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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

Referencing Guidelines

School of Health and Social Care updated Sept 2020

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Citations and

References ..................................... 2

2. In Text Citations ............................ 3

3. Reference List ............................... 3

4. Basic Rules .......................... …… 4

5. In Text citations - example ............ 5

6. Reference List - example ............. 6

7. Referencing Formats - examples . 8

8. Avoiding Plagiarism .................... 15

9. Using Turnitin .............................. 18

10. Referencing Ground Rules:

Marking Information for Students 20

APA 7th

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

1. Introduction to Citations and References

Why do I need to reference?

To ensure that all supporting evidence can be traced to original work, to acknowledge the original authorship and avoid

plagiarism.

When do I need to reference?

Whenever you are supporting your writing by referring to the work of another author, this is essential when you are directly quoting someone, paraphrasing a statement or summarising an original passage. Such materials must be properly cited in the text and a full reference given in the reference list. If material is cited at second hand, for example in a review, or in a lecture, the original source should be found and quoted.

What are citations and references?

The in text citation is the name or names and date given in the main text, for example in the sentence ‘more than 40% staff

absences are avoidable (Tait, 2019) the citation is ‘Tait 2019’. The reference is the full source given in the end reference list.

What is the reference list?

This is the list of all the references cited in your paper. It appears at the end of your essay or assignment, and contains the

details of all of the books, journal articles, videos websites etc. that you have cited (referred to) in your work. The list is

arranged alphabetically by author’s surname. The referencing style used in this School is known as APA7th

Further Guidance

The guidance here is abridged. It is based on the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th edition.

All effort has been made to ensure that it is correct and up to date. For full APA7th guidance and examples please see:

https://apastyle.apa.org/

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2. In Text Citations

When paraphrasing or quoting, references are cited in the text by the author's surname and the publication date of the work cited. In-text citations are either parenthetical (in brackets) or narrative (where the citation information is included as part of the sentence). In-text citations are contextual, meaning that they appear immediately after the information being referenced. Parenthetical citations should be used at the end of the sentence where possible, or after a natural pause in the sentence if not.

This behaviour has been observed recently in patients (Smith, 2019). [parenthetical example]

This behaviour has been observed in patients (Smith, 2019) as well as staff (Anderson, 2018). [parenthetical example]

Smith (2019) observed this behaviour in patients. [narrative example]

3. Reference List

References

Reference lists appear at the end of your essay or assignment, are arranged alphabetically by author’s or editor’s surname, and include publication information. Up to 20 authors should be listed - “et al” should not appear in the reference list.

Formatting

In APA 7th references are composed of four pieces of information: the author, date, title, and source. Including each of these elements in a reference helps readers to locate the item for themselves. A full stop is used in-between each of these elements. Reference lists and bibliographies should be formatted in alphabetical order, with double spacing, and each reference should begin on a new line.

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

4. Basic Rules

In Text (citation)

1. Surname(s) should be followed by year.

2. Book page numbers –only use with a direct quote. Do not overuse quotes.

3. Citing multiple sources – list them in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon.

4. Three authors or more – use first surname followed by et al.

5. Authors with multiple papers in one year are cited (a) then (b) then (c) after their name. e.g.

Lyon, D. M. (2013a, 2013b).

Reference List

1. The reference list should be presented in alphabetical order.

2. Offer a style of presentation that is consistent throughout.

3. Italics are used for book & website titles, journal titles and journal volume.

4. Up to 20 authors should be listed. et al should not appear in the reference list

5. Keep the use of secondary sources to a minimum.

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

5. In Text Citations - Example

Four non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) – cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease – cause the death of 36 million people around the world each year (Birn et. al.,2017; World Health Organisation (WHO), 2014). However, addressing four key health‐related behaviours may prevent NCDs: tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and unhealthy diet (WHO, 2017). Whyte and Ajetunmobi (2012) noted that the UK, and Scotland in particular,

has high rates of these health‐compromising behaviours, increasing disease burden at an individual‐ and population‐level as well as the financial burden on the publicly funded National Health Service (NHS). The UK and Scottish Governments have therefore established public health guidelines relating to smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and dietary behaviour and invested in health promotion to reduce incidence of NCDs. Internationally, health professionals play an important role in encouraging adherence to public health guidelines through their role as health promoters during routine patient interactions (Büscher et al., 2009), delivery of targeted interventions such as smoking cessation programmes or alcohol brief interventions, and potential role‐modelling effects (Blake et al., 2011). Nurses and midwives are the largest professional group in global healthcare systems, including the NHS in Scotland (Public Health Scotland, 2014) and are therefore ideally placed to make “every contact count” (Public Health England et al., 2016) and educate patients about living a healthy lifestyle (Scottish Government, 2012). However, a recent systematic review assessing the impact of personal health behaviours on health promotion practice found that patients may be more likely to accept advice offered by a visibly healthy professional (Kelly et al., 2017). Studies have also shown associations between nurse and midwives’ own health‐related behaviours and the extent to which they engage in health education and promotion (Fie et al., 2013; McKenna et al., 2001)

Little is known about the prevalence of health‐related behaviours in Scottish healthcare professionals, with only one study of 116 health visitors (Barberia & Canga, 2004) having been conducted. Extract from: Schneider, A., Bak, M., Mahoney, C., Hoyle, L., Kelly, M., Atherton, I. M., & Kyle, R. G. (2019). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(6), 1239-1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13926

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

6. Reference List : Example

The reference list should contain the details of all of the sources that you have cited (referred to) in your piece of work. It is

there to allow readers to follow your chain of argument and to check the veracity of what you say, as well as to acknowledge

the work of those you have referred to, and to avoid plagiarism.

Barberia, A. M., & Canga, N. (2004). Health‐related beliefs and behaviours of health visitors in Scotland. British Journal of

Community Nursing, 9(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.12698/bjcn.2004.9.1.11932

Birn, A. E., Pillay, Y., & Holtz, T. H. (2017). Textbook of global health. (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Blake, H., Malik, S., Mo, P. K., & Pisano, C. (2011). ‘Do as I say, but not as I do’: Are next generation nurses role models for

health? Perspectives in Public Health, 131(5), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911402547

Büscher, A., Sivertsen, B., & White, J. (2009). Nurses and midwives: A force for health. World Health Organisation (Europe).

http://www.bnemid.byethost14.com/RULE%20OF%20MIDWIFERY%203.pdf?i=1

Fie, S., Norman, I. J., & While, A. E. (2013). The relationship between physicians’ and nurses’ personal physical activity

habits and their health‐promotion practice: A systematic review. Health Education Journal, 72, 102–119.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896911430763

Kelly, M., Wills, J., & Sykes, S. (2017). Do nurses’ personal health behaviours impact on their health promotion practice? A

systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 23, 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.008

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McKenna, H., Slater, P., McCance, T., Bunting, B., Spiers, A., & McElwee, G. (2001). Qualified nurses’ smoking prevalence:

Their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(5), 769–775. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-

2648.2001.01909.x

Public Health England, NHS England, & Health Education England. (2016). Making Every Contact Count: Consensus

statement. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/making-every-contact-count-mecc-practical-resources

Public Health Scotland. (2014). NHS Scotland Workforce Statistics. https://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Workforce/

Scottish Government. (2012). Health promoting health service: Action in hospital settings.

https://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/mels/cel2012_01.pdf

Whyte, B., & Ajetunmobi, T. (2012). Still “the Sick Man of Europe”? Scottish mortality in a European context, 1950-2010: An

analysis of comparative mortality trends. Glasgow Centre For Population Health.

https://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/3606/Scottish_Mortality_in_a_European_Context_2012_v11_FINAL_bw.pdf

World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2014.

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/9789241564854_eng.pdf

World Health Organization. (2017). Tackling NCDs “Best buys” and other recommended interventions for the prevention and

control of non-communicable diseases. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259232

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7. Referencing Formats – Examples

In text In Reference list

BOOK

Peate (2013) [ narrative style = part of sentence] OR

(Peate, 2013) [ parenthetical style = (in brackets) ]

Peate, I. (2013). The student nurse toolkit: An essential guide for surviving your course. Wiley-Blackwell.

Waugh and Grant (2018) OR

(Waugh & Grant, 2018)

Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2018). Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness. (13th ed.). Elsevier.

BOOK (CHAPTER)

Paterson and Hyde (2019) OR

(Paterson & Hyde, 2019)

Paterson, R., & Hyde, R. (2019). Medicines management. In I. Peate, Alexander's Nursing Practice. (5th ed.). Elsevier.

BOOK (EDITED)

Marshall and Raynor (2020) OR

(Marshall & Raynor, 2020)

Marshall, J., & Raynor, M. (Eds.). (2020). Myles textbook for midwives. (17th ed.). Elsevier.

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

In text In Reference list

BOOK (ELECTRONIC)

Christensen et al. (2018) OR

(Christensen et al., 2018)

Christensen, N., Higgs, J., Loftus, S., & Jensen, G. M. (2018). Clinical reasoning in the health professions. Elsevier.

[add book DOI at the end, if available]

COCHRANE REVIEW

Roberts et al. (2016) OR

(Roberts et al., 2016)

Roberts, N. P., Roberts, P. A., Jones, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2016). Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010204.pub2

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Snowden and Young (2018) OR

(Snowden & Young, 2018)

Snowden, A., & Young, J. (2018). Holistic Needs Assessment: Changing Consultation Dynamics to Support Patient Self-management. 16th International Conference on Communication in Healthcare, Porto, Portugal. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1148689

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

In text In Reference list

DISSERTATION

Norris (2019) OR

(Norris, 2019)

Norris, G. (2019). “Labelled High-Risk”: Exploring perception of risk during childbirth in women with a BMI>35kg/m². [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Edinburgh Napier University. https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-2389217/labelled-high-risk-exploring-perception-of-risk-during-childbirth-in-women-with-a.pdf

GOVERNMENT AND NHS

Scottish Government (2018) OR

(Scottish Government, 2018)

Scottish Government. (2018). A healthier future: Scotland's diet and healthy weight delivery plan. https://www.gov.scot/publications/healthier-future-scotlands-diet-healthy-weight-delivery-plan

Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS) (2018) OR

(Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS), 2018)

On subsequent use:

HIS (2018) OR (HIS, 2018)

Healthcare Improvement Scotland. (2018). Changing minds, improving lives in Scotland: Focus on dementia. https://ihub.scot/media/1462/20180628-fod-report-1-0.pdf

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

In text In Reference list

GUIDELINES

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2019) OR

(Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [SIGN], 2019)

On subsequent use:

SIGN (2019) OR (SIGN, 2019)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2018) OR

(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2018)

On subsequent use:

NICE (2018) OR (NICE, 2018)

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (2019). Children and young people exposed prenatally to alcohol: A national clinical guideline. [SIGN Guideline 156] https://www.sign.ac.uk/our-guidelines/children-and-young-people-exposed-prenatally-to-alcohol/

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018). Care and support of people growing older with learning disabilities. [NICE guideline NG 96] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng96

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

In text In Reference list

JOURNAL

Charlton et al. (2020) OR

(Charlton et al., 2020)

Charlton, J., Gill, J., Elliott, L., Whittaker, A., Farquharson, B., & Strachan, M. (2020). A review of the challenges, glycaemic risks and self-care for people with type 1 diabetes when consuming alcoholic beverages. . Practical Diabetes International, 37(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi.2253

Harper-McDonald and Taylor (2020)

OR

(Harper-McDonald & Taylor, 2020)

Harper-McDonald, B., & Taylor, G. (2020). Expert nurse to novice academic: Reflections on the first year of transition from practitioner to academic. Nurse Education Today, 90, Article e104431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104431

[electronic only article with no page numbers]

LEGISLATION / LAW / ACTS

Coronavirus (Scotland) Act (2020)

OR

(Coronavirus (Scotland) Act, 2020)

Coronavirus (Scotland) Act 2020 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2020/7/contents

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School of Health and Social Care Referencing Guide

In text In Reference list

MOODLE AND LECTURE MATERIALS

Snowden (2020) OR

(Snowden, 2020)

Snowden, A. (2020). BN 2020 programme: introduction and

overview. Edinburgh Napier University, School of Health and

Social Care. https://moodle.napier.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=36307

NEWSPAPER

Buchan (2015) OR

(Buchan, 2015)

Buchan, L. (2015, 2 November). Over two thirds of Scottish nurses are overweight or obese. The Scotsman. http://www.scotsman.com/news/health/over-two-thirds-of-scottish-nurses-overweight-or-obese-1-3935251

SECONDARY SOURCE

Thorburn (2017) as cited in Klammer et al. (2020) OR

(Thorburn, 2017, as cited in Klammer et al., 2020)

Thorburn, J. (2017). In defence of a university social work education. Cited in Klammer, U., Leiber, S., & Leitner, S (2020) Social Work and the Making of Social Policy. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447349150.001.0001

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In text In Reference list

VIDEO

Sturgeon (2019)

OR (Sturgeon, 2019)

Sturgeon, N. (2019). Why governments should prioritize well-being. [video]. TED talk. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJzSWacrkKo

WEBSITE

Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018) OR

(Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2018).

On subsequent use:

NMC (2018) OR (NMC, 2018)

Scottish Government (n.d.) OR

(Scottish Government, n.d.)

Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/standards/code/

Scottish Government. (n.d.). Getting it right for every child (GIRFEC). https://www.gov.scot/policies/girfec/

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8. Avoiding Plagiarism

Key websites and documentation:

Academic Integrity

Student Conduct & Discipline

Improve your Academic & Study Skills

Academic Conduct / Academic Integrity Officers:

Feel free to consult the School of Health and Social Care Academic Conduct / Integrity Officers and your PDT.

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism at Edinburgh Napier is defined as the

‘Unacknowledged incorporation in a student’s work either in an examination or assessment of material derived from the work (published or unpublished) of another.’

This means that you may not use work from others and call it your own, whether in written work or in other formats such as music, audio and video.

Why is plagiarism a serious offence?

Plagiarism is considered a serious offence by the University and breaches the University’s Student Conduct Regulations. For a fuller understanding visit the link provided.

For the health and social care professions, including all disciplines registered with the relevant professional bodies (NMC, HCPC, & SSSC) plagiarism is considered a serious offence.

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How would I avoid plagiarism by using my own notes?

Whilst reading books, journals, and reviewing web sites it is good to summarise the content by writing your own words in the

form of notes. This will minimise the chance of writing in the words of the author.

When can I use quotations?

Quotations can be used to present a key statement, but should be kept to a minimum in an essay or report. All quotations

have to be in quotation marks and the author date and page number has to be given (see referencing above for examples).

Do I always need to put in a citation when I paraphrase other people’s work?

Yes, as this informs the reader that your essay is supported by the opinions of the author.

Will I be accused of plagiarism if I’m reporting something that is common knowledge but don’t provide a citation?

This would not be considered as plagiarism unless the text was a word for word account of another authors’ work. However, to ensure that your essay/reports are evidence based you will have to have considered evidence from other authors to formulate your argument or discussion. Therefore, you are required to support with citations in your assignments.

What is collusion?

Collusion is a type of plagiarism and describes various citations where one or more students will copy words or ideas from one or more students. Collusion normally happens when

o a student copies word for word from another student

o When ideas are copied rather than words

In this situation all students involved would be under investigation by academic integrity officers.

How do I make sure that I don’t get accused of copying other students’ work?

Top tip: Never show your assignment to another student. And never take a draft of another students’ work.

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What happens if I am suspected of plagiarism?

Academic conduct procedures are formally laid out in the university’s Academic Regulations. A brief overview of the procedures described in the Regulations follows:

Detection: This is carried out by the academic member of staff who marks the coursework in question. Where there is suspicion of plagiarism or collusion, the student’s work and the member of staff’s findings are passed on for further investigation.

Evaluation: This is conducted by a member of staff known as the Academic Conduct or Academic Integrity Officer (ACO/AIO). ACO/AIOs are designated by the School responsible for the module on which the alleged offence was committed. The student in question is likely to be invited for interview before a final decision is made. In the case of online or TNE modules, the student’s input is likely to be sought by email. If the student cannot attend interview, a decision will be made in their absence.

Application of penalty: A decision is made on the student’s case. If it is decided that a plagiarism or collusion offence has been committed, the ACO/AIO will apply a suitable penalty. They will refer more serious cases to a University Academic Conduct/Integrity Committee. Penalties often involve reductions of marks, sometimes requiring a re-sit of the assessment in question. The most serious cases – where the misconduct is deliberate, substantial and/or repeated – can involve expulsion from the University. The range of penalties is detailed in the Regulations.

Where can I find out more about how the University handles cases of suspected plagiarism?

More detailed information can be found in the Student Conduct Regulations

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9. Using Turnitin

What is an acceptable percentage of matching text?

The overall percentage is an accumulation of all the individual percentage matches, regardless of whether they are inconsequential or substantial matches. So there is not really an acceptable percentage as such, because this value can be arrived at in different ways. For instance, numerous small matches can result in a large overall percentage which is relatively unimportant, but a small overall percentage may be the result of one or two copied paragraphs and this is more significant. Therefore you should examine all the matches and understand why Turnitin has highlighted them. It is possible to reduce the overall percentage by excluding quoted text, small matches and the reference list.

Why does my text match sources that I have not used?

Turnitin does not identify the exact source of text that you have used. It simply highlights that there is matching text and lists all the sources using that text. There are usually multiple sources because websites replicate information from other websites, or an author of a piece of work will often use quotations from journals and websites and so these will all be listed as matching sources.

What if my text matches my classmates work?

It is very likely that for a class assignment, some of your text will match text from other students submitting the same assignment. This will happen if you are including a departmental cover-sheet, repeating the assignment title, or using a similar reference list. Significant matches will occur in assignments using established phrases or terminology, or where assignments require the inclusion of extracts of text being discussed.

What if my reference list / bibliography is matching other sources?

It is highly likely that other authors writing about the same topic will use similar references to support their work. So your references will normally match other sources, but the manner of the match is important. They will be different matches, so they will be in different colours. If they are all in the same colour, it usually means that you have copied your references too.

How can I use quotations without matching other sources?

If the quotation has been used elsewhere or the original source is on the Turnitin database, then it will show up as a match. This is not a problem, as long as you have presented it as a quote, and cited it correctly. Alternatively, you can set Turnitin to exclude quotes from text matching, and this will remove the match.

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How significant are matches that are just a few common words?

If a sentence contains several words in common with a source, then Turnitin will show the match. Often these are coincidence where a source has used the same common words. Sometimes these include commonly used but important words in your subject, so you don’t need to reference them. You can set Turnitin to exclude small matches. Turnitin lets you specify how many words can match and still be ignored, up to a limit.

What should I do if I have sentences or paragraphs of matching text?

The best option is to remove the quote, and write the information in your own words. This is preferable to a quote, because it shows the marker that you understand the point being made. If you want to keep the author’s original words, then ensure that you have presented the matching text as a quote and cited your source. This may still show up as a match (depending on the specific Turnitin settings that are in place) but it is not a problem if it is correctly presented and cited.

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10. Referencing Ground Rules: Marking Information for Students

The ‘ground rules’ below explain the approach to marking citations and references within assessed work and seek to reassure students on how minor errors will be treated.

Please always refer to the guidelines applicable to the specific module for detailed advice on requirements, and do speak to the module leader if you are unclear about what you need to do.

Marking Ground Rules for Referencing

Unless specifically stated in the module assessment brief, you would not expect marks to be deducted for:

1. Using quotations. However, if you use too many quotations, the marker may not have the evidence they need to

determine that you have sufficiently understood the topic and marks may be deducted as a result of that.

2. Writing about what is 'common knowledge' without including citations. As a general rule, a fact can be said to be

'common knowledge' when:

o it is widely accessible, e.g. the population of Scotland, which you would be able to find easily from numerous sources;

o it is likely to be known by a lot of people; o it can be found in a general reference resource, such as a dictionary or encyclopaedia.

3. Using minor variations in punctuation and formatting in your citations and references.

4. Using 'et al' for two authors (rather than for 3 or more authors which it should be used for).

5. Occasional instances of poor spelling and grammar. However, please check the assessment brief for details of

assessment requirements as correct spelling and use of grammar is vital in some subjects. Your module leader can also

advise.