REFERRAL  OF  VICTIMS  OF  LABOUR TRAFFICKING.  GOOD  PRACTICE  &  LESSONS  FROM  INDONESIA  

Lessons  from  the  field…

¨ Longitudinal  study  conducted  in  West  Java  over  three  years

¨ Victims’  lives  after  trafficking  -­‐identification,  referral,  assistance,  long  term  reintegration

¨ Victims  of  different  forms  of  labour trafficking  

¨ Experiences  of  trafficking  victims  -­‐ identified  and  unidentified;  assisted  and  unassisted

¨ Participation  of  wide  range  of  agencies    and  institutions  in  JKT  &  West  JavaPhoto:  Peter  Biro

Cooperation,  commitment,  partnerships

¨ Partnership  with  KPPPA  and  Kementerian Sosial

¨ Partnership  with  local  government  and  authorities

¨ Partnership  with  NGOs  in  different  districts and  villages  around  West  Java,  JKT

Victims  originated  from…

Age  when  trafficked

Male  (49) Female  (n=39)

Age  at  trafficking  (for  victims  of  forced  labour/labourtrafficking)

Less  18  (n=1) Less  18  (n=2)

18-­‐29  (n=24) 18-­‐29  (n=20)

30-­‐39  (n=20) 30-­‐39  (n=14)

40-­‐49  (n=4) 40-­‐49  (n=3)

Forms  of  labour trafficking

Male  (n=49) Female  (n=39)

Forms  of  trafficking

Fishing  (n=32) Domestic work  (n=39)

Plantation  work  (n=8)

Factory  (n=4)

Construction  (n=3)

Other  (n=2)

Forms  of  labour trafficking

Photos:  Peter  Biro

Forms  of  labour trafficking

Photos:  Peter  Biro

Forms  of  labour trafficking

Photos:  Peter  Biro

Countries  of  destination/exploitation

Countries  of  exploitation  for  victims  of  forced  labour (n=88)Women trafficked  for  domestic  work  (n=39)

Men  trafficked  for  fishing  (n=32)

Men  trafficked  for  forced  labour (n=17)

Bahrain  (n=1) Ghana  (n=5) Malaysia  (n=12)

Brunei  (n=1) Mauritius  (n=1) Singapore  (n=3)

Jordan  (n=3) Taiwan  (Province  of  China)  (n=5)

Taiwan  (Province  of  China)  (n=2)

Malaysia  (n=9) South  Korea  (n=4)

Oman  (n=1) South  Africa  (n=7)

Qatar  (n=4) Trinidad  &  Tobago  (n=9)

Saudi  Arabia  (n=15) Uruguay  (n=1)Singapore  (n=1)

Syria  (n=1)

UAE (n=3)

Referral/assistance  improves  victim  well-­‐being  – including  capacity  as  victim/witness

“Until  now,  maybe  it  was  five  or  six  years  ago,  it  is  still  on  my  mind,  not  removed  from  my  life.  I  am  traumatized”  (Woman  trafficked  as  a  domestic  worker).  

“My  mental  state  is  more  brave,  more  confident”.  (Man  trafficked  for  fishing)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Challenges  in  the  referral  process.  Lessons  from  the  field#1  – Many  trafficking  victims  are  unidentified

#2  – Structural  barriers  to  referrals

#3  – Lack  of  information  about  referrals  and  assistance

#4  – Barriers  for  victims  in  referrals

#5  – Limited  assistance  for  some  types  of  victims

#6  – Uneven  referral  and  provision  of  services

Unidentified  while  abroad

¨ Failure  to  identify  victims  of  labour trafficking  at  the  destination,  even  when  victims  sought  help  or  were  visibly  injured/unwell

¨ Being  unidentified  meant  arrest/detention/deportation

“We  were  taken  to  a    police  office  […]  for  one  week  nobody  could  sleep  and  everyone  was  sick…48  persons  [crammed  into  a  tiny  room].  Every  one  slept  in  sitting  position…only  one  toilet,  forced  to  sleep  together,  it  was  not  humane  at  all.  After  a  week,  we  were  processed  and  taken  to  prison… one  cell  for  18  persons”.  (Man  trafficked  for  plantation  work,  detained  when  plantation  was  raided)

¨ Unidentified  VoTs paid  their  own  way  home  (often  incurring  debt)

Unidentified  during  return  

¨ Failed  identification  upon  return  – even  with  visible  indicia  of  exploitation,  abuse

“When  I  was  on  the  way  to  go  home,  on  the  airplane  the  stewardess  asked  about  my  condition,  ‘What’s  wrong  with  you?  Did  your  employer  torture  you?’”  (Female  domestic  worker  trafficked  to  the  Middle  East)

¨ Employers  sent  victims  home,  difficult  to  detect  at  border

“They  said  they  want  to  go  to  supermarket,  but  they  bought  me  a  plane  ticket  and  I  went  home…  I  was  shocked  because  my  clothes  and  my  food  were  still  in  their  house…I  just  got  money  for  the  ticket  and  I  didn’t  know  about  my  salary…They  liked  to  hit  me  so  I’m  grateful  that  they  sent  me  back  home.  (Trafficked  female  domestic  worker)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Unidentified  once  home

¨ Lack  of  recognition  of  labour TIP  means  TIP  misunderstood  as  failed  migration;  VoTs are  unidentified

“I  think  the  police  must  understand  our  condition  because  when  my  sister  reported  to  the  police,  they  didn’t  accept  my  case.  They  said  they  only  took  care  of  torture  and  thief  cases”.  (Woman  trafficked   for  domestic  work)

¨ Trafficked  persons  don’t  recognisetheir  situation  as  trafficking,  do  not  self  identify

“I  thought  that  trafficking   is  only  women  trafficked  as  prostitutes.  So  right  now  I  understand  that  [my  situation  as  a  domestic  worker]  was  also  a  trafficking  situation”.   (Trafficked  domestic  worker)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Structural  barriers  to  referrals

¨ Lack  of  capacity  – do  not  know  it  is  human  trafficking

¨ Inadequate  budget  on  TIP  issues  

¨ Don’t  always  know  how,  where  and  to  whom  to  refer  

¨ Lack  information  about  assistance  options

“No  one  offered  us  assistance…The  ones  who  know  the  needs  of  the  people  are  the  head  of  the  village,  the  head  of  the  RT.  They  could  target  the  wrong  recipients  there”    (Man  trafficked  for  labor)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Lack  of  information  about  referrals  and  assistance¨ Victims  don’t  know  where  to  get  help;  

don’t  know  their  rights,  entitlements

¨ Don’t  know  how  to  approach  authorities

“I  did  not  know  how  to  get  it  (help)...  I  have  no  information about  what  organization  that  I  could  go  to,  how  I  could  ask  for  assistance”  (Man  trafficked  on  for  plantation  work)

“[My]   friend  told  me  that  his  wife  wants  to  come  home  but  is  not  allowed.  We  are  confused  about  where  to  report  this.”  (Man  trafficked  for  labour)

“I  want  the  government  to  help  us.  […]  I  don’t  know  how  to  look  for  some  assistance.  I  don’t  understand  how  to  do  it”.  (Trafficked  fisher)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Barriers  for  victims  in  referrals¨ Fear,  mistrust,  confusion

“If  it  gets  complicated  and  there’s  a  law  involved,  I  don’t  want  to...  I  don’t  want  to  be  involved  with  the  law” (Trafficked  domestic  worker)

“I  wanted  to  sue  my  employer  to  pay  my  salary…I  was  afraid  that  it  would  be  problems  for  me  and  a  long  process  and  more  complicated” (Trafficked  domestic  worker).

¨ Lack  of  resources

“I  didn’t  have  money.  […]  Yes,  we  need  money  for  transportation  to  go  to  the  police”.  (Man  trafficked  for  labor)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Limited  assistance  for  some  types  of  victims  (male,  forced  labour)

¨ Assistance  targeted  at  women  &  children,  for  sexual  exploitation

¨ Available  assistance  is  limited,  need  more  

“Sometimes  when  I  woke  up  from  my  sleep  I  was  shocked….  I  don’t  know  how  to  erase  that  feeling.  Maybe  I  could  go  to  psychiatry  when  I  have  money...  I  really  want  to  visit  psychiatrist  and  get  treatment.  I  don’t  want  to  be  like  this  until  I  get  older”.  (Man  trafficked  for  labour)

“We  went  home  and  it  was  a  huge  embarrassment.  I  didn’t  want  to  go  out  of  the  house.  My  self-­‐confidence  was  plunged.  I  couldn’t  bear  to  meet  my  friends  out  of  shame  because  of  our  condition.  So  there  was  no  harmony  with  the  family.  I  also  didn’t  want  to  meet  my  neighbours.  I  was  ashamed!”  (Man  trafficked  for  fishing).    Photo:  Peter  Biro

Uneven  referral  and  provision  of  services

¨ Variable  referral  system  between  district

¨ Limited  services  at  the  district  and  village  level

¨ Less  services  in  some  areas  than  others

“Many  victims  suffered  mental  illness,  now  they  have  to  go  to  Jakarta,  to  the  [specialized]  hospital  for  treatment…  Here,  we  have  a  polyclinic  for  mental  illness,  but  it  has  limited  facilities  and  services  and  it  is  not  focused  on  trafficking  victim.  They  do  not  have  a  budget”  (Service  provider  in  West  Java).  

“The  obstacle  is  the  distance.  The  distance  from  here  to  [that  city]  is  quite  far”.  (Man  trafficked  for  labour)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Uneven  referral  and  provision  of  services

¨ Time  and  money  needed  to  travel  to  access  services

“I  used  to  talk  about  [getting  assistance].  But  since  it  was  far  and  I  needed  some  funds  to  get  there,  then  that  was  a  dead  end”  (Unassisted  male  trafficking  victim)

…We  would  report  to  the  police  for  an  act  of  trafficking,  because  they  didn’t  want  to  pay  for  our  salary.  We  made  a  report   to  Jakarta,  from  Jakarta  it  was  bestowed  to  [another  city  in  another  province].  I  went  back  and  forth,  leaving  my  family.  I  didn’t  work  but  to  take  care  of  my  case,  to  track  down  my  salary.  The  case  went  to  [that  city],  I  tried  to  run  to  [that  city].  (Man  trafficked  for  fishing)

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Referral  options  and  opportunities  for  VoTs in  Indonesia

¨ Existing  programs  and  services  that  can  be  instrumental  in  referrals  and  assistance

¤ Assistance  to  trafficking  victims

¤ Assistance  to  migrant  workers

¤ Social  assistance,  including  to  vulnerable  persons

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Assistance  to  trafficking  victims

¨ Anti-­‐trafficking  Law (21/2007)¨ Government  Regulation  9/2008  and  NPA¨ Minimum  Service  Standards  and  Standard  

Operating  Procedures¨ Local  regulations¨ Women  and  Child  Services  Units  (Unit  

Pelayanan Perempuan dan Anak, UPPA)¨ Institute  for  Adolescent  Social  

Development  youth  centers  (Panti SosialBina Remaja or  PSBR)

¨ Productive  Economic  Business  Assistance  (PEBA)

¨ Training  and  assistance  of  the  victim  of  trafficking  programme (Pelatihan danPendampingan Korban Trafficking)  

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Assistance  to  migrant  workers

¨ Law  to  protect  migrant  workers  (39/2004  )

¨ SOP  on  Biopsychosocial(BSP)  Rehabilitation  in  the  RPTC  

¨ Regulation  regarding  Repatriation  of  Migrant  Workers  and  Problematic  Indonesian  Labor  (22/2013)

¨ Assistance  through  SATGAS

Photo:  Peter  Biro

Assistance  to  vulnerable  persons

¨ Law  on  social  welfare  (11/2009)¨ Law  on  Health(  36/2009)¨ Law  on  National  Social  Assistance  Systems:  

40/2004¨ National  Education  System  Law  (20/2003)  ¨ Legal  aid  (Gov.  Reg.  83/2008;  Law  16/2011)  ¨ Family  Hope  Program  (Program  Keluarga

Harapan or  PKH),  ¨ KUBE  (or  GEBA)¨ Prosperous   Family  Card  (KKS)¨ Rumah Tidak Laya Huni or  Rutilahu,  

Restoration  of  Uninhabitable  Home¨ Law  on  Elimination  Minimum  Service  of  

Violence  in  the  Household  (23/2004),  Law  on  Child  Protection  (22/2003)

¨ Standards  of  Integrated  Services  for  Women  and  Children  Victims  of  Violence  (1/2010)  

¨ SOPs  of  Integrated  Services  for  Women  and  Children  Victims  of  Violence  (22/2010).Photo:  Peter  Biro

Referral  options  and  opportunities  for  VoTs in  Indonesia

¨ Administrative  structure  to  the  local  level  can  be  leveraged  to  enhance  identification  and  referrals

¤ Referral  from  community  leadership  

¤ Referral  from  NGOs  and  service  providers  to  law  enforcement

¤ Self-­‐identification  and  self-­‐referral

¤ Referral  by  criminal  justice  actors  for  assistance Photo:   Peter  Biro

For  information,  cooperation,  collaboration

NEXUS  Institutewww.NEXUSInstitute.net

Office@NEXUSInstitute.net@NEXUSinstitute

Rebecca  Surtees,  Senior  researcher  &  program  manager,rsurtees@nexusinstitute.net

Suarni Daeng Caya,  Project  officer,  sdaengcaya@yahoo.com

Thaufiek Zulbahary,  Project  officer,t.zulbahary@nexusinstitute.net