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SUBMITTED BY: Jisha George

Reg No: 18114386006

Natural Science,

Batch: 2014-2015

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INDEX

S.No Topic Page No

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. ENCYCLOPEDIA 4

3. NEWSLETTER 5

4. MAGAZINE 6

5. JOURNAL 7

6. CONCLUSION 8

7. REFERENCE 9

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INTRODUCTION

Reference materials are various sources that provide background information or quick facts on any given

topic. While there are many different types of resources here are a few - Atlases, Biographical Resources,

Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias - General and by Subject, Handbooks, Guides.

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to

connect to another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object.

The second object, the one to which the first object refers is called the referent of the first object.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFERENCE MATERIALS

ENCYCLOPEDIA

A work containing information on all subjects, or limited to a special field or subject, arranged in systematic

(usually alphabetical), order.

Dictionary entries, focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopaedia articles focus on

factual information.

Encyclopaedias have existed for around 2,000 years; the oldest still in existence, Naturalis Historia,

was written by Pliny the Elder

Historically, some encyclopaedias were contained in one volume, whereas others, such as the

encyclopaedias Britannica, the Encyclopaedia Italiana (62 volumes, 56,000 pages)

The world's largest, Encyclopaedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana (118 volumes, 105,000

pages), became huge multi-volume works.

Some modern encyclopaedias, such as Wikipedia, are electronic and often freely available.

In 2001, Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched Wikipedia.

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Encyclopaedias General

Contain an alphabetically organized listing of a broad range of subjects with basic information for each entry.

General encyclopaedias provide a good basis for the beginning stages of research. They are also helpful

resources for ready reference questions. Example - World Book Encyclopaedia.

Encyclopaedias, Subject

Contain the same type of information and organized like a general encyclopaedia. The entries are limited to

those that fall within the subject encyclopaedia’s scope of the coverage. Example - The Grolier Encyclopaedia

of Science and Technology.

Advantages

Facts about a topic

Quality checked

Brief overview of a topic

Disadvantages

Print copies may go out of date

May not include a lot of detail

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NEWSLETTER

A newsletter is a regularly distributed publication that is generally about one main topic of interest to its

subscribers. Newspapers and leaflets are types of newsletters. For example, newsletters are distributed at

schools to inform parents about things that happen in that school.

Newsletters are published by clubs, churches, societies, associations, and businesses—especially

companies—to provide information of interest to members, customers, or employees. A newsletter may be

considered "grey literature". Newsletters delivered electronically via email (e-Newsletters) have gained rapid

acceptance for the same reasons email in general has gained popularity over printed correspondence.

Advantages

Up to date coverage of events, news and opinion

Include images

Can include reliable information as well as some facts and figures

Disadvantages

Can be biased.

May be influenced by political loyalties.

Some items may be written to entertain rather than to portray facts.

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MAGAZINE

Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications, that are printed or electronically published. (The

online versions are called online magazines.) They are generally published on a regular schedule and contain

a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid

subscriptions, or a combination of the three. At its root, the word "magazine" refers to a collection or storage

location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles.

Magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors,

or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations.

The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories.

Paid circulation

In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription,

where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers.

Non-paid circulation

This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline

in-flight magazines, or included with other products or publications.

Controlled circulation

This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying

readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey.

Advantages

Indicate areas of professional interest

Up to date coverage of news and opinion

Opportunity for communities to engage

Feature new services, resources or areas of interest

Disadvantages

Not as extensively quality reviewed as journals

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JOURNAL

A newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or professional activity. Periodical publication

of magazine, review, newsletter, news-sheet, bulletin. A collection of articles relating to a particular topic

published regularly (eg once a month, quarterly, annually)

A journal has several related meanings:

A daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a diary

A newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day

Many publications issued at stated intervals, such as academic journals, or the record of the

transactions of a society, are often called journals. In academic use, a journal refers to a serious,

scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated

audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a trade magazine.

Advantages

Include the latest research

Up to date

Cover very specific topics

Quality checked during peer review process

List references used - good source for further research

Disadvantages

Don’t go into as much detail as books

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CONCLUSION

Teachers are encouraged to use a wide range of learning and teaching resources, such as reference books

or printed learning materials (e.g. supplementary reading and information materials, newspapers, articles,

journals, periodicals, workbooks, exercises) to allow students to explore issues of interest, stimulate enquiry,

apply/ consolidate their learning or encourage them to undertake further learning.

Teachers could also make good use of authentic resources (e.g. information leaflets, pamphlets, magazines,

songs, posters) that are not written for classroom purposes, but could bring real-world issues into their

classrooms.

Teachers should consider factors such as availability, affordability and copyright issues before using

reference materials in the classrooms.

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REFERENCE

cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/cns/sscg_web/html/english

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki