By: Dr.Chaman LalB.S.PT, PPDPT, Dip. in sports Injuries, MPPS(PAK),PG in Clinical Electroneurophysiology (AKUH), Registered.EEGT (USA),Member of ABRET, AANEM & ASET (USA).

05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*REFLEXESReflex: It is the motor response to a sensory stimulus ORAn efferent response to the afferent stimulation It is a rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. It is Unlearned, involuntary, "hard-wired" into our neuroanatomy at the cellular & tissue level.

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Reflexes are classified according to:1). Development2). Site of information processing3). Nature of resulting motor response4). Complexity of neural circuit involvedReflex classification05-02-2015*Reflexes By CK

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Methods of Classifying Reflexes05-02-2015*Reflexes By CK

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*ReflexesFunctional types:Somatic: Elicited by external stimulus, results in motor response of skeletal muscle; likely to register consciously.

Autonomic (visceral): Elicited by internal, visceral stimulus; results in response by visceral smooth muscle, or gland, or both; unlikely to register consciously.

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Reflex ArcFive components1. Receptor (sensory cell)2. Sensory neuron3. Integration center (association neuron, synapses)4. Motor neuron5. Effector (muscle or gland cells)

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Examples of Reflexes: Flexor reflex (Withdrawal, "hot stove") 1. receptors sense pain2. sensory impulse to spinal cord3. synapse to association neuron, synapse to motor neurons polysynaptic4. motor neurons to flexor muscles to 5. withdraw offended body part from stimulus

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Examples of Reflexes: Stretch Reflex (Knee jerk)1. Muscle spindles sense stretch of muscle,2. Increase rate of sensory impulses to spinal cord3. One synapse to motor neuron(s) monosynaptic4. Motor neurons stimulate muscle to contract & restore tension.

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Muscle SpindleMuscle spindles are sensory structures in skeletal musclesDetect stretch, tension in muscle

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Examples of Reflexes: Reciprocal inhibitionSimultaneous inhibition of motor neuron to antagonistic muscle"reciprocal inhibition"Polysynaptic

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*Examples of Reflexes: Crossed extensor reflex 1. Stimulus sensed on one side2. sensory neuron to spinal cord,3. synapse with association neuron; synapse with motor neuron (to withdraw on same side) & impulse crosses to opposite side, synapse with motor neuron (to extend opposite limb)4. Motor neurons to muscle cells/ motor units

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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Righting ReflexThese are series of reflexes concerned with the maintenance and restoration of equilibrium.

Pushing the patient off balance elicits a series of mass movements designed to resotre balance and save him from falling.

05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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Postural ReflexesThe erect posture is maintained by a complex series of reflexes known collectively as the postural reflexes. The efferent response in this instance is a motor one, the anti-gravity muscles being the principal effector organs. Afferent stimuli arise from a variety of sources all over the body, the most important receptors being situated in the muscles themselves, the eyes and ears. 05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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Effect and UsesNeuromuscular co-ordinationNormal Joint ROM & Stability is maintained by this. Circulation is improvedTemporary relaxation is attainedPostural reflexes are conditioned to reproduce a satisfactory pattern of posture by repeated use of these patterns. This is the basis of postural re-education05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

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05-02-2015Reflexes By CK*

Reflexes By CK