why not Eucalyptus? 18 d. Will species selected by the contractor fulfill the needs of resettled villagers? 20 3. Canal banks are seriously eroding and should be stabilized 21 4. Implications of the reforestation strategy for women 22 a. Agroforestry – nutritional and market products 23 b. Agroforestry research and training in nursery management 23

B. Recommendations with which USFS can assist 24 1. Before clearing the 1,550 hectare woodlot, do a rough inventory of what will

be lost 24 2. Assist the consultant/SODEFOR/Yeredon to rework the Stratégie de Reboisement 24 3. Revise the species that will be promoted in compensation woodlots 25 4. Immediately implement a training plan for women in the resettlement villages so that they can establish tree nurseries and sell trees 25 5. Develop a plan to disseminate agroforestry technical assistance 25 6. If the land clearing contractor is not responsible for canal bank erosion, then design a bank stabilizing program using paid labor to implement it 25 7. Set up additional reforestation and conservation sites outside the irrigated perimeter 26 8. Promote market access for agroforestry products 26


C. Other generalized recommendations for woodlots and plantations 26 1. Species adapted to the Alatona Zone: recommendations from EIA Annex Q 26 2. Species recommended based on ICRAF seedling survival results 27 3. Species recommended from the Maydell 1983 study 28 4. General recommendations from the 2007 DAI forestry and agroforestry analysis of opportunities 29 II. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE THE PERIMETER 30 A. Findings 30 1. A need for equitable, efficient distribution of wood stacked inside the perimeter 30 2. Check on wood volume estimation methods 31 3. Calculation of wood available to settlers from forest clearing 33 a. Calculation using satellite image-based density estimates 33 b. Calculations using measurement of tractor piles in the field 35 4. A strategy for filling the gap in wood availability that will occur after stacked wood is used up should incorporate some ideas proposed previously 37 a. Niche planting around the perimeter 37 b. The uninhabited zone between the Fala and the canals: a vital buffer area that is white

on the map 38 5. Differences in productivity and exploitation of natural forest versus plantations

can be overcome by combining extensive and intensive management 39 6. Should MCA receive extra funding to try to finance the remaining 1,050 hectares of plantations in the common woodlot? 41

B. Recommendations with which USFS can assist 42 1. Study the necessity and the feasibility of marking boundaries for Alatona and

publicizing them so that the outside limits of the allocated land are known by all neighboring residents 42 2. Assist in devising management plans for forested lands outside the Tranche 1 perimeter so controlled consumption occurs before plantation wood is mature 42 3. Implement safe wood-cutting and improved woodstove programs linked to stacked wood sites 43

C. Other recommendations that would fill the fuelwood gap between year 2 and year 8 while plantations mature 43 III. FOREST MANAGEMENT OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER 44 A. Findings 44 1. Legal issues – land tenure and forestry laws 44

2. Current Land clearing practices of the Office du Niger are often wasteful 45 3. Local forests are grossly undervalued when finding “compensation land” 46

a. “Bosquets compensatoires” (compensation woodlots) do not provide adequate /in-kind

compensation for lost floodplain forests 46


4. The right to request and manage legally-recognized forests and pasture land outside irrigated perimeters remains underused 47 5. Need to integrate agriculture, forestry and herding in a holistic land management plan across irrigated and arid zones 48

a. Supporting sustainable agro-pastoral systems 48 b. Managing conflicts between herders and farmers 50

6. Pressure on outside forest resources makes success of inside reforestation activities crucial 53 a. USAID Strategic Goal Number 4: protection of natural resources 57 7. A forest/natural resource management component is missing from Office du Niger

as a land management agency 57 a. Outside-the-perimeter pasture and forest management policy changes in Office du Niger

can start with the MCA example 58

8. Missed tax collection costs more than money 61 9. Should a marché for rural firewood be implemented? 61

B. Recommendations with which USFS can assist 62 1. Facilitate working relationships with Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service that

lead to conserving and writing management plans for forests outside the perimeter 62 2. Gather data about pasture use, increase grazing efficiency, and integrate these uses and practices into land management planning 64 3. Increase capacity for valuing forestlands, enforcing deforestation law, and improving mitigation of land clearing through “compensation forests” 64 4. Sponsor decentralized mapping and image capabilities for the entities to be involved in region-wide land management 65 5. Work with AECOM-TecSult , USFS and MCA contractors to sensitize communities on wider natural resource management issues and mitigate conflict 65 6. Facilitate communication and capacity building among national and local government agencies, farmers and herders to promote successful implementation of land tenure and forestry laws 65

IV. POTENTIAL CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES: RELATED ISSUES ADDRESSED 67 A. TARGET: FOREST SERVICE IN NIONO 67 B. TARGETS: COMMUNES OF DIABALY, DOGOFRY, AND SOKOLO 68 C. TARGET: WOMEN OF ALATONA ZONE 68 D. TARGET: HERDERS THAT ARE PART OF THE SEDENTARIZATION PROGRAM 68

V. SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE USFS ASSISTANCE AND SUGGESTED TIMING 70

APPENDICES 78

APPENDIX 1. MISSION ITINTERARY 79 APPENDIX 2. USFS SCOPE OF WORK 80 APPENDIX 3. PEOPLE CONTACTED 83 APPENDIX 4. DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS EUCALYPTUS TRIALS FOR FIREWOOD SUPPLY


IN IRRIGATED LANDS 85 APPENDIX 5 . EXTRACT FROM CONTRACT ALA-D08, WITH NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 89 APPENDIX 6. SYNTHESIS OF WATER USERS’ SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY FOR THE 33 VILLAGES 93 APPENDIX 7. COSTS AND CONTENT OF WETLANDS INTERNATIONAL TRAINING 95 APPENDIX 8. ICRAF EXAMPLES OF COSTS OF SERVICES 98 APPENDIX 9. EXAMPLE OF COSTS FOR IMPROVED STOVES, RURAL MARKETS, AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SAHEL (World Bank example) 100 APPENDIX 10. ICRAF 5th TRIMESTER REPORT 101 APPENDIX 11. SETTING UP A SCHÉMA DIRECTEUR D’APPROVISIONNEMENT FOR FIREWOOD (Niger and Mali examples) 119 APPENDIX 12. LITERATURE CONSULTED 123

USFS Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region, SEPTEMBER 2010 – page i

LIST OF ACRONYMS AIP Alatona Irrigation Project CDM Camp Dresser & McKee CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le

Développement CTFT Centre Technique Forestier des Tropiques DAI Development Alternatives, Inc. EIA Alatona Irrigation Project Environmental Impact Assessment (CDM 2009) GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre MCA Millennium Challenge Account MCC Millennium Challenge Corporation NGO Non-Governmental Organization ON Office du Niger PAP/PAPs Project Affected Person/People SNC Surveyer, Nenniger and Chênevert USAID United States Agency for International Development USFS United States Forest Service

USFS Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region, SEPTEMBER 2010 – page ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We offer our deepest thanks to many individuals who guided, supported and informed our mission. Their time and insight were instrumental in the process, and we are extremely grateful. Jean Harman (USAID), Mamdou Augustin Dembéle (USAID), Aminata Diarra (USAID), Karen Ramsey (USAID), Assitan Coulibaly (USAID), Amadou Camara (MCC), Jonathan Richart (MCC), Aziz Sandogo (MCA/Mali), Yafong Berthé (MCA/Mali), Antoine Kalinganire (ICRAF), Ouodiouma Samake (ICRAF), John Weber (ICRAF), Yacouba Maiga (Yeredon), Yero Ibrahima Diakité (SNC-Lavalin), Boubacar Diarra (SNC-Lavalin), Bokary Alpha Coulibaly (Office du Niger/Kouroumary Zone), Alhassana Diallo (Institut Géographique du Mali) and representatives from the following villages: Lamina Bugu, Siribala Cura, Siribala Koro, Heremakono Cura and Welingara. We would also like to acknowledge Calvin Joyner (Region 6), Jose Linares (Region 6), Tom DeMeo (Region 6), Cindi West (PNW Research Station) and Becky Gravenmier (PNW Research Station) for approving staff time and support to USFS International Programs toward work of such cultural and ecological importance. This was a wonderful opportunity for mutual learning and exchange.

USFS Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region, SEPTEMBER 2010 - page 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The US Agency for International Development (USAID)/Mali has requested US Forest Service (USFS) technical assistance pertaining to reforestation in the Alatona Zone of the Ségou Region of Mali. There is interest in creating a three-year collaboration between USAID/Mali, USFS, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), and the Millennium Challenge Account-Mali (MCA-Mali). USAID/Mali proposes this relationship focus on forest management efforts in the Ségou Region, that it be financed by USAID/Mali, and that it be implemented by the USFS in collaboration with local partners including Malian government agencies. In response to this request, USFS and USAID/Mali conducted a joint mission in close collaboration with MCC from September 12 - 18, 2010, to examine the status of forest degradation in the Alatona Zone of the Ségou Region, and make recommendations concerning community needs and capacity building opportunities for Malian government staff regarding planning and implementation of forest regeneration activities. The mission focused on an irrigation project funded by MCC, but also addressed forest management issues more broadly. In 2006 MCC awarded a $461 million grant to the Government of Mali which allocated $234 million to improve irrigation and agricultural production in the Alatona Zone of the Office du Niger. MCA-Mali has jurisdiction over approximately 22,000 hectares in this zone. This project will irrigate 5,200 hectares of land, resulting in removal of vegetation from 3,500 hectares formerly used for pasture and wood supply. Irrigation activities will affect 33 villages including approximately 7,500 “Project Affected People” (or PAPs) who will be resettled. An additional 2,500 people, or “new arrivals” are expected to settle on these irrigated lands, increasing pressure on natural resources. Reforestation is key to the success of the project. Vegetation is extremely important for people in this region, since wood is their primary fuel source. Additionally, trees are used for construction, food, fiber and medicinal products. They also provide shelter for livestock, shade for crops, and improve soil fertility. To address these needs, MCC currently plans to plant one 1,550 hectare plantation of fast-growing species (primarily Eucalyptus, and other exotics). Villagers within the project area have expressed concern about travel distance to this common plantation and losses due to livestock invasions and unauthorized exploitation of wood resources. They prefer smaller woodlots located in closer proximity to individual resettlement areas that are easier to monitor. Villagers outside of the project area shared this preference for woodlot configuration. Likewise, the USFS recommends setting up village woodlots as resettlement sites are established, requiring smaller, progressive investments. If settlement sites are already fixed, another possibility is to place “new arrivals” into a different part of the project area, including the land currently allocated for the 1,550 hectare plantation, and use “new arrivals” lands for localized woodlots. Regardless of how the 1,550 hectares are allocated, it is important to conduct an inventory of what will be lost before forested land is cleared. The USFS also recommends modifying species selected for planting, particularly in terms of the relative amount of Eucalyptus, which is currently 88 percent. Eucalyptus was selected for its fast growth rate, but this has been shown to vary widely by site (from 7-20 m3 on irrigated land). Eucalyptus can also compromise soil fertility and is particularly susceptible to fire. Instead, MCA-Mali should consider a mix of local and exotic species that are more ecologically sustainable and can serve multiple needs including fuel, food, medicines, fodder, fiber, construction and wildlife habitat.


These species have been identified in the project Environmental Impact Analysis (CDM 2009) and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) species trials and include Acacias, Khaya senegalensis and Borassus aethiopum . MCA-Mali should also promote planting by PAPs on their land parcels. Agroforestry technologies developed by ICRAF can be disseminated. This serves a dual purpose of promoting farmer or herder-led reforestation while creating opportunities for income generation. Agroforestry also results in livelihood improvements for women by enhancing food production and providing a supply of non-timber forest products for sale. In addition to addressing a strategy for reforestation, MCC requested assistance with management of wood that was cut during land clearing. This wood was intended to provide a fuel supply until planted woodlots are ready for harvest. Although the cut wood supply was expected to last three years, the volume is less than expected, and has been further reduced by unauthorized takings and termite infestations. Errors in estimates may have been due to the fact that MCA-Mali did not account for different vegetation density classes in the project area and used a single estimation of per capita firewood consumption (0.62 m3/person/year) rather than a range of possible values which can vary by species and by type of use. When several volume estimations are considered, it is evident that stacked wood will last for no more than two years. To maximize this supply, a fair distribution system should be established that involves monitoring of wood quality and volume by firewood committees. A rural wood market could be developed consisting of permitted woodcutters, known depots, and controlled amounts of cutting. MCA-Mali staff has agreed that it will provide training in safe wood splitting and stacking, including how to cut huge root-ended pieces down to household use size. A program could also be implemented to promote use of improved cooking stoves that reduce wood consumption. Finally, alternative fuels like rice hulls and crop waste should be maximized, as well. Even if these techniques are applied, it is necessary to design a strategy to fill the gap between the end of the cut wood supply and the availability of fuelwood from planted woodlots (estimates range from three to eight years from planting). With 22,000 hectares under its jurisdiction, MCA-Mali has an opportunity to engage in extensive management that goes beyond tree planting and nurseries in the irrigated perimeter. More wood value can be added to Alatona lands by planting in niches like field boundaries, corridors, communal lands, and fields. Dense low forests that exist between the Fala de Molodo and the irrigated perimeter (1,000-2,000 hectares) are not currently considered in the management scheme and should be included for sustainable fuelwood harvest. The close proximity of this area to settlements means that it will be targeted by residents and livestock and may be degraded if not carefully managed. Even if the 1,550 hectare plantation is created, it is very likely that PAPs will continue to harvest wood from forests outside of MCA-Mali’s jurisdiction, particularly if it is more convenient (i.e. closer to resettled villages). MCA-Mali should partner with the Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service (Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts) to manage forests beyond the 22,000 hectares that are under MCA-Mali’s jurisdiction. It is important that forests throughout the Alatona Zone be considered in a cohesive strategy. Mali’s forestry laws and land tenure issues have an impact on how forests are managed in the Ségou Region. The Alatona Irrigation Project aims to confer land titles to PAPs, but this is unusual, particularly in rural areas. While land ownership offers security to farmers and provides an incentive to invest in land stewardship, it marks a transition from traditional customary land rights that allow flexibility, especially for migratory communities. Decisions about the process of legalizing land transactions should be participatory to ensure that land ownership is affordable, particularly for poorer farmers, and to accommodate the region’s history of customary law and collective decision-


making about land use at the local level. Ownership and jurisdiction over on-farm trees has also been evolving. Prior to 2005, these trees were governed by the Malian Forest Service, which caused many farmers to cut trees on their land to prevent conflicts with the “forestry police”. Governance of on-farm trees has since been conferred to communes, but work is needed to rebuild trust and promote tree-planting on farmland. Environmental laws pertaining to land clearing could also be strengthened to promote reforestation and efficient cut wood management in the Ségou Region. Although permits are required to clear land (Decree No. 97-053, Article 2, 1997), large scale operations are often exempt from payments and taxes, resulting in huge amounts of lost revenue to the Malian Government, on the scale of 5,000-7,500 FCFA per hectare. Following clearing, planting of a “compensation forest” is required, but this is based on unit area and density rather than ecological value. It is assumed that planted trees will be high-yielding fast growing species, and as little as one percent of the area lost is a typical compensation rate. Net loss of forests, coupled with growing populations in the Office du Niger, have resulted in widespread firewood deficiency. Some individuals in Niono reported travelling up to 65 km to collect firewood Ŕ time that could be invested in farming, tending livestock, or other income-generating activities. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of an effective system for distributing cut wood following a land clearing operation. Lessons can be learned from MCC’s attempt to implement a scheme for collecting cut wood in its project area, but efficient and equitable distribution remains a challenge. Improved valuation of forest land and stronger enforcement of tax and compensation requirements could produce considerable funding for reforestation in the region as a whole. The Office du Niger would also benefit from creating a land management scheme that includes both arid and irrigated lands. Development of irrigation for rice production has occurred at the expense of forests and pasture lands. Pressure on the latter land types continues to grow as farmers extend their fields into areas used by herds and expand their search for firewood. Conflicts also arise between herders and farmers due to differences in their production cycles. Herds move toward irrigated areas in the dry season, when farmers are harvesting. Likewise, livestock are pushed out of irrigated lands in the planting season, but before rains have replenished pastures. In the Alatona Irrigation Project zone, the majority of resettled people (82%) are Peuhl, who are traditionally herders. Their livestock is a high priority and rice cultivation is a new enterprise for most. During our visit to the Welingara village, some representatives expressed concern about how to continue to care for their animals while labor was needed in the rice fields. They also struggled with how to maintain their millet crops, which are farmed on dry land on a five month cycle, while tending to irrigated rice fields on a three month cycle. The role of livestock and grazing in livelihoods should be considered alongside agricultural production to address these needs. Integrating range and forest management can help ensure that adequate pasture and fodder are available, maximize grazing efficiency, and protect riparian areas and water supplies. Social services like literacy training have also been requested by resettled villagers and could help improve communication with MCA-Mali project implementers and mitigate conflict among land users. The USFS could contribute to the abovementioned recommendations in several ways, including technical assistance with an emphasis on capacity building among Malian Government staff. A range of possible activities are described including technical assistance for forest and pasture management; improving mapping capabilities at regional and local government levels; facilitating relationships among governing entities, farmers and herders to promote integrated land management


across jurisdictions; strengthening application of forestry and land management laws; and involving women in forest-related enterprises, among others. This range of options can inform a dialogue involving USAID, MCC, MCAŔMali and USFS to identify those activities that are most likely to succeed and with which USFS is best equipped to assist. USFS welcomes feedback to this report, and remains interested in collaborating with appropriate US and Malian government actors to contribute to improved resource management and sustainable forestry practices in the Ségou Region, and more broadly in Mali.


INTRODUCTION:

SCOPE OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE USAID/Mali has proposed a three-year collaboration between USAID, USFS, MCC, MCA-Mali, and Malian governmental and natural resource agencies to address forest regeneration in the Alatona Zone of the Ségou Region. In response to this proposed collaboration, a USFS team (Lauren Chitty, Cecilia Polansky and Nikola Smith) participated in a scoping mission from September 12 - 18, 2010 to assess reforestation needs and identify possible areas of USFS support. The purpose of the mission, as requested by USAID/Mali, was to:

Examine the status of forest degradation in the Alatona Zone, where MCC is implementing an irrigation project.

o Determine the extent and reasons for the degradation, and what the underlying goals of forest management technical assistance in this region should be. Address whether planting of native species is desired.

o Assess needs related to cut wood management. o Assess whether technical assistance is needed to establish community woodlots.

Make recommendations regarding capacity building opportunities for Malian government staff (field agents in the Ségou Region from appropriate ministries/departments, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts) as relates to planning and carrying out forest restoration and management practices in the Alatona Zone.

Address socio-economic concerns related to reforestation and forest management, including land tenure issues, livelihood improvements and potential benefits for women.

Recommend “next steps” in terms of program development: o What partners should be involved? o What would a 3-yr program look like, and what might USFS’ role be in such a

program?

Mission activities were facilitated by USAID/Mali’s Accelerated Economic Growth Team (Jean Harman, Team Leader, Mamadou Augustin Dembele, Mission Environment Officer and Aminata Diarra, NRM Program Specialist) and MCC (Amadou Camara, Senior Development Specialist, Bamako and Jonathan Richart, Office of Environment and Social Assessment, Washington, DC). The mission was based in Bamako and included three days in the Ségou Region. Meetings were held with:

- USAID/Mali team, Bamako

- Regional Office of Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (Malian Forest Service) and Office du Niger, Ségou

- Niono Offices of Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts and Office du Niger, Niono

- Representatives of one village in the process of resettling: Welingara


- Representatives of four villages outside of the Alatona project area: Lamina bugu, Siribala Cura, Siribala Koro, Heremakono Cura

- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) staff, Bamako At the MCC/MCA Alatona project site the team participated in a tour of the main irrigation canal and rice perimeter and attended a meeting of:

- MCC/MCA staff, contractors and consultants

- Representatives from ICRAF, Yeredon (NGO), Office du Niger/Kouroumary and SNC -Lavalin (engineering and construction firm)

The team’s findings and recommendations are based on the above meetings, documents provided by USAID/Mali and MCC/MCA-Mali, as well as independent research. See Appendix 1 for the Mission Itinerary, Appendix 2 for the Scope of Work and Appendix 3 for a list of people contacted by the team.


BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), a United States aid agency established by Congress in 2004, awarded a $461 million compact to the Government of Mali in 2006 to increase agricultural production and expand access to markets and trade. A legal entity, the Millennium Challenge Account, was established by the Government of Mali to act on its behalf and oversee implementation of the program. MCA-Mali is implementing activities directly and through contracts or agreements with firms, individuals and government agencies. The Government of Mali has allocated approximately half of the grant, or $234 million, to a five-year program (September 2007-September 2012) in the Alatona Zone of the Office du Niger located in the Ségou Region of the Inner Niger Delta. A primary objective of the project is to develop irrigable land and infrastructure in the zone, which has resulted in land-leveling and clearance of natural vegetation. As a result, USFS was requested to participate in an assessment mission to make recommendations for reforestation and cut wood management, taking into account the socio-economic conditions of the area.

1. Ecology The Alatona Zone, specifically, and the Ségou Region, as a whole, have experienced significant economic, governmental and natural resource interventions in the last 50 years. The following background provides information on ecological conditions as a context for future management of vegetation and forests in the region. The following was taken from a consultant report provided to MCC by Erika Styger (2007). Styger goes on to characterize vegetation in two ecozones: 1) scrubby savanna and 2) the Fala de Molodo zone, a distributary of the Niger River, where agricultural, pastoral and forest productivity is higher and wetlands are present. The Fala is a fossil watercourse that naturally percolates into the desert or evaporates before it reaches the Inner Delta, about 30 km east of the Alatona Irrigation Project perimeter. The Fala harbors some dense and tall stands of Acacia nilotica and of Mytragina. Acacia nilotica is used for its firewood, forage and the fruits for tanning. Mytragina provides a good construction wood, as well as firewood, and is used to treat malaria (Styger 2007).

Climate The Alatona site lies at the boundary of the Northern Soudanian and the southern Sahelian climate zone. Annual rainfall averages about 400 mm, but the variation from year to year is large: from 200 to 700 mm. In most years, rain can be expected for about 30 to 40 days during the period covering June to October. Minimum daily temperatures average about 15

oC from November to February, and maximum temperatures

average about 40oC in May. Evapotranspiration rates average about 5 to 6 mm in the colder months, and 7

to 8 mm/day in the warmer months (CDM, 2006). Soils Soils in the vicinity of the Alatona site typically comprise sands, silts and clays of fluvial origin, though fossil sand dunes occur in several areas--especially north of the Fala de Molodo where longitudinal formations are widespread. In the area designated for irrigation development, sandy soils are often low dunes, silty soils are ancient levees of the Fala, and clay soils occur on broad, flat floodplains and shallow depressions. The heavier, clay soils are often alkaline, especially in lower horizons (Van Drien, 1989; cited by CDM, 2006).


2. History and Governance Irrigation in the Ségou Region dates back to French colonialism, which focused on enhancing Mali’s cotton production. The French created the Office du Niger in 1932 to oversee this venture, and constructed the Markala Dam to divert water northward along the Fala de Molodo. After independence in 1960 the Office du Niger remained as a governing agency over the land it managed (see map), but shifted production toward rice and sugar cane. Currently, the Office du Niger manages irrigation of about 70,000 hectares (CDM 2009). Levels of government in the Ségou Region consist of seven cercles, which are further divided into communes. The Alatona area is located in the cercle of Niono, and includes part of Diabaly and Dogofry communes, which handle local governance (Styger 2007).

Alatona Irrigation Project


Map of the Office du Niger (CDM 2008), w ith graphics added


3. Socio-Economic Context The Ségou Region is home to several ethnic groups including Bambara and Mandinga farmers, Soninke and Marka traders, Bozo fishermen, and Peuhl herders and millet farmers. Although agriculture and herding are primary modes of production in the Office du Niger, the two have not been addressed together in a cohesive management plan for the region (CDM September 2007, Thibaud and Brondeau 2001). Population growth, climate change, decreased rainfall and desertification have intensified land use management challenges, compromised soil and pasture productivity and increased tension in farmer-herder relations (Crane 2007). While these production systems compete for use of space, they are also increasingly interdependent. Development policies and periods of drought have pushed herders into agriculture and farmers into animal husbandry (Crane 2007). However, cultural differences and land use preferences persist between those who are traditionally herders and those who are traditionally farmers. Herding has different cultural and economic significance for ethnic groups in the region. For farmers (such as the Bambara and Malinké), agriculture is the primary source of income. Cash profits are invested in livestock, which are used to diversify income from milk sales or to till the soil. For pastoralists (such as the Peuhl), herd size and milk production take priority, and agriculture, particularly millet production, is used primarily to supplement the food supply (Crane 2007, Brondeau 2003, Welingara village visit 15 September 2010). The Alatona Zone is far north in the Office du Niger, and is primarily populated by Peuhl people. In the rainy season (June-October), cattle and small ruminant herds are taken far from the village for grazing, and millet fields are planted near the village on superior soils. Prior to the MCA-Mali irrigation project, herding was prioritized in the dry season when water was scarce, with the exception of small gardens near persistent water bodies or ponds. People living in the project zone have not been highly involved in markets Ŕ a census conducted prior to the project found that only 4% are engaged in vending or trading (CDM 2008). Some general statistics about the Alatona Zone population are given below:

* a residential, production and consumption sharing unit

CDM 2008

Because the majority of Peuhl people have limited experience with irrigated agriculture and are not traditionally literate, a rice-based production scheme intended for market sale involves an adjustment to a very different way of life. A strategy is needed to support villages through this transition, as well as to

Alatona Region Key Statistics Total population 7,433 people

Number of villages 33 villages

Number of concessions* 792 concessions

Ratio Population/concessions 9.39 people/concession

Percent of population under 15 years of age, 60 years and over 44% <15 5% >59

Population with: no education, Koranic education, literacy only, some school

70%; 27%; 1%; 1.4%

Language spoken at home 82% Fulfulde (Peuhl)

Present; or absent working in Kouroumari, at time of census 58% present; 32% in Kouroumari irrigation area (remainder in other Office du Niger zones, Segou, Bamako, with herds, or other locations)


improve land management practices that reduce farmer-herder conflict both within and outside of the project area.

4. Alatona Irrigation Project Since the establishment of the Office du Niger by the French, irrigation in the Alatona Zone has not matched that of areas further south, primarily due to limitations on finances and technical capacity (CDM 2009). As a result, the MCC compact has focused on expanding the irrigation network in this area, as well as infrastructure and technical assistance to increase production and access to markets. The exact number of hectares that are under MCA jurisdiction is most likely 22,000 hectares according to the Senior Development Specialist in Bamako (personal communication with A. Camara) and contract ALA-D08 for Implementation Services and Support to the Community Impacted by the Alatona Irrigation Project (Feb 2010). Other sources cite a different number of hectares (21,000), such as the 2008 Resettlement Action Plan (CDM 2008). The project has the following components: Road Improvements: Paving of 81 km of the north-south Niono-Gomo Coura Road within the national highway network, as well as additional access across the Fala de Molodo to the Alatona perimeter. Irrigation Planning and Infrastructure: Expansion of the Office du Niger’s main conveyance system and development of an irrigation system in Alatona. Although the project initially intended to irrigate 14,000 hectares of land in three phases, the scope was adjusted in 2009 due to higher than expected costs. It now focuses on the first phase (Tranche 1), or 5,200 hectares (Richart 2010). Approximately 4,000 hectares will be allocated to the roughly 7,500 people that are residents of the 33 villages in and around the project area (Richart 2010). The remaining 1,200 hectares of Tranche 1 will be distributed to settlers from elsewhere who meet a set of selection criteria. As of August, 2010, 3,500 hectares of land had been cleared and 1,000 hectares had been prepared for cultivation, about 50% of which was sown with rice (Richart 2010). Resettlement: Project activities will impact the livelihoods and/or residences of 33 villages or nearly 7,500 people. Their fields, grazing grounds, and in some cases homes will be replaced by canals, roads, or new residences. These villages will be resettled, with each village having its own contiguous group of farm parcels along assigned canals. Villages that share use of a canal will also share housing and community facilities, like wells, crop and input warehouses and latrines (provided by MCC). As of September 2010, one village, Beldenadji, had been relocated. MCC plans to complete the resettlement process by April, 2011.


Land Allocation: One goal of the Alatona irrigation project is to promote land tenure in Mali and confer land titles to farmers. About 4,000 hectares, or 77% of the project area, will be allocated to resettled villagers. Land will be distributed in five hectare parcels to each concession (a residential, production and consumption sharing unit). Each parcel consists of four hectares in a single plot irrigated during the rainy season, and one hectare in the “green zone” to be irrigated during the rainy and dry seasons. Concessions will be required to purchase three of these hectares over a 20 year period (at the time of the mission, the amount of this payment had not been determined). Each concession will also receive a 500-square meter vegetable garden within a contiguous larger garden titled to a village-wide or canal-wide women’s group (CDM 2008 and Samake, personal communication, 14 September 2010). The rest of the project area, or 1,000 hectares, will be sold to “new arrivals” or settlers from outside of the zone. These farmers must meet selection criteria. Preference will be given to those who are currently farming overcrowded parcels, have knowledge and experience in agriculture, have access to assets or credit, and agree to own and operate the land for at least five years (CDM July 2007). MCC will support the establishment of a new legal entity, the Revenue Authority, to collect and manage the revenues generated through land payments (MCC, Millennium Challenge Compact with Mali, Executive Summary). At the time of the mission, the selection process for new arrivals was still under development.

Village Resettlements (in orange)


Agricultural Services: The primary crops to be grown on the irrigated farm parcels are rice during the rainy season and shallots during the dry season. Products from womens’ market gardens may include shallots, tomatoes, onions and okra (CDM 2008). The project will also encourage livestock production, including small-scale dairy and poultry. MCC is working with ACDI/VOCA and ICRAF to provide technical assistance to improve agricultural production, and enhance access to markets and credit. Reforestation Context Alatona residents depend upon vegetation for fuel, construction, fiber, medicinals, fruits and fodder (Richart 2010, Styger 2007, village meetings on 15-16 September, 2010). Vegetation also provides crucial services like provision of shade, stabilization of canals, soil fertility improvement, and habitat for wildlife, among others (Styger 2007). Styger estimates that yearly productivity of natural vegetation is only 0.23m3/ha in the zone due to overgrazing and intense cultivation of fuelwood (Styger 2007). She found that per capita consumption per year is 0.62m3 for firewood alone. Meeting the needs of the 10,000 inhabitants of Tranche 1 (7,433 PAPs and new arrivals) is a considerable undertaking. MCC/MCA-Mali must employ a strategy for meeting wood demand. As of now they are implementing a two part approach (Richart 2010):

1. Cut wood: A temporary wood supply was created by the clearance of vegetation that occurred in preparation for irrigation development. Projected volume was 15,000 m3 of wood (at 3 m3 per hectare) estimated to support the 10,000 people of Tranche 1 for 2.4 years.

2. Reforestation: Initial project designs include plans for development of a 1,550 hectare plantation

forest of fast-growing species. The current strategy faces several challenges. Preliminary analyses have revealed that cut wood volume may be less than expected (Richart 2010). As of October 2010, cut wood had been stock-piled, but unauthorized takings and termites were reducing the supply. The reforestation strategy also requires revision to meet the needs of PAPs. Some villagers have expressed concern about travel distance to the proposed 1,550 hectare plantation, as well as potential inequitable and unauthorized cutting of wood if harvests are not carefully monitored (Welingara village meeting, 15 September, 2010). A project brief provided by MCC to the USFS team also proposed revision of the single plantation strategy (Richart 2010). In addition to reconsidering the configuration of planting, species selection should be analyzed. The current strategy emphasizes Eucalyptus, which is fast growing but not high quality fuelwood. A mix of exotic and native species may be more favorable from an ecological and multiple-use perspective. Even if the single plantation is planted as proposed, a shortage of cut wood in the Alatona Zone will cause PAPs to look outside of the project area for their fuel needs. With 22,000 hectares under its jurisdiction, MCA-Mali has an opportunity for extensive management that goes beyond the irrigated perimeter as well as the planned intensive management using irrigation and tree plantations. The Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service should be consulted regarding management of forests beyond MCA-Mali’s borders that are likely to be utilized by PAPs. A well-defined map is needed to clarify the location and status of forest resources in the entire zone. The Alatona Irrigation Project thus provides an opportunity to strengthen forest management in the Ségou Region as a whole, and build capacity for integrated natural resource management among multiple stakeholders.


ISSUES, FINDINGS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

I. WOODLOTS AND PLANTATIONS - Findings


I. WOODLOTS AND PLANTATIONS Two main issues stand out in the forest management component of this report:

Land clearing policies that are practiced in the Office du Niger versus those being practiced by MCA’s Alatona Irrigation Project (which are two completely different methods); and

The urgent need to manage forestlands that are outside the boundary of the Alatona Irrigation Project (AIP) proper.

These issues have much to do with trying to influence land management policies and practices, as well as simply supporting the application of existing sensible Malian laws and the resettlement agreement.

A. FINDINGS

Reforestation is one key to the success of the resettlement part of the rice irrigation scheme. The installation of fields has required thousands of hectares of natural forest to be cleared; the cleared area was formerly used as a pasture land and firewood supply source. Now, the lifestyle of sending cattle out to graze around the village will be impossible to maintain within the settlements of the irrigated perimeter, and indigenous firewood species will be further away. Anybody who finds Alatona stray cattle in his or her field at the wrong time of year, looking for forage that was supposed to be included in the reforestation scheme, will be in immediate conflict with the cattle owner, who is likely to be a neighbor. And anyone who needs quality firewood in the next few years as plantations get established will have to either walk further or pay more for wood transported from a further distance.

The “reforestation strategy” is currently based on a study by SODEFOR (2009) that addresses both tree planting and woodlot installation strategies. As of our visit in September 2010, only a few Eucalyptus trees had been planted as windbreaks, and the woodlots had not yet been sited precisely. The fact that only one village (Beldenadji, with 80 concessions) has been resettled as of October 2010 implies that the woodlot establishment program can be slowed to a pace that corresponds to availability of villages to work on it, assuming that the process is participatory.

Issues arise from woodlot configuration (one large woodlot, or many smaller ones?) and from the selection and procurement of species and trees for plantations within them, and are discussed below.

RECALL: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLEARING AND PLANTING LAND

The issues around Alatona’s planned village woodlots, the process of bulldozing forestland to install rice fields -- as well as the distribution of wood from the clearing of land, addressed in the next section -- are interrelated topics under the Malian laws that stipulate processes and fees related to deforestation and reforestation:

EXTRACT FROM Etude d’Impact Environnemental du Projet d’Irrigation d’Alatona, Annexe B : Malian legislation on deforestation and reforestation that concerns the


LAW No. 95-003 OF 18 JANUARY 1995 on organizing for forest exploitation, transport, and trade in wood: Describes guidelines for conservation, protection, and management of forest



resources. Different regulations apply to managed forests, non-protected forested areas, and wooded zones.

LAW No. 95-004 OF 18 January 1995 establishing conditions for management of forest resources: In Article 1, the objectives of conserving, protecting, and valuating forest resources on national forest lands are laid out.

Chapter 2 describes procedures for land clearing.

Chapter 3 defines protected forest species in Mali. Project proponents must inform local forestry administration officials of the number and position of protected trees. The normal practice is for the forester to carry out an inspection on the site and write a reforestation plan that will replace the trees. Once approved, the forester will issue a special permit for cutting a specified number of protected trees, and will be responsible for monitoring the plan’s implementation.

DECREE No. 97-053/P-RM OF 31 JANUARY 1997 establishing tax rates for deforestation on state lands and defining the official southern boundary of the sahelian zone: This decree specifies conditions for deforestation that would be applicable to Alatona.

Article 2 stipulates that taxes are to be collected for permitted clearing of state-owned forestland:

a) Sahelian zone:

- Deforestation with stump removal 7 500 FCFA/ha

- Deforestation without stump removal 5 000 FCFA/ha

b) Sudanian zone:

- Deforestation with stump removal 15.000F/ha

- Deforestation without stump removal 10.000F/ha.

In terms of delimiting the zones described in Article 4, Alatona zone is in the sahelian category. Thus the tariffs for sahelian deforestation should be applied.

DECREE No. 00-022/ P-RM OF 19 JANUARY 2000 establishing the procedures for classifying and declassifying forests, woodlots, and protected areas on state-owned lands:

Protected areas and reforestation areas are classified by a High Commissioner’s decree. The formal classification of state forests requires a decree by the Council of Ministers.

1. Configuration of village woodlots may not match village preferences

When the configuration of the woodlot being planned for the “first tranche” of resettlement was presented to us, we had reservations about how such a large area (1,550 ha) could be managed by villages up to 15 kilometers away, and how it would be possible to control unauthorized exploitation by non-village members. Livestock invasions could also be a big problem without an expensive fence at the outset.

During our meeting with Siribala representatives, we asked what configuration they would prefer for woodlots if they had a choice. They replied that it would be preferable to maintain individual woodlots for respective villages, which are closer to home and thus easier to monitor. We also heard from the Malian Forest Service and others that individual woodlots (managed by one person or family) do not work and are not productive, and that organized associations have the best chances of obtaining land for forestry uses.

The USFS recommends maintaining an earlier plan for setting up smaller village woodlots near resettlement sites within the irrigated perimeter. These can be set up close to the time that each resettled village is established, and will require smaller, progressive initial investments than the proposed 1,550-hectare common woodlot, meant to serve all villages of Tranche 1.



Our team was provided with conflicting information regarding whether or not the settlement sites as laid out in the maps below are “set in stone” or whether they can be reconfigured. If settlement sites are already fixed, then a possibility would be to place “new arrivals” into a different part of the scheme (possibly on the site of the proposed 1,550 ha common woodlot?) and use “new arrivals’” lands for localized woodlots.

ALATONA RESETTLEMENT VILLAGE KEY

Allocations of land by named village in the original map and a follow-up detailed map of allocations in Alatona’s first tranche of 5,200 hectares: Pink hatched polygons in the first map are for newcomers; these lands could perhaps be reserved for community forests, and the newcomers could go into the next plot of land to the northeast, near where the large 1,550 hectare common woodlot has been proposed.

2. Species selected for plantation are too focused on exotics

The main issue related to species selection is the fact that most of the plantation has been planned around Eucalyptus trees

with minor components of two other exotics. However, there are other viable possibilities in the Alatona Zone.

Site of 1,550 hectare common woodlot proposed by MCA consultants -- outside the allocated rice plots and settlements

Lands reserved for “new arrivals” that could potentially be re-allocated as community woodlots?



a. Threatened, protected, and other indigenous forest species mentioned in the Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) (CDM 2009)

The vegetation of Alatona was substantially degraded due to prolonged pressure for firewood collection and grazing and became a “shrubby savanna dominated by Acacia nilotica and Balanites aegyptiaca” (Styger, 2007). The 2009 EIA speaks of legally protected tree species that are found in the forests of Alatona. From field observations and semi-structured interviews, the author found that some have completely disappeared from the area: Pterocarpus lucens and erinaceus (vène), one of the most highly -prized sawtimber species of West Africa

Vitellaria paradoxa (karité), source of shae butter

Bamboo

These others are threatened with disappearance:

Adansonia digitata (baobab)

Saba senegalensis (zaban), a vine producing fruit loved by people and wildlife

Combretum glutinosum , a high-value firewood species

Combretum micranthum , whose leaves are used in traditional “coffee” and can be exported

Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube), an ideal live fencing species that produces marketable fruit

Parkia biglobosa (néré), with pods that are used in savory sauce

Acacia albida (balanzan or kadd), a well-known agroforestry and fodder tree

Anogeïsus leïocarpus (n‟galaman), an ebony-producing wood with high charcoal value

Among these, the last three (in bold) are protected by Malian law; this means that they have special conditions for exploitation and require a special permit to be cut after inspection by the Malian Forest Service.

Other protected species that were observed include:

Khaya senegalensis (cailcédrat), another highly -prized timber sometimes called “African mahogany”

Borassus aethiopum (rônier), a single-stemmed palm tree whose timbers resist termites and make the best construction rafters, and whose leaves are used for many woven household furnishings

Other species described by Diarra in 1998 as being found in the general Office du Niger area, were not found by Diabaté in Alatona; these were Grewia bicolor, Sclerocarya birrea, Dichrostachys glomerata, Combretum aculeatum , Stereospermum kunthianum , Diospyros mespiliformis, Terminalia avicennoides, and Maerua angolensis.

Many of these species should be part of the reforestation scheme. (See our recommendations below.)

b. ICRAF species trials on combinations of local and exotic species for food, fodder, and fuel

The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) has contracted with MCA-Mali to execute the “Project to test adaptation and large-scale dissemination of fast-growing forest and fruit trees” for the people of Alatona. The objectives of ICRAF’s work are to identify reforestation and agroforestry technologies that are suitable



for Alatona and that respond to needs of the rural communities; make appropriate species available to the residents; and design training and extension materials in French and Bambara (Accord de Subvention 16 April 2009).

Three test villages have been sited to set up plantations; another site belonging to ICRAF was to be installed on the outside of Alatona and was to contain research plots that could be visited by Project Affected People (PAPs) of the program. Our team was not able to visit any of the plantations or trials because of unusually wet conditions and extraordinary rains; however, we did visit the station near Bamako for follow-ups. There, we were given several publications that ICRAF has developed for their field extension programs, with MCC/MCA labeling; these are organized and presented very well, in both French and Bambara. The publications and the information found in them should be used in future training programs for seedling producers in the reforestation program, both for inside AND outside the irrigated perimeter.

The species that did well in research trials are listed in the recommendations below.

c. Why Eucalyptus? Why not Eucalyptus?

Eucalyptus is the main species being planned for the 1,550 ha plantation of village woodlots. This species choice, in our view, should be modified, at least in terms of the percentage of total trees to be planted, which is currently at 88%. There are several reasons for this recommendation:

Reduction of biodiversity: Widely -distributed documents on Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (summarized by P.J. Cunningham and T. Abasse in Reforesting the Sahel: Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, 2005) call large-scale Eucalyptus plantations a “western model” that often has poorer results than calculated. Benefits of favoring native species include the fact that many species produce a useable pole and certainly firewood within a year or two; forage value that encourages cattle to leave manure for subsequent agriculture; increased biodiversity that goes along with better wildlife and even predatory insects that improve crop yields; income from selling surplus wood; and certainly greater availability of traditional medicines, fibers, teas, fruits, and so on. Erika Styger, a consultant who authored a forestry analysis for MCC/MCA, also recommends diversifying plantation species to include more than Eucalyptus, proposing:

“In particular, species of Australian Acacia should be evaluated as alternatives to

Eucalyptus in woodlots. Just like Eucalyptus, they are not thorny and should not attract

granivorous birds, which is a major concern in the Office du Niger.” (Styger 2007)

Impact on soil fertility: Eucalyptus has been promoted as a wonderful species for reforestation efforts because it grows rapidly and slows wind down, in turn preventing soil erosion and desertification. However, experiments conducted in Burkina Faso and Senegal found that the rapid growth characteristic of Eucalyptus also affects the fertility of the soil by disturbing the equilibrium of bacteria and significantly reducing the diversity of mycorhizae in the ground (Grégory Fléchet in IRD Actualité Scientifique, May 2008). So, although it can be effective in windbreaks, one should monitor soil fertility in the long-term.

Greater susceptibility to fire damage: Because of their thin bark and oil content, Eucalyptus are more susceptible to being damaged by bush fires rather than resisting them as thick -barked local species do.

Exaggerated expected growth rates: Eucalyptus plantations were touted in the 1970s and 1980s as a cure-all for the fuelwood and building needs of growing cities in West Africa; research showed that they had high growth rates and would eventually be accepted for use by target populations, in spite of high investment costs. While Eucalyptus seedlings are easy to obtain and grow in nurseries, research plots are always in fenced, protected, and watered sites, which is not the usual condition of outplanted project sites. Often the



plantation sites were selected based on high site index, which means that high-quality fertile riverine forests were bulldozed to put the plantations in. And yet, the yields of these plantations did not reach projected volumes. In addition, history shows that the species was only grudgingly accepted as firewood due to the lack of other choices near cities. A classic illustration can be found in the disappointing results of high-tech, irrigated plantations across the river from Niamey, Niger.

Also in Niger, at Karma, mean annual increment for E. camaldulensis after 3 years ranged from 7.8 to 20.0 m3/ha under a dry season irrigation regime of 270 mm to complement a mean annual rainfall of 550 mm. Other examples are found in Appendix 4 on sahelian Eucalyptus projects.

A thesis presented in Burkina Faso found that if Eucalyptus was to reach the monetary value per hectare that local wood has (based on market demand), it would have to grow at a rate of 10 m3/ha/yr. In other words, the reported sustainable growth of 0.5 m3/ha/yr of natural sahelian forest is worth the same amount of money as more voluminous, but less desirable, Eucalyptus growing at 10 m3/ha/yr. (Albert 1981). People prefer the native sahelian species and are simply not willing to pay the same amount of money for Eucalyptus.

Soto Flandez in “Dry forest silviculture in the Sudano-Sahelian region: Burkina Faso's experience” (1990) also says that Eucalyptus, Gmelina, and exotic Cassia plantations cost more than $1,000 per hectare yet have not brought desired results -- yielding 2 m3 per hectare instead of the expected 10 to 15 m3. In contrast, extensive management involving herders or farmers in forest regeneration may cost as little as $2-$4 per hectare (costs vary, but are far lower than exotic plantations).

The following table from a study in Cameroon savannas (Management of woody plants in indigenous land use systems of the Sahel: Example of north Cameroon, N. E. Neba, 2009) shows varying growth rates of unirrigated Eucalyptus depending on soils and rainfall.

One notes that yields reported for Eucalyptus and other exotics are maximized in research because the areas planted are fenced, monitored, and sometimes irrigated regularly until the trees are grown.

The Alatona project is depending on growth rates of up to 20 cubic meters per hectare per year to resolve the wood needs of resettled villagers. The trees will not be irrigated because of the high water table. The risks this seems to invite are discussed further in the next chapter on calculated wood needs of settlers.

While some Eucalyptus species are adapted to dry areas and grow relatively quickly, a monoculture of this species will reduce traditional medicinal plants, fodder, fruit, and wildlife habitat that will be lost when the existing woodland is cleared for the plantation. Already, one gets a rather grim read-out on the present state of biodiversity in this area. A village representative in Siribala (outside the irrigated Alatona perimeter) informed our team that “quality wood is no longer available”. This project has great potential to help promote highly -valued native species, rather than contribute to the dire situation of “no quality wood,” as articulated by the village representative of Siribala, and as observed when traveling through this region.



Above is illustrated the currently -proposed reforestation approach to the 1,550 ha common woodlot. All the squares in bright green are 100% Eucalyptus blocks. Light green blocks are Gmelina (about 150 ha). There is one “biological” block in the center (25 ha), to remain in natural vegetation for memory’s sake. There are 9 hectares planned for forage species (Leucaena), reserved to provide fodder for the hundreds of livestock that are going to be grazing just outside the perimeter in a detached pasture land reservation. There are several hectares planned for live fencing plants (Prosopis juliflora, Ziziphus mauritiana, Acacia ataxacantha -- the only indigenous species to be planted). Construction poles will have certain uses around homes built under the resettlement scheme; however, fewer poles should be required than under normal circumstances, given the brick construction being used by MCA for resettled people. Regardless, poles that grow up in Eucalyptus plantations, even if planted today, will take 4 to 8 years to be ready for exploitation, according to various reports on Eucalyptus growth. Based on ICRAF’s research and many documents describing the rediscovered value and productivity of local species, this is an opportunity to alter the “business as usual” approach to plantations and find a way to accommodate more species that are known and valued by rural residents.

d. Will species selected by the contractor fulfill the needs of the resettled villagers?

The socio-economic study conducted around villages did not answer such questions as: -- What species would you like to see planted in the compensation forests? --What are the species that are most useful to you? --What w ill you do for firewood if your village’s woodlot is located 10 kilometers from the v illage? --Are you w illing to walk past the buffer zone between the riverside forest and the perimeter, past the open lands just to the east, as long as it contains even one stick of firewood?



Under the currently -proposed plan of establishing a single 1,550 hectare common woodlot, some settlers will be required to travel as far as 15 km to get their wood; it is highly likely that, if they find other wood closer to home, they will exploit it first. Closer wood that consists of species to which people are more accustomed will be found between the Fala (the original natural channel of the Niger River’s Sahel Branch, in blue) and the irrigated perimeter; and between the irrigated perimeter and the grazing area. Recommendations below advocate for managing these areas that are outside the irrigated perimeter.

3. Canal banks are seriously eroding and should be stabilized

Our team observed lots of evidence of serious erosion problems on the young canal banks. Erosion was obvious not only around the MCA Alatona zone, but on a high proportion of the canal banks that lead from the Markala Dam north. There should be a system in place to stabilize the banks, before much more valuable soil is lost.

Plantation area 1550 ha

Official grazing area

Furthest village 15 km away



There are several techniques available for stabilizing the canal banks. On the edges of the border canals, plants such as Echinochloa stagnina, Vossia cuspidata, and Brachiaria mutica are recommended by CIRAD, the French government’s agricultural technical consultancy. The growth of these species requires that their roots stay in water, though, and if they continue to grow, the fear is that they will cause the canals to be overgrown with vegetation. Vetiveria nigrita would probably be more appropriate, as its root system develops deep in the soil and would thus stabilize the banks; plus, its outer blades are well browsed by livestock. Niébé beans are good for fixing soil as well, and can be worked into a system of plowing under or rotation if sown in the fields. ICRAF has proposed Acacia ataxacantha and Ziziphus mucronata. Proposals made by agro-pastoralists are always welcomed by the Office du Niger (Maydell von, H.-J. 1983). These options should be explored soon to minimize soil losses already underway.

4. Implications of the reforestation strategy for women The species selected for reforestation will have significant socio-economic impacts, particularly since people living in the Ségou Region are so dependent on forests for food, fuel, construction, fiber, and medicinal products. USAID/Mali is interested in how a reforestation strategy can target benefits for women in particular. Generally speaking, women within and outside of the Alatona Irrigation Project area have a demanding daily workload, including childrearing, wood and water collection, meal and millet preparation, and transport of products to market. Reforestation and agroforestry can improve women’s livelihoods by increasing the efficiency of fuelwood collection and augmenting food production. Women can benefit in the following ways:

Improved access to fuelwood allows time for other activities, including income generation

Agroforestry can result in enhanced food production and products for sale

Nursery management is a potential enterprise for women



If reforestation occurs in a manner that reduces time invested in fuelwood collection, women will have more time available for activities including rice cultivation (income is approximately 500 FCFA per day) (CDM 2009), milk production (potential of 1.5-2.5 liters/day) (Sidibé 2007), and sale of produce in markets. ICRAF staff have also recognized the potential of women as successful managers of nurseries (Samake and Weber, personal communication, 20 September 2010). MCA-Mali also plans to organize women into a “long term corporate entity” to manage market gardens as a collective (CDM 2008). This cooperative organization will improve their access to markets and credit. Because women are not usually directly involved in land allocation decisions, designation of market gardens under their management will also help secure their access to land.

a. Agroforestry – nutritional and market products

Many tree species in the region have significant nutritional value, and produce fruits, nuts and leaves collected primarily by women. The nuts of Vitellaria can be made into shea butter (average consumption is 5 kg/person/year), and the leaves of several species (Adansonia digitata, Combretum micrantum, Tamarindus indica, Moringa oleifera) are prepared as vegetables (CDM 2009). The leaves of baobab are an essential ingredient of the commonly prepared Tô dish (40-50g/person/day on average). Because baobab leaves are only available four months out of the year, a household may pay up to 20,000 FCFA for dried leaves in the off season (CDM 2009). Through the agroforestry technology of food banks, trees can be planted in high densities (160,000 plants/ha), kept at a height of 50 cm, and harvested every 15-30 days for fresh leaves. ICRAF conducted on-farm experiments of densely planted baobab, Moringa and Amaranthus v iridis on 2m x 4m plots. Average harvest of leaves per plot was 6kg for baobab (with manure), 7kg for Moringa (with or without manure) and 10kg for Amaranthus v iridis (with manure) (ICRAF 2009). People also consume a range of fruits from native trees (Adansonia digitata, Annona senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Boscia senegalensis, Lannea microcarpa, Sclerocarya birrea, Tamarindus indica, Ximenia americana, and Ziziphus mauritiana are common species). Ziziphus mauritania is particularly beneficial, and produces fruits 6 months after planting. One tree on irrigated land produces 35-45 kg of fruit per year, with a sale value of between 50,000-135,000 FCFA per tree. With a spacing of 5m x 5m, thus 400 trees/ha, the potential reaches up to 54 million FCFA/ha. This is signicant when compared to the income from one hectare of rice (6 tons at 125-130 FCFA/kilo or 360,000 FCFA post production) (Styger 2007, CDM 2009).

b. Agroforestry research and training in nursery management

ICRAF is in the process of researching the efficacy of food species at sites in Village K20 (Yagansa Dioukana in Dogofry Commune) and Sika Village (Diabaly Commune). Three species each of mango, papaya, tamarind and jujube are being tested, as well as moringa and baobab Tamarindus indica and Manguifera indica have been successful (ICRAF 4th Trimester Report). A final report on their research findings is expected in October, 2010. ICRAF has also trained sixteen Project Affected People, four men and four women from each commune, in nursery management. Nurseries currently exist in Dogofry and Diabaly and are managed by cooperatives. This offers a new enterprise and income source, and is a leadership opportunity for women, who have been targeted by ICRAF as particularly effective managers (Samake, personal communication, 20 September 2010).

I. WOODLOTS AND PLANTATIONS - Recommendations


B. Recommendations with which USFS can

assist

1. Before clearing the proposed 1,550 hectare common woodlot, do a rough inventory of what will be lost

Below is what the 1,550 hectare woodlot looks like in a satellite image.

Even a rough inventory would require a certain amount of pre-stratification of the land to account for the tan “more densely forested” areas and the blue “less densely forested areas” -- and it should be undertaken with a group of village representatives from the area. Wildlife signs should be noted as well as trees in all age classes, not just timber wood.

The format of such an inventory would ideally be a strip cruise that would cover at least two north-south transects through the wider part of the area, as shown.

Some species are protected by Malian law; these should be specially noted in the inventory.

2. Assist the consultant /SODEFOR / Yeredon to rework the Stratégie de Reboisement

The main page of tasks for the reforestation contractor is copied in Appendix 5.

o Reconsider configuration and placement of the woodlots so that each village will have their own forest closer to home; this may require re-allocating lands reserved for “new arrivals”

o Work more closely with the Malian Forest Service and the communes to devise a scheme that includes management outside the irrigated perimeter (see next chapter)



3. Revise the species that will be promoted in compensation woodlots

Whatever configuration is maintained for resettlement village woodlots, local and varied species should be considered, including:

o fast-growing Acacias known for fodder and fuel qualities

o Khaya senegalensis which is the best-growing and most useful local species producing sawtimber as well as fodder, medicines and firewood

o Borassus aethiopum for timbers, fruits, and the many woven goods that can be made from fronds; it also tolerates flooding

The following documents contain additional recommended species for planting in the Alatona Zone:

o the Environmental Impact Analysis Annex Q (based on a 2007 report by DAI for the zone; see Section “C” below)

o ICRAF’s fifth quarterly report (2010) (Appendix 10)

4. Immediately implement a training plan for women in the resettlement villages so that they can establish tree nurseries and sell trees

ICRAF recommends a turnkey approach to utilize the 16 women who were trained in June 2010 to share their expertise with others and promote the role of women as nursery managers and leaders of cooperatives. This training should include literacy/numeracy instruction (only one woman per concession has been targeted for literacy training so far) (Amadou Camara, personal communication 18 October 2010). Those who are trained should be organized into associations of nursery producers and manage nurseries near their market gardens.

5. Develop a plan to disseminate agroforestry technical assistance

In addition to tree planting that is required for reforestation following land clearing (an “intensive” approach), an “extensive” approach can be used to manage land areas for protected regeneration. This can be farmer or herder managed, is cost effective and does not require tree nurseries. MCA-Mali estimates that per hectare costs for the 1,550 hectare plantation is approximately $2,000, including land clearing, labor and inputs (Welingara village meeting, 15 September 2010). Establishing a farmer or herder-led management plan could cost as little as $2-$4 per hectare.

Technical assistance is needed to build capacity for farmer or herder-led regeneration. ICRAF has already conducted some agroforestry training (60 individuals trained in July 2010, see Appendix 10) based on their research findings. ICRAF has several agroforestry booklets available addressing species selection, soil preparation, grafting, and planting techniques. A program should be developed to share this expertise, including oral and pictorial/visual training, to serve those that are not literate.

6. If the land clearing contractor is not responsible for canal bank erosion, then design a bank stabilizing program using paid labor to implement it

Women or possibly unemployed youths could be given contracts to help stabilize canal banks. ICRAF recommends species known in the area, including Acacia ataxacantha and Ziziphus mucronata. This work seems urgent, judging by the current state of the banks.



7. Set up additional reforestation and conservation sites outside the irrigated perimeter

As we have seen, only 11% of the Alatona wetland forest that will be cleared for rice production and settlements is to be replaced by the 1,550-hectare woodlot at the north of Tranche 1. There are at least 6,000 more hectares available outside the proposed irrigation area that could be managed as a complement to the proposed 1,550 ha common woodlot. This presents a perfect opportunity for setting up one or more community forests. The next chapter on managing forests outside the irrigated perimeter will elaborate on this proposed action.

8. Promote market access for agroforestry products

Although it is beyond the realm of reforestation, increasing market access for agroforestry products will promote tree cover and is worth mentioning here. Farmer organization development and access to financial services are needed to ensure that people in the Alatona Zone can engage in local markets (CDM July 2007). It is likely that this is true outside of the Alatona Zone as well. CDM’s recommendations address rice, shallots, market gardens, dairy and poultry production, but agroforestry is not a focus. It is important to address market access for these products, including storage, value-added processing and access to credit.

C. Other generalized recommendations for

woodlots and plantations

1. Species adapted to Alatona zone:

Recommendations from EIA Annex Q

EXOTICS FOR FIREWOOD AND CONSTRUCTION

Exotics adapted and tested in the area: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (in moderation)

Gmelina arboreal Azadirachta indica (neem) Leucaena leucocephala

Acacia auriculiformis Acacia colei or holosericea - as noted by the team in a compound visited in Heremanoko. It reaches 4m of height in 3 years, regrowing from a 20cm stump, producing poles and firewood continually (Photo: Acacia colei or holosericea)

LOCAL SPECIES FOR FIREWOOD

Acacia nilotica Pterocarpus lucens

Piliostigma reticulata Anogeissus leiocarpus Terminalia spp.

Mytragina inermis Combretum ghasalanse Acacia nilotica

(Photo: Acacia nilotica)



LOCAL SPECIES FOR CARPENTRY (Diarra 1998)

Bombax costatum Cordyla pinnata Sclerocarya birrea

Also: Borassus aethiopum (shown in photo)

SPECIES FOR LIVE FENCING AND CANAL BANK STABILIZATION (MULTI-USE)

Jatropha curcas (exotic) - live fencing that produces up to 0.4 liters of oil from fruit off each meter of fence

Dichrostachys glomerata (local) Acacia ataxacantha (local) with spines that repel crop-eating birds and roots that stabilize dikes /canal banks

Gmelina arborea (exotic) Leucaena leucocephala (exotic) effective once they

reach 10 yrs of age

Dispersed natural fodder species in Office du Niger pastoral systems

Khaya senegalensis Balanites aegyptiaca Pterocarpus erinaceus

Tamarindus indica Acacias: laeta, leucophloea, albida, seyal, senegal, nilotica

SPECIES FOR FODDER IN SANDY SOIL (400-500mm rainfall zone)

Ziziphus mauritiana (native) Glircidia sepium (exotic) Bauhinia rufescens (native)

0.1 to 0.35 hectare of Glircidia sepium is necessary to feed a pair of draft oxen over three months in the dry season (calculation in E. Steyger’s DAI report)

2. Species recommended based on ICRAF seedling survival results

ICRAF trial blocks revealed good survival rates in the so-called “Food Bank”:

Recommended: Moringa oleifera (exotic) 82-93% survival - leaves and pods for sauces and fodder

Recommended: Adansonia digitata (baobab - native) 40-54% survival - exportable fruit; fibers from bark; sauce and fodder from leaves

Recommended: Live fencing with Ziziphus mauritiana (native) with 100% survival

Exotics tried as live fencing were less successful:

Recommended: Jatropha’s (exotic) survival was up to 22%

Recommended: Euphorbia balsamifera (native) - up to 18% survival

(Not recommended) Law sonia inermis’ (exotic) and Commiphora africana (native) survival rates were very low - 2%

For the “Fruit Bank”:

Recommended: Tamarindus indica (native) 100% survival



Recommended: Manguifera indica (exotic) 50-75% survival

Recommended: Papaya carica (exotic) 25% survival

Wood and fodder species had the best survival rates, in blocks established in K20 Village:

Recommended: Acacia senegal (native) 12-88% survival - recall its use as an exportable gum, medicinal, and fodder tree

Recommended: Khaya senegalensis (native) 81-100% survival - an excellent native fodder, firewood, and medicinal tree that grows relatively quickly

Recommended: Glircidia sepium (56-88%) - (exotic) - Recall that a tenth to a third of a hectare of Glircidia feeds a pair of draft oxen for three months in dry season

Recommended: Leucaena leucocephala (exotic) 75-88% - this species practically grows as a weed; its fodder quality is excellent but its wood quality is very low

Recommended: Acacia colei/holosericea (exotic) 50-88% - fast-growing Australian Acacia good for fodder, poles, AND firewood

Recommended: Azadirachta indica (neem- exotic) 0 to 88% - Yafong Berthé, the consultant for the reforestation strategy, stated that 20 neems can supply all the needs of a household including leaves for fodder, fuelwood, and a certain amount of medicine

(Recommended in moderation) Gmelina arborea (81-100%) - (exotic) Good leaf material and shade, but poor firewood (smoky)

(Recommended in moderation) Eucalyptus camaldulensis (81-100%) - (exotic) best for construction; fair for firewood, better for charcoal; some leaves okay for fodder.

The high survival rates of Gmelina and Eucalyptus make these species all the more tempting to favor. But survival rates of native baobab, cailcédrat (Khaya), tamarind, and jujube (Ziziphus) are also respectable.

3. Species recommended from the Maydell 1983 study

The quality of different species can be expressed in technical terms by their calorific value, the quantity of heat released by burning a given unit of wood (definition by CTFT, 1982).

These native species have the best calorific value in West Africa. They also have a high productivity rate and would be good in a systematic natural regeneration scheme.

Acacia macrostachya

Combretum spp.

Guiera senegalensis

Lannea acida

Prosopis africana

Pterocarpus lucens

Sclerocarya birrea

Terminalia spp.



4. General recommendations from the 2007 DAI forestry and agroforestry analysis of opportunities

Strive for a diversification at the subsistence level: this is economically important

Use/disseminate agroforestry technologies tested by agroforestry institutions (ICRAF)

Protect biodiversity; control invasive species

Evaluate Acacia Senegal stands in terms of maintenance and exploitation

Maintain maximum tree cover

Defer to species, products, and technologies preferred by PAPs

II. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE THE PERIMETER - Findings


II. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE

THE PERIMETER

A. FINDINGS

1. A need for equitable, efficient distribution of wood stacked inside the perimeter

Over 3,000 hectares of future rice fields and settlements have been cleared by bulldozer (as of September 2010.) Some of the uprooted trees are stacked in fields, and some are stacked in designated areas that are supposed to be accessible by new villages.

It must be recognized that this process is already 100% preferable to the usual process for clearing land under the jurisdiction of Office du Niger, as described below, wherein the investor is not required to accommodate a single wood user in the communities being displaced and a mad scramble to recuperate wood often ensues. This is to the credit of the MCA.

The original plan for this wood was for it to provide a bridge for household fuelwood needs while the village woodlots were being planted and growing. The cut wood was supposed to last 3 years for 8,000 people, according to calculations reiterated below.

These are the problems with utilizing the stacked wood, as they were presented to us:

The volume is reputed to only be perhaps 2/3 of the amount predicted from inventory (see below)

People are reportedly taking wood without authorization from the fields before it is brought into storage sites

Termites are said to be attacking the wood, which will reduce its quality (Note that the Stratégie de Reboisement contains information on page 66 for biological anti-termite treatments; pesticide treatments must comply with U.S. government regulations [Aziz Sanogo, personal communication, 1 November 2010]).

People do not have tools or means to break down the wood for household use in an orderly way

These observations have led to a revised estimation that the wood will last for only one or - at a maximum - two years as the settlements use it up, not 3 years as it was hoped.

Of note: The USFS team was not able to confirm first-hand any of these claims due to insufficient time.



Stacked wood near Point A inside the perimeter: Large irregularly-piled trees with roots hanging in the air are difficult to

exploit and could be the object of a safety and practicality training program associated with improved woodstoves.

Assuring that settlers have access to the wood that is being cleared from the forest, as MCA is doing, is a major step forward in irrigated perimeters, and an opportunity to show Office du Niger a better way to carry out resettlement: with an eye to environmental conservation and fairness. This is all the more reason to do it carefully and thoughtfully.

2. Check on wood volume estimation methods

The fast-growing tree planting program is not yet in full operation, so we are fortunate to have some time to consider the best possible means of implementing it.

Rethinking the target volume: Blindly striving to fulfill a goal of growing so many cubic meters by such and such a date carries a risk of bypassing a reasoned and multi-faceted approach to the problem of assuring sustainable wood supplies. As discussed above, MCA could go to the people and propose a wider management scenario in which exotic trees can be complemented with native trees and forests which are currently regarded as everyone’s or no-one’s property , but that could be placed under management in reserves; these reserves could be managed by village associations.

Even after the cleared/stacked wood is exhausted, it is unrealistic to presume that all the wood used by settlers will come from the plantation of 1,550 hectares inside the perimeter plus trees that will be planted inside concessions. If settlers have a choice between walking 15 kilometers to get Eucalyptus firewood from the common woodlot and stepping outside the perimeter one kilometer to collect native Acacias, they will choose the latter. This is why a complementary plan that involves areas outside the perimeter must be designed.

Working with estimates: Every estimation made of wood volumes (the amount of wood available; the amount of wood that each person/each household consumes in a year; even the weight of a cubic meter of wood) is subject to statistical and precision errors, and so much so that it is hardly worth acting in haste when it comes to decisions about changing land use on hundreds of hectares of land and spending thousands of dollars to rectify perceived shortages. Even the number of settlers that will use the wood (7,800 or 8,000 or 10,000?) is only an estimate, as well as the dates by which they will actually be resettled and need the wood.

Another misleading assumption is that, given a calculated volume requirement (such as 8,000 people times 0.62 cubic meters per person per year), all problems will be solved if this much wood is cleared from the rice fields and grown in the woodlots. Figures on the target population seem to be rounded to the nearest thousand, or sometimes to the nearest hundred (7,800 or 8,000). Figures used to calculate wood requirements come from a range of studies and a range of values within those studies used to estimate the



daily amounts of wood used by individuals and by families, and what they use it for. (A surprising amount of wood may be used to make beer, process karité, or warm up water.) Many MCA documents cite the 0.62 cubic meters per person per year, based on studies on firewood consumption cited in Styger’s 2007 DAI report (page 11):

Wood consumption in the Office du Niger zone - Section 3.6.1. Firewood consumption

Firewood consumption in rural Mali varies between 0.7 to 2.4 kg/ person / day, depending on the availability of wood resources (Basile 1997, cited by Traoré 2004). In the Office du Niger zone firewood consumption was between 0.41-0.64t/person/year in 1987, according to PIRL. From 1987 to 1998 consumption was rising from 0.41 to 0.54 t/person/year in the irrigated areas, but declined in the non-irrigated zone from 0.64t/person/year to 0.54t/person/year (SOCEPI, 1998). Due to lack of updated and more recent data, the wood consumption of 0.54t/person/year is maintained in this report. This translates into 1.5kg/person/day or

0.62m3/person/year (1m3 = 875kg).

Firewood consumption in the ON zone is 1.5kg/person/day, 0.54t/person/year or 0.62m3/person/year. The yearly firewood consumed by 10,000 people is therefore 6200 m3 (or 5425t).

Table 5: Firewood consumption and reforestation surface needed to cover the fuelwood needs

Fire wood consumption

m3/person/

yr

t/person/year kg/person/day m3/10,000

people/year

Area to be reforested in ha to cover fuelwood need for 10,000 people**

Low 0.29 0.256 0.7 2900 145

Average * 0.62 0.54 1.5 6200 310

High 1.0 0.875 2,4 10000 500

* Average firewood consumption Office du Niger in 1996: 0.62m3/person/year (SOCEPI, 1998)

** Assumption of production rate of 20m3/ha/year for irrigated Eucalyptus (Dakouo, 2002)

Note that this estimated need for hectares to satisfy demand is based on a yield of 20 cubic meters per hectare per year in the plantation. That is an optimistic expectation and “best case scenario,” which places a lot of pressure on MCA. On the other hand, the plantation area is set at 1,550 hectares, three times the requirement cited in this table for “high consumption”. This implies that it is possible to reduce the number of Eucalyptus in favor of more Acacias and other local species that may grow more slowly but are better adapted to the ecology and needs of the people. The appropriate species were recommended in the previous section; many are well-tested by ICRAF.

Ideal use of averages in estimations: Field studies that actually measure wood used in households base their figures on an average weight of wood consumed per person during the length of the study, and extrapolate this to a year. They may then convert the year’s weight into stères of wood (stacked wood, versus pure wood volume), and then from there, convert stères into cubic meters (or they could pass from kilograms per year directly into cubic meters per year). It becomes unscientific to use one value to the nearest thousand and multiply it by another value to the nearest hundredth in order to estimate a total, at least without reporting the error range possible.

Each unit of measure has an error factor associated with it, a coefficient that is just an average of many measurements, a range of possible values; additionally, the values vary per species of wood being measured. The take-away point is: Estimations are in the end reports of statistical means, and they might have a wide range of possible values, but the one who reads the report can never be aware of the possible true value



range unless it is reported; the more that conversions and coefficients are used to pass from one unit to another, the greater the potential error range becomes.

Therefore, in order to “properly” estimate the wood needed by the resettled populations in the perimeter, you would technically have to know the possible range of numbers of people that will live there; the possible range of kgs of wood used per person per year; the possible range of volumes per kilogram of wood; and even the percentage of the wood that is used in cooking versus other uses. No error calculations or ranges are reported in the estimations of annual wood requirements, nor of wood available in the perimeter, from the reports we have seen.

Thus, all the estimations should be taken as very rough indications of wood use, and the goal should be two-pronged: employ sustainable management practices and manage to produce a given wood volume.

Estimation of construction wood need: The method used for estimating the need for construction wood (bois de service) is convenient : it is based on 10% of the fuelwood volume requirement. However, if houses are already being built for settlers, is this a realistic figure to use? And even if construction wood was 10% or less of fuelwood use, should 88% of the woodlot area be planted in Eucalyptus poles?

3. Calculation of wood available to settlers from forest clearing

“A temporary wood supply has been provided by the clear-cutting of the zone conducted in preparation for

irrigation development. It was estimated that approximately 15,000 m3 of wood (at 3 m

3 per hectare) would

be available as a result of the clear-cutting. It was further estimated that this would provide enough wood to support all the people of Tranche 1 (about 10,000 people, including the 8,000 PAPs) for about 2.4 years....” (Richart, 2010). Technically, in evaluating the wood available on a given tract of land, we would want to see a table that shows what proportion of the land being evaluated is in various density classes (dense woods, bare land, or other classification); then we would apply an appropriate average wood volume per hectare to the number of hectares in each vegetation class.

a. Calculation using satellite image-based density estimates

We do have a table showing estimated wood volumes for vegetation density classes within the whole perimeter. It is from the CDM report contained within the Environmental Impact Assessment:

Density of veg. cover

Dominant species Area of veg. class in Alatona (ha)

Estimated volume of wood M3/ha

Total estimated volume (M3)

Very dense Acacia nilotica

Mitragyna 250 25 6,250

Medium density A. nilotica

Balanites aegyptiaca 1,650 15 24,750

Low density Acacia senegal

Combretum micranthum 3,500 6 21,000

Sparse Various 8,000 1 8,000

TOTAL 60,000

The table is coupled with an interpreted 2006 satellite image from the same CDM report. The map, which is drawn from interpreting the satellite image into density classes, is shown next.



The density class-total volume table applies to the whole of the Alatona perimeter and not strictly to Tranche 1 with its 5,200 hectares. To apply the same method to a subset of Alatona, Tranche 1, would be exactly the right method to use to estimate volume for the Tranche. The caveats for any estimation of this type are that the imagery used to stratify must be recent; the stratification must be reliable (though by nature it is subjective); and the volumes per ha in each class should be based on reliable data.

The image and the table unfortunately exclude the woodlot area (1 ,550 ha); it is unclear why this is the case. One of the recommendations we have already made is to pass through the woodlot area and attempt to quantify what will be lost by clearing it for a Eucalyptus plantation.

Ideally, Tranche 1 should have been analyzed separately from the area as a whole, and the hectares per class should be put in a similar table so that total wood volume could be properly estimated.

Here are two images (believed to be from 2006) from Google Earth that show parts of Tranche 1 where vegetation is now being cleared. They show different vegetation strata of varying density. The locations of the close-ups are indicated by yellow squares on the picture of the whole Alatona perimeter:

LEGEND

Road construction site

Village

Nioro-Gorma route

Elevation line

Livestock migration route

Alatona perimeter

Fala de Molodo

LAND COVER:

Barren/arid

Low density forest

Medium density forest

Sparse forest

Very dense forest

Water

Pasture area



Two different parts of Tranche 1 (rough boundary in red) with different forest cover (in 2006 Google views).

Although the total wood estimate for the 5,200 ha first tranche was made using 3 cubic meters per hectare times 5,200 hectares, the same average volume per hectare does not apply to dense forest as to light forest cover. Areawide volume estimates for the region range from 6.2 to 14.41 cubic meters per hectare (Styger, 2007). Three cubic meters per hectare was used as a low estimate, but the fact that Tranche 1 was not stratified is still troublesome. After all, if the entire tranche was in the “sparse” classification, the volume would be 1/3 of the estimate that is being used.

b. Calculations using measurement of tractor piles in the field

Another complicating factor is that some clearing by locals occurred before the bulldozing began in the perimeter, as people know that the usual practice in Office du Niger is to exclude communities from planning what to do with cleared wood.

1550 ha Woodlot

Southern corner of Tranche 1

Central section of Tranche 1

800m



In the end, it is the volume piled by the bulldozer in the field that is available to settlers (assuming this wood reaches the settlement sites). MCA has done well to concentrate on using this volume estimate instead of the others, but the method has its own set of inherent sources of error.

The closest estimate of available wood volume:

A very good effort was made to estimate the actual volume in the field by AECOM Tecsult, reported in September 2010. The method has two facets:

estimating volumes in piles and extrapolating the hectares represented by each pile (on average), and

estimating larger pieces in piles by measuring circular dimension and height of the pyramid (to the nearest centimeter), then estimating the proportion of the pyramid that is taken up with wood volume (to the nearest 5%).

NORMAL SOURCES OF ERROR USING THIS METHOD:

estimation of % of tractor pile that is “vegetative mass”

estimation of % of vegetative mass taken up with burnable wood

extrapolation of number of piles that will be created (since it will be a function of varying forest density)

estimation of number of hectares represented by each pile (again a function of forest density)

measurements of length, width, and height of piles (to nearest meter on height, to nearest decimeter on width of sides or radius)

The resulting estimate of wood that will be available per settler was as follows:

Available wood per person = total volume estimated from extrapolating tractor piles

(11,020 m3) divided by number of people in the 33 villages (7,766) = 1.42 m3 per person

Note the different outcomes that are possible if potential sources of error are incorporated:

If the estimations add an error of + - 5% to the original estimation (whose possible error we do not know), then the total wood available could range at best from 1.35 to 1.49 m3 per person.

If the error is + - 20%, the central range of available wood is 1.14 to 1.70 m3 per person

If the error is + - 50%, the central range of available wood is 0.71 to 2.13 m3 per person.

One more thought on piling up wood for settlers: How long the wood will last also depends on how soon the new villages will be settled. When we visited, only the first 43 of 800 planned household relocations had been completed in half a year. The longer the target populations remain in their original villages, the more they will be using wood from the bush instead of cut wood from within the perimeter.

A conclusion: No matter which volume estimation is closest to the truth, it is evident that the wood piled up in the perimeter will not last for more than a year or two. Even if it is properly cleaned and made available to the target users by implementing the proposed distribution of needed tools; even if extension work is conducted on safely cutting huge root-ended pieces down to household use size (women and men); even if an orderly and fair distribution system is put in place; the fact remains that some strategy will be needed to fill the gap between the end of this wood supply and the time that it will take to implement a nursery establishment and woodlot planting program, followed by the required time for growth of the planted trees.



4. A strategy for filling the gap in wood availability that will occur after stacked wood is used up should incorporate some ideas proposed previously

The Resettlement Action Plan’s subcontract ALA -D08 (Service de Mise en Oeuvre de la Réinstallation et Appui à la Communauté) provides for not only managing the entire 22,000 hectares reserved for Alatona, but also requesting additional lands for pasture and wood requirements:

The activities of this component will result in the complete delimitation of the perimeter

of Alatona. It covers approximately 22,000 ha, of which 14,000 are designated for

irrigation. The rest of the area will support infrastructures that are irrigation, villages,

roads, woodlots, and pasture lands. In addition to the 22,000 hectares, other areas can be

requested to provide pasture and wood for residents of the perimeter. (page 42)

In addition to this idea of requesting land to manage outside the irrigated perimeter, which is the main topic of this section, there are other ways to add more wood value to Alatona lands. These are described below.

a. Niche planting around the perimeter

These are niches that were proposed in the DAI forestry study where agroforestry trees can be planted to the benefit of residents:

Niches: A variety of niches within the farming system can be found within three distinct zones that are of relevance to Alatona farmers:

In Alatona, within irrigated zone: Niches available for agroforestry are canals, roads, field boundaries, and the fields themselves, a) fields only irrigated during rainy season (called rainy season irrigated fields in Table 2) , and b) fields irrigated in rainy and dry season (called dry season irrigated fields in Table 2).

In Alatona, outside irrigated zone: This area covers approximately 5000 hectares that will not be irrigated. The niches are homesteads and their surroundings, rainfed fields, cattle corridors, and village communal land.

Outside of Alatona: People coming from different locations (Alatona, Office du Niger, migrant herders) will most likely use these areas. The pastoral area niche can be found in this zone.

The agroforestry innovations that can be proposed for each of the niches are presented in Table 2 and further elaborated in the next section of the report.

Table 2 from DAI agroforestry study: Farming system niches and agroforestry innovations of Alatona (pgs 17 and 18)

Niches/Innovations

Wood-

lots

Live

fences

Fodder

banks

Food

banks

Fruit

trees

Pastoral

trees

Wind-

breaks

Shade

trees

Medicin

al plants

Homestead (x) X X X X X X

Rainfed fields X X X X X X

Cattle corridors X (x) X X X

Village communal land X X X X X X X

Canals and roads X X X X

Dry season irrigated fields (x) X X X X X

Rainy season irrigated fields (x) X X X X

Pastoral areas X X X X X



b. The uninhabited zone between the Fala and the canals: a vital

buffer area that is white on the map

A no-man’s land lies between the dug canal that surrounds the new irrigated perimeter and the Fala de Molodo, a branch of the Niger River that ends about 10 kilometers beyond Alatona. It is white in the map to the right. This would be one of the niches that could be planted in accordance with Ms. Styger’s recommendations.

The composition of vegetation on this land was described in the EIA’s Table 4-2 (below). It is basically a dense low forest, found just next to the river banks, indicated in photo below.

In its less degraded state, the vegetation in this strip includes Mytragina inermis, a riverine species well adapted to inundation. On other banks is a wide band of Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal. These are exceptional grazing and firewood species. Any wildlife remaining in the area gravitates toward these forests.

The ownership of this land is unclear; what is clear is that it will be used heavily by cattle and fuelwood-seeking householders, since it is the closest bush to most of the new settlements (compared to the proposed 1,550 ha plantation).

It behooves the AIP staff to integrate the management of this important strip of land before it becomes denuded with the arrival of new settlements. The area of the strip appears to be at least another 1,000 hectares outside the canals.



5. Differences in productivity and exploitation of natural forest versus plantations can be overcome by combining extensive and intensive management

It is interesting to note the remarks on wood production and species of the natural forest in Alatona made in the 2009 Environmental Impact Study (Section 4) that actually attempt to show how even the natural forest of the area can support a large number of people for some time:

“Given the variations in reported data, the fact that Alatona is now being exploited regularly for firewood and fodder species, and considering that the collection of wood will most likely intensify before the project starts, one is advised to adopt a cautious attitude related to wood reserves that will be available for the project population. With a minimum estimation of 3 cubic meters of wood per hectare, the volume of wood on the 19,800 ha area will be about 60,000 cubic meters. This is approximately the same as the figure provided in CDM’s 2006 report on Phase I (50,000 m3), based on a presumed area of 16,000 ha, with a given value of 400,000 dollars (1999). Assuming a yearly consumption of 0.62 m3/person, the wood in Alatona could therefore supply 96,000 persons with firewood for one year; 48,000 persons for two years; or about 32,000 persons for 3 years.”

Low dense forest typical of the area between the Fala and the irrigation canal



On the basis of this reasoning, the fact that the number of persons targeted by the program has now been reduced to 8,000-10,000 means that almost (and only) 10 years’ worth of natural forest lies within the boundaries allocated to the Alatona MCA project.

Another interesting section of the EIA that draws on archived Centre Technique Forestier des Tropiques (CTFT) is section 4.2.1.4 Productivité annuelle de bois pour la vegetation naturelle d‟Alatona (Annual production of wood from natural forest in Alatona, translated):

In parallel with reports on wood volumes contained in forests, there is a great variability in the literature when it comes to wood productivity per year. The variation in annual woody biomass increases in the Sahel is on the order of 0.05 to 2.0 cubic meters per year. Von Maydell (1983) reported a growth rate of 0.1 m3/ha/year for sahelian vegetation. Djimde (1990) reports an annual productivity of 0.13 m3/ha for savanna with 400-600 mm of rainfall.

In the Office du Niger region, SOCEPI (1998) gives information on different mean annual growth rates, without detail on vegetation types, sources of information, or method of data collection. The annual growth according to SOCEPI is 0.29 m3/ha/yr, and for Niono, Sokolo, Macina, Monimpe, and Kolongotomo, it reaches 0.44 m3/ha/yr.

Another method to estimate annual wood production is by using Clément’s formula (CTFT 1982):

Io = 0.05129 + 1.08171 P2, where

P = annual rainfall in m/yr

Io = wood productivity in m3/ha/yr

So that if rainfall is 200 mm to 700 mm as it is on Alatona site, the productivity is between 0.095 and 0.584 cubic meters per hectare per year. For an average rainfall of 400 mm, annual wood production is 0.225 m3/ha.

The intense current exploitation in Alatona results in a loss of vegetative cover, which has its own negative impact on productivity in the zone. Thus, and estimation that is super-conservative is proposed for Alatona: 0.23 m3/ha/yr for natural forest.

To ensure sustainability, it is recommended to harvest only 75% of the annual growth, which gives an annual exploitable volume of 0.17 m3/ha/yr… This represents enough wood for 5,500 people to satisfy their needs sustainably (based on 0.62 m3/person/yr)….

Now, if we were to take the 5200 ha of the irrigated perimeter out of the total 22,000 ha allocated to Alatona, the remainder in “natural forest” is over 16,000 ha. If you have 16,000 ha producing a sustainable offtake of 0.17 m3/ha/yr according to the above scenario, you get 2,720 cubic meters per year, which supposedly is enough to supply over 4,300 people if managed sustainably, and possibly more. (Recall that this is without any plantation of woodlots.)

The reader is referred to the section under Plantations Focused on Exotics, and to Appendix 4 on Eucalyptus projects in the Sahel, for details on the productivity of Eucalyptus, for comparison. In summary, the program is counting on 20 m3 per hectare per year, but some reports on Eucalyptus growth (including those used for the Reboisement contract for Alatona) indicate that it can take up to 8 years to reach that growth. Other reports range from 7 to 20 m3/ha/yr if irrigated; the range can be from 1 to 3 m3/ha/yr if not.

The take-away point is that extensive and intensive management techniques should be combined by MCA in order to overcome differences in estimated productivity and exploitation of natural forests and plantations.



6. Should MCA receive extra funding to try to finance the remaining 1050 hectares of plantations in the common woodlot?

Currently, MCA only has adequate funding available to finance 500 ha of the proposed 1,550 ha common woodlot. A question that arose throughout our mission was whether additional resources could be identified to finance the remaining 1,050 ha of plantation in the common woodlot. This question goes beyond a simple calculation of how many hectares of planted Eucalyptus are needed to fulfill the needs of Alatona settlements, for we have heard that it would be preferable to locate woodlots nearer to the new settlements and to concentrate on species that may be (or may not be) slower-growing than Eucalyptus. The question should be answered in the light of whether the strategy makes sense and what the alternatives are. In our opinion, the alternatives that include a larger native species effort and an additional component of managing forests (even sparse ones) outside the irrigated perimeter are preferable to funding a scheme so exclusively based on Eucalyptus and other exotics.

II. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE THE PERIMETER - Recommendations



assist

1. Study the necessity and the feasibility of marking boundaries for Alatona and publicizing them so that the outside limits of the allocated land are known by all neighboring residents

2. Assist in devising management plans for forested lands outside the Tranche 1 perimeter so controlled consumption occurs before plantation wood is mature

Regional images and the topographic map show clearly that broad areas are still uninhabited and available for integrating into a complementary management scheme to take pressure off the confined area of the plantations. Of particular interest is the area between the long, narrow pasture land and the east edge of Alatona perimeter, as well as the entire section to the southeast of the perimeter. The chapter below on managing forest outside the perimeter goes into more detail.

A look at old Institut Géographique National maps shows the extent of bush and pastureland that still are not densely populated and could be integrated into a wider wood and pasture management scheme.

15-km radius

Alatona

FOREST PATCHES

FOREST PATCHES

II. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE THE PERIMETER - Recommendations


3. Implement safe wood-cutting and improved woodstove programs linked to stacked wood sites

This would be a targeted double-objective program that requires those who use the stacked wood to go through training in safety and tool use to reduce the wood to organized piles, followed by a training in the use of woodstoves that conserve energy. Such a program would be conditional upon a knowledgeable, efficient NGO having the capability to implement such a scheme. It would be necessary to decide how payment for woodstoves would be received, as it is not recommended to give them away. If a woodstove program cannot be implemented because of lack of time and resources, then the program should help salvage and distribute as much of the remaining stacked wood as possible. Settlers should form firewood committees that will monitor whether wood quality is deteriorating. If termites (which we were told have proven to be a problem with some of the stacked wood) are found, then the wood should be made into charcoal and sold with credit to the intended users, or kept and used by the resettled PAPs. Whatever use is made of the stacked wood, MCA staff has agreed that it will require a preliminary training in safe wood splitting and stacking. The position of the large pieces of wood and the irregular shape of the roots make it a potentially dangerous operation for ill-equipped or unknowledgeable users. Implementation of a woodstove program would best be accomplished by an NGO in Mali; however, USFS could possibly act in an advisory capacity for organization/accounting of the activity, or for documenting the process for future resettlement schemes.

C. Other recommendations that would fill

the fuelwood gap between year 2 and year 8

while plantations mature

Develop a system for burning rice hulls and crop waste as fuel (these technologies were mentioned by the MCA team but are outside the scope of USFS assistance)

Establish household/concession plantations as per the strategy document, but add in Acacia holosericea; place more Eucalyptus in compounds and fewer in the big woodlot.

Avoid burning cow dung; instead, use the dung to improve soils and garden yields in the gardening plots that will be established

III. FOREST MANAGEMENT OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER - Findings


III. FOREST MANAGEMENT OUTSIDE

THE PERIMETER

A. FINDINGS

1. Legal issues – land tenure and forestry laws Mali’s land tenure and forestry laws have significant natural resource and socio-economic implications. In rural Mali, land rights are usually customary and are secured as loans (for access or use) through oral agreements. Land allocation is sometimes determined by “local conventions” that delineate use and access to well-defined land areas or common pool resources, negotiated by stakeholders (Diallo and Mushinzimana 2009). The Domain and Land Tenure Code (2000, modified in 2002) is ambiguous and not well known or utilized by rural people. This code recognizes customary land rights if they are officially approved by district (cercle) offices, but this is uncommon in the Office du Niger, which possesses most land use rights. In areas with high pressure on land such as irrigable zones, insecurity of land tenure is increasing, especially for small farmers. There has been a push over the last several years to promote land tenure in the rural sector. The Government of Mali passed an Agricultural Framework Law in 2005 which aims to reduce the costs and number of the legal procedures for securing land rights, but in reality it is not widely implemented at the local level (Goislard and Djiré 2007). The Alatona Irrigation Project aims to establish land titles by requiring PAPs to purchase three of the five hectares allocated to them in resettled areas (CDM 2008). This has the potential to benefit farmers whose access to land is sometimes revocable, as well as women whose rights to land are particularly tenuous. However, land ownership is new to most and the system should be carefully planned to ensure its success. Although land ownership may increase farmers’ security and provide an incentive for stewardship of resources, there is some concern that land tenure could favor individuals with capital sufficient to access it, including private firms, at the expense of poorer farmers who may be pushed off their land (Goislard and Djiré 2007). The German development agency Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) recently conducted a study on land tenure in Mali (Diallo and Mushinzimana 2009). They found that farmers who want to grow rice in the Niger Basin pay an annual rent to those who possess land use rights (typically the Office du Niger), which is roughly 125,000-150,000 FCFA per hectare, including water fees. At the time of GTZ’s study in 2009, MCA-Mali was considering charging PAPs 3-4 million FCFA per hectare (or 9-12 million for all three hectares they are required to purchase). This amounts to 150,000-200,000 FCFA per hectare per year over a payment period of 20 years. MCA-Mali is still in the process of determining the cost that will be charged to PAPs for their three hectare purchase so that it can be covered with income from rice. Some villagers have expressed concern about maintaining rice production on their entire allotment due to a shortage of labor (Welingara village visit, 15 September 2010). The same parcel area (five hectares) was allocated to each concession, regardless of its size. MCA-Mali should account for possible variation in rice output across concessions to so that average income is considered when setting the price for land titles.



Questions of ownership and jurisdiction are also an issue in local application of Mali’s forestry laws. ICRAF has conducted research about legal reforms needed to incentivize protection of forests, particularly with regard to agroforestry (Yatich et al. 2007 and 2008). Mali’s Forestry Law concerning conservation, protection and valuation of forest lands (95-004 Article 1) focuses on state lands and excludes agroforestry systems. However, because land is generally held in trust by the government, on-farm trees have been considered within state jurisdiction and managed by the Malian Forest Service. Yatich et al. (2007) found that “stringent regulations on access, use and management of protected native trees have affected farmers’ investments on tree management as well as the pursuit of other silvicultural practices”. Many farmers have cut their on-farm trees to avoid conflicts with “forestry police”. Strict limits on use also do not incentivize tree planting. In 2008 the government passed the Decentralization Policy Law 96/050 which transfers natural resource management to communes under local by -laws, and provides for the formulation of a forest management plan at the local level. Community involvement is a step in the right direction. To make sure that this decentralized regime is successful, the roles and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders, including the Malian Forest Service, should be clarified in decision-making about management of agroforests.

2. Current land clearing practices of the Office du Niger are often wasteful

Environmental laws regarding land clearing are also in need of stronger enforcement. Private investors who sign an agreement with Office du Niger to lease a new development site are currently held to few of the environmental obligations that come with the lease. The emphasis is on producing and selling food, rather than on the resource base that allows higher productivity. Although the Office du Niger ceded its land rights to MCA, practices on MCA lands will likely be similar unless a concerted effort is made now to institute positive change. Thus, MCA has a unique opportunity to do things in a better way than “business as usual”.

Here is a typical new Office du Niger rice paddy installation scenario that was described to us during our meeting with village representatives in Siribala:

Large-scale land clearing operations, in the thousands of hectares, are exempt from paying the usual fees for “défrichement” (clearing), which are 5,000-7,500 FCFA per hectare and higher depending on the density of wood and whether stumps are also removed.

While the land-clearing developer is running a bulldozer to remove stumps and trees, women follow behind to get as much of the wood as they can carry.

The men come with wagons behind the tractor to carry away as much as they can, as fast as they can.

Any wood that is not taken away by users within a few days of the clearing operation is burned or buried by he who is clearing the land, so the investor can quickly get his crop in.

This systematic wood waste constitutes poor management and should be corrected according to ethics and Malian law to relieve the inevitable wood shortages that occur after development.

It would be useful to dialogue with the Office du Niger to work toward a more equitable and profitable policy for the wider region. Wood in its present state of scarcity should be quantified and paid for, then equitably distributed to communities that are “losing” access to this forest while the investor “gains” from selling cash crops in the long-term.

A “deforestation” management plan for forests under the jurisdiction of Office du Niger will head off future waste of precious wood and develop better relationships between Office du Niger, the Malian Forest Service, and affected communities. Such laws exist but seem to remain unimplemented.



Although this finding concerns lands outside the Alatona perimeter, the environmental effects are common to all settlers in the irrigated lands and will find their way north where more forest lands remain. Collaborating with the Office du Niger could lead to a more sustainable solution to the regionwide problem of wood scarcity.

3. Local forests are grossly undervalued when finding “compensation land”

Malian Forest Service agents at Niono and Siribala explained to our USFS team that when installing new irrigation perimeters in Office du Niger land, the ON assists with finding land for “compensation forests” that are supposed to replace cleared production land with trees bought from local nurseries.

Based on a supposition that the planted trees will be high-yielding fast-growing exotics, the number of hectares contained in compensation forests typically is based on a maximum of 10% of the hectares that are cleared to produce rice. The size of the compensation forest can be even smaller, if the Malian Forest Service decides that villagers are not able plant the number of hectares in the compensation forests, or if it is too expensive to buy seedlings (which cost approximately 100 FCFA each). We were told that 1% of the original area is a typical compensation rate Ŕ so, for example, in a case where 2,000 hectares of wetland or bottomland forest is bulldozed, only 20 hectares of replacement trees may be planted elsewhere to compensate for it! This constitutes a gross undervaluing of local forests, especially considering the local non-timber products that will be lost when replaced by exotics that are normally planted.

a. “Bosquets compensatoires” (compensation woodlots) do not provide adequate /in-kind compensation for lost floodplain forests

Documented values of flood-prone forests such as the ones that are cleared for rice production are in the Wetlands International publication “Flood-prone forests: treasures of the Niger River Inland Delta” (2007). These include biodiversity and wildlife/fisheries values, refuges in time of war and scarcity, sources of construction and cooking wood, fodder trees, shade, fruits, gums, and socio-cultural sites. The only recorded negative value is that crop-eating birds do also regenerate there. But this issue could be addressed in an issue-specific forum on the topic.

Monocultures of Eucalyptus will only provide a fraction of the services lost by clearing natural forests, AND they do so on undersized compensation forests.



OBSERVATIONS ON “COMPENSATION FORESTS”

They are supposed to replace exceptionally valuable bottomland forests that are being

removed for production of a few hundred dollars worth of rice per hectare per year.

The Malian Forest Service establishes plantations to “make up” for bulldozed forestland.

They are to be replanted as a “compensation” area, and the size of the area is decided

according to the abilities of the local population to tend the plantation. The typical

scenario is to set up 10% of the surface that was cleared; but the Forest Service is likely to

reduce this to as little as 1%, based on available land and seedlings that can be bought.

Large-scale land clearing operations, in the thousands of hectares, are exempt from paying

the usual fees for “défrichement”, which can range from 5,000-7,5000 FCFA per hectare

and higher depending on the density of wood and whether stumps are removed.

This paints a scenario wherein a private investor who clears and pulls stumps out of 2,000

hectares will be exempt from paying the 15 million FCFA that is due by law, money that

could be used to locate a sizeable new plantation and pay workers.

The number of hectares (1% to 10% of the original area) reforested to “compensate” displaced villages for lost natural forest land is too small.

As the Office du Niger is ramping up its offers to investors for low- or no-cost access to huge tracts of irrigable land, a good opportunity for improving the wider environmental impacts of these investments presents itself. Now is the time to improve the current inequitable wood-wasting scenario that is all-too-often repeated every time new lands are cleared in the Office du Niger.

Collaboration between MCA-Mali and the Office du Niger is essential as they are adjacent land managers. Any positive action that MCA-Mali may take will provide a good example for the Office du Niger to follow suit.

4. The right to request and manage legally-recognized forests and pasture land outside irrigated perimeters remains underused

There is plenty of justification for commencing a program to manage forests and pasture lands outside the Alatona irrigated perimeter.

Start with the Forestry and Agroforestry Analysis done by DAI for MCA in 2007:

All of the Office du Niger sub-zones are wood deficient, thus depend on forest resources from surrounding communes. Most pronounced is the firewood deficiency.

The last in-depth study on ‘Wood and Energy’ in the Office du Niger zone was done in 1996 and is published by SOCEPI (1998). Already in 1996, all households in the ON zone needed to import firewood from beyond the village territory.

... In the non-irrigated zones of the ON region, 33% of households admitted there needs to be fully satisfied from the village territory, 27% partially satisfied, and 33% were not satisfied. The distances to collect firewood were already very far in 1996. In Niono, people collected wood along a radius of 65km around the town, for Diabaly the range was 30km, and for Macina it was



35km. Over 75% of the consumed fuelwood came from these areas covering a total surface of 1.55 million hectares.

Today, the situation has even gotten worse. In the entire Office du Niger village territories woody resources are further degrading. People travel very far to collect firewood on donkey carts. A farmer in Molodo explained that he sends his son 3 times a month for 3 to 5 days each time... to collect firewood far away from the village territory. The collected wood suffices only to cover the family’s subsistence needs. A donkey cart of collected firewood is sold at 4000-5000 FCFA in low season, but can reach a price of up to 15,000 FCFA during the rainy season, when people are busy with rice planting and when fuelwood consumption increases due to cooler weather conditions (Styger, 2007).

DAI’s 2007 analysis of forestry and agroforestry opportunities resulted in several solid proposals concerning both tree planting and land management. Much of the analysis was translated into French and is contained in Annex Q of the EIA; the recommended strategy (below) that concerns this chapter speaks of managing lands outside as well as inside the perimeter:

PROPOSED STRATEGY to develop agroforestry and reforestation alternatives

Mitigate increasing pressure on forest resources by Alatona residents, respond to the their needs for tree products and services by pursuing two courses of action:

Conserve and enrich natural vegetation and traditional agroforestry systems inside and outside of the perimeter, in order to reinforce their socio-economic and environmental functions

Improve use of marginal land and multiple niches within the Alatona site that are not used for irrigation by planting agroforestry technologies that can deliver environmental services and products of first necessity (wood, fruits, forage), and that integrate a tree-livestock-cropping system

“The agroforestry potential at the Alatona site is considerable.”

5. Need to integrate agriculture, forestry and herding in a holistic land management plan across irrigated and arid zones

a. Supporting sustainable agro-pastoral systems

To date, the Office du Niger has focused its land management practices on expansion of agricultural production in irrigated areas. It has not yet implemented a cohesive management plan for the region that addresses agriculture, herding and fuelwood collection as integrated components. As a result, growth of agriculture is out of synch with other land uses, which has put pressure on water resources, increased stress on pasture area and livestock corridors, and caused conflicts between herders and farmers.

The following discussion is based on perspectives offered by a team (Brondeau 2003) that spent several years in the northern Office du Niger region studying its socio-economic conditions and making a case for broadening the management base beyond irrigation schemes focused on rice production at the expense of forestry and pasture issues.

For more than 20 years, investments in Office du Niger irrigation networks increased rice yields while ignoring the complementary role that arid zones play for many rice farmers. Increasingly, farmers are investing their savings in livestock, and have become agro-pastoralists. Livestock are allowed in the rice



fields from December to May to clean up crop residues and leave manure, and then leave for the “little migration” in nearby arid pasture land. Thus the fields are as multi-functional as the arid zones, ensuring that water and food are available to animals in the dry season.

Encroachment of farmland has restricted pasture available for livestock. Millet is the main crop outside the irrigated perimeter, but with ever more uncertain rains, dry land farmers extend their fields onto more and more marginal land and into spaces traditionally used by herders. Moreover, firewood marketing has grown as a side activity that proves more profitable, since it is increasingly the only source of wood in large towns located in the Office du Niger; this fact was corroborated by our meeting with Siribala villagers (16 September, 2010).

The following map is from Brondeau’s 2003 perspective article. It is a schematic depiction of how different components of the ecosystem around the “Sahel Branch of the Niger River” interact. The rings represent growing millet farming villages. They are expanding into a major grazing corridor between Macena and the Sahel that is used every year.

Brondeau 2003



b. Managing conflicts between herders and farmers

In addition to managing the needs of agro-pastoralists who utilize both irrigated and arid zones, there is a need to mitigate conflicts between these communities, (who prioritize agricultural production, and may use livestock as a savings instrument), and traditionally migratory communities, (who prioritize livestock and farm as needed to supplement their food supply).

A primary source of conflict between these groups is related to discrepancies between the timing of agricultural production and the herding cycle. Brondeau reports that “because of the overlap between the agricultural and the pastoral calendars, farmers and herders clash and tensions rise over using adjacent lands. Now that two-crop seasons are being implemented, keeping livestock out [of farm land] is even more complicated.”

He goes on to explain how discordant needs for the same land types causes friction:

Herd movement is seasonal and daily. Animals…..get chased out [of irrigated areas] when plant nurseries are sprouting (April-May) and when rice is replanted (June). Herders then must drive [livestock] towards “waiting areas” while rains replenish pastures and fill ponds in the arid zone. Herds stay several weeks in the pasture zone and then go back towards the irrigated fields in October-November. They stay in the waiting areas again till December when harvesting and thrashing are completed, and they are allowed back in the paddies. Herders in arid zones join them in the waiting areas; from January on, most of the herds are in the pasture zone of the rice fields.

The “waiting areas” described above are also referred to as buffer zones between pastoral and irrigated lands. Close proximity to water resources means that this land is in high demand. It is also vulnerable to water diversions by rice cultivators and villagers outside of the irrigated perimeter (Brondeau 2003). Management of these buffer zones is key to balancing the needs of different users in the region as well as maintaining a sustainable water supply.

Brondeau’s map of movements of products, livestock, and labor through the year shows the complexity of the interactions between sedentary producers and herders in the area; the difficulty of keeping them separate is implied.

Brondeau, 2003



Map of the complementarities and the interdependence of areas around Office du Niger

Niger River, Fala CATTLE MOVEMENT COMMERCIAL ROUTES

Irrigated perimeter for rice and gardens

Small and medium rainy season migration towards Sahel pasture and water pts

Biweekly flux of cereals, garden pro-duce, wood to Niono, Siengo, Macena markets; sold by dry zone villagers

Areas adjacent to Office du Niger Small and medium dry season migration towards irrigated Office du Niger

Biweekly flux for rice and dry area village needs

Dry areas on the outskirts of O.N. Big rainy season migration towards the Sahel

Main markets; most products from irrigated perimeters

LABOR MOVEMENT for seasonal harvest and planting

Big rainy season migration towards Niger Inland Delta (end Nov.)

Basin of potential wood supply Niono-Diabaly/ Macina

Principal direction of dry zone firewood towards irrigated perimeters

Source : Decentralization services CD-ROM ; Le Masson, 1998 ; Haidara, 1993 ; AGEFORE report, 1968 ; Author’s surveys from 1998,2000,2002 ; Office du Niger offices Niono and Ségou ; SDA Niono, 2001 ; (all referenced in Brondeau, 2003)

Because herders living in arid zones and farmers living in irrigated areas are often from different ethnic groups (Bambara vs. Peuhl, for example), tensions can be heightened by differences in language, education or literacy. Our meeting in Welingara confirmed the overwhelming evidence from MCC’s socio-economic analysis that literacy rates are very low (CDM 2008). Brondeau (2003) says that lack of education worsens



the consequences of droughts and poverty, and compared to the better-educated residents of the irrigated lands of Office du Niger, illiterate communities can be disadvantaged. Some Welingara villagers cited literacy as a pressing need, as well as technical assistance to help them adjust to rice cultivation (15 September 2010). They also expressed concern about tending their herds during rice season when labor is needed in the fields, and how to maintain their millet crops which are on a different production cycle (five months as compared to three months for rice).

As new lands are being developed in the Office du Niger, it is an opportune moment for addressing these specific problems. In addition to providing social services and technical assistance, it is important to understand the needs of different user groups. A first step in the process is to conduct an inventory of livestock routes, pasture areas and water points on maps for land management planning. This has been completed by the communes of Dogofry and Diabaly, which are applying Article 26 of Law 96-050 passed at the national level in 1996 to support management of collective territories. The commune of Dogofry has designated three watering sites and 20 sleeping sites. Diabaly has identified 21 corridors, 15 watering sites and 9 sleeping sites.

These features appear on maps included in the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Alatona Irrigation Project in 2009.



Unfortunately the livestock paths shown in the EIA do not match those in the resettlement plan (CDM 2008), which may cause confusion among resettled herders and increase conflict.

The locations of these paths and their alternatives need to appear on all maps pertaining to resettlement so that trust can be maintained and conflicts can be avoided.

6. Pressure on outside forest resources makes success of inside reforestation activities crucial

There are still pockets of vegetation around Alatona that could be managed better for wood, wildlife, and pasture land in parallel with Alatona woodlot and grazing activities.

When one looks at the degree of use of forests and pasture lands surrounding Alatona, one gets an idea of the pressure that will be concentrated inside MCA’s project area. The ubiquitous livestock trails are easily seen on 2006 Google Earth images below.

Welingara mtg

SNC base camp



In red: The 14,000-ha area MCA initially intended to irrigate (3 Tranches) on 2006 images, before the project began; another several thousand hectares are available for the same project on the southeastern side of the perimeter. In yellow: selected close-ups shown below

Central Alatona: “forested” area with part of the proposed woodlot in brown. The area leads to the mapped Alatona grazing reserve, the long thin green polygon on the map.

Location of 1550 ha woodlot

North of Alatona Central

Alatona

Southern corner of Alatona visited by USFS mission



Southern corner of Alatona zone where the mission visited (Welingara, temporary relocation camp, eroded canal banks); approximate boundary of AIP in red. Important natural forests are to the south and east.

North of Alatona: pockets of “brousse tigrée” and “brousse léopardée” on the north side of the Fala - dense combretum stands surrounded by bare hardpan. These are usually rich areas with relatively diverse species inside the tufts of trees. What will be the scenario when herders using this land are drawn to the irrigation perimeter and opt to bring their animals with them?



The current woodlot plantation will not be able to satisfy the annual firewood and fodder needs of resettled villagers until planted trees are sufficiently grown (at least 3 to 8 years optimistically; that is if the trees are planted today). The stacked wood to be distributed among the PAPs will only last for a maximum of 1 to 2 years (optimistically Ŕ see discussions on wood availability above). In the meantime, pasture lands will be restricted to narrow passages in the vicinity of the irrigated perimeter.

The only logical solution to this dilemma is to implement a concurrent program of managing forest and pasture lands outside the irrigated perimeter. There are several possibilities in this regard:

Utilize the 6,000+ extra hectares that have been ceded to MCA and are outside the area that was planned for irrigation; make a management plan for the woodlands remaining in this large area to supply the PAPs as well as have some wood left over to sell.

Form associations of water users that have legal status to ask for reforestation lands, pasture lands, and wildlife reserves from the Malian Forest Service, at the commune level and outside the Office du Niger.

Make a management plan for the 1,550 ha woodlot (which remains in the MCA plans, though USFS advocates for smaller community -based woodlots located closer to the villages with which they are associated) so that the wood offtake is monitored and replacement planting follows immediately.

Many livestock and paths through lightly forested savanna are visible

50 meters

Cattle on the road

An isolated herder village 30 km to the west of Alatona, at the height of dry season: no vegetation



Make a management plan for the “white area” between the Fala and the western canal, which makes up at least 2,000 additional hectares; it can be used for pasture, wood, and nontimber products.

a. USAID Strategic Goal Number 4: protection of natural resources

The USAID and US State Department Strategic Plan for fiscal years 2007-2012 includes elements of holistic and integrated management of natural resources, even within the context of economic activities. The AIP is an economic plan; albeit under the MCC banner, as a sister US Government agency operating abroad, MCC carries a certain responsibility in this commitment as well.

7. A forest/natural resource management component is missing from Office du Niger as a land management agency

The organizational chart of the Office du Niger reflects a lack of consideration for outside woodlands in the overall planning of agricultural production. The relationship with the Malian Forest Service was friendly in at least two meetings that we held with both agencies present, but it does not appear to be formalized in the

USAID and US Department of State Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2007-2012

Environment: Environmental issues such as climate change, protection of natural resources and forests, and

transboundary pollution will continue to play a critical role in our diplomatic and development agendas. We will

continue to promote a holistic approach to environmental issues in international fora, integrating our interests in

conserving the planet’s resources into our economic plans and activities. Transformational economic growth rests on a

foundation of scientifically-based sustainable use of natural resources. In development programs, we build capacity,

apply research, and promote technological improvements to foster more sustainable natural resource use and the

conservation of biodiversity, and resilience to climate change impacts.

... We will build technical capacity to improve natural resources management and increase agricultural productivity.

(Strategic Goal Linkage: 4)

11,000 ha of the Alatona Irrigation Project, with a planned grazing area of about 4,000 ha to the south of the planned common woodlot.

Management of the woodlot as well as the grazing land will be challenging.

Why not integrate some of the other land available to MCA (shown roughly in purple hash marks) into the management scheme?

Firewood, fodder, and natural products could be harvested there.

Welingara mtg

SNC base camp



organizational chart. A more formal arrangement is proposed in our recommendations, using the Alatona Irrigation Project as a model.

Organization of the Office du Niger as of 1994 (from Institutional Innovations and Water Management in Office du Niger

1910-1999: The long failure and new success of a big irrigation scheme, J-L. Couture, P. L. Delville, J.B. Spinat, in Documents de Travail de la Direction Scientifique, 2002)

The AIP/MCA-Mali has relationships with the Malian Forest Service and the communes that are different than the relationships that Office du Niger has. The proposed organizational chart for USFS intervention (in the recommendations section) could serve as a model in which USFS withdraws after providing technical assistance for a determined period of time (USAID proposes 3 years); assistance that includes integrating Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service in policy issues and land management beyond the irrigated perimeter.

a. Outside-the-perimeter pasture and forest management policy changes in Office du Niger can start with the MCA example

Justification for MCA intervention in policies related to forest and pasture lands outside the perimeter is found within the contract for the resettlement process:



The need for intervention in the integration of forest and pasture management on a larger scale is urgent. The scale of this policy issue demands that intervention start with an entity with clout such as MCC/MCA or USAID. The urgency of this action is illustrated in the following press article.

From CONTRACT ALA-DO8 between MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE ACCOUNT- MALI and AECOM-TECSULT

(Services for implementing the reinstallation and support to communities affected by the Alatona Irrigation Project)

4.1.3 Major challenges

a) Alatona region carries special challenges with it that must be taken into account by the consultant. Most of the population is illiterate, does not know about the involuntary resettlement process, and has only limited experience with irrigated agriculture. The PAPs must be made to understand regional and organizational development, that the project is bestowing rights and responsibilities and creating peasant organizations/ water users’ organizations/ women’s economic groups/ water source maintenance committees/ school support groups/ and credit institutions. All communications must be designed so that illiterate individuals will understand and national languages must be used on radio as well as posters and visual aids.

b) Other than the physical relocation to Alatona, there are other questions such as reforestation of pasture zones that must be resolved in coordination with MCA-Mali, the Communes, and Office du Niger (see section 4.4.2.2.).

These zones outside the perimeter may be requested by the PAPs to use for firewood, tree planting, pastureland, and water points; thus the consultant must communicate the arrangements it will take with the PAPs.

c) Coordination and collaboration with the communes of Dogofry and Diabaly is vital. Local authorities must be kept up to date of the project status and of any new problems that arise.

d) Women’s issues linked to execution of the resettlement plan must appear in the workplan and be monitored….

e) Coordination and collaboration with the Office du Niger is essential to creating the Water Users’ Associations. Thus the consultant will be obliged to maintain coordination with the ASDA consultant.



Mali: Rush for Land Along the Niger

(IPS/Soumaila T. Diarra, 22 April 2010 - http://allafrica.com/stories/201004230001.html)

Domestic and international investors are taking over large tracts of arable land in Mali. [Office du Niger] manages approximately two million hectares of arable land, of which only 83,900 hectares are developed. This might suggest that there's plenty of land to lease for big agricultural projects, but local farmers are worried.

Saudi Arabia and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) - including Libya - and Senegal are among the countries that want to develop large farms in Mali.

"The Senegalese campaigned for a long time for access to land. We offered them 25,000 hectares, but then we heard nothing from them for a long while (since 2005)," said Kassoum Denon, who oversees rice-growing areas at the Office du Niger, told IPS.

On the site of Libya's project, youth from surrounding villages welcome an investment that has provided them with jobs. "Most young people from villages in the area have found work thanks to this construction site. Afterwards people will be able to work in factories and building irrigation networks," Adama Coulibaly, a youth from the village of Kolongo, told IPS.

In addition to growing rice, Libya is considering adding industrial livestock production of 25,000 tonnes of meat per year. It’s also promising to invest in local agricultural processing facilities for products such as tomato paste.

However, farmers' organizations worry that the project violates certain rights of villages along the canal site. A national coalition of small farmers' associations, CNOP (la Coordination nationale des organisations paysannes du Mali) criticized the Libyans after visiting the site in July 2009.

"Local people are not well informed about the project. For example, we do not know when or how small farmers who have been displaced from their villages and fields will be compensated," said Lamine Coulibaly, head of communications at CNOP, in an interview with IPS.

"Mali leases the land to those who offer the best opportunities," said Drago. "You've seen the Libyans' construction site. We have to face the facts: after 50 years of independence, Mali has not been able to do that, and we could go another 50 more years without being able to do so."

Libya has spent some 52 million dollars building giant, 45 meter wide canals, according to the Office. Better yet, they paved the roads of nearby villages, and investors create jobs for youth in the area, working on construction sites and later in irrigation development.

"This will bring nothing but good to Mali. We will be able to develop an additional 100,000 hectares ourselves thanks to the initial canal work done by the Libyans," said Drago.

And it's not just foreign investors who are scrambling to secure land in this fertile, well-watered area. Wealthy Malians have taken advantage of favorable regulations to take over a number of parcels of land for almost nothing. "This is because it is easy to have a plot. The bidder doesn't pay anything, but funds the socio-economic studies and development costs," said Moustaph Maiga, head of communications at the Office.

However, the inaction of many of these would-be investors has started to annoy the Office du Niger's administration. "I want to publish a list of all those who have not invested in their plots, but I'll give them a grace period for 2010," said Denon.

The Malian government encourages private investment in the area although it doesn't directly benefit from it. This policy is based on a new law passed in 2006, whose goal is to modernize the agricultural sector.

"Because of the current grain crisis, all of Mali's partner countries look to the Office du Niger. We must therefore use this crisis to achieve what we could not do before," said Drago.

The area produces mainly rice and sugarcane. But the Office administration is now encouraging farmers to produce during the off-season crops such as potatoes and other vegetables. The government profits indirectly from these initiatives via irrigation access fees.

http://allafrica.com/mali/



8. Missed tax collection costs more than money

A useful policy change would be for the Malian Forest Service to collect deforestation taxes from all private investors to defray costs of setting up new forests.

The law provides for collecting the following fees for deforestation outside classified forests in the sahelian zone, as described above in the legal framework: Clearing with stump removal taxed at 7,500 FCFA/ha, and clearing without stump removal taxed at 5,000 FCFA/ha.

This means that for an area cleared by private investors equal to 2,500 hectares (such as that recently leased in Bewani), the Forest Service should have been able to collect almost 19 million FCFA toward the cost of establishing new wood sources. But, according to our host, “big projects are not required to pay the deforestation tax” (village meetings 16 September 2010). As a result, the Malian Forest Service scrambles to find land and trees to plant in the meager “compensation forests” that are supposed to replace those of the 2,500 hectares, claiming that the money is not there to buy the trees and there are no means to train and equip beneficiaries.

This injustice is clearly a policy issue with the Office du Niger, which is an independent government agency. Again, it will recognize an organization with the clout of MCC/MCA or USAID to institute positive change in terms of this basic policy issue and attempt to improve the current situation by holding forums with the Malian Forest Service and private investors who have been treated to accessing valuable irrigation lands without properly compensating for lost forestland (because they have not been asked to provide forest compensation, just to invest in roads and tractor work). The true cost of compensation should be brought to light; are factory and other manual labor jobs sufficient compensation for lost grazing, wood production, wildlife, and non-timber forest products?

This is another policy issue requiring a system-wide policy change that could be supported by MCC/MCA and USAID as part of a suite of actions to be undertaken outside the perimeter.

9. Should a marché rural for firewood be implemented?

A solution specific to overexploitation of firewood that is part of large-scale management is to devise a “schéma directeur d’approvisionnement” or rural wood market. This is a process of organizing woodcutters, setting up known depots, and controlling the amount of wood that is taken off delimited areas as well as the number of permitted woodcutters. The process is capable of being corrupted by both government officials and woodcutters as well as middlemen (see Appendix 11 on setting up a SDA), but given the urgency of the situation, it may be worth looking into the possibility. According to socio-economic data on villages, there are currently at least 75 to 85 pronounced villagers who work with charettes and wood (see the summary of socio-economic information on villages in Appendix 6).

III. FOREST MANAGEMENT OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER - Recommendations



assist

It has been shown through several reference documents, maps, and attended meetings that there is a real need for addressing wider land management issues in order for forests and plantations to fulfill the needs of villages and settlements.

Working more widely within the land mass allocated to MCA-Mali is one strategy: there are at least 6,000 hectares available to the east and south of the originally planned irrigation site that can be managed as complementary firewood and pasture sources.

Another niche mentioned by Styger in the 2007 assessment is the strip of bush between the Fala de Molodo and the perimeter proper, a nondescript and undeeded land that nonetheless contains plenty of natural resources that will be tapped by settlement residents regardless of the existence of other resources that are further away.

There are thousands more hectares in the public domain (les terroirs) beyond MCA-Mali jurisdiction that are simply used by herders and woodcutters in an anarchic way for both commercial and subsistence ends.

All of these areas can legally be brought under better and more equitable management, as long as the proper protocols are followed and the interest of the people is keen enough.

1. Facilitate working relationships with Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service that lead to conserving and writing management plans for forests outside the perimeter

The AIP/MCA has relationships with the Malian Forest Service and the communes that are different than the relationships that Office du Niger has. The Office du Niger has limited responsibilities in the framework of the Alatona irrigation scheme, all related to water works. However, given the irrigation system-wide issues around firewood and pasture and associated pressure on remaining resources, it is in the interest of Office du Niger to become integrated into a more holistic land management planning process.

Below is a proposed organizational chart for a USFS intervention that could lead to setting up a better forum for addressing wider area-based resource management. The model, in which USFS is an advisor and facilitator, sets up a multi-dimensional management structure to design a plan for the area around Alatona that combines irrigated-perimeter actors with those who depend on land just outside the perimeter. The USFS would withdraw after providing technical assistance for a determined period of time (USAID suggests 3 years). USFS involvement could include an employee based in the region for an extended period and/or a series of shorter assignments for teams of specialists, depending on what is feasible or considered most effective. The goal is to integrate Office du Niger, the Malian Forest Service, the communes, and MCA-Mali in policy modification, application of the law, and land management beyond the irrigated perimeter.



PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT FOR U.S. FOREST SERVICE ADVISORY FUNCTION TO MCA/MALI ON FOREST MANAGEMENT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ALATONA

USAID/ ACCELERATED ECONOMIC GROWTH

and MCC

MCC

US FOREST SERVICE REFORESTATION/

FOREST MGMT ADVISORY FUNCTION

MCA

MCA contract ALA-10a YEREDON

Compensation woodlots inside perim.

pre-Jun. 2010

MCA contract ALA-08 AECOM-TECSULT Wood distribution/

resettlement Feb. 2010

MCA contract 002 ICRAF-WAF Food, fodder,

fuelwood research Apr. 2009

Office du Niger

IEAs with Communes of Dogofry and Diabaly

concerning pasture/ wood

Malian Forest Service

Management of forests, pasturelands, and biodiversity/ fauna outside of Alatona perimeter

Communes of Dogofry, Diabaly

Advise on species, woodlot configuration, woodstoves

ICRAF advise on species, train nursery managers (women) with USFS support

Assist with land use planning

Legal exchanges,

planning, mapping

Advise on maps,

défrichement methods

Legal exchanges,

land use planning

Office du Niger

Exchanges on experience, legal aspects

PAPs

Assist in coordinating PAP requests for forest /pasture lands

Requests for pasture and forest lands outside the perimeter



The chart can be adjusted according to how it best serves the needs of the PAPs and the implementing agencies. The important thing is to get Office du Niger, the Malian Forest Service, and MCA all on the same page.

It is also possible to include

an element from the private sector as the forum would see fit

one or several elements from environmental NGOs like Wetlands International (with experience in extension on ecological awareness and integration of concepts) or Winrock International (with expertise in organizing villagers into associations)

The starting point would be for the actors to agree that such a concept is worth pursuing, and then dialogue can begin on the best tact to take in resolving the strategy. The strategy would have to tie into the “Stratégie de Reboisement” which USFS is proposing to help revise with MCA -Mali together with the ALA-D10b Reboisement consultant.

Advantages of this activity are numerous:

all the actors are already informed of Alatona activities

research has favored adapted technologies

the problems of pressure on resources affect everyone on some level, and everyone realizes this

the issue of rushing to get the Eucalyptus plantation installed would be alleviated

2. Gather data about pasture use, increase grazing efficiency, and integrate these uses and practices into land management planning

It is critical to consider livestock uses in strategies involving land management. Because arid lands and pasture have not been adequately addressed in the past, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of these uses and balance them with management of forests and agricultural lands. The integrated land management plan described in the previous recommendation should:

Designate adequate pasture and livestock paths and indicate timing of use

Designate watering sites, including possible construction of pumps and wells

Allow for regeneration of pasture and water resources

Include planting of fodder species

Protect agricultural lands during planting and harvest

Regulate use of buffer zones USFS Range Specialists can also provide technical assistance regarding:

Rotation of pasture land to allow regeneration

Management of herd size to maximize grazing efficiency

Protection of riparian areas

3. Increase capacity for valuing forestlands, enforcing deforestation law, and improving mitigation of land clearing through “compensation forests”



Before land is cleared, the Office du Niger or the Malian Forest Service should conduct an assessment of the value of the land to be lost, and require mitigation of those losses based on functional acres rather than density. In some cases very dense forests may be less functional from a habitat, forest health, or fire risk perspective. Incentives should be given for planting or restoring native, ecologically sustainable forests that provide a range of services (wood and medicinal products, habitat, clean water, erosion mitigation) rather than fast-growing monocultures. The performance of compensation forests should be monitored over time so that those who conduct large-scale land clearing are held accountable for forest losses.

4. Sponsor decentralized mapping and image capabilities for the entities to be involved in region-wide land management

The team noticed that it was difficult to obtain maps for areas we visited that show the various natural resources and human features all on the same map. We believe it would be helpful to use maps and low-cost images or photos that inform people about their roles, their responsibilities, and the lands that they use. A big advantage to using more maps and images is that they can be used to explain large-area concepts more easily than words; and they can be used to solicit feedback from rural and not-so-rural actors as well. The USFS has expertise in using the most up-to-date mapping technologies and also in adapting it to rural users who simply need to better understand the broad picture.

The process of adapting and disseminating mapping and image capabilities would start on a small scale (Alatona only). We would identify who the current actors in the mapping arena are, identify what needs they have perceived for their own offices and for stakeholders that have used their products, and go on to designing a program that makes the products more useful for all the actors. The objective would be to produce useful imagery rather than to simply teach/design ever-more-advanced technology that is left in the hands of a few.

5. Work with AECOM-TecSult , USFS and MCA contractors to sensitize communities on wider natural resource management issues and mitigate conflict

This work would involve reviewing different scenarios of resource management with villagers and ensuring that they understand the implications if nothing is done to manage the use of resources. This is also an opportunity to integrate sensitization on the value of local forest species and management of pasture lands in the region.

Ideally the USFS could also assist in development of materials for numeracy and other training that applies to integrated resource management. That would imply working with Malian NGOs that specialize in numeracy training and extension to ensure inclusion of resource-specific topics. An interesting potential partner working in rotational grazing-agriculture systems in Mali is International Development Research Center/Canada. The USFS can also offer training in conflict mitigation related to grazing and conflicts between land users with different objectives.

6. Facilitate communication and capacity building among national and local government agencies, farmers and herders to promote successful implementation of land tenure and forestry laws

Convene meetings of national, regional, district and commune-level governments, to promote understanding of the Domain and Land Tenure Code and Agricultural Framework Law regarding land tenure, as well as customary land rights practices at the local level. Involve local land committees in decisions about how land transactions should be legalized and validated. Ensure that flexibility exists to



mitigate conflicts caused by migratory land use (herding). Estimate average projected income across concessions to determine prices for land titles that are affordable in the project area. A similar multi-stakeholder approach can be used to build capacity at the commune level for applying forestry laws. This platform can:

clarify stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities (state and local levels)

recognize local communities’ rights and entitlements to native trees

develop a participatory plan to conduct an on-farm tree inventory and monitor tree health

determine how income from permits and licenses will be allocated (Yatich et al. 2007 and 2008)

IV. POTENTIAL CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES


IV. POTENTIAL CAPACITY BUILDING

ACTIVITIES: RELATED ISSUES

ADDRESSED The elements in BOLD BLUE are priorities and are topics with which USFS could most likely be of assistance.

A. TARGET: FOREST SERVICE IN NIONO

DECENTRALIZED MAPPING CAPABILITY (DESKTOP GIS AND GPS INTERFACE)

INVOLVEMENT IN AN IMPROVED WOODSTOVES PROGRAM THAT COULD BE DEVELOPED (EXTENSION, TECHNICAL ADVICE)

WRITING LOCAL CONVENTIONS OR AGREEMENTS THAT COULD BE DEVELOPED TO MANAGE LANDS OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER

PARTICIPATE IN A WETLANDS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE VALUE OF WETLANDS FORESTS AND HOW THEY SHOULD BE CONSERVED (See Appendix 7 on costs and content of WI training)

ORGANIZE A FORUM THAT COULD BE HELD ON THE LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF DEFRICHEMENT (land clearing) IN THE OFFICE DU NIGER

IMPROVE CAPABILITY FOR ASSESSING FOREST VALUE (FUCTION-BASED RATHER THAN AREA-BASED) AND ENFORCING “COMPENSATION FOREST” REQUIREMENTS

ASSIST IN PRODUCTION OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ON TERRITORIAL LAND MANAGEMENT FOR FUELWOOD, PASTURE, AND WATER, INCLUDING THE STEPS FOR REQUESTING OPEN LAND FOR MANAGEMENT

METHODS FOR COMMUNICATING ON TOPICS RELATED TO HERDING AND FOREST EXPLOITATION

TECHNIQUES FOR APPLYING GRAZING USES TO FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS

SETTING UP WOOD USERS’ GROUPS FOR THE MOST EQUITIBLE EXPLOITATION OF TERRITORIAL FORESTS

HOW BEST TO INTERFACE WITH OFFICE DU NIGER SO THAT MALIAN FOREST SERVICE INTERESTS ARE PROTECTED



B. TARGETS: COMMUNES OF DIABALY, DOGOFRY, AND SOKOLO

FORUM ON HOW TO REQUEST LANDS FROM OFFICE DU NIGER TO BE MANAGED FOR FIREWOOD AND PASTURE

ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF TREE NURSERIES AND THE

REVENUES THEY BRING IN (See Appendix 8 on costs and content of ICRAF capacity

building projects)

VISIT SPECIES TRIALS CARRIED OUT BY ICRAF TO SEE SUCCESS OF APPROPRIATE SPECIES FIRST-HAND (“Voir 1 fois vaut mieux qu‟entendre 100 fois”)

(IF NEEDED) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOCAL CONVENTION ON EXPLOITATION OF COMMON-USE WOODLOTS TO AVOID /RESOLVE CONFLICT (in collaboration with the Malian Forest Service and the USAID/PGP project led by MSI)

DECENTRALIZED APPLICATION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE LAWS OF MALI

DECENTRALIZED APPLICATION OF LAND TENURE LAWS

IDENTIFICATION AND TRAINING OF VILLAGE FOCAL POINTS FOR FORESTRY AND HERDER ISSUES RELATED TO NATURAL RESOURCE USE

WORKING WITH ORGANIZED USER GROUPS (WATER, PASTURE, FOREST)

C. TARGET: WOMEN OF ALATONA ZONE

TRAINING IN NURSERY MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP OF COOPERATIVES

AGROFORESTRY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO INCREASE SUPPLY OF FOREST PRODUCTS FOR HOUSEHOLD USE AND INCOME GENERATION

INCREASE CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN MARKETS FOR AGROFORESTRY (BEST PRACTICES, VALUE-ADDED TECHNIQUES, ORGANIZATION OF COOPERATIVES, TRANSPORT TO MARKET, ACCESS TO CREDIT)

EXPLORE LAND TENURE AS AN OPTION FOR WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT

LITERACY AND NUMERACY TRAINING

D. TARGET: HERDERS THAT ARE PART OF THE SEDENTARIZATION PROGRAM

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE GRAZING EFFICIENCY AND PROMOTE PASTURE REGNERATION

AGROFORESTRY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO INCREASE SUPPLY OF FOREST PRODUCTS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON FODDER SPECIES

CONFLICT MITIGATION WITH OTHER LAND USERS

TECHNICAL ASSITANCE FOR CONSTRUCTION AND RICE PRODUCTION



INCREASE CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN MARKETS FOR MEAT, DAIRY AND POULTRY (VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS, ORGANIZATION OF COOPERATIVES, TRANSPORT TO MARKET, ACCESS TO CREDIT)

LITERACY AND NUMERACY TRAINING

V. SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE USFS ASSISTANCE AND SUGGESTED TIMING


V. SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE USFS

ASSISTANCE AND SUGGESTED

TIMING NOTE on these proposed activities:

It will likely not be possible to implement as many activities as are proposed, simply because most of them are so urgent that they nearly all occur towards the beginning of the calendar. A dialogue will be required between USAID, MCC, MCA-Mali and USFS to identify those activities that are most likely to succeed and with which USFS is best equipped to assist. If several early -year activities are considered important enough, it is possible to have more than one USFS team involved to engage in multiple, simultaneous activities. The USFS could also place an employee in-country for an extended period (several months to a year or more) to provide ongoing support to simultaneous or consecutive efforts.

USFS welcomes all partner feedback. As articulated previously, USFS remains interested in collaborating with appropriate US and Malian government actors to contribute to improved resource management and sustainable forestry practices in the Ségou Region, and more broadly in Mali.

A. WOODLOTS AND PLANTATIONS

Before clearing the 1,550 hectare woodlot, do a rough inventory of what will be lost

STEPS:

1. Meet with reps from PAPs, MCA, and Malian Forest Service to agree on area to be surveyed and objectives (which are to verify the density and species of vegetation in the 1,550 ha common woodlot; document current and potential uses; and recognize the value of natural vegetation so that it may be considered for active management). Suggested timing: Jan & Feb 2011

2. Plan two transects to survey with a limited crew of 6 to 8 people: devise a form, assemble equipment, arrange a two-week timeframe in dry season so that it can be done in a participatory way. Suggested timing: Mar & Apr 2011

3. Carry out fieldwork, paying special attention to protected vegetation and animal species; synthesize and map results. Suggested timing: April 2011

4. Present results of above activities to stakeholders and get feedback on perceived importance or lack thereof; also present next steps in a wider forest and pasture management context. Suggested timing: May & Jun 2011

Assist the consultant/SODEFOR/Yeredon to rework the Stratégie de Reboisement

Reconsider configuration and placement of the woodlots so that each village will have their own forest closer to home; this may require re-allocating lands reserved for “new arrivals”; work more closely with the Malian Forest Service and the communes to devise a scheme that includes management outside the perimeter.



STEPS:

1. Organize a forum to meet with stakeholders: MCA-Mali, Yeredon, individual consultants, Commune reps, Malian Forest Service, PAP reps, required presence of a certain number of women either for focus group or for large assembly or both. Suggested timing: Jan 2011

2. Present the existing strategy and get feedback on changes needed:

Species for woodlots, niches, and agroforestry inside concessions

Configuration of woodlots (one giant one or several smaller ones?) Suggested timing: Feb 2011

3. Work with mapper and nursery managers to devise the nursery plan for desired changes in direction; come up with a new document. Suggested timing: Feb & Mar 2011

4. Present back to PAPs. Suggested timing: Mar 2011

Revise the species that will be promoted in compensation woodlots

STEPS:

1. Design a form to collect info on PAP species preferences for concessions and woodlots. Suggested timing: Jan 2011

2. Gather technical sheets and booklets explaining how to grow various agroforestry trees adapted to Alatona (at ICRAF and Malian Forest Service). Suggested timing: Jan 2011

3. Organize standardized, small meetings with stakeholders in resettlement villages to discuss tree species for woodlots to fill out the forms (offer realistic choices and numbers of trees); agree on who will do the work of nursery establishment and planting, when (will it all be contracted out? or some of it?). Suggested timing: Feb 2011

4. Synthesize what PAPs prefer and can support. Suggested timing: Feb 2011

Immediately implement a training plan for women in the resettlement villages so that they can establish tree nurseries and sell trees

STEPS:

1. Contact the 16 women trained by ICRAF in numeracy and nursery work in 2010; assess level of ability to train other women. Suggested timing: Jan of 2011, 2012, & 2013

2. Design a training session to get other women up to date on methods for raising favored species; clearly explain the market that will exist for seedlings raised and the finances involved; form an association with the women. Suggested timing: Jan of 2011, 2012, & 2013

3. Site land for nursery seedling production; prepare the land for seeding (with women managers in charge). Suggested timing: Feb & Mar of 2011, 2012, & 2013

4. Assist women in sourcing seeds, cuttings, grafts, etc. for seedlings to be produced. Suggested timing: Feb, Mar, & Apr of 2011, 2012, & 2013

5. Design an annual workplan with these women and assist them in implementation as needed; follow the workplan through the growing season. Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Aug of 2011, 2012, & 2013



6. Earmark money to buy seedlings from financed woodlot and concession plantation program; assist women with finances and banking of revenues. Suggested timing: April, Aug & Sept of 2011, 2012, & 2013

7. Buy seedlings and organize labor to plant the trees in concessions, in niches, on eroded banks, etc. Suggested timing: July Ŕ Sept of 2011, 2012, & 2013

Develop a plan to disseminate agroforestry technical assistance

STEPS:

1. Assess the geographic distribution of people previously trained by ICRAF in agroforestry techniques (60 trained as of July 2010). Determine the number of workshops needed to target villages that have not received training. Suggested timing: Jan 2011

2. Print “fiches techniques” that are sufficient to serve the target population for training, emphasizing use of a range of species that serve multiple purposes (fuel, fodder, construction, food, medicines). Suggested timing: Jan & Feb 2011

3. Contact the 60 individuals previously trained; assess level of ability to train others. Hold “train the trainers” workshops. Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Apr 2011

4. “Trained trainers”, ICRAF consultants and USFS staff conduct technical assistance workshops. Oral instruction and demonstration are key for participants who may not be literate. Encourage planting in “niche” areas (field boundaries, corridors, communal lands, and fields) to maximize tree cover. Native species should be promoted when possible. Conduct visits to ICRAF research sites where species are tested. Suggested timing: May Ŕ Jul 2011

5. “Trained trainers” are available to consult nearby villages as these techniques are implemented throughout the growing season. Suggested timing: May- Sept 2011, Jan Ŕ Jul 2012, and Feb Ŕ June 2013

If the deforestation contractor is not responsible for canal bank erosion, then design a bank stabilizing program using paid labor to implement it

(Employment for women or possibly youths to plant adapted species such as Acacia ataxacantha and Ziziphus mucronata; this would have to be part of the Yeredon reboisement consultant’s mandate)

STEPS:

1. Identify a segment of settlement villages that could work on bank stabilization. Suggested timing: Mar of 2011 & 2012

2. Associate ICRAF with sensitization and organizational activities to set up teams that will plant canal banks to keep them from further eroding. Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Apr of 2011 & 2012

3. Site nursery production areas for producing the necessary seedlings /seeds (inside or outside Alatona). Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Apr of 2011 & 2012

4. Contract with laborers to plant banks; do training on methods and followup/ replanting if needed. Suggested timing: May Ŕ Oct of 2011 & 2012



If a 1,550 hectare common woodlot is planted, develop a local convention on use to avoid and resolve conflict.

STEPS:

1. Organize a forum of plantation managers (MCA-Mali staff) and at least one representative from each of

the 33 villages. Clearly define and agree upon village woodlot locations within the common plantation. Identify concerns about use of the common woodlot, including unauthorized exploitation of wood resources and livestock invasions. Determine preferences for controlling and monitoring use (permits, self-monitoring by MCA-Mali or by village representatives, etc.). Agree upon a system for managing conflicts when they arise (mediation by MCA-Mali staff or rotating village representatives). Establish roles and responsibilities. Suggested Timing: Mar - April 2011

2. MCA-Mali staff and village representatives develop the agreed-upon plan. Elicit ongoing feedback from PAPs. Suggested Timing: May - Jun 2011

3. Conduct regular meetings of local convention before woodlot is ready for harvest to modify plan as needed. Suggested Timing: Dec 2011, Jun and Dec 2012, June and Dec 2013.

Set up additional reforestation and conservation sites outside the MCA-irrigated perimeter

The section on managing forests outside the perimeter proposes this action.

B. WOOD MANAGEMENT INSIDE THE PERIMETER

Study the necessity and the feasibility of marking boundaries for the full 22,000 ha of Alatona and publicizing them so that the outside limits of the allocated land are known by all neighboring residents

STEPS:

1. Prepare at least four location-based forums for stakeholders (especially villages outside the perimeter and migrant herders) to bring them up to date on current Alatona boundaries and land uses. Suggested timing: Jan Ŕ Apr 2011

2. At the forums, decide in a participatory way the land use rules within and outside Alatona, and the best way to publicize rules and boundary locations throughout the area (it is always preferable to use natural boundaries such as paths or streambeds to avoid heavy investments in cement markers and signs). Suggested timing: Mar Ŕ May 2011

3. Carry out the delimitation and publicizing activities with repeated messages broadcast in the region. Suggested timing: May 2011 Ŕ Feb 2012

Assist in devising management plans (and possibly establishing forest conventions for villages in the area) for forested lands outside the Tranche 1 perimeter so controlled consumption occurs before plantation wood is mature

Of particular interest is the area between the long, narrow pasture land and the east edge of Alatona perimeter, as well as the entire section to the southeast of the perimeter.



STEPS:

1. With the communes of Diabaly, Sokolo, Dogofry, and possibly Niono, organize forums that address the extent and quality of forest/pasture lands outside Office du Niger. It may require 2 to 4 location-based forums. Suggested timing: Mar Ŕ Jun 2011

2. Find common ground as to the deteriorating state of natural vegetation due to overuse and under control outside the perimeter. Brainstorm ways to resolve the issue but address legal options that are also available. Suggested timing: Apr Ŕ Jul 2011

3. Sensitize stakeholders on the process for requesting lands outside the irrigated perimeter from the Office du Niger for use as managed pasture and wood-producing forest. Do field visits to see potential sites for this activity. Include the undeeded lands between the Fala and the canals, and degraded wooded areas that are currently being exploited without regard to any laws/regulations pertaining to usage rights nor biodiversity concerns. Use the knowledge of the Malian Forest Service and other services that have a direct interest in the activity. Suggested timing: Apr Ŕ Jun & Oct Ŕ Dec 2011

4. Design a strategy with selected subcommittees of stakeholders for delineating their own pasture and forest lands within the communes: where the land will be, what the usage rules are, who may and may not harvest wood and exploit pasture (paid or otherwise), what committees are needed to monitor use. Suggested timing: Nov 2011 Ŕ Feb 2012

5. Disseminate the proposed strategy throughout the areas and obtain feedback before finalizing it. Suggested timing: Jan 2012 Ŕ Apr 2012

6. Ratify the strategy among the communes involved; begin implementation via local government. Suggested timing: Mar Ŕ May 2012

Implement safe wood-cutting training and improved woodstove programs linked to stacked wood sites

Set up a requirement for those who use the stacked wood to go through training in safety and tool use. If a woodstove program cannot be implemented because of lack of time and resources, then the program should help salvage and distribute as much of the remaining stacked wood as possible.

1. Form firewood committees (or individuals responsible) in the settlements that will monitor condition of wood and bring it to the attention of MCA project site managers. Suggested timing: Jan Ŕ Apr 2011

2. With the monitors, define a decision-making mechanism for what to do with the stacked wood given various scenarios: should it be made into charcoal if termites start to affect the quality, for example? Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Apr 2011

3. Design safety training geared to allow wood users to reduce/split large odd-shaped pieces currently piled in the concessions into smaller household pieces. If the labor involved is too intensive, then assist MCA in finding a contractor to do the work, but still using safe methods. Suggested timing: Mar Ŕ Jul 2011

4. Link stacked wood use with a sensitization program on low-consumption woodstove use. The program will have to rely on NGOs that have worked with woodstoves in the area (USAID and World Bank-financed) to get a jump start. Depending on whether there are local fabricators of stoves, a training program may need to be set up to make the stoves as well as sell them. Women would be the trainees.

Normally, implementation of a woodstove program is outside the skills offered by the USFS; however, USFS could possibly act in an advisory capacity for organization/accounting of the activity, or for documenting the process for future resettlement schemes. Suggested timing: May 2011 Ŕ June 2012



NOTE COSTS for World Bank woodstoves projects in Mali, found in Appendix 9: 150,000 improved woodstoves were produced and sold at a cost of $1.77 million for technical assistance and consultancies. Capacity building cost $550,000 for this program plus other stove programs (kerosene and charcoal) plus setting up 200 rural wood market depots and managing 320,000 ha of forest.

C. MANAGE FORESTS OUTSIDE THE PERIMETER

Facilitate working relationships with Office du Niger and the Malian Forest Service that lead to conserving and writing management plans for forests outside the perimeter

STEPS:

1. Contact stakeholders in the land management domain in the region of northern Ségou (communes, Office du Niger, Malian Forest Service, MCA, any herder representation). Hold a common meeting wherein the proposed workplan of USFS is presented and stakeholders come to some conclusion about the need for integrating broader land management decision-making into the process of allocating irrigation land in the Office du Niger. An organizational chart, such as the one proposed in the chapter associated with this recommendation, can be drawn up. Suggested timing: May Ŕ Dec 2011

2. Once the organizational chart is agreed upon, with USFS as a temporary component, outline the way that Alatona land management practices (fair distribution of wood; pasture lands and wood producing lands managed outside the perimeter; accompanying numeracy program for newly settled herders; and other features) can become institutionalized in a more long-term way when successes are registered. Suggested timing: Oct Ŕ Dec 2011

3. Publicize the new organizational structure by radio and media, particularly for the attention of investors who have been used to not having to respect certain environmental laws in the course of doing business in Mali. Suggested timing: Dec 2011 Ŕ May 2012

4. Set up regular meetings to reinforce the structures and refine their application, perhaps by localizing application of Malian laws through a resource guard system. Tie in with the process of setting up management areas outside the perimeter as above. Suggested timing: Apr, Aug, & Dec of 2012, and Apr of 2013

Gather data about pasture use, increase grazing efficiency, and integrate these uses and practices into land management planning

STEPS:

1. Assemble representatives of herder groups from Dogofry, Diabaly, Sokolo and Niono communes to 1) verify mapped pastureland, livestock paths, watering sites and sleeping sites, 2) note times that these features are used and 3) make an inventory of needed infrastructure. Suggested timing: Jan Ŕ Mar 2011

2. Involve a USFS Range Specialist in analysis of current use of grazing areas. Conduct workshops with herders on techniques for improving grazing efficiency, including rotation of pastureland and reduction in herd sizes. Suggested timing: Apr 2011

3. Meet with representatives from the Office du Niger, Malian Forest Service, MCA, farmer and herder organizations to 1) discuss features described in step 1 and agree upon when/how they should be used while ensuring that agricultural lands are protected, and 2) identify the most viable strategy for regulating or monitoring use of pasture land. Suggested timing: May Ŕ Jul 2011



4. Generate and disseminate maps that illustrate the features described above. Suggested timing: Suggested timing: Jul Ŕ Aug 2011

5. Set up regular meetings to evaluate the success of the above system and adjust as needed. Suggested timing: Dec 2011, July & Dec 2012, July & Dec 2013

Increase capacity for valuing forestlands, enforcing deforestation law, and improving mitigation of land clearing through “compensation forests”

STEPS:

1. Involve representatives from Office du Niger, Malian Forest Service, and communes in a forum on deforestation law, (Decree No. 97-053, Article 2), and related tax rates. Determine how to quantify, price and equitably distribute wood cut from cleared land (possibly use revised MCA-Mali approach as a model). Discuss compensation requirements and what constitutes a “valuable forest” in the Ségou Region from social, ecological and economic perspectives. Suggested timing: Jun 2011

2. Conduct a workshop with staff from USFS (and possibly Wetlands International, if affordable Ŕ see Appendix 7) on a variety of methods for valuing forests, ranging from rapid assessment scoring to more detailed analysis using metrics and tools. Depending on the intensity of analysis, these techniques can account for the value of wood products, habitat and clean water. Test options in the field to determine which is most effective and time efficient for forests in the Ségou Region. Include wetland forests in field testing to highlight their value. Share lessons learned on mitigation systems in the U.S. and elsewhere, including Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes that mitigate losses of forests and wetlands. Suggested timing: Jun Ŕ Jul 2011

3. Train Office du Niger, Malian Forest Service and commune staff in use of preferred valuation methods. Suggested timing: Jul Ŕ Aug 2011

4. Design a workplan for 1) applying improved valuation systems to deforestation law and 2) implementing an efficient and equitable cut wood distribution system. Suggested timing: Jul Ŕ Aug 2011

5. Test this workplan on one or more pilot sites and evaluate its effectiveness. Suggested timing: Jul 2011- Jul 2012

Sponsor decentralized mapping and image capabilities for the entities to be involved in region-wide land management

STEPS:

1. Identify actors in the arena of mapping around Alatona lands; what their needs are; whether stakeholders can use their products easily and have access to them (MCA, ICRAF, and Malian Forest Service especially -- as Office du Niger/Ségou has a unit in place). Suggested timing: Apr Ŕ Jun 2011

2. If the needs assessment is strong enough, design and carry out a training and updating program for mapping specialists and GPS users within the context of land management for Alatona and surrounding lands. Suggested timing: Jun Ŕ Nov 2011

3. Practice producing maps for the forest inventory suggested above and for forest/pasture management targets outside the perimeter, and take the maps to stakeholders to test their utility. Suggested timing: Oct 2011 Ŕ Jan 2012



Work with AECOM-Tecsult, USFS and MCA contractors (possibly IDRC/Canada) to sensitize communities on wider natural resource management issues and mitigate conflict

STEPS:

1. Identify worthy NGOs and materials that could be sponsored to strengthen understanding of NRM issues in the region (especially biodiversity, the value of local forest lands and more sustainable use). Draw upon USFS expertise in conflict mitigation techniques among resource users, particularly herders and farmers. Numeracy/literacy training materials are especially important, but good animators that can lead lively discussions and radio programs are also effective. Suggested timing: Feb Ŕ Jun 2011

2. Put a year-long extension program together including the elements identified in step 1, with a goal of covering the whole region on both sides of the perimeter. Suggested timing: Sept 2011 Ŕ Sept 2012

Facilitate communication and capacity building among national and local government agencies, farmers and herders to promote successful implementation of land tenure and forestry laws

STEPS:

1. Convene national governing agencies (Director General of Fonds du Développement en Zone Sahélienne, Direction Nationale de la Conservation de la Nature, administrators of the Domain and Land Tenure Code) and representatives from cercles, communes and villages to clarify the current status of land tenure and forestry laws. Address local perspectives on land tenure (pro and con) as well as the needs of herders who are dependent on flexible land rights. Solicit feedback from local land committees in decisions about how land transactions should be legalized and validated. Suggested timing: Jun 2011

2. Develop an on-going platform of above stakeholders to address conflicts/needs related to land tenure and user rights over indigenous tree species. Suggested timing: Jun Ŕ Jul & Dec 2011, Jun & Dec 2012, Jun 2013

3. Conduct technical assistance workshops to 1) increase capacity to enforce local bylaws related to agroforestry and 2) involve rural communities in managing agroforests, including on-farm tree inventories. Suggested timing: Nov Ŕ Dec 2011

4. Develop a monitoring system to track how income from permits and licenses for tree cutting is allocated at the commune level (ideally, this would be invested in reforestation). Suggested timing: Nov Ŕ Dec 2011, Jun & Dec 2012, Jun 2013

APPENDICES


APPENDICES

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 1. MISSION ITINTERARY

12 September: USFS team arrives, Bamako 13 September:

- 8h00-10h00, USFS team meets with USAID, Bamako

- 10h00, leave for Ségou

- 14h00- 16h00, meet with Office du Niger and Regional Office of Direction Nationale des Eaux & Forêts

14 September:

- 7h30, leave Ségou for Alatona

- 10h00-12h00, meet with MCC/MCA, representatives of Office du Niger/Kouroumary Zone, Direction Nationale des Eaux & Forêts, and other contractors at Alatona site

o briefing on MCA/MCC and Office du Niger activities o visit to the main canal and rice perimeter

- 14h00 return to Ségou

15 September

- 7h30, leave Ségou for Niono/Alatona

- 9h00-10h30, meet Direction Nationale des Eaux& Forêts/Niono and Office du Niger/Niono

- 11h30- 12h30, meeting with representatives from one village in the process of resettling: Welingara

- 12h30, return to Ségou

16 September

- 7h30, leave Ségou for villages outside Alatona project

- 10h00-11h00, meet with representatives of villages outside of the Alatona project area: Lamina Bugu, Siribala Cura, Siribala Koro and Heremakono Cura

- 11h00, return to Ségou

17 September: return to Bamako after informational visit to Office du Niger 18-19 September: USFS team prepares debriefing materials 20 September

- 9h00- 11h00, meetings with ICRAF staff, Bamako office (Smith) and Amadou Camara, MCC (Polansky)

- Debriefing materials sent via email to USAID/Mali staff (USAID offices closed unexpectedly due to Mali’s Independence Celebration)

21 September:

- 9h00 meeting with Wetlands International about potential extension work - USFS team departs

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 2. USFS SCOPE OF WORK

US Forest Service International Programs

Technical Assistance in Collaboration with

USAID/Mali and MCC Mali

Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou Region

September 12 - 18, 2010

I. Introduction

The US Agency for International Development (USAID)/Mali has requested US Forest Service

(USFS) technical assistance pertaining to reforestation in the Alatona Zone of the Ségou Region of

Mali. There is interest in creating a collaborative relationship between USAID/Mali, USFS, the

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), and the Millennium Challenge Account-Mali (MCA-

Mali). USAID/Mali proposes this relationship focus on forest management efforts in the Ségou

Region, that it be financed by USAID/Mali, and that it be implemented by USFS in collaboration

with local partners. USAID proposes a three-year collaboration between USAID, USFS, MCC,

MCA-Mali, and appropriate Malian Government partners (including the Ministry of Agriculture and

Environment, and Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts [DNEF]).

USFS, USAID/Mali, and MCC will conduct a joint mission from September 12 - 18, 2010 to

examine the status of forest degradation in the Alatona Zone of the Ségou Region, and make

recommendations regarding community needs, and capacity building opportunities for Malian

government staff as relates to planning and carrying out forest regeneration activities.

II. Mission Objectives

The purpose of this mission includes the following:

Examine the status of forest degradation to date in the Alatona Zone, where MCC is implementing

an irrigation project.

o Determine the extent and reasons of the degradation, and what the underlying goal(s)

of forest management technical assistance in this region should be. Taking into

account the socio-economic realities in the area: Is technical assistance needed related

to establishing community woodlots? Is reforestation with native species desired?

What about energy/wood saving equipment?

Identify information that exists pertaining to community tenure rights, and what steps need to

be taken to ensure community access to land and resources.

Make recommendations regarding capacity building opportunities for Malian government

staff (field agents in the Ségou Region from appropriate ministries / departments, including

the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts,) as

relates to planning and carrying out forest restoration and management practices in the

Alatona Zone.

APPENDICES


Recommend “next steps” in terms of program development:

o What partners should be involved?

o What would a 3-yr program look like, and what might USFS’ role be in such a

program?

o What opportunity exists to build forest management capacity of field agents in other

appropriate areas of Mali, outside of the Ségou Region? What resources would be

required to do this?

o What are monitoring and evaluation requirements of a reforestation program?

o How can gender mainstreaming be addressed in this program?

III. Mission Dates September 12 - 18, 2010.

IV. Responsibilities and Expectations

At the beginning of the mission, all team members will participate in a meeting with USAID/Mali

and MCC to confirm goals and objectives of the mission as well as individual roles and expected

outcomes and deliverables. Responsibilities of the agencies include:

1. United States Forest Service Recruit and mobilize 2-3 technical experts.

Contribute the USFS detailers’ salaries, international airfare, lodging, and per diem.

In collaboration with USAID/Mali and MCC, conduct a field assessment of the deforested

area in the Alatona Zone, where MCC is implementing an irrigation project.

Produce a mission report to be shared with USAID and MCC outlining findings and

recommendations for ways to proceed in the Alatona Zone, and—as time and resources

allow—in other areas of Mali.

2. USAID/Mali Arrange mission itinerary, including appropriate meetings.

Arrange and provide all ground transportation for the USFS team while in-country.

Coordinate accommodations.

Coordinate meals while in the field, if no restaurants are available.

Inform the USFS team’s mission preparations (before team’s departure for Mali) including:

- specific desired outcomes

- providing relevant background data (including the Environmental Impact Assessment

conducted by MCC for the Alatona Zone, the Resettlement Action Plan for the Alatona

Irrigation Project, other relevant reports and/or maps)

*Of note: USAID/Mali has indicated that they prefer to communicate directly with MCC, and

relay relevant information to USFS.

Arrange for any relevant meetings / consultations for the USFS team while in-country.

As necessary, arrange for translator while in the field.

Identify at least 1 USAID/Mali and 1 MCC representative to take part in and advise this

mission and its preparations.

3. MCC Mali

APPENDICES


Share relevant background data on the project and deforestation issues with the USAID and

USFS team.

*USAID has indicated that they prefer to be the first point of contact for MCC, and will pass

relevant information to USFS.

Participate in the field visits, if available, and facilitate setting meetings with local actors in

the region.

V. Deliverables

The mission will accomplish the following:

Provide a mission report to USAID and MCC in Mali documenting mission activities,

findings, and recommendations for future actions as relates to forest management in the

Alatona Zone, and possibly other areas of Mali. This mission report will also contain

recommendations regarding necessary follow-up and timing for subsequent forest

management missions. Finally, the mission report will outline an appropriate role for USFS

in supporting this effort on the ground, based upon mission findings and current partner

capacity.

VI. Points of Contact

USAID Jean Harman, Economist, Team Leader Accelerated Economic Growth Team,

[email protected], Tel: 223-270-2741 / 270-2300

Mamadou Augustin Dembélé, Mission Environment Officer, Accelerated Economic

Growth Team, USAID Mali [email protected], Tel: 223-2070-2300; 2070-2713; Home

223-2020-3965; Cell:6674-5397; 7631-8897

Aminata Diarra, NRM Program Specialist, Accelerated Economic Growth Team,

USAID/Mali [email protected], Tel 223 -2070-2776; Cell 6675 1704

Karen Ramsey, Deputy Team Leader Accelerated Economic Growth Team,

[email protected], Tel: 223-2070-2300

MCC

Amadou Camara, Agricultural Economist, Senior Development Specialist (Bamako)

[email protected], Tel: 223-20-70-27-51 / 223-66-75-76-26

Charlotte Bingham, MCC Office of Environment and Social Assessment (Washington, DC),

[email protected]

Jonathan Richart, MCC Office of Environment and Social Assessment (Washington, DC),

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]





APPENDICES


APPENDIX 3. PEOPLE CONTACTED

Yafong Berthé MCA Consultant, Reforestation Strategy Bokary Alpha Coulibaly Office du Niger/Kouroumary Zone Yero Ibrahima Diakité SNC-Lavalin, Communication Boubacar Diarra SNC-Lavalin, Environment Antoine Kalinganire, PhD Sahel Node Coordinator, Global Research Project Leader World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF-SAHEL, BP: E5118, Bamako, Mali Bureau: (223) 20 23 50 00 Mobile: (223) 76 03 63 70 Fax: (223) 20 22 86 83 Email: [email protected] Yacouba Maiga MCA Consultant, Planting and Reforestation Yeredon Mobile: (223) 66 90 25 80 (223) 78 26 81 59 Ouodiouma Samake Ingénieur Agroforestier World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF-SAHEL, BP: E5118, Bamako, Mali Bureau: (223) 20 23 50 00 Mobile: (223) 66 79 09 63 (223) 76 16 27 24 Email: [email protected] Aziz Sanogo Reforestation Specialist MCA-Mali [email protected] John Weber Consultant, Domestication des Arbres World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF-SAHEL, BP: E5118, Bamako, Mali Bureau: (223) 20 23 50 00

APPENDICES


Mobile: (223) 66 92 59 11 Fax: (223) 20 22 86 83 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Representatives from the following villages: Lamina bugu, Siribala Cura, Siribala Koro, Heremakono Cura, Welingara

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 4. DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS EUCALYPTUS TRIALS FOR FIREWOOD SUPPLY IN IRRIGATED LANDS

FROM: Armitage, F.B. IDRC-234e Irrigated forestry in arid and semi-arid lands: a synthesis. Ottawa, Ont., Intl Dvlpmt Rsch Center IDRC, 1985. 160 p. : ill.

Mali: Like the Nile and the Sénégal rivers, the Niger, with a narrow green strip adjacent to each bank, flows perennially through an otherwise more or less arid Sudano-Sahelian landscape dotted with sparse woody vegetation made up of hardy, slow-growing trees. The population is largely concentrated along the river, being attracted by the possibilities of productive activities such as irrigated rice culture and fishing. There is a serious shortage of wood to meet the needs of this riverain population for fuel for domestic purposes and, as at Mopti, for smoking fish, as well as for building. In some places, fuelwood has to be gathered and carried from sources more than 30 km inland from the villages along the river. The implications of these factors for the arid-area ecosystems are serious.

The river floods each year as a result of seasonal rainfall that begins about July, inundating the bottomland floodplains that form either narrow strips at intervals along the river, or wider inland deltaic areas. These areas are cultivated, mainly for rice production. The river water, being largely unused, evaporates, seeps away, or eventually flows into the sea. Within and on the fringes of the cultivated areas are unused areas of varions shapes and sizes, usually small. These could be used to grow much needed wood and fodder, in plantations of various sizes and designs, including shelterbelts, and to protect crop and residential areas from the hot, desiccating winds.

Among the areas where these possibilities exist is the 56 000-ha irrigated agricultural project area comprising an interior deltaic tract based on N'Debougou, within which about one-third of the total area is unused.

With technical and financial assistance from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the Government of Mali, through the Forest Service of the Ministry of Production, initiated a 5-year program of trials aimed at determining the means for establishing forestry plantations in the area to meet the needs of the people for wood. The immediate objectives of the trials were

To select the most appropriate species and provenances for the purposes at hand

To study plantation techniques suitable for the conditions of the area, and

To determine, in general, the profitability and economic feasibility of such plantations before recommending specific methods to the land holders.

Initial difficulties stemmed from the lack of experience of the local foresters in the conduct of research trials. Also, it soon became clear that the generous watering regimes applied to the early plantings were in fact excessive and, in conjunction with a markedly fluctuating water table, harmful. This necessitated the testing of alternative, more moderate irrigation rates. The layout and results of these trials are described here in some detail because they are not available in published form but only in project files in Mali and in IDRC's records (IDRC 1981).

The species elimination trials comprised four replications, in each case of complete randomized blocks of 25-tree plots. One trial included 17 species planted as the floods arrived in August 1976 at 2.5 x 2.5 m in 30 X 20 cm holes on the natural bottomland surface. The wide spacing permitted mechanized weeding. In a second trial, 14 species were planted on ridges raised above the floodplain surface. The statistical design was similar to that of the first trial although shortage of plants precluded the inclusion of some of the species in all the experimental blocks. Five species were superior to all others in respect of survival and growth after 5 years (Table 1). The first two (Eucalyptus sp.) are of interest as potentially high-yielding

APPENDICES


producers of poles and fuelwood, the next two (Anogeissus and Dalbergia) for shelterbelts and fodder, and the fifth (Khaya senegalensis) for general purpose sawtimber.

Table 1. Partial results of two species elimination trials, Mali.

A third trial, of 10 species, was planted on unridged bottomland at the end of the flood period in October 1977. Encouraging results were obtained from six species (Table 1). Eucalyptus camaldulensis, the River Red gum, which grows naturally on river floodplains in Australia, gave the best all -round results in these conditions, mean annual height growth being as much as 2.5 m and diameter growth at breast height 2.5 cm/year.

As noted, the trials tested two irrigation methods: flood irrigation on the unridged bottomlands and less inundating watering where ridges were used. ...

Under the particular hydrological conditions of the trial area, the trees appeared to be unable to develop root systems to any depth on unridged ground, particularly where inundation or a high water table was prolonged by supplementary irrigation.

This factor was believed to be responsible for heavy mortality in a spacing trial planted in October 1978. Ridge planting has the advantage of enabling root-system development to take place above flood level. However, the method entails the extra cost and labour of ridging. Accordingly, a trial without irrigation or ridging was planted in the last year of the project, with encouraging early results. A shelterbelt with three rows of A. indica (neem) was planted in the vicinity of the project area in 1975 followed by others of four rows each of E. camaldulensis and C. equisetifolia in 1976. Survival was 80% for the first two species but the C. equisetifolia did not thrive.

...A move was made to encourage testing of promising species and irrigation and other cultural procedures on an operational scale by volunteer farmers working with the benefit of technical advice and nursery stock provided through the agricultural extension service. These developments have the potential to alleviate the scarcity of fuelwood and poles, as well as to ameliorate the environment through shelterbelt effects. The growth rates of the more successful young plantations are regarded with amazement by the local people. The secret of success will lie in a proper understanding of the hydrology of riverain areas of this kind and in matching species and plantation methods and designs to them (M. Grut, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, personal communication, 1984).

APPENDICES


Niger -1

On regularly flooded river-basin soils near Goudel, the total volume (outside bark) MAIS at 5.5 years were 31.6 m3/ha for an E. camaldulensis trial ...

At Karma, under an irrigation regime of 270 mm of water from October to May to augment a mean annual rainfall of 550 mm, MAIs in an E. camaldulensis provenance trial after 3 years ranged from 7.8 to 20.0 m3/ha.

In an unreplicated test of irrigation rates of 0, 270, and 460 mm/season, MAIs for the same species at 3 years were 4.6, 12.1, and 12.9 m3/ha, the trees receiving the second and third rates clearly having reached the water table.

In a flood irrigated spacing trial, again of E. camaldulensis, MAIs at 2 years ranged from 16 m3/ha for a spacing of 3 x 3 m to 38 m3/ha for 1 x 1 m (Hamel 1985). Jean Gorse (World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, personal communication, 1984) believes that well designed and conducted irrigated Eucalyptus plantations in the ares would produce an average of 15-20 m3/ha per year.

Spacing

At Lossa (550 mm annual rainfall, PET 1850 mm), a flood irrigated spacing trial of E. camaldulensis was initiated in 1975: 400 mm of water were applied over 18 months. At 2 years, MAIs in terms of solid volume equivalents of stacked wood decreased with increased spacing (Table 2).

Also at Lossa, a trial to compare three rates of localized irrigation with no watering, using the technique of the Société d'exploitation des techniques de l'irrigation (SETI)/Bas-Rhone, was initiated in 1978 on the light soils of the alluvial terraces. The rates of irrigation combined with the rain that fell were in no instance more than 32% of PET. For this reason, no significant differences in growth were observed between treatments after 3 years. Growth on these infertile, porous soils was poor and the root systems occupied small volumes of soil.

A nearby trial of shelterbelts planted on the raised levees between flood irrigation basins resulted in more impressive growth. This was taken to demonstrate the importance of selection of irrigation method, because root development was more widespread, and because of the benefit of soil working in the basins (Barbier 1977, 1978; Delwaulle 1979; Barbier and Louppe 1980; Hamel 1985).

Encouraged by the results of these early trials, the World Bank decided to support an applied research project to develop irrigation procedures in a 400-ha 2-year project (subsequently reduced to 240 ha) for application on an operational scale. The Table 2.

Solid volume production of an irrigated spacing trial of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lossa, Niger, 1976 : Area selected, 35 km northwest of Niamey, was on the first of the lower river terraces, some 15 m above the river, between the bottomlands of Namade-Goungou and a nearby chain of sand dunes. The relief, variable sandy soil, hydrological characteristics, and high cost of earth moving on this rolling

APPENDICES


terrace area would not permit the use of traditional flood or furrow gravity systems of irrigation. Accordingly, two systems by which water is transported under gravity through pipes were used. Of the two areas established in the lst year, one covering 100 ha used the low-pressure gravity "California" irrigation system by which water is distributed to percolation depressions at the bases of planted trees by narrow concrete channels and short lengths of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping. The other was a 35-ha development using the SETI/ Bas-Rhone localized irrigation system, which had given promising early results (already mentioned) at Lossa. This system was also used for a 105-ha extension of the program in the 2nd year.

Numerous difficulties were encountered in the early stages of this work. They stemmed partly from the initial lack of experience of local staff in handling specialized irrigation and other equipment, partly from the need to adapt the systems under development through several stages to the local ground and soil conditions, and partly from clogging of filters and finer pipes by sand, but principally from the difficulties and breakdowns that attended the various methods attempted to pump water out of the river, all but the last of which had to be discarded.

The method eventually retained was to use a submersible pump anchored to bedrock in the riverbed. Earlier efforts to use a pump on a raft, delivering water through a flexible pipe, had proved impracticable. Variable and sometimes poor plantation development resulted from irregular, uneven, and sometimes excessive watering, the use of genetically poor seed, poor root development (particularly when it was confined to the immediate vicinity of the piped water sources), and the poor nutrient status of the soil.

Growth rates approximated 3 m3/ha per year under localized irrigation, which was disappointingly low. Under the "California" system, growth was twice that rate. The importance was demonstrated of ensuring full early occupation of the site in the interests of efficient use of water and optimum production. Nevertheless, it was encouraging that good stands of E. camaldulensis were established in some areas, their heights being 6-8 m after 2 years. Soil or water salinity have not been problems except in brackish areas, which, however, are clearly indicated by the growth in them of the dwarf doum palm. The direct investment and operational costs of these trials were inevitably high in view of the trial-and-error approach used in some phases and the small area of the plantations. Those for localized irrigation under these conditions were 50% higher than for the "California" system.

It was concluded that, given stability of the overall system used, an average overall production rate of 10 m3/ha per year would be sustainable. In view of the prices that can be expected for fuelwood and poles in relation to the costs of production, however, and because of the overriding daims for land for agricultural production, it became clear that tree plantation should be undertaken on the basis of integration with irrigated agriculture.

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 5 . EXTRACT FROM CONTRACT ALA-D08, WITH NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

CONTRACT ALA-D08 : Services de Mise en Oeuvre de la Réinstallation et Appui aux Communautés

(Note that the entity who is executing ALA-D08 is responsible for working with local governments and interested parties toward sustainable management of wood and pasture resources)

2.2. Dispositions de mise en oeuvre

Le Compact sera exécuté à travers le Millennium Challenge Account-Mali ("MCA-Mali"), une entité légale créée par le GDM d'agir en son nom. Le MCA-Mali est basé à Bamako avec un bureau annexe à Diabaly, et son personnel clé chargé de l'exécution du Projet d'Irrigation dYAlatona inclut: le Directeur des Opérations, le Directeur du PIA; le Directeur de Suivi de l'Impact Environnemental et Social; le Spécialiste de la Réinstallation, le Spécialiste GenreISocio Institutionnel, le Coordinateur des Services Agricoles, , le Responsable du Programme de Recherche Agricole, le Chargé des Organisations Paysannes, le Coordinateur des Questions Foncières et le Consultant chargé du service d'appui à la gestion du PIA (LA-B10). Le MCA-Mali sera le client du Consultant sélectionné en fonction de ces TDRs.

Les activités du PIA seront exécutées par le MCA-Mali (i) directement, (ii) à travers un certain nombre d'instruments juridiques dont les contrats avec des entreprises privCes et individuelles d'une part, (iii) et les accords avec les Entités d'Exécution AffiliCes au Gouvernement (les agences, les bureaux d'études, etc.,) d'autre part appelés Accords d'Entités d'Exécution2). Les principaux contrats et entités d'exécution pertinents sont énumérés ci-dessous:

Contrats:

Contrat Relais (ALA-DO1). L'objectif de base pour le contrat relais est de s'assurer que la liste des PAP est compldtée et est devenue effective et réelle, que les procédures d'exécution de la compensation procédures sont définies, que les PAP sont tous informks et sensibilisés et que des esquisses des villages et concessions actuels et les concessions sur les nouveaux sites sont établies. Le Contrat relais comprend aussi l'ktablissement des cartes nationales d'identité pour les PAP, l'élaboration du PAR pour la Bretelle qui lie le périmètre irrigué à la Route Niono-Goma Coura et pour les travaux en amont sur le système des ouvrages principaux dans le Fala.

Contrats des Travaux d'Irrigation (ALA -BO1 et ALA-B03). Le contractant des Travaux d'Irrigation de ALA-BO1 sera chargé de la construction du périmètre irrigué (les canaux, les vannes, les rigoles, le nivellement, etc.) pour la Tranche 1, et le Contractant des Travaux des ouvrages principaux de ALA-BO3 sera chargé d'améliorer le système des ouvrages principaux dans l'ON, dont le déplacement de l'île centrale et la réparation des rives existantes le long du canal des ouvrages principaux.

Contrat(s) de Construction des Infrastructures Sociales (ALA -D02, D03, DO4 et DOS).

Le programme de réinstallation exige l'instauration de nouveaux villages pour les PAP déplacés, et les NA dans la zone d'Alatona. Au titre des Contrats des Infrastructures Sociales, plusieurs types d'Infrastructures Sociales seront construits pour rkpondre à ces besoins, y compris les maisons, les points d'eau, les écoles, les centres de santé, les centres multifonctionnels, les magasins, l'éclairage public, les lavoirs, les latrines et les marchés.

Contrat Service du Consultant pour études, contrôle et surveillance des travaux d'infrastructures d'irrigation et sociales (ALA-B02). Ce contrat consistera à: (i) assister le MCA-Mali dans les Contrats de

APPENDICES


coordination des marchés et la coordination des travaux, équipements et l'installation; (ii) préparer les plans d'ingénierie détaillé et les lots de soumission pour les Infrastructures Sociales dans la Tranche 1; (iii) servir comme Spécialiste du Client dans la Supervision de la construction de toutes les Infrastructures Sociales et d'Irrigation; et (iv) fournir toutes les activités de planification spatiale de village pour la production de tous les documents d'Infrastructures Sociales.

Consultant (ASDA) de l'Activité de Développement des Systèmes Agricoles (ALA-EO1).

Ce consultant va coordonner la distribution des kits de démarrage, aussi bien que la mise en place et la formation des organisations paysannes, la mise en place et la formation des associations des usagers d'eau (ALTE), la gestion des activités agricoles, la production agricole (ex: riz, échalotes, le maraîchage) et le transfert de technologie issue du programme de subvention de la recherche agricole). En plus, ce Consultant ASDA va contribuer à la mise en place d'un système financier stable qui permettra aux paysans dans la zone PIA de pouvoir accéder à des Services Financiers de qualité selon leurs besoins.

2 Entité de mise en oevre, filiale gouvernementale (agence, Ministère, services techniques chargés suivant leur compétence et expertise de la mise en oeuvre d'une partie du Compact).

(page 44)

Appui Direct aux Paysans (ALA-FOI). Un programme de subvention (sous forme de mise de fonds) qui permettra aux populations affectées par le projet sans historique bancaire d'avoir accès aux services financiers.

Consultant pour l'Alphabétisation Fonctionnelle et le Calcul. Ce prestataire va former les PAP à la lecture, à l'écriture et au calcul dans les langues Peulh etlou Bamanan.

Education aux Droits Foncier (ALA-COI). Ce Consultant doit appliquer une stratégie de communication de masse pour mieux faire comprendre aux personnes affectées par le PM et aux populations de l'ON les droits et responsabilités liés à la propriété foncière. Le consultant doit fournir l'appui à la Commission de Sélection des NA.

Titre Foncier et Distribution (ALA-C02). Ce consultant est chargé de la création, de l'enregistrement et l'immatriculation des parcelles de terres aménagées.

Conception de l'Entité de Gestion (ALA -C03). Une étude en cours actuellement proposera le mécanisme institutionnel de gestion future du périmètre irrigué d'Alatona après la fin du Projet.

Consultant Etude de Reboisement (ALA -D09). Ce consultant qui est en cours de recrutement va étudier les différentes espèces pour le reboisement qui existent dans la zone de l'ON, et faire des recommandations au MCA sur les meilleurs types à utiliser pour les bosquets villageois et dans le périmètre à reboiser. Il devra proposer des méthodes de protection du bois de défrichement rassemblé et stocké par l'entreprise ALA-BO1 contre les termites.

Le Consultant DO8 s'assurera que ses activités sont bien coordonnées avec celles des consultants et contractants cités ci dessus.

Entités de Mise en Euvre:

Office du Niger (ON). L'ON assurera la gestion et l'adduction d'eau appropriée et adéquate au périmètre de Alatona.

Direction Nationale des Domaines et du Cadastre (DNDC). La Direction Nationale des Domaines et du Cadastre est une agence gouvernementale chargée d'enregistrer les droits de propriétés foncières et d'octroyer des titres fonciers dans la zone du projet.

Direction Nationale de l'Assainissement et du Contrôle des Pollutions et des Nuisances

APPENDICES


(DNACPN) s'occupe de la surveillance environnementale, du suivi environnemental et social. Elle organise les analyses des REIES, PGES et PAR pour chaque projet avec d'autres services étatiques au sein du Comité Technique Interministériel d'analyse environnementale. Elle assure le suivi environnemental pour chaque projet approuvé.

Commune de Diabaly. La commune de Diabaly occupe la moitié du sud-ouest de la zone du projet. La commune est légalement responsable des prestations de services à la population dans un certain nombre de domaines, dont la santé, l'éducation, l'adduction d'eau pour usage domestique, et la gestion des ressources naturelles incluant les pâturages. Le PM appuiera la commune à travers la formation et l'assistance technique et assister les communes dans leurs efforts de fournir l'assistance et la prestation de services aux villageois.

Commune de Dogofry. La commune de Dogofry occupe la moitié du nord-est de la zone du projet. La commune est légalement responsable des prestations de services à la population dans un certain nombre de domaines, dont la santé, l'éducation, et l'adduction d'eau pour usage domestique et la gestion des ressources naturelles incluant les pâturages. Le PIA appuiera la commune à travers la formation et l'assistance technique et assister les communes dans leurs efforts de fournir l'assistance et la prestation de service aux villageois.

Autre projet intervenant dans les communes de Diabaly et Dogofry: Programme de Gouvernance Partagee 2 (PGP2) de I'USAID:

Ce programme de 1'USAID cherche à promouvoir une gouvemance transparente et responsable; renforcer la sérénité et la paix dans les rdgions du nord et; promouvoir le développement local par le renforcement des capacités des élus locaux à entreprendre de façon effective et efficace leur rôles et responsabilités. Les résultats attendus de ce projet sont:

(1) efficacité, responsabilisation, transparence améliorées des autorités locales ciblées,

(2) les organisations de la société civile sont des partenaires effectifs dans la gouvemance locale & le développement dans les communes cibles;

(3) des programmes de média accrus sur les questions de la décentralisation et la gouvemance.

A travers les activités de renforcement des capacités 1'USAID assistera les communes cibles pour répondre efficacement aux besoins et les priorités des citoyens. Ces activités incluent la mise en place des systèmes et procédures de gestion financière et fiable dans les communes; améliorer la planification fiscal et la mise en oeuvre, la budgétisation, la vérification des dépenses, les pratiques de passations des marchés transparentes, la comptabilité et l'audit des autorités locales et; assurer un développement local durable avec l'objectif visé pour réduire de façon substantielle le niveau de la corruption. Un accent particulier sera mis sur l'utilisation des médias locaux comme moyen de fournir des informations utiles aux responsables locaux et les communes pour favoriser la cohésion sociale et le développement durable.

Le programme de communications et de gouvemance de 1'USAID travaillera directement avec les communes de Dogofry et Diabaly, ceci sur la base d'un diagnostic préalable de leurs besoins en renforcement de capacités.

Le Consultant ALA- DO8 s'assurera que ses activités, en particulier concernant la gestion des ressources communautaires, sont bien coordonnées avec celles des entités de mise en oeuvre et du programme de 1'USAID.

APPENDICES


-----------------------

CONTRACT ALA-D10B AND THE NOTE DE REBOISEMENT FOR 2010 BOTH HAVE THE FOLLOWING TEXT

Note that the last item is to integrate ICRAF agroforestry results.

I. OBJECTIF : L’objectif global du reboisement compensatoire en 2010 est d’assurer une protection des villages contre les vents par :

l’installation d’un rideau vert et de brises vents autour des villages,

La plantation d’arbres fruitiers ou à ombrage dans les concessions.

II. ACTIVITES : Sur la base de l’étude SODEFOR, le programme de reboisement comprendra la plantation de :

26424 plants en bosquets villageois dans les zones de réinstallation,

2006 plants de haie vive,

2 376 arbres fruitiers (manguiers notamment) ou à ombrage en plantations à domicile dans les 792 concessions affectées par le PIA;

11920 plants de regarnissage,

III.APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE :

La mise en œuvre du reboisement compensatoire en 2010 sera faite à travers l’assistance technique au MCA d’un Consultant individuel spécialiste en reboisement et une Organisation Non Gouvernementale.

Consultant individuel en reboisement :

Ce consultant individuel en reboisement sera recruté par consultation restreinte d’au moins trois (03) experts nationaux. Il apportera une assistance technique au MCA Mali pour la conception, la mise en œuvre et le suivi d’un programme de reboisement pour 2010 basé sur l’étude SODEFOR. A cet effet il sera chargé de :

la conception d’un programme de reboisement,

suivi du reboisement et des plantations,

Le choix des essences à planter tiendra compte du souci des populations à satisfaire les besoins (bois de chauffe, bois de service, fourrage, plantes médicinales, etc) de l’adaptation de ces essences à la zone, de leur productivité. Les espèces à planter, porteront sur des espèces locales et exotiques et seront choisies avec l’appui du Consultant individuel sur la base des indications :

du plan de gestion environnementale et sociale du PIA,

du plan de reboisement des 1,550 ha ;

des résultats de recherche en agroforesterie en zone Office du Niger.

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 6. SYNTHESIS OF WATER USERS’ SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY FOR THE 33 VILLAGES

NOTE LITERACY LEVELS FROM VILLAGE INFO EIA APPENDIX F =VERY VERY LOW

NOTE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE WORKING WITH TRANSPORTING FIREWOOD

VG

POP /per conc

No. yrs Ethnic groups

% coranic school

% any other

school % no

school % exploiting

wood w. charette

Number exploiting w.

charette

Baba Néga 6 50 100% peulh 100%

Beldenadji

710 150 93% peulh

7% tamacheq

28% 2% 70%

Dagaboury ou Cheick – tar

315/ 6.3 78 97% moor

2% bamana

1% peulh

23% 1% 75%

Dangere Baba 101/ 7.8 20 87% peulh

13% tamacheq

16% 84% 25% rain, 31% dry 25 to 31

Dankerekadji 303/ 7.2 38 100% peulh 55% 1% 44%

Dar Salam 422/ 6.9 31 40% peulh

18% tamacheq

18% bamana

9% moor

8% soninke

21% 4% 75%

Djodjiri Were 62/ 7.8 12 100% peulh 10% 90%

Doukala 1570/ 196 83% peulh 39% 2% 60%

APPENDICES


VG

POP /per conc

No. yrs Ethnic groups

% coranic school

% any other

school % no

school % exploiting

wood w. charette

Number exploiting w.

charette

11.6 13% soninke

2% bamana

2% tamacheq

Fédji 1 118/ 7.4 0 100% peulh 22% 1% 77% 21% rainy,

25% dry

25 to 30

Fedji 2 128/ 8.5 14 100% peulh 52% 3% 45% 16% rainy,

21% dry

20 to 27

Fedji 3 78/ 9.8 11 88% peulh 40% 1% 59% 15% rainy,

17% dry

12 to 13

Féto 215/ 10.8 34 86% peulh,

14% tamacheq

11% 89%

Madina 62/ 6.9 25 100% moor 21% 2% 76%

Maraba Were 64/ 9 30 100% peulh 10% 90%

Massabougou 134/ 11.2 79 100% peulh 7% 93%

Nantiéla 99/ 9.9 26 87% peulh, 12% tamacheq,

1% bamana

20% 3% 77%

N’douguéli 369/ 11.9 200 99% peulh 12% 6% 82%

Ouroudaye 178/ 8.9 31 96% peulh

4% tamacheq

20% 3% 78%

Ouroumoussa 145/ 9.7 23 100% tamacheq 10% 1% 90%

Saber Noda 495/ 14.6 76 100% peulh 54% 45%

Samba Were 45/ 3.8 30 100% peulh 42% 58%

Siaka Daye 41/ 6.8 55 80% peulh 27% 5% 68%

Tchilli-Coura 85/ 9.4 15 100% peulh 18% 4% 78% 8% rainy,

18% dry

7 to 15

Tchili-Coro 88/ 8.8 39 45% peulh

43% tamacheq

11% moor

63% 38%

Tindé 82/ 7.5 24 100% peulh 43% 7% 49% 13% rainy,

21% dry

11 to 17

Tomoni 352/ 11 56 72% peulh,

17% tamacheq,

4 % bamana

12% 4% 85% 9% dry 32

Toulé A 152/ 10.9 55 100% peulh 17% 14% 69%

Toulé B 83/ 8.3 17 100% peulh 51% 1% 48%

Welingara 634/ 10.6 52 100% peulh 4% 3% 93%

Wotoro Dankan 71/ 7.1 25 92% peulh

8% tamacheq

8% 3% 89%

Yaladji Wèrè 43/ 8.6 30 100% peulh 51% 49%

Yiriwa Were 91/ 7.6 20 68% peulh

32% tamacheq

10% 90% 21% rainy,

29% dry

19 to 26

Motoni 93/ 9.3 100% peulh 18% 92%

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 7. COSTS AND CONTENT OF WETLANDS INTERNATIONAL TRAINING

USAID-WIMaliCCA -Budget National courses under CCA

Note: prices are high -- one would need to explore the content of courses in more depth to justify these costs.

National courses Number/days Quantité P.U. Total EUROS $US

Cost for Adapting modules to specific target group knowledge needs + Translation 8 days 32 modules 360,000 11,520,000 17,562 22,620

Francophone regional training for Agric Technicians 5days 1 13,110,000 13,110,000 19,986 25,742

2 Community courses 4 days each 1 9,832,500 9,832,500 14,990 19,307

National Paliamentarians forum 3 days 1 11,000,000 11,000,000 16,769 21,599

Rice growers Associations/locals 2 days 1 7,866,000 7,866,000 11,992 15,445

Resource Persons and Faciliators for all trainings 3 trainers 15 491,625 7,374,375 11,242 14,480

Cost for WIA CB Mgr 40 days 40 200,000 8,000,000 12,196 15,708

A 6: The modules will need to be tailored towards the specific target groups of the project and translated to French, they are currently in English

A7: Refers to holding a regional Training of Trainers whose skills will be developed towards thenm leading on the community and other national specific training courses. An anglophone course had already been held by Wetlands International.

A8: Refers to holding 2 community based training courses using the alumni from the regional training,

A9: Refers to a parliamentarians forum on climate change for Malian parliamentarians , aimed at developing a common agenda for relevant issues on Climate change and Water Resource Management

A10: Educating rice growers on the implication of poor rice field management and links to climate change and water resource management.

A11: Refers to the persons that will be engaged in delivering the training courses and facilitators, these are largely locals..also included will be adminsitrative persons for application processing

A 12: Refers to time required for the Wetlands International Africa Programme Capacity Building Manager to coordinate all activities.

APPENDICES


“WETLANDS AND LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME”

ECOSYSTEM BASED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION TRAINING OF TRAINERS

(3RD – 8TH MAY 2010) AICAD - NAIROBI, KENYA

Organised by: Wetlands International, in collaboration with the African Institute for Capacity

Development (AICAD) in Nairobi, Kenya

COURSE FOCUS

The role of this course is to emphasize ecosystem based climate change adaptation, with the intent of equipping participants with the right tools and knowledge to address relevant issues on climate change from an ecosystem and community based perspective. By relating theory to practice, this course will give understanding and skills to deal with climate change adaptation efforts, with support of trainers and resource persons. The course will focus on an interactive learning process by providing methods to apply and share knowledge.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

As a participant you will acquire basic knowledge related to wetlands and ecosystem services and hands-on skills how to deal with ecosystem and community based approaches to climate change adaptation, illustrated with examples from case studies. You are expected to gain the skills and knowledge to be able to train others at regional and national level in relation to the modules.

TRAINING METHODS

The course uses lectures and interactive training methods and is facilitated by trainers with a wide experience within their respective fields. During the course, participants will have sufficient chance to link their newly gained knowledge with their own experience and to discuss with others, for which the assignments, case studies and a field trip will provide. Each day will finish with a reflection in the form of a learning journal to stimulate understanding of the practical consequences of the concepts discussed for each participant’s organisation or service

PROGRAMME

The main course topics are:

1. Wetlands and Ecosystem Based Adaptation. This module introduces climate change, the evidence and its impacts on ecosystems and people. It explains why ecosystems are important in adaptation to climate change and provides the setting for the other modules.

2. Vulnerability assessment and strategic environmental impact assessment. The module will explain the two concepts and their importance in adaptation processes. Also, it will explain the use of these tools with a particular focus on wetland ecosystems and in the participant’s context.

3. The Integration of Ecosystems into Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation. The module will give an overview of the issues and challenges around planning and operating infrastructure that sustainably integrates ecosystems in a shifting climate.

4. Community Based Adaptation Approaches. The module will give insight in the role and importance of community based approaches in adaptation to climate change. It will also stress the importance of cross-scale adaptation, cooperation among stakeholders and the integration of adaptation in development and disaster risk reduction projects and plans.

5. Disaster Risk Reduction. This module introduces the principles of disaster risk reduction within the broader contexts of disaster management, climate change and conservation planning. The module will examine the range of practical steps that decision-makers can consider at the sectoral, municipal, state and regional level to reduce the risk associated with natural disasters related to climate change.

6. Innovative financing for Adaptation to climate change. The module will explain how we can both access and deliver financial resources for adaptation activities that focus on communities and ecosystems. It will also give insight in mechanisms to ensure these resources are effectively channelled to the ground level.

7. Training Skills. This module will provide for training skills in order to be able to effectively train others on the module topics.

LOGISTICAL INFORMATION NOTE

Venue and Workshop Dates: The “Face to Face meeting” for the module development will be held from 27th April to 1st May 2010, and the “Ecosystem Based Climate Change Adaptation Training of Trainers” (CCA ToT) will take place from 3rd to 8th May 2010 at the African Institute for Capacity Development (AICAD), in Nairobi. African Institute for Capacity Development (AICAD)

P.O. Box 46179, Nairobi GPO, 00100 Kenya

Tel. +(254-67)-52221/2, 52059 Email : [email protected] URL : http://www.aicad-taku.org


APPENDICES


Ecosystem based climate change adaptation training of trainers - 3-8 May 2010; Example of day to day schedules:

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 8. ICRAF EXAMPLES OF COSTS OF SERVICES

The fourth example below seems best adapted to the needs of Alatona settlers and could be supported/documented by USFS and USAID.

(1) 151 million FCFA (300,000 US dollars, from Canada CRDI) over 3 years for developing vegetation descriptions and for capacity building and info dissemination on biodiversity themes in Burkina and Mali.

Thème de recherche 1: „Enhancing biodiversty of agroforestry parklands and improving the well-being of the rural poor in the Sahel‟ (Projet Biodiversité au Burkina Faso et au Mali)

Directeur de recherche : Antoine Kalinganire (ICRAF) Période de performance : 2003-2006

Montant global du budget : 151 184 000 FCFA. Source de financement : CRDI

Représentant d l’organisme de financement :

Dr Innocent Butare

Téléphone : (221) 338640000

Courriel : [email protected]

Résumé : L’objectif global était d’améliorer le niveau de vie des paysans démunis en ressources à travers l'amélioration et la conservation, l'enrichissement de la biodiversité et le renforcement des fonctions écologiques des parcs. Les travaux menés ont consisté principalement à la caractérisation des terroirs et au renforcement des capacités des acteurs. Le projet a mené des activités de dissémination auprès des communautés rurales des 24 villages pilotes du Mali et Burkina Faso.

(2) $3.5 million over 3+ years (from USAID) for identification and dissemination of adapted agroforestry technologies, community capacity building, and local governance in Guinea.

Thème de recherche 3: Landscape Management for Improved Livelihood en Guinée

Directeur de recherche : Harold Roy -Macauley (ICRAF) Période de performance : 2005-2008

Montant global du budget : ~ 3.5 millions US$ Source de financement : USAID


USAID Guinée

Téléphone :

Courriel :

Résumé : L’objectif de la composante est d’œuvrer à l’augmentation des revenus des populations pauvres à travers l’identification et la diffusion des innovations agroforestières adaptées, au renforcement des capacités des communautés ainsi que l’amélioration de la gouvernance locale dans la zone du Fouta Djallon, Guinée.

(3) $1.5 million over 2+ years (from FIDA/IFAD) for improved management of agroforestry parks in sahelian Burkina, Mali, Niger, Senegal.

Thème de recherche : Renforcement des stratégies de subsistance à travers une utilisation et une gestion améliorées des parcs agroforestiers au Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger et Sénégal)

Directeur de recherche 4: John Weber (ICRAF) Période de performance : 2006 - 2008

Montant global du budget : 1 500 000US$ Source de financement : Fonds International pour le Développement Agricole (FIDA)

APPENDICES



Alessandro Meschinnelli

Téléphone : (39)0654592463

Courriel :[email protected]

Résumé : La diversification et l’amélioration de la gestion des arbres et des arbustes autochtones dans les parcs agroforestiers, ainsi qu’une meilleure commercialisation des produits issus de ces espèces, peuvent contribuer à alléger la pauvreté des populations en permettant aux paysans surtout les plus pauvres de diversifier et de stabiliser leurs sources de revenu, ainsi que de renforcer la sécurité alimentaire et sanitaire de tous les membres de la famille. Les ménages ruraux et surtout les plus démunis, étant les premières victimes de la dégradation des ressources naturelles, y compris les ressources génétiques des arbres et des arbustes locaux, doivent être les premiers intéressés par l’utilisation et la gestion durable de leurs ressources. Ceci requiert néanmoins l’existence d’un contexte politique et socio-économique qui leur confère la capacité et les moyens. Ce projet vise à faciliter un processus qui amène les paysans démunis à se sentir suffisamment autonomes pour investir dans la gestion et l’utilisation durable, ainsi que dans la conservation des espèces autochtones d’arbres et d’arbustes agroforestiers.

(4) 5 million FCFA ($10,000, over 12 months) from Holland for initiating rice producers into techniques for producing and planting agroforestry seedlings, managing woodlots, and market gardening.

(NOTE: This is a capacity-building assistance that will be useful for Alatona case.)

Thème de recherche 5 : Programme de reboisement en zone irriguée de l‟Office du Niger

Directeur de recherche : Joseph M. DAKOUO (IER) Période de performance :

Janvier à Décembre 2006

Montant global du budget : 5 millions Fcfa Source de financement : Office du Niger Ŕ Ambassade des Pays-Bas


Office du Niger

Téléphone :

Courriel :

Résumé : Initiation des exploitants agricoles aux techniques de production des plants agroforestiers, aux techniques de plantation et de gestion des boisements et aux techniques de maraîchage. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de renforcer des capacités techniques et organisationnelles des communautés locales dans l’installation, la gestion et l’utilisation des espèces et technologies agroforestières génératrices de revenus.

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 9. EXAMPLE OF COSTS FOR IMPROVED STOVES, RURAL MARKETS, AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

IN THE SAHEL (World Bank example)

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0,,contentMDK:20628568~ pagePK:64328798~ piPK:64328797~ theSitePK:40941,00.html

Annex 1. Key Performance Indicators/Log Frame Matrix

Indicator Project planning (1999) Actual/Latest

Sale of Improved Stoves:

Wood 160,000 150,000

Charcoal 68,000 100,000

Kerosene 17,000 10,500

Rural Markets 260 (1) 200

Managed Forest (ha) 720,000 320,000 (2)

1. Based on assumed average village forest size of 2, 600 ha

2. Reflects real average village forest size of 1.50 ha

Annex 2. Project Costs and Financing: Project Cost by Component (in US$ million equivalent)

Appraisal Actual/Latest Percentage of

Project Cost By Component US$ million US$ million ___Appraisal__

G. T.A., Consultancies, and Studies 1.77 2.36 133

A. Fuelwood Master Plans 0.88 0.95 108

B. Village Forest Management Plans 2.00 2.36 118

C. Carbonization Program 1.10 0.18 16

D. Kerosene and Charcoal Stoves Program 1.00 1.22 122

E. Institutional Support and Monitoring Program 1.44 0.61 103

F. Skills Development and Public Awareness 1.30 0.55 47

Total Baseline Cost 9.49 8.23

------------------------

Summary:

COST OF IMPLEMENTING A PROGRAM TO DISTRIBUTE 110,000 KEROSENE AND CHARCOAL STOVES: 1.22 MILLION $U.S.

COSTOF IMPLEMENTING 150,000 IMPROVED WOODSTOVES: contained within skills development

COST OF IMPLEMENTING 200 RURAL MARKET SITES (fuelwood master plans): 950,000 $U.S.

COST OF IMPLEMENTING 320,000 HA OF VG-MANAGED FOREST: 2.36 MILLION $U.S.

COST OF ASSOCIATED SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC AWARENESS 550,000 $U.S.

------------------------

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, CONSULTANCIES, AND STUDIES: 2.35 MILLION $U.S.

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 10. ICRAF 5th Trimester Report

Financement du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d’Amérique / MCC

ESSAIS D’ADAPTATION D’ESPECES FORESTIERES ET FRUITIERES A CROISSANCE RAPIDE,

ADAPTEES A LA ZONE

DU KOUROUMARY – ALATONA

RAPPORT TRIMESTRIEL N° 5

Institut d‟Economie Rurale

APPENDICES


Le World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) et ses partenaires de recherche au Mali et en particulier l’IER, ont conduit

des études d’analyse-diagnostic et de caractérisation, en vue d’identifier les contraintes auxquelles font face les

paysans du Mali. Les résultats de ces études ont servi de base pour concevoir des solutions agroforestières

appropriées, susceptibles d’améliorer les conditions de vie des paysans et de conserver l’environnement. Les

résultats de recherche ont également servi à la création d’un environnement politique favorable à la gestion des

ressources naturelles. Les activités conduites ici se sont focalisées sur: la culture des essences agroforestières

locales et la diffusion des technologies agroforestières éprouvées. Nombreuses technologies agroforestières

innovatrices ont été développées comme les haies vives, les banques fourragères, les banques alimentaires et

nutritionnelles et la production de plants et la mise en place des bosquets (bois et fourrage). Cette présente

recherche a été élaborée dans un cadre qui permettra de tester l’adaptation, suivi de la mise en œuvre de ces

technologies de reboisement et agroforestières, afin de contribuer à renforcer les fonctions écologiques et la

production de l’arbre sur les terres de la zone du Kouroumary (Alatona).

Le tableau 1 ci-dessous donne les informations générales sur le projet et le tableau 2 représente la matrice des

réalisations ou le chronogramme des activités.

Tableau 1 : Informations générales

Informations générales

Nom de Récipiendaire: ICRAF-WCA/Sahel

N° du projet : 002

Titre du projet : Essais d’Adaptation d’Espèces Forestières et Fruitières à

Croissance Rapide Adaptées à la Zone du Kouroumary (Alatona)

Site des tests en milieu paysan Village K20 (Commune de Dogofry) et village de Sika (commune

de Diabaly)

Thème de recherche :

Test d’espèces forestières pour la production de bois et de

fourrage

Tests d’espèces agroforestières pour la réalisation de haies

vives défensives, banques alimentaires et fruitières

Evaluation de la production des boisements en Zone irriguée

de l’Office du Niger

Période d’établissement de

rapports 5ème Trimestre

Montant de la subvention : 213 293.30 USD

APPENDICES


Les fonds dépensés par le

candidat à la fin de la période

d’établissement de rapports

(situation cumulative)

76 250.02 USD + 40834.58 USD

117084.6 USD

Description narrative des

activités de recherche pendant la

période d’établissement de

rapports, y compris les

réalisations et les difficultés

rencontrées

3 grandes activités ont marqué ce 5ème trimestre 2010 :

Evaluation des taux de survie des espèce-tests à Sika et K20

Formation des producteurs de Alatona à certaines

techniques d’arboriculture et d’agroforesterie,

Visites inter paysannes des parcelles tests des villages et

celle de la station de recherche ICRAF à Samanko, Bamako.

Evaluation taux de survie des espèces tests : cf. tableau 3

Si à Sika le meilleur taux de survie des espèces bois et fourrage

est obtenu par Azadirachta indica (Neem) avec 54, 86% malgré

les dégâts causés par le bétail local ; il est obtenu à K20 par

Gmelina arborea et Khaya senegalensis avec 92% .

En ce qui concerne les 2 espèces banques alimentaires, Sika

réalise le meilleur taux avec 89,28% pour Moringa oleïfera et

46,42%pour Adansonia digitata contre respectivement 49,07 %

et 25,97% à K20.

Pour les fruitiers améliorés, jujubiers et tamariniers réalisent

chacun un taux de survie de 100% à Sika , contre

respectivement 83,33 et 95,83% à K20. Les autres fruitiers,

manguiers et papayers donnent respectivement 66,66%, 25% à

Sika contre 8,33% et 4,16% à K20.

Les tests de haies vives par bouturage donnent un faible taux de

survie, 22% avec Jatropha curcas et 17,5% avec Euphorbia

balsamifera à Sika, tandis que Jatropha curcas et Lawsonia

inermis obtiennent à K20 respectivement 27% et 17,5%.

Formations des producteurs, zone d’Alatona : cf. tableau 4

Elles se sont focalisées essentiellement sur : (1) techniques de

production de plants en pépinière, (2) techniques de plantation

et gestion des plantations agroforestières, (3) techniques

d’installation et de gestion de banque alimentaire, (4) initiation

aux techniques de greffage de fruitiers locaux et agrumes. Ces

formations initiées à l’intention des producteurs a vu aussi la

APPENDICES


participation des agents communaux de Diabaly et de Dogofry.

Au total, il a été enregistré 158 participants dont, 16 femmes,

et 142 hommes pour 25 villages des 2 communes. Soulignons

aussi que les 2 premiers thèmes ont été animés par les

techniciens IER du Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique

de Niono et les 2 derniers par les techniciens de ICRAF-Sahel.

L’ensemble des thèmes ont été dispensé du 21 au 26 juin 2010.

Visites inter paysannes des villages tests et la station ICRAF à

Samanko

Comme le dit bien un vieil adage, je cite, ‘Voir une fois vaut

mieux qu’entendre 100 fois’, fin de citation ; la coordination

IER-ICRAF organisa les visites intersites des essais participatifs

par les populations des 2 villages tests sous l’œil intéressé des

représentants des élus communaux.

Ainsi les parcelles, bois et fourrage, fruitiers, banque

alimentaire et haie vive à Sika furent visités, mais aussi le site

expérimental de K20 qui a englobé toutes les technologies en

tests dans la commune de Dogofry.

Afin de mieux pouvoir apprécier à leur juste valeur l’état

phénologiques des espèces agroforestières, la visite de la

station ICRAF-Sahel fut remise à courant juillet, quand les pluies

se sont bien installées. C’est pourquoi, il fallait attendre le 20

juillet 2010 pour faire visiter la pépinière de recherche, les

parcelles d’essais et de démonstration de différentes

technologies agroforestières avec des espèces à usages

multiples par 64 ressortissants des villages d’Alatona. Parmi ces

64 participants, nous avons noté la présence de 17 femmes

contre 47 hommes dont 2 agents des radios locales (Diabaly,

Dogofry) et 3 élus communaux : Voir listes en annexe.

En outre, la coordination IER-ICRAF a mis le reste du mois de

juillet et d’août à profit pour :

l’achèvement de l’installation du parc à bois de Kogoni qui

attendait l’installation de l’hivernage avec 7 cultivars de

jujubiers améliorés (greffés) et 3 variétés de Tamariniers

dont 1 sucré et 2 autres exotiques, donnant de gros fruits :

voir tableau 5.

APPENDICES


la satisfaction des besoins exprimés par des volontaires

villageois de la zone d’Alatona en matériel végétal

(semences et plants) et d’intrant de pépinière (sachets

polyéthylène) à titre privé ou familial. Cette distribution de

matériel végétal aux volontaires a englobé outre les

espèces utilisées dans les tests villageois, d’autres espèces

agroforestières comme Acacia nilotica, Cordyla pinnata,

orangers, nouvelles variétés de jujubiers et de tamariniers.

Plus de 22 espèces et variétés ont été distribuées à plus de

70 volontaires dans la zone du Kouroumary des villages de

la commune de Diabaly et de Dogofry : voir tableau 6.

le regarnissage des parcelles tests des 2 communes,

implantées en août 2009. Il a concerné les tests bois et

fourrage ; les fruitiers.

Formation des groupes de pépiniéristes aux techniques de

production de plants (graines, végétative) et l’initiation au

concept de Centre Rural de Ressources (CRR), véritable

créneau de promotion et d’épanouissement du monde

rural ; une démarche se calquant sur le modèle

Camerounais (Bangangté et Bayangam) : voir liste

participants en annexe.

Tableau 2 : Matrice des réalisations

Tranche

Résultats escomptés

Coûts Délais Explication des

contretemps et moyens

pour reprendre le cours

normal des activités

(Difficultés rencontrées et

solutions envisagées)

Montant

décaissé au

résultat

Date

d’exécution

prévue

Date

d’exécution

effectuée

5ème Tranche

Essais entretenus $ 2368.44 Janvier 10

à Mars 10

Octobre 09 à

Mars 10

+ A partir du fonds avancé par le MCA, Mali

+ approvisionnement de la caisse du Programme Ressources Forestières du CRRA, Niono par le World Agroforestry Centre

APPENDICES


Période

exécution :

5ème Trimestre

Données disponibles $ 14944.28

A partir de juillet 09

A partir de Juin 09

+ A partir du fonds MCA, Mali

+ Facilitation des opérations de collectes des paramètres retenus par les techniciens IER (Niono, Kogoni) et ICRAF-Sahel, Bamako

Nombre de producteurs ayant visité les technologies agroforestières

$ 10387.80 Avril-juin 10

Juin 2010

+ A partir du fonds MCA, Mali

+ Mobilisation des techniciens IER (Niono) et ceux de ICRAF-Sahel

Fiche technique sur la gestion de banques alimentaires disponibles pour les vulgarisateurs

$ 1802.08 Janvier à mars 10

Depuis février 10

+ Disponibilité de fonds

MCA, Mali

- En cours d’édition et

d’impression

Fiche technique sur la production d’une publication sur la production des espèces ciblées disponible pour les vulgarisateurs ruraux

$ 2174.85 Avril à

juin 10

A partir de mars 10


MCA, Mali

- En cours d’édition et

d’impression

Fiche technique sur la gestion des plantations disponible

$ 2174.85 Avril à

juin 10 Mai 2010


MCA, Mali

- En cours d’impression

Fiche technique sur le greffage de fruitiers

$ 1802.08 Avril à

juin 10 Mars 2010


MCA, Mali


APPENDICES


Fiche technique sur les plantations et enrichissements disponible

$ 3966.63 Avril à

juin 10 Mai 2010


MCA, Mali


Rapports techniques

de S&E

$ 1213.57 Janvier à Mars 10

Mai 2010


MCA, Mali

- retard dans la

finalisation due à

l’indisponibilité du

consultant

Rapport final

(technique et

financier) du

programme

- Avril à juin 2010

Septembre 2010

Juillet à août 2010 mis à

profit pour finaliser et

parfaire certaines

activités liées à

l’hivernage.

1 dollar = 485,55 FCFA

Tableau 3 : Evaluation de la Survie des espèces des tests participatifs

Espèces agroforestière

Taux survie des espèces par village tests

Autres commentaires Sika K 20

Gliricidia sepium 50.69 78.12

Leucaena leucocephala 27.37 73.43

Acacia senegal 45.83 54.68

Acacia coleï 1.39 68.75

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

0 92.18 La parcelle de Sika a subi

des dégâts causés par des

animaux de la localité

Azadirachta indica 54.86 53.12

Gmelina arborea 26.39 92.18

Khaya senegalensis 2.78 92.18

APPENDICES


Moringa oleïfera 89.28 49.07

Adansonia digitata 46.42 25.97

Cultivars de jujubiers 100 83.33

Cultivars de tamariniers 100 95.83

Papayers 25 4.16

Manguiers greffés 66.66 8.33

Haies vives

22

17.5

27

17.5

Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia

balsamifera, Lawsonia

inermis

Tableau 4 : Modules dispensés aux producteurs des communes de Diabaly et Dogofry.

Date Modules de formation Lieu de

formation

Participants formés Nombre de

villages couverts Femmes Hommes

21- 22 juin

- Techniques production de

plants en pépinière

- Techniques de plantation

et Gestion des plantations

agroforestières

Mairie de

Diabaly

01

24

10

23-24 juin

- Techniques production de

plants en pépinière

- Techniques de plantation

et Gestion des plantations

agroforestières

Ecole de

Dogofry

0

50

25

25 juin

- Techniques d’Installation

et de Gestion de Banque

Alimentaire

- Initiation aux Techniques

de Greffage de Fruitiers

locaux et Agrumes

Parcelle

expérimentale

de Dogofry

14

48

25

- Techniques d’Installation

et de Gestion de Banque

Parcelle

expérimentale

APPENDICES


26 juin

Alimentaire

- Initiation aux Techniques

de Greffage de Fruitiers

locaux et Agrumes

de fruitiers et

banque

alimentaire de

Sika, Diabaly

02

20

10

TOTAUX à l’échelle des deux communes 16 142 25

Tableau 5 : Espèces et variétés améliorées du parc à bois de Kogoni

Espèces Variétés Nombre

Jujubier

Gola 08

ICRAF-07 08

ICRAF-08 08

ICRAF-09 08

Kaïthely 08

Seb 08

Umran 08

Tamarinier

Thaïlandais Sucré 08

Thaïlandais gros fruit 04

Sénégalais gros fruit 04

Tableau 6 : Liste non exhaustive de distribution de matériel végétal et sachets aux volontaires des

communes de Diabaly et Dogofry N° Noms et Prénoms Villages Espèces distribuées

01 Sadia Sacko Dogofry Tamarinier sucré, manguiers, orangers

02 Sedou Coulibaly Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

03 Brahima Tangara Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

APPENDICES


04 Bakary Coulibaly Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

05 Boubacary Katilé Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

06 Lassine Traoré Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

07 Diadié Diallo Dogofry Tamarinier sucré

08 Dougoutigui Keïta Dogofry Tamarinier sucré, Moringa oleïfera

09 Fatoumata S. Diarra Diabaly Tamarinier sucré, jujubiers améliorés

10 Kadiatou Daffé Kogoni Jujubiers améliorés (ICRAF-9, ICRAF-5),

henné, manguiers greffés

11 Djénéba Drabo K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Kaïthely et ICRAF-9),

semence moringa

12 Alimata Ongoïba K20 Jujubiers améliorés (ICRAF-7 et ICRAF-9),

baobab, semences moringa et baobab

13 Djénéba Ongoïba K20 Baobab

14 Solomane Coulibaly K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Kaïthely, ICRAF-8)

15 Yacouba Sangaré K20 Jujubiers améliorés (ICRAF-8, ICRAF-2)

16 Koba Koïta K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Umran, ICRAF-7),

gliricidia, baobab

17 Moussa Sacko K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Kaïthely, Gola)

18 Bougary Ongoïba K20 Jujubiers améliorés (ICRAF-3, Kaïthely, ICRAF-

9), Dogora (Cordyla pinnata)

19 Djibi Ongoïba K20 Jujubiers améliorés (ICRAF-8, ICRAF-9)

20 Moussa Niangalé K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Seb, Umran)

21 Youssouf Ongoïba K20 Jujubiers améliorés (Kaïthely, ICRAF-5)

22 Kalidou Diarra K20 ICRAF-9, Baobab, Dogora

23 Karim Sacko K20 Dogora, ICRAF-9, semence baobab et

moringa

APPENDICES


24 Kotimi Sacko K20 Semence moringa

25 Fatoumata Traoré K20 Moringa, baobab, tamarinier sucré, jujubiers

améliorés

26 Abdoulaye Goro K20 Thaïlandais gros, jujubiers améliorés,

moringa, baobab, sachets pépinière

27 Oumou Konaré K20 Tamarinier sucré, jujubiers améliorés

28 Assétou Aya K20 Tamarinier sucré, jujubiers améliorés

29 Nènè Diakité K20 Tamarinier sucré, jujubiers améliorés

30 Ami Coulibaly K20 Thaïlandais gros, jujubiers améliorés

31 Djibril Sogoba K20 Thaïlandais gros, jujubiers améliorés

32 Bourama Dougnon K20 Gliricidia, baobab, diala, semence moringa et

baobab, sachets de pépinière

33 Amidou Ongoïba K20 Baobab, semence baobab, sachets de

pépinière

34 Saïbou Sacko K20 Baobab

35 Moumouni Ongoïba K20 Baobab, semence baobab

36 Diakarou Sylla K20 Semence baobab et moringa

37 Oumou Konaré K20 Semence baobab et moringa

38 Sibiry Diarra Kogoni Manguiers greffés, tamariniers sucrés,

jujubiers améliorés (Umran, Seb)

39 Tièba Oumar

Dembélé

Diabaly Jujubiers améliorés (Kaïthely, ICRAF-3),

tamariniers sucrés, manguiers greffés

40 Gaoussou Keïta Kogoni Manguiers greffés

41 Madou Siby Tamariniers sucrés, manguiers greffés, ICRAF-

5, Umran

42 Bina Traoré Mandariniers, orangers, manguiers greffés

APPENDICES


43 Bongui Tangara Mandariniers, orangers, manguiers greffés

44 Ténéman Diarra ICRAF-5, orangers, manguiers greffés

45 Ousmane Maïga ICRAF-3, orangers, manguiers greffés

46 Gaoussou

Diangoumba

ICRAF-5 et ICRAF-6, orangers, manguiers

greffés

47 Ntié Baba Traoré ICRAF-5, orangers, manguiers greffés

48 Mairie Diabaly Semence moringa et baobab

ANNEXES

1. Données d’évaluation de la survie des Espèces des Tests Participatifs à Sika

Village de: Sika Commune de: Diabaly Date: Mai 2010

Technologies N° blocs Espèces Variétés Taux survie (%)

Gliricidia sepium 41.67

Leucaena leucocephala 33.33

Acacia senegal 52.78

Acacia coleï 5.56

1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0

Azadirachta indica 50

Gmelina arborea 75

Khaya senegalensis 8.33




2 Acacia coleï 0

Bois et Fourrage Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0

Azadirachta indica 55.56

Gmelina arborea 22.22



Leucaena leucocephala 50


3 Acacia coleï 0

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0



Khaya senegalensis 0

APPENDICES





4 Acacia coleï 0





Résumé pourcentage de survie

Gliricidia sepium 50.69%

Tout bloc

Leucaena leucocephala 27.37%

(bois et fourrage)

Acacia senegal 45.83%

EN RESUME Acacia coleï 1.39%

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0%

Azadirachta indica 54.86%

Gmelina arborea 26.39%

Khaya senegalensis 2.78%


1 Moringa oleïfera 93.3

Adansonia digitata 39.73

Banque alimentaire 2 Moringa oleïfera 82.14




Ziziphus mauritiana Kaïthely 100

ICRAF 08 100

ICRAF 09 100

Tamarindus indica Sucré 100

Banque fruitière Reunion 100

Viëtnam 3 100

Manguifera indica Keïtt 75

Kent 75

Valencia 50

Papaya carica Malaisie 25

Ghana 25

Solo 25

Lawsonia inermis 2.5

Commiphora africana 2.5

1 Jatropha curcas 22.5

Euphorbia balsamifera 17.5

APPENDICES


Lawsonia inermis 0

Commiphora africana 0

Haie Vive 2 Jatropha curcas 15


Lawsonia inermis 0


3 Jatropha curcas 0

Euphorbia balsamifera 0

Lawsonia inermis 0

4 Commiphora africana 0

Jatropha curcas 5


2. Données d’évaluation de la survie des Espèces des Tests Participatifs à K 20

Village de: K 20 Commune de: Dogofry Date: Mai 2010





Acacia coleï 62.5

1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 87.5


Gmelina arborea 100




Acacia senegal 62.5

2 Acacia coleï 81.25

Bois et Fourrage Eucalyptus camaldulensis 100


Gmelina arborea 100




Acacia senegal 87.5

3 Acacia coleï 81.25

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 81.25






Acacia senegal 12.5

4 Acacia coleï 50


Azadirachta indica 0



APPENDICES


Gliricidia sepium

Résumé pourcentage survie

78.12%

Leucaena leucocephala 73.43%

Acacia senegal 54.68%

EN RESUME Acacia coleï 68.75%

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 92.18%

Azadirachta indica 53.12%

Gmelina arborea 92.18%

Khaya senegalensis 92.18%




Banque alimentaire 2 Moringa oleïfera 24.1




Ziziphus mauritiana Kaïthely 87.5

ICRAF 08 75

ICRAF 09 87.5

Tamarindus indica Sucré 87.5

Banque fruitière Reunion 100

Viëtnam 3 100

Manguifera indica Keïtt 12.5

Kent 12.5

Valencia 0

Papaya carica Malaisie 0

Ghana 12.5

Solo 0

Lawsonia inermis 5

Commiphora africana 2.5

1 Jatropha curcas 22.5


Lawsonia inermis 5


Haie Vive 2 Jatropha curcas 25




3 Jatropha curcas 20



4 Commiphora africana 0

Jatropha curcas 27.5


APPENDICES


3. visite de la Station ICRAF-Sahel, Samanko, Bamako du 19 au 21 juillet 2010

3.1 : liste des participants de la commune de Diabaly

Noms et Prénoms Village Statut fonction Age

1 Ousmane Diallo Diabaly 2° Adjoint 55 ans

2 Daouda Dembélé Diabaly RADIO 25

3 Brahima Bah Diabaly Paysan 28

4 Boukari Diallo Diabaly Paysan 28

5 Boureima Bah Diabaly Paysan 28

6 Aissata Diallo Diabaly Paysanne 30

7 Hadji Diarra Diabaly Paysan 30

8 Tiéba Dembélé Diabaly Paysan 62

9 Ousmane Traoré Diabaly Paysan 44

10 Sidy Diallo Diabaly Paysan 56

11 Seydou Guindo Diabaly Paysan 42

12 Ely Daou Diabaly Paysanne 37

13 Oumou Diarra Diabaly Paysanne 28

14 Djénébou Sogoba Diabaly Paysanne 29

15 Fatoumata S Diarra Diabaly Paysanne 30

16 Bréma Coulibaly Diabaly Paysan 45

17 Sinika Sidibé Diabaly Paysan 45

18 Seydou Ouédrago Diabaly Paysan 40

3.2 : liste des participants de la commune de Dogofry

Noms et Prénoms Village Statut fonction Age

1 Kardjigué Coulibaly Kourouma Koubé Exploitant 52

2 Salimata Bouaré Kourouma Koubé Exploitant 52

3 Kalifa Coulibaly Markala Coura Exploitant 53

4 Diaby Niangadou Markala Coura Exploitant

5 Bakary vieux Coulibaly Markala Coura Exploitant 41

6 Sékouba Sangaré Kaban Coura Exploitant 36

7 Mariam Sakiliba Kaban Coura Exploitant 47

8 Aissata Ballo Kaban Coura Exploitant 38

9 Salia Troaré Banamba K01 Exploitant 39

10 Boureima Tangara Banamba K01 Exploitant 47

11 Sékou Amadou Kobila Djeddah Exploitant 40

12 Lassine Traoré Bamako Coura Exploitant 60

13 Afo Traoré Dogofry ba Exploitant 33

14 Ba - Moussa Dembelé Bagadadji K16 Exploitant 38

15 Aminata Doukouré Bagadadji K16 Exploitant 29

16 Bourama Demelé Farabougou Coura Exploitant

APPENDICES


17 Dougoutigui Keita Dia Coura K18 Exploitant 55

18 Jacque Sakara Sansanding Coura Exploitant

19 Djeneba Coulibaly Sansanding Coura Exploitant

20 Abdoulaye Goro Yangassadiou Exploitant 28

21 Djibril Sogoba Yangassadiou Exploitant 42

22 Daouda Coulibaly Djenné Coura Exploitant 40

23 Gaoussou Cissouma Sikasso coura Exploitant 45

24 Bakary Katilé Goma Coura Exploitant 50

25 Sadian Sacko Touba coura Exploitant 57

26 Bouya Diarra Chouala Coura Exploitant 63

27 Bè Coulibaly Missira K 07 Exploitant 47

28 Cheickna Coulibaly Farabougou Exploitant 51

29 Boubou Bah Alatona Exploitant 35

30 Diadjè Diallo N' Doukala Exploitant 54

31 Allassane Dicko Bagadadji K16 Exploitant

32 Sounkoura traoré Bamanba K01 Exploitant 49

33 Aya Nassiré Bamanba K01 Exploitant 55

34 Oumou Konaré Yangassadiou Exploitant 60

35 Assetou Aya Yangassadiou Exploitant 44

36 Nènè Diakité Yangassadiou Exploitant 40

37 Ami Coulibaly Yangassadiou Exploitant 42

38 Fatoumata Traoré Yangassadiou Exploitant 34

39 Ousmane Coulibaly Yangassadiou Maire 54

40 Seydou Coulibaly Yangassadiou Maire 54

41 Abdoulaye Diallo Yangassadiou Radio 27

42 Kia Dembelé Yangassadiou Expolitant 30

4. Liste des groupes de pépiniéristes formés dans le cadre de la promotion des Centres Ruraux de ressources

dans la zone MCA, Mali (Alatona)

N° Nom et Prénom Commune Sexe

01 Fatoumata S. Diarra Diabaly féminin

02 Djénéba Sogoba Diabaly féminin

03 Elie Dao Diabaly masculin

04 Ousmane Traoré Diabaly masculin

05 Oumar Tèba Dembélé Diabaly masculin

06 Sinika Sidibé Diabaly masculin

APPENDICES


07 Fatoumata Traoré Dogofry féminin

08 Fatoumata Touré Dogofry féminin

09 Ami Coulibaly Dogofry féminin

10 Jacques Sagara Dogofry masculin

11 Abdoulaye Gouro Dogofry masculin

12 Djibril Sogoba Dogofry masculin

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 11. SETTING UP A SCHÉMA DIRECTEUR D’APPROVISIONNEMENT FOR FIREWOOD (Niger and Mali examples)

Excerpt from: A Review of the Rural Firewood Market Strategy in West Africa, Africa Region Working

Paper Series No. 35

Gerald Foley, Nordic Consulting Group; Paul Kerkhof, SOS-Sahel; Djibrilla Madougou, Consultant

August 2002

NOTE: IN THE CASE OF ALATONA, THE SECTIONS IN BROWN ARE LESS APPLICABLE BECAUSE THE FIREWOOD-DEFICIENT ZONE IS ALREADY KNOWN: IT WOULD BE LIMITED TO THE AREA AROUND ALATONA AND POTENTIALLY NIONO.

THE SDA AND QUOTA APPROACH

The firewood market systems in Niger and Mali were founded, and remain nominally based upon, the concept of the

firewood supply master plan (SDA). These were prepared, in each country, by the project design teams as the first step in

setting up the firewood market system.

The aim of the SDA is to provide planners with a tool for achieving a long-term balance between firewood supply and

demand in the fuelwood catchment area of the urban area being supplied. A variety of questions about the utility and

practicability of the SDAs have emerged since they were introduced in the early 1990s.

A. DRAWING UP THE SDA

Drawing up the SDA involves a large amount of fieldwork and desk-analysis and, given the shortage of technical and

financial resources in the countries concerned, can only be undertaken with substantial, and relatively long-term, donor support.

The first step is to prepare a detailed inventory of the natural woodland resources in the catchment area. This is done using

Landsat or other satellite images, cross-checked by sample ground-truthing. The resource assessment is based upon clearly

defined areas of permanent forest and ca nnot take into account the wood resources on fallow lands, farmlands and other non-

forested areas although these can be an important source of wood, especially for local people.

The natural woodland areas are then broken down into different categories, depending on the standing stock identified in

the inventory. In Niger, three categories were used, in which the standing stock was estimated to be 11, 7 and 3 steres per

hectare. Sustainable annual yields of 1.0, 0.6, and 0.2 steres of firewood per hectare were respectively estimated for the three

categories and total sustainable catchment yields could then be calculated.

Surveys of the firewood trade, both truck transport and sample households, were carried out to obtain an estimate of

total consumption in the urban areas being considered. The figures obtained were projected forward, basically in line with

population growth, to obtain estimates of future demand. These showed major firewood supply-demand “deficits” in which the

consumption greatly exceeded the sustainable yields in the catchment areas.

The firewood catchment area was then disaggregated, using the canton or arrondissement as the basis. In Niger,

the available information on each canton from which fuelwood was being supplied to Niamey was synthesized and presented in

the form of a "decision grid." This presented, for each canton, the total annual production of the natural woodlands, the balance

available for export to Niamey, using the assumptions that either 50 percent or 100 percent of the needs of rural people were

met from their local woodland resources, and the actual amounts of fuelwood being exported to Niamey. Other data, drawn

from the agro-socio-economic analysis, and included in the synthesis of information for each canton, were the population

density, the dominant land -use type, and the degree of social cohesion existing in the area.

From this "decision grid" it was possible to identify areas where the establishment of rural markets was likely to

be a realistic option. It would not make sense, for example, to set up a rural fuelwood market in an area where there

were insufficient wood resources to provide a sufficiently high level of sustainable supply to justify the effort and

expense involved. Similarly, it would be pointless to try to establish a market in an area without the social cohesion necessary

APPENDICES


for its effective functioning. Areas of abundant resources where the social and other conditions were fulfillled, on the other

hand, would be natural priorities for the establishment of markets.

The decision grid also highlighted the areas where the supply-demand deficit was highest and fuelwood harvesting

needed to be discouraged and measures taken to increase the productivity of the remaining woodlands. The creation of the SDA

thus provided a basis for identifying areas for priority action in setting up rural markets and drawing up local forest

management plans.

The quota for each market was calculated using the estimated sustainable yield per hectare for the area shown in

the overall SDA. This was then translated into an allowable annual firewood offtake for the market. In Mali, and more recently

in Niger, simple forest inventories are done by a team of foresters to help calculate the quota. The final figure, which forms part

of the market agreement, is, in principle, determined in consultation with the village, taking local circumstances into account.

Problems with the SDA approach

Drawing up the SDA is highly resource intensive. Moreover, it only provides a snapshot at a particular time and, if it is

to form a long term basis for planning firewood supplies, needs to be updated as circumstances change. In particular,

harvesting quotas need to be changed to reflect changes in the SDA, as well as those occurring at a local market level. Given the

availability of financial and technical resources in the countries concerned, it is clear that the SDA is neither practical for

countries on their own nor sustainable beyond the end of donor funding.

In Niger, the SDAs drawn up in the early 1990s have not been updated and they have not been used in the

establishment of new markets since 1996. The projects presently operating in Niger do not intend to update the SDAs prepared

during the first phase. The planned large number of new markets will be established without the use of SDAs.

There is also considerable doubt over the models and scenarios used in drawing up the SDAs. The projections of

overall fuelwood consumption and the emergence of energy “gaps” have in general proved themselves wrong and a high

degree of scepticism in this area seems to be justified. (Footnote 12: Hindsight suggests that the level of consumption in the

rural areas was greatly over-estimated in the analysis. The issue is discussed in detail in Sustainable Woodfuel Supplies from

the Dry Tropical Woodlands (G. Foley) as World Bank, ESMAP, Technical Paper 013, June 2001).

The levels of disaggregation used in SDAs are also questionable. In Mali, where the SDA generates data at the level of

the arrondissement, project staff recognize that this may not be the appropriate scale of planning given that the markets function

at a village level. The establishment of the communes in 1999 makes planning at the arrondissement level even less relevant.

Some of the project staff feel that new SDAs, tailored to the communes, should be produced but this raises questions of

technical and financial resource availability.

Experience of the Swiss-assisted project near Sikasso in Mali suggests that the true criteria for the establishment

of viable markets are precisely the opposite of those used in the SDA. The project staff in Sikasso have found that it is

not the well-forested zones which are most suitable for market establishment but rather the well-populated zones with

good road infrastructure and sufficient labour, even if their firewood production potential is lower.

The Sikasso projects also illustrates the fact that in a landscape with advanced agricultural expansion, village forests are

patchy and cover modest areas. Yet the socioeconomic potential for commercial woodfuel production in such an area may be

good, since the road infrastructure is excellent and there is plenty of labour available during the dry season.

A major weakness of the SDA approach is that it cannot encompass the many different possibilities for commercial

firewood production in a variable mosaic of village forests. As agricultural expansion continues, such mosaics will probably

dominate at the expense of forest reserves. East African examples show that wood prod uction by rural people for urban markets

can offer substantial opportunities but needs a much greater flexibility in technical and economic decision making than that

presently defined by the SDA and the quota system in the market model.

In such cases, instead of a firewood-focused SDA, a more relevant exercise is likely to be a broad-based approach

such as that used in „gestion de terroir‟ projects. These projects take the village territory as the basic unit of planning, in

which forest resources obviously play a role. By adopting this more aggregated and broad-based approach, rather than

focusing purely on firewood production, it becomes possible to give issues such agricultural expansion, the growth of cash

crops and the provision of pastoral tracks the attention they require.

Questionable validity of quota system

The forest productivity estimates used in the SDA are used as the basis for the rural firewood market quotas. The

APPENDICES


estimates of productivity are determined in relation to the vegetation cover and the average rainfall over a particular area which,

in Mali, is the arrondissement. Such estimates can, however, be far from the reality at a village level of which there may be

dozens in a particular arrondissement.

Simple, rapidly executed forest inventories are presently standard practice in the preparation for setting up a

rural market in both Niger and Mali. They are completed in less than a week and undoubtedly contribute to the

understanding of the village forest by the project team. On the other hand, since the villagers do not understand this

type of inventory, the exercise is of little use in formulating management strategies which are acceptable at the local

level.

Moreover, the utility of woodland inventories as a basis for determining sustainable annual yields is questionable.

An inventory provides information about the vegetation cover, but this is not necessarily linked to productivity, as

studies of the contracted vegetation or “tiger bush” showed in Niger. Additionally, rainfall can be so variable over extended

time periods that fixed annual estimates may be quite unrealistic at any particular time. Quotas based on large-scale averaging,

in short, can be completely inappropriate at the individual village level. Neither are fixed annual harvesting quotas likely to

match the shifting priorities of the local economy as people respond as best they can to changes in rainfall, crop yields, labour

availability and other factors.

In setting up many of the markets in Niger, no serious attempt was made to calculate a quota based on productivity.

They were simply given an arbitrary quota of 1,500 steres per year, irrespective of the forest size or productivity. This figure is

supposed to be reviewed regularly but this was not done, though it is intended to happen in the present new phase of the project.

In the successful Kita project in Mali, the SDA-based quota system has never been used. Instead, informal judgements

are made, on an ad hoc basis, on the amounts that can safely be harvested in particular areas. There are, it is true,

concerns over ecological sustainability in Kita but the main reason for such concerns is the entirely different issue of the

expansion of groundnut and cotton production into areas of natural woodland. It appears that firewood marketing opportunities

do not stop local people from converting forest into agricultural land if they anticipate higher benefits from such alternatives.

Similarly, in the Kelka Forest project in Mali, no quota system was put in place. Instead, the project concentrated on

strengthening the local management structures, which included the establishment of a union of village market operators.

This proved effective in dealing with conflicts between villages and problems with outsiders. Ma ny of the firewood harvesting

rules were defined by individual communities and varied from forest to forest; the internal organization of the village

management structures varied also.

Both the Kita and the Kelka experience suggest that simplified and locally defined planning tools can be more

effective than quotas which, if they do not bear a close relation to locally-perceived reality, are unlikely to be treated seriously.

Villagers who consider themselves rightful owners of their forest know very well how their resource changes and how heavily it

can be exploited at any given time. They may, of course, over-exploit their forest resources but the imposition of externally-

determined harvesting quotas is unlikely to change such behaviour.

It is also true that, in the absence of regular high-quality ecological monitoring, the long term sustainability of firewood

markets operating without a harvesting quota cannot be established. This is an argument which carries considerable weight in

forestry circles where distrust of local people’s approach to firewood harvesting runs deep. But even if such fears are justified,

the imposition of inappropriate, rigid or unenforceable quotas provides no solution.

Long term ecological sustainability in the management of natural forests would be better supported by ensuring

that forest conditions are regularly reviewed, in the first place by local communities themselves, supported by local

government and by foresters. Any necessary corrections to the management rules can then be agreed at the local level.

Remote sensing and other information technologies are developing rapidly and becoming cheaper and could be used to

monitor and interpret local changes. In general, it would appear, however, that the usefulness of quotas is more likely to be

found in more sophisticated resource management for which the majority of markets have neither the technical nor financial

resources required.

An example from Mali

An illustration of how the complexity of events at the village level can completely undermine elaborate management

and quota arrangements comes from Kankani in Mali. The local rural firewood market, which was of the oriented type, had

been dealing exclusively in dead wood left over from earlier droughts. When such stocks are exhausted, the normal procedure is

that the market becomes controlled. This is called “the transition” and should be initiated by villagers who realize that there is

APPENDICES


no dead wood left.

Although the procedure for market transition is fairly flexible, project staff found that the villagers in Kankani were

skeptical about the controlled market. Two reasons were put forward: the first was that the local people have their doubts about

forest sustainability if green wood was cut; the second was that they be lieved that the forest agents would never change and

would fine them if they were found with green wood.

The transition to a controlled market in Kankani should have taken place in 1996. Instead, the wood cutters have done

everything they can to find dead wood and avoid cutting green wood. They have made use of their many ties with other villages

in order to gain access to other forests. They have not hesitated to cross into Burkina Faso, either to cut wood there or to

purchase from local producers and then sell on their own firewood market.

The market quota is 2,500 steres per year but over the last five years they have sold an average 10,000 stere per year.

This is theoretically not possible, but the market has always managed to purchase the necessary coupons from the forest service.

....

Published in 2002

APPENDICES


APPENDIX 12. LITERATURE CONSULTED

AECOM-Tecsult (Feb. 2010). Services de Mise en Oeuvre de la Réinstallation et Appui aux PAPS (Contract MCA-AECOM-Tecsult)

ALA-D08-Services de Mise en Oeuvre de la Réinstallation et Appui à la Communauté - Contract for settlement services under the MCA-Mali and TecSult consultancy

Armitage, F.B. (1985). Irrigated forestry in arid and semi-arid lands : a synthesis. (International Development Research Center IDRC)

Ashley, R. (2004). The Policy Terrain in Protected Area Landscapes: How Laws and Institutions Affect Conservation, Livelihoods, and Agroforestry in the Landscapes Surrounding the Classified Forests of Faira and Dioforongo, Segou, Mali. (Agroforestry in Landscape Mosaics Working Paper Series, World Agroforestry Centre, Tropical Resources Institute of Yale University, and University of Georgia)

Brondeau, F. (2003). La gestion des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales face au développement des périmètres irrigués de l’Office du Niger (Université Paris 4-Sorbonne)

Brondeau, F. (2004). Les désajustements environnementaux dans la région de l’Office du Niger: évaluation et perspectives (Université Paris 4-Sorbonne)

CDM (2006). Alatona Irrigation Pre-Feasibility Report Phase 1 Report; Volume 1 and Volume 2; for MCC/MCA, Bamako, Mali.Cited in Styger 2007.

CDM (July 2007). Alatona Agricultural Systems Development Project: Final Report.

CDM (Sept. 2007). Rapport Technique d’Irrigation IR7: Organisation des Usagers d’Eau. Brouillon Version Provisoire no. 2.

CDM (July 2008). Resettlement Action Plan for the Alatona Irrigation Project, Draft Version 3.

CDM (March 2009). Étude d’Impact Envrionnemental du Projet d’Irrigation d’Alatona: Volume I Impacts Envrionnementaux et Sociaux, and Annexes A through Q. Cambridge, Massachusetts and MCA, Bamako

CDM/MCA-Mali 0-20081 (Sep. 2010). Services de mise en œuvre de réinstallation et d’appui à la communauté affectée par le projet d’irrigation d’Alatona: Estimation des volumes effectifs de bois défriché, distribution sur les sites de réinstallation des PAP

Coulibaly, Y.M., Y. Sangare/URDOC, Office du Niger (May 2002). L’accès aux ressources et leur gestion dans les grands périmètres irrigués africains : De la prévention des conflits à la décentralisation à l’Office du Niger (Mali)

Couture, J-L, P. L. Delville, J.B. Spinat (2002). Institutional Innovations and Water Management in Office du Niger (1910-1999): The long failure and new success of a big irrigation scheme, in Documents de Travail de la Direction Scientifique

Crane, T. (2007). If farmers are first, where do pastoralists go?: Political ecology and participation in Central Mali. Presentation at Farmer First Revisited Workshop, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex 12-14 December. www.future-agricultures.org/farmerfirst/files/T1a_Crane.pdf

Diallo, A., G. Mushinzimana (2009) Foreign Direct Investment in Land in Mali. Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, GTZ, Eschborn.

FAFASO Ŕ Foyers Amélioreés au Burkino Faso (2007?) Reducing poverty in the Sahel through energy efficiency and renewable energies (Commissioned by German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmenT, BMZ; Lead executing agency: Ministère de l’Environnement et du Cadre de Vie; Overall term: 2007 to 2012)

Flandez, S. (1990). Dry forest silviculture in the Sudano-Sahelian region: Burkina Faso's experience (FAO document repository)

Gerald Foley, P. Kerkhof, D. Madougou (2002). A Review of the Rural Firewood Market Strategy in West Africa, Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 35

APPENDICES


Goislard, C., M. Djiré (2007). Accès à l’information juridique, aux institutions et procédures légales : Quelle sécurisation foncière pour les ruraux pauvres au Mali ? LSP Document de travail 44, FAO.

ICRAF/World Agroforestry Centre/Institut d’Économie Rurale (2009). Essais d’adaptation d’espèces forestières et fruitières à croissance rapide, adaptées à la zone du Kouroumary Ŕ Alatona. Rapport Trimestriel N° 4

ICRAF/World Agroforestry Centre/Institut d’Économie Rurale (2009). Essais d’adaptation d’espèces forestières et fruitières à croissance rapide, adaptées à la zone du Kouroumary Ŕ Alatona. Rapport Trimestriel N° 5

International Development Research Center (2005). Farming and livestock production in the Sahel: merging two solitudes. IDRC Canada information brochure

Ismail Iro, Ph.D. (1990). Should Pastoral Fulani Sedentarize? A Literature Review and Theoretical Framework on Policy Issues in the Socioeconomic Transformation of the Pastoral Fulani of Nigeria (http://www.gamji.com/fulani2.htm; funded by the African Development Foundation, Washington, DC)

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (2000). Énergie & Développement en Afrique (DEA) Premier Atelier National du Mali

Lamers, J. P. A., K. Michels, and R. J. Vandenbeldt. (2007?) Trees and windbreaks in the Sahel: establishment, growth, nutritive, and calorific values (Agroforestry Systems Volume 26, Number 3, 171-184, DOI: 10.1007/BF00711209)

Maydell von, H.-J. (1983). Arbres et Arbustes du Sahel: Leurs Caractéristiques et leur Utilisation. GTZ, Eschborn. Cited in Styger (2007)

MCA Mali (2009). Implementing Entity Agreements (Accord d'Entité de Mise En Oeuvre Entre Le Millennium Challenge Account Mali (MCA-Mali) et La Commune Rurale De Diabaly (Cercle de Niono)

MCC. Millennium Challenge Compact with Mali, Executive Summary. www.mcc.gov/pages/countries/program/mali-compact

MCC (2007). Millennium Challenge Corporation Mali Projet d’Irrigation d’Alatona Phase 2 Rapport Technique d’Irrigation IR7 : Organisation des Usagers d’Eau (provisional draft version number 2)

Millennium Challenge Corporation, Mali (2007). Alatona Irrigation Project Phase 2 Support to Decentralized Government: Feasibility Study for Building the Capacity of Alatona-area Communes

Ministry of Environnement and Sanitation, National Directorate of Waters and Forests (2009). Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biodiversity. (Quatrieme Rapport National sur la Mise en Œuvre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique)

Ministry of Environment (March 2004). Atelier régional de capitalisation de l'expérience sahélienne sur l'aménagement des forêts naturelles pour la production de bois : L'Expérience Malienne en Matière d'Aménagement des Forêts Naturelles pour la Production de Bois

Morkel, S. (1995). Ressources ligneuses et leur exploitation dans la Zone Test GTV /PAE Tominian (R. du Mali)

Neba, N.E. (2009). Management of woody plants in indigenous land use systems of the Sahel: Example of north Cameroon

Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Jan. 2004 press release: Inner Niger Delta/Delta Intérieur du Niger (Mali) - 4,119,500 ha - the third biggest Ramsar site in the world

Richart J. (23 August 2010). Reforestation Brief: MCA-Mali, Alatona Irrigation Project

Sawadogo, A. (1981). Importance des Eucalyptus dans les reboisements en Afrique de l'Ouest : Évaluation économique de leur utilisation

Sidibé, S. (May 2007). L’ agriculture et l’ elevage : deux activites necessairement complementaires pour une meilleure mise en valeur du perimètre irrigué d’Alatona

SODEFOR (August 2009). Reforestation Diagnostic Study and Plan (done through contract ALA-D09)

http://www.gamji.com/fulani2.htm

APPENDICES


Styger, D. Ph.D. (2007). Consultant Report - Forestry and Agroforestry Analysis for the MCC/MCA Alatona Irrigation Project: Constraints and Opportunities (DAI, Washington, DC)

Thibaud, B., Brondeau, F. (2001). Une perspective de développement régional autour de l'Office du Niger est -elle enfin envisageable? Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse. Volume 12, Numéro 2, 71-85.

United Nations Environment Programme (Feb. 2003). Development of an Action Plan For The Environment: Initiative Of The New Partnership For Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Programme Area 2 - Managing Africa’s Wetlands (Nairobi)

United States Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 186. (September 24, 2008). Notices: Program Information for MCC -Mali Agreement

USFS International Programs (2 July 2010). Scope of Work for the US Forest Service International Programs Technical Assistance in Collaboration with USAID/Mali and MCC Mali: Reforestation Technical Assistance Focusing on the Ségou Region September 12-18, 2010

Wickens, G.E. with A.G. Seif El Din, G. Sita, I. Nahal (1995) FAO Conservation Guide FAO 27 Part two: The uses of Acacia in the rural economy

World Bank Group/Ministry of Agriculture/GEF (2010). Fostering Agricultural Productivity Project, Project Information Document (PID)- Appraisal Stage Report No.: AB5161

World Bank-funded Stoves Projects, Annex 1 -- synthesized report on costs of project components in Mali (text format) at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/

Worldwide Fund for Nature article: Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna (AT0903) Peer review in process - unreviewed document presented at http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0903_full.html

Yatich, T., A. Kalinganire, K. Alinon, J.M. Dakouo, O.Samaké, S. Sangaré, J.C. Weber, B. Swallow (2007). Disconnects between policy and legislative provisions and practice on native tree use, access and management in Ségou region of Mali: providing the evidence for policy reform. Technical summary submitted to the Malian Forestry Directorate. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bamako.

Yatich, T., A. Kalinganire, K. Alinon, J.M. Dakouo, O.Samaké, S. Sangaré, J.C. Weber, B. Swallow (2008). Moving beyond forestry laws in Sahelian countries. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bamako.

Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou ...

Documents

Transcript of Reforestation Technical Assistance focusing on the Ségou ...