Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows · Access Metro Long-haul Submarine • Local...
Transcript of Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows · Access Metro Long-haul Submarine • Local...
Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows
Fatima Gunning, PhDPhotonic Systems Group, Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland
IEEE Photonics Webinar, March 21st 2018
Telecoms evolution
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Telecoms evolution
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Optical fibres
• Guiding light through a glass pipe
• Early discoveries dates back 1840 (Daniel Collodonand Jacques Babinet - light could be directed along jets of water for fountain displays)
• 1854: John Tyndall (Carlow) demonstrated that light could travel through a curved stream of water thereby proving that a light signal could be bent.
• Optical fibres originally developed for medical applications (endoscopes)
4• IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Optical fibres
• Guiding light through a glass pipe
• Early discoveries dates back 1840 (Daniel Collodonand Jacques Babinet - light could be directed along jets of water for fountain displays)
• 1854: John Tyndall (Carlow) demonstrated that light could travel through a curved stream of water thereby proving that a light signal could be bent.
• Optical fibres originally developed for medical applications (endoscopes)
• First study on viability for optical communications dated back to 1966 (Charles Kao – Nobel Prize 2009)
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For a comprehensive history on optical fibres see Jeff Hetch’s publications (http://www.jeffhecht.com/books.html), in particular “City of Light – The Story of FiberOptics”, Oxford Press (1999).
Internet timeline
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John Naughton, “A Brief History of the Internet” (2000)K. Hafner and M. Lyon, “Where Wizards Stay up Late” (1998)https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/
A communication system
Optical Transmitter
Communication Channel Optical Receiver
Message signal
Source of Information
User of Information
Transmitted signal
Received signal
Estimate of message signal
Communication System
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, ISBN: 978-0-471-17869-9 (2000)
https://archive.org/details/CommunicationSystems4thEditionSimonHaykinWithSolutionsManual
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Communication channel - SMF
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Optical Communications
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1st
win
do
w
Enablers:• Relative low loss fibre• AlGaAs lasers• Si detectors
Challenges:• Loss & dispersion• Low data rates
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Optical Communications
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Enablers:• Low loss fibre• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors
Challenges:• Nonlinearities• Repeaters required
Achievements:• TAT-8: 1st optical
transatlantic cable• Start of internet world-
wide (WWW)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Optical Communications
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Enablers:• Low loss• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors• Erbium-doped fibre
amplifiers*
Challenges:• Dispersion• Nonlinearities (high P)
Achievements:• TAT-12/13: 1st optical
transatlantic cable with EDFAs
• Enabled today’s Internet & Communications
• Enabling IoTs and IoE
*R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I. M.
Jauncey and D. N. Payne,
Electronics Letters, vol. 23, no. 19,
pp. 1026-1028, September 10 1987.
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Optical Communications
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Enablers:• Low loss• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors
Challenges:• Dispersion• Efficient high gain
amplifiers• Nonlinearities
Achievements:• C+L enabling high capacity
networks today and for the next decade
• Additional Raman amplification schemes will help with capacity increase**
** f.ex.: L. Galdino et al, Xtera communications March 2018 & arXiv.orgIEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
A Traditional Network
Access Metropolitan (Metro) Long-haul / Core Submarine
Access Metro Long-haul Submarine
• Local traffic
(FTTH/FTTB)
• 20-40 km
• Exchange traffic
• 200-700 km
• Inter-exchange
traffic
• >700km
• Intercontinental
traffic
• >1000km
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Moving to new topologies
Source: (2016) Xiang Liu and Frank Effenberger, "Emerging Optical Access Network Technologies for 5G Wireless [Invited]," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8, B70-B79 (2016)https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.8.000B70 (Huawei)
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Internet anywhere
Source: (2018) Nokia 5G-ready mobile transport
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Enablers for near-term capacity demands
• C+L• Multi-level formats (PAM4, m-QAM & energy-efficient constellations)• Dual polarisation• Multi-carriers (& orthogonal carriers)• Silica-based multi-model fibres (orthogonal modes / mode-multiplexing)• Silica-based multi-core fibres• DSP• FEC• Impairment compensation
Nonlinearities will still be an issue.
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What if we optimise the fibre to minimise impairments?
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Potential avenues – 80s
• Fluoride and Chalcogenite glass
fibres were good options
• Prediction of loss minima didn’t
include OH and other impurities,
but shown the potential for low loss
further in the IR
• Challenges: high nonlinearity and
difficult to handle.
• 1st transmission in fluoride fibres
with sc lasers @140 Mbit/s##
18
# reploted from S. Shibata, M. Horiguchi, K. Jinguji, S. Mitachi, T. Kanamori, T. Manabe, “Prediction
of Loss Minima in Infra-red Optical Fibres”, Elec. Lett vol. 17 n. 21 pp/775-777 (1981).
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
## R. A. Garnham, et al., "140 Mbit/s receiver performance at 2.4 mu m
using InAsSbP detector," in Electronics Letters, vol. 24, no. 23, pp. 1416-
1417, 10 Nov. 1988.
BaF2-GdF4-ZrF4
CaF2-BaF2-YF3-AlF4
GeS3
Potential avenues – 80s
• Fluoride and Chalcogenite glass
fibres were good options
• Prediction of loss minima didn’t
include OH and other impurities,
but shown the potential for low loss
further in the IR
• Challenges: high nonlinearity and
difficult to handle.
• 1st transmission in fluoride fibres
with sc lasers @140 Mbit/s##
19
# reploted from S. Shibata, M. Horiguchi, K. Jinguji, S. Mitachi, T. Kanamori, T. Manabe, “Prediction
of Loss Minima in Infra-red Optical Fibres”, Elec. Lett vol. 17 n. 21 pp/775-777 (1981).
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
## R. A. Garnham, et al., "140 Mbit/s receiver performance at 2.4 mu m
using InAsSbP detector," in Electronics Letters, vol. 24, no. 23, pp. 1416-
1417, 10 Nov. 1988.
BaF2-GdF4-ZrF4
CaF2-BaF2-YF3-AlF4
GeS3
Recent revisited interest due to other applications rather than communications.For example, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, “Glasses for Infrared Fibre Applications”, ECOC 2013 paper Tu.1.A.1.
Other potential avenues
• Large effective area fibres – still single mode, minimising nonlinearities
• Hollow core photonic bandgap fibres – low loss, low nonlinearities, low latency – dispersion and mode confinement can be engineered.
• Anti-resonant hollow core fibres – broadband transmission window, low nonlinearities
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Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap Fibres (HC-PGBF)
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Why HC-PBGF?
• Predicted minimum loss ~0.1-0.2dB/km[1], and dependent on:• Rayleigh scattering (negligible)
• Confinement loss (negligible)
• Infrared absorption
• Surface scattering
• Nonlinear coefficient likely to be small (~0.001W-1km-1 )[2]
• Latency ~ 99.7% of c [3],[4]
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[1] P.J. Roberts et al, Opt. Express, 13(1), 236244 (2005)[2] C.M. Smith et al, Nature, 424 (6949), 657-659 (2003)[3] F. Poletti, Nature Photonics 7, 279–284 (2013)[4] C. Cookson, FT Magazine May 10, (2013)And also: Tutorial by D. J. Richardson et al., "Hollow core fibres and their applications," OFC 2017
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 350010
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Atte
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dB
/km
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Wavelength (nm)
Loss vs. wavelength in HC-PBGFs
~-3
Silica Absorption 0.1-0.2%
Minimum Loss~2m
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 23
Lowering the loss of HC-PBGF
24
Y. Chen et al, J. Lightwave Technol. 34 (1), pp. 104-113 (2016)More on hollow core fibres: E. Numkam Fokoua et al, IEEE IPC’16 paper TUF3.1 (2016)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Length Scaling
Chen at al., OFC (2014)
Chen at al., OFC PDP (2015)
Jasion at al.,Optics Express (2015)
Mangan at al., OFC (2015)
2015
2014
2015
2002-2013Wheeler, et al., OFC PDP (2012)
Corning, (2002)
Mangan, et al., OFC PDP (2004)
Fluid DynamicsPrediction
<1km
1.15km
2.75km
11km
• New fabrication tools/approaches• New modelling tools – optical, fluid dynamics, ….• New characterisation tools (defects, contaminants, surface roughness,…)
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detectorslasers
passives modulators
fibre
amplifiersfilters
Is optical communications at ~2000nm possible?
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detectorslasers
passives modulators
fibre
amplifiersfilters
1mm
AW
G f
ilter
slotted FP laser [1]
HC-PBGF [3]
photodetector
[2]
optical amplifier[4]
Is optical communications at ~2000nm possible?
[1] R. Phelan et al, PTL 24 (8) pp.652-654 (2012)[2] N. Ye et al., PTL 27 (14) pp.1469,1472, July15, 15 (2015)[3] M. Petrovich, , Opt. Express 21 (23), pp. 28559-28569 (2013)[4] Z. Li et al, Opt. Express 21, 9289-9297 (2013)[5] M. Sadiq et al, JLT 34 (8), pp. 1706-1711, Apr. 2016 (2016)
modulator
[5]
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 27
IR Fibre Amplifiers (TDFA + HDFA)
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Possible x3-4 Capacity Improvement (as compared to C+L)
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
0
10
20
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40Solid: Fiber laser pumped
Open: Diode pumped
Wavelength [nm]
Gain
[dB
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Loss (
dB
/km
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Wavelength (nm)
TDFA (35THz)
TDFA+HDFA (42THz)
Optimized HC-PBGF
Z. Li et al. Opt. Express 21 (22), pp. 26450-26455 (2013)
Thulium-doped fibre amplifiers
29
E. Russell et al. Photonics West, 2018
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Discrete Mode Laser Diode Overview
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Etched features select 1Fabry Perot mode
Moving from 1.55 to 2µm: InxGa1-xAs on InP
• InP material system : mature growth/processing
• A Indium composition of 75% is required to obtain bandgap longer than 2 m.
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R. Phelan et al, M.4.4.1 ECOC’14
SMSR ~50dB
2 Laser Performance
32
R. Phelan M.4.4.1 ECOC’14
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Coarse WDM at 2m
• Transmission over 1km of HC-PBGF
• Total capacity: 100Gbit/s
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com
bin
er
com
bin
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5G
Sa/s
4-A
SK
Fast-
OF
DM
12.5Gb/s OOK
2:1
com
bin
er
TDFA
ATT
OSNROSA/
PD
DPO/
ED
TDFA
HC-PBGF
TDFA
MZM
RF
Amp
RF
Amp2µm
PD
2µm
Laser
Filter
0 4 8 12 16 20-60
-40
-20
0
20
Frequency (GHz)
S2
1 (
dB
)
direct
external
(b)
Fast OFDM + 4ASK to increase spectral efficiency (x4)
H. Zhang et al., ECOC’14, paper P5.20 (2014)H. Zhang et al., Opt. Express 23, 4, pp. 4946-4951 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Coarse WDM at 2m
• Transmission over 1km of HC-PBGF
• Total capacity: 100Gbit/s
34
com
bin
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com
bin
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5G
Sa/s
4-A
SK
Fast-
OF
DM
12.5Gb/s OOK
2:1
com
bin
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TDFA
ATT
OSNROSA/
PD
DPO/
ED
TDFA
HC-PBGF
TDFA
MZM
RF
Amp
RF
Amp2µm
PD
2µm
Laser
Filter
0 4 8 12 16 20-60
-40
-20
0
20
Frequency (GHz)
S2
1 (
dB
)
direct
external
(b)
25ps/div 25ps/div
-4 -2 0 2 4-0.2
-0.1
0
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In Phase
Qu
ad
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re
-4 -2 0 2 4-0.2
-0.1
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0.1
0.2
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Qu
ad
ratu
re
back-to-back after transmission
NR
Z O
OK
4A
SK
F-O
FD
M
gas absorption – laser peak detuningCompetitive mode: SMSR>35dB
H. Zhang et al., ECOC’14, paper P5.20 (2014)H. Zhang et al., Opt. Express 23, 4, pp. 4946-4951 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Single channel transmission over 3.8km of HC-PBGF
• Key feature: extending laser bandwidth to 11GHz by injection locking.
• 52 Gbit/s single channel Z. Liu et al, JLT 33, 1373-1379 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 35
Strained InP-based modulators at 2 µm
• TE polarized input =1994 nm;
• fiber-to-fiber insertion loss is 16-18 dB
• Electrode length of 2 mm
• DC Extinction ratio of 16 dB
25% greater optical confinement for 25 MQWV 4V to 2.7V (2 mm long electrode)Commercial LiNBO3 ~9-11 V
V ~2.7V
25 MQW
3.5Vp-p 215-1 NRZ 10Gbps
• 3-dB bandwidth ~9 GHz on chip
• Electrical S11<-10 dB up to 20 GHz
• Large signal at 10 Gbps
M. U. Sadiq, Optics Express 23(9) pp. 10905 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 36
4x10G Transmission Experiment
• Error free transmission (BER~10-9) for the pattern length of 231-1 is confirmed for all four channels.
• Average OSNR of 25.76 dB is required for BER~10-9.
• OSNR spreading of 2 dB between channels.
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
M. Sadiq et al, JLT 34 (8), pp. 1706-1711 (2016)
37
High speed photodiode
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
15.6 Gbit/s eye diagram (2 µm, -3.07 dBm,-10V)Small signal (2 µm,-10V)
>9.6 GHz RF bandwidth:• Long carrier transient time due to the
thick absorption region
• Limitation of the modulator used
Large SNR:• High coupling efficiency
N. Ye et al., JLT 33 (5), pp. 971-975 (2015)
N. Ye et al, PTL 27 (14), pp.1469,1472 (2015)
0 2 4 6 8 10-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
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1 (
dB
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Frequency (GHZ)
D50, -10V
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90° optical hybrid
Transmission spectra for different output ports of 90º optical hybrid (32 µm×1644 µm) around 2 µm with ASE input. (a) Span-90 nm (b) Span-20
nm (c) Fitted curve over 20 nm span.
• Optimum length- 1644 µm • CMRR > 15.6 dB, • Excess loss-2.2 dB including the MZI
structure • Phase deviation from quadrature
condition - around ±10°
N. .Ye et al, ECOC paper P2.14 (2014)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 39
2m MUX/DEMUX
• 20 channel AWG design
• 100GHz channel spacing
• 2THz Free Spectral Range
• Measured loss ~ 12-15dB
• 3dB uniformity
• Crosstalk <15dB
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
Tra
nsm
iss
ion
(d
B)
Wavelength (nm)
100 GHz 2 µm AWG packaged module
Output-fibre arrayInput-
Lens-ended fibreTEC pins
N. Ye et al., J. Lightwave Tech. 33(5) 971 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 40
1st DWDM @ 2µm, 100 GHz, 160Gbit/s
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ine
rC
om
bin
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AWG
2:1
com
bin
er
TDFA
ATT
OSNR Power
DPO
TDFA
HC-PBGF
TDFA
MZM
RF Amp
RF Amp
2µm PD
Lasers
Filter
1…
7 o
dd
2…
8 e
ven
AWGr ATT
100GHz
H. Zhang et al., Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311 (2015)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Moving to 50GHz
42
50GHz
100GHz
N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
BER for 100 & 50GHz
43
100 GHz CH#7
N. Kavanagh et al, ICTON Mo.B6.2 (2016)N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Systems challenges reducing channel spacing @ 2m
44
26dB
10dB
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)
Overview 2 µm systems demonstrations
45
Year #Ch. ModulationModulation Format
Data rate per channels (Gbit/s)
Channelspacing
Total Capacity(Gbit/s)
Ref
2012 1 1 x ext NRZ – OOK 8 - 8 Petrovich et al, ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.5
2012 41 x ext3 x dir
NRZ – OOKBPSK FAST OFDM
8.55
Coarse 20 MacSuibhne et al ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.3
2014 84 x ext4 x dir
NRZ – OOK4ASK FAST OFDM
12.58.3
Coarse 81 Zhang et al, ECOC’14 paper P5.20
2014 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 30 - 30 Liu et al, OFC’15 paper Th1E.6
2015 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 52 - 52 Liu et al, . JLT 33, 1373-1379
2015 84 x ext4 x dir
NRZ – OOK4ASK FAST OFDM
15.710
Coarse 100 Zhan et al, Opt. Express 23 (4) 4946-4951
2015 8 8 x ext 4ASK FAST OFDM 20 100GHz 160 Zhang et al, Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311
2016 7 7 x ext NRZ – OOK 15 100 & 50 GHz 105 Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Overview 2 µm systems demonstrations
46
Year #Ch. ModulationModulation Format
Data rate per channels (Gbit/s)
Channelspacing
Total Capacity(Gbit/s)
Ref
2012 1 1 x ext NRZ – OOK 8 - 8 Petrovich et al, ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.5
2012 41 x ext3 x dir
NRZ – OOKBPSK FAST OFDM
8.55
Coarse 20 MacSuibhne et al ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.3
2014 84 x ext4 x dir
NRZ – OOK4ASK FAST OFDM
12.58.3
Coarse 81 Zhang et al, ECOC’14 paper P5.20
2014 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 30 - 30 Liu et al, OFC’15 paper Th1E.6
2015 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 52 - 52 Liu et al, . JLT 33, 1373-1379
2015 84 x ext4 x dir
NRZ – OOK4ASK FAST OFDM
15.710
Coarse 100 Zhan et al, Opt. Express 23 (4) 4946-4951
2015 8 8 x ext 4ASK FAST OFDM 20 100GHz 160 Zhang et al, Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311
2016 7 7 x ext NRZ – OOK 15 100 & 50 GHz 105 Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Today we are working towards:• Higher performance components• Efficient amplifiers• Fibre processes
Other reasons to move to 2m
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Gas Absorption Spectra & Laser lines
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
CO2 N2O
Source: HITRANCH4 HCl H2O
CH4 HCl H2O COEthylene, CH4H2S CO2 N2O
48
Silicon
• CMOS compatibility: electronics + photonics integration
• Transparent >1100nm
• Highly nonlinear! For wavelengths >2000 nm minimal two-photon absorption but with peaking efficient (3) processes.
• Devices with applications both in telecom and in sensing
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S. Pearl et al, Appl. Phys. Lett 93, 131102 (2008)R.M. Osgood Jr et al, Adv. In Optics and Photonics 1, 162-235 (2009)J. Leuthold et al, Nat. Photonics 4, 535-544 (2010)N.K. Hon et al, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 011301 (2011)N. Ophir et al, PTL 24, 276-278 (2012)E. Agrell et al, J. Optics 18, 063002 (2016)
Advantages of shifting to 2m
1. Availability of key optical components:
• Semiconductor lasers, detectors and other optical devices
• Relative low loss fibres with low nonlinearity and low latency
• Optical fibre amplifiers
2. Exploiting Silicon at best performance:
• Efficient nonlinear processes
• Minimal two-photon absorption
• CMOS compatible
3. Laser safety
• Deemed safe at 2000nm.
• Good news for devices to the home, sensing, IoTs applications.
50
A new fibre geometry emerging –Anti-resonant hollow core fibres
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40.2 µm
20μm
22.3 µm
Width = 359.6
nm
JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP TH5A.3 (2016))
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Extended Single Mode Optical Bandwidth
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800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Wavelength (nm)
Loss (
dB
/km
)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
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40
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Wavelength (nm)
Loss (
dB
/km
)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
20
40
60
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100
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Wavelength (nm)
Loss (
dB
/km
)
Mangan et al. OFC 2004, PDP24
Wheeler et al. OFC 2012, PDP5A.2
Debord et al., Opt. Express, 28597 (2013)
Tubular-ARFKagome - ARF
PBGF
JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP paper Th5A.3 (2016)
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Broadband Data transmission test – 100 m
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-24 -22 -20 -18
1110987
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-24 -22 -20 -18
1110987
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4
3
-15 -13 -11 -9
1110987
6
5
4
3
Pow
er
(dB
)
Wavelength (nm)
Received power (dBm)
B-2-B
-log(B
ER
)
Received power (dBm)
Transmitted
-log(B
ER
)
-log(B
ER
)
Received power (dBm)
CW laser
1065 nm
1565 nm
1963 nm
ModulatorLiNbO3
1-µm
1.3-1.6-µm
2-µm
2 -1 PRBS, 10 GHz OOK31
Antiresonantfiber, 100 m
Receiver
0.8-1.7 µm
1.2-2.2 µm
BERTester
4.9dB 6.3dB 18.5dBTotal 100m
link loss:
JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP paper Th5A.3 (2016)
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Internet timeline
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John Naughton, “A Brief History of the Internet” (2000)K. Hafner and M. Lyon, “Where Wizards Stay up Late” (1998)https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/
Internet timeline
56IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Reflections on transmission windows for optical communications
• Fundamental physics and limits calculations were studied well in advance of actual devices fabrication & implementation
• A combination of fabrication of low loss fiber and availability of laser diodes at certain wavelengths have shown to be the key enabling technologies to the opening of new transmission windows.
• Current research solutions would continue to provide for near-future capacity needs, including the adoption of SDM.
• For the future, and in order to exploit the full potential of Silicon photonics & integration, moving to wavelengths ~2000nm would be ideal.
57IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Sponsors
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Acknowledgements
59
Tyndall National Institute:• B. Corbett• P. O’Brien• F. Peters• N.Kavanagh• E. Russell• J. O’Callahan• E. Pelucci• A. Gocalinska• K. Thomas• P. Morrissey• M. Sadiq• N. Ye• J. Zhao• H. Zhang• K. Shortiss
ORC, University of Southampton• D. Richardson• M. Petrovich• F. Poletti• E. Numkam Fokoua• Z. Li• Shaif-ul Alam• J. Wooler• Z. Liu• R. Slavik• N. Wheelan• Y. Chen• J.R. Hayes• S.R. Sandoghchi• G.T. Jasion• T.D. Bradley• P.E. Horak
Eblana Photonics:• B. Kelly• R. Phelan• J. O’Carroll• M. Gleeson
OFS:• L. Nielsen
Phoenix Photonics:• I. Giles
Aston University:• A. Ellis
IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]
Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows
Fatima Gunning, PhDPhotonic Systems Group, Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland
IEEE Photonics Webinar, March 21st 2018
Thank you!