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References

Index

Abrupt boundary

between immiscible fluids, 184

between miscible fluids, 184

Absorption, 422

Accretion, 193, 212

rate of, 193, 194, 212

Activation energy, 399

Activity, 396, 409

coefficient, 396, 509, 511

Adatom, 351

Adhesive fluid, 256

Adsorbate, 401

Adsorbent, 401

Adsorption, 382, 401, 402

chemisorption, 401

equilibrium, 401

hydrophobic organic, 404

intragranular, 421, 462

two-site equilibrium-kinetic model, 420

Adsorption isotherm, see Isotherm

Advection, 473

Advection-dominated transport, 418, 467,555, 570, 579

Advection-only transport, 467, 473, 476

Advective flux, 164, 165, 346, 347, 357

Aeration zone, 67, 251

Aerobic, see Biodegradation

Air dissolution, 386

Air entry pressure, 264, 266, 296

Air sparging, see Remediation technique

Air stripping, see Remediation technique

Airborne electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method

Algebraic mean, 145

Algebraic-differential equation, 491

Alkalinity, 495

Anaerobic, see Biodegradation

Analytic element method, 560, 589

Analytic hierarchy process, 739

Analytical solution, 526

reactive solute transport, 455

retardation, 437

saltwater intrusion, 613

solute transport, 446

stochastic, 678

unsaturated flow, 305, 315, 322

Anisotropic

hydraulic conductivity, see Hydraulicconductivity

permeability, see Permeability

Anthropogenic materials, 11

Apparent phase, 459

Apparent saturation, see Saturation

Aquifer, 65, 69

artesian, 195

classification of, 69

coastal, 593

confined, 69, 533, 568

equivalent homogeneous, 55

function of, 8

inhomogeneous, 55, 77, 533

layered, 143

leaky, 545, 745

confined, 70

phreatic, 70

mining of, 10, 22

multilayered, 220, 226, 589, 620

perched, 69

phreatic, 69, 84

sustainable yield, 22

two-aquifer system, 228

unconfined, 69, 678

Aquifer-aquitard system, 226

Aquifuge, 65

Aquitard, 65, 70, 83

storage change, 223

Arrhenius equation, 399, 432

Artesian well, see Well

815

816 Index

Artificial dispersion, 557

Artificial recharge, 28, 89, 108clogging, 95

ditches and furrows, 93infiltration basin, 93methods of, 93

objectives of, 89surface spreading, 93

wells, 95Asymptotic

expansion, 62, 129, 130solution, 57

Atmospheric circulation, 2Autocorrelation, 646, 647

coefficient, 647spatial, 649temporal, 649

Autocovariance, 646, 679, 682, 685isotropic, 649

spatial, 649temporal, 649

Autoregressive method, 86Average

intrinsic phase, 46–48, 138, 291mass, 47phase, 47

velocity, 115volume, 46, 51

Averagingover μREV, 49, 53

over area, 138over macroscopic heterogeneity, 54

over microscopic heterogeneity, 50over REV, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49over RMV, 54, 373

over volume, 138Avogadro’s number, 344

Backward difference approximation, seeFinite difference method

Balance equation, 34, 178

2-D, 2182-D by integration, 207

confined aquifer, 213leaky aquifer, 214, 215

linearized, 218macroscopic, 165of an extensive quantity, 163

phreatic aquifer, 215regional, 107

single species, 376vertically integrated, 208

Base flow, 10, 98Basis function, 542, 547, 659, 755

Batch adsorption experiment, 403

Beaver-Joseph condition, see Boundarycondition

BEM, see Boundary element methodBentonite, 351

Berger equation, 323BFGS method, 715, 717, 718

Binary system, 347

Biodegradation, 424, 425, 523aerobic, 425, 426

anaerobic, 425, 426rate, 427

respiration, 425

Biofilm, 424Biomass, 425

BIOMOC, see Computer code

BIOPLUME, see Computer codeBioremediation, see Remediation

technique, 590

Biosparging, see Remediation techniqueBiot model, 177, 179, 238, 246

Biotransformation, 424, 426, 523, 590

Bioventing, see Remediation techniqueBoltzmann transform, 323

Boundary condition, 34, 182, 185, 310, 535,602, 625, 626

2-D flow, 221artificial boundary, 202, 444

artisian well, 196Beavers-Joseph, 202

between porous media, 189, 440

boundary layer, 442buffer zone, 442

Cauchy, 566

clogged river bed, 222concentration, 439

concentration flux, 439constant-flow cell, 536

Dirichlet, 187, 312, 439, 535, 542, 553,564

essential, 542first type, 187, see Dirichlet

flowing water, 199flux, 188, 222, 312

general macroscopic for extensivequantity, 186

head, 187, 221, 311impervious, 188, 312, 439

infiltration, 317

moisture content, 311natural, 542

Neumann, 188, 313, 439, 535, 542, 564open channel flow, 202

phreatic surface, 192, 442

Index 817

pressure, 187, 311

pumping wellhead, 196

specific discharge, 196Robin, 189, 198, 313, 439, 536saturation, 311

second type, see Neumann, 313seepage face, 194, 443

semipervious, 189, 198, 222, 536spring, 196, 222

confined aquifer, 197phreatric aquifer, 196

suction, 311third type, see Robin, 313transition zone, 442

type 1, see Dirichlettype 2, see Neumann

type 3, see Robinwith a fluid body, 440

Boundary element method, 543, 560, 680stohastic, 678

Boundary integral equation, 563

Boundary value problemill-posed, 566

well-posed, 542, 564Boussinesq equation, 216

Bracketing method, 715Breakthrough curve, 353

Brinkmanequation, 149, 187, 201law, 131

Brownian motion, 346, 355Bubbling pressure, 264, 268, 270, 284, 296

Bulk density, 75

Calcite, 498

Calcium carbonate, 498Calibration, see ModelCanonical form, 486, 489

Cap, see Remediation techniqueCapillary

barrier, 284diffusivity, see Diffusivity

fringe, 68, 152, 283, 335pressure, 252, 256, 259, 331

macroscopic, 259pressure curve, 261, 264, 267, 270, 332

hysteresis, 282

scanning curves, 280pressure head, 259

equivalent, 336threshold, 264

rise, 154typical value, 153

tube, 258

zone, 68Capture zone, 517, 589, 608

Carbonate system, 493

Catalyst, 425Cation exchange capacity, 498

Cauchy-Riemann condition, 235Cell-centered approach, see Finite

difference method

Central difference approximation, seeFinite difference method

Chance constrained programming, 727Channel routing, 588

Characteristiccurve, 475

function, 51

line, 571, 573Characteristic length, 49, 50, 54, 468, 472,

474

of aquifer, 102of dimensional analysis, 146, 147

of heterogeneity, 77

of void space, 146Charge exclusion, 371

Chemicalcomponent, 344, 346, 348, 386, 486

definition of, 43

equilibrium, 409, 434kinetics, 412, 413, 428, 430

nonequilibrium, 412potential, see Potential

species, 344, 346, 386

basis, 486, 489definition of, 43

primary, 486, 489reacting, 482

Chemisorption, see Adsorption

Chlorinated solvents, 19Choleski decomposition, 582

Clay blanket, see Remediation techniqueClogging, 120

Code, see Computer code

Code verification, 36CODESA-3D, see Computer code

Coefficientexperimental determination of, 37

interpretation of, 35model, 45

of inconsistency, 736

randeom, 737of variation, 691

Cohesive force, 253Cokriging, 659, 758

Collector well, see Well

818 Index

Collocation method, 544, 564

Compaction, 237Compartmental model, see Model

Complete model, see Model

Compressibilitycoefficient of fluid, 170

coefficient of porous medium, 179coefficient of rock, 174

coefficient of soil, 174coefficient of vertical, 246

of water, 171Computer code, 36, 525, 526, 583

BIOMOC, 590

BIOPLUME, 590CODESA-3D, 588, 628

DSTRAM, 628FEAS, 628

FEFLOW, 330, 587, 628FEMWATER, 330, 586

GMS, 586, 587

HSPF, 85HST3D, 586, 591

Hydrocomp, 85HYDRUS, 330, 587

IHDM, 86MIN3P, 509

MLAEM, 589MOC, see MOC3D

MOC3D, 574, 584, 585, 590, 601

MOCDENSE, see MOCDENSE3DMOCDENSE3D, 585, 628

MODFLOW, 533–535, 584–588MODFLOWP, 584

MODPATH, 584, 586MT3D, see MT3DMS

MT3DMS, 574, 585–588

NAPL Simulator, 590NUFT, 589

ParFlow, 588PEST, 586, 587

PHAST, 508, 591PHREEQC, 488, 508, 590, 591

PULSE, 88Random Walk, 586

RETRASO, 508

RORA, 88RT3D, 586

SEAWAT, 588, 628SHARP, 588

SHE, 85SLAEM, 589

STOMP, 589

SUTRA, 330, 587, 601, 628SWAT, 586

SWIFT, 628

SWM, 85SWMM, 85

SWRRB, 86

TOUGH, 508, 588UTCHEM, 586, 590

WHPA, 589Computer program, see Computer code

Concentrationmass, 344

molar, 344, 392, 396thermodynamic, 406

total, 489

Conceptual model, see ModelCondensation, 2

Condition number, 569, 581Conditional probability, 692

Conditionally stable, see StabilityCone of depression, 618, 745

Confined aquifer, see Aquifer

Conjugate gradient method, 580, 717incomplete Choleski, 582

incomplete LU, 582Conjunctive water use, 695

Connectivity data, 558Conservation principle, 538

Consolidation, 237, 238vertical only, 179

Constitutive equation, 34, 178, 182, 205

Constraint, 696, 699, 700, 723deterministic, 726

equality, 700, 714examples, 697

flow model as, 699, 709, 711, 714, 725inequality, 700

linear, 700

nonlinear, 700, 712nonnegative, 706

primary, 701, 708, 714probabilistic, 726

Contact angle, 254, 261Contaminant, 251, 341

transport, see Solute transportContamination

control measures, 515

source, see Pollution sourceContinuity equation, 131–133, 137, 447

Continuum, 1, 42, 43, 50, 53approach, 42–44, 46

concept, 43heterogeneous, see inhomogeneous

homogeneous, 50

inhomogeneous, 50model, see Model, 53

Index 819

Contour map, 229, 230

typical features of, 232Control volume, 162, 163, 570, 745

Control volume finite element method, 559Convergence, 527

Cooper-Jacob solution, 747, 749Correlation, 642

coefficientauto, 647

cross, 647length scale, 647

time scale, 647Coupled surface-subsurface flow, 588Covariance, 645, 672, 679, 758

parameter, 757Cross permeability coefficient, 290

Cumulative probability density function,727

Cutoff wall, see Remediation technique

Damkohler number, see Dimensionlessnumber

Darcy number, see Dimensionless number

Darcy unit, 118Darcy’s law, 53, 109, 110, 623

anisotropic, 120

empirical, 109general form of, 126

inhomogeneous porous medium, 117, 561theoretical derivation, 125

unsaturated, 289, 291validity of, 145

Darcy, Henri, 109Darcy-Forchheimer equation, 148

Darinagechannel network, 93

gravity, 68of pores, 262–265, 267, 278, 280

retention curve, 264system, 16, 88, 515, 516

DC resistivity, see Geophysical methodDead-end pore, 74, 115, 458

Debye-Huckel equation, 509Decay, 10, 92, 382, 384, 398, 400, 445, 455,

456, 480, 586

first order, 380, 433, 445, 446, 450, 468in porous medium, 400

radioactive, 380, 385, 397, 398, 400, 434,452, 454, 468, 480, 482

rate constant, 446, 455, 460, 468, 480

Decision variable, 23, 89, 614, 698–701,704–708, 710, 712, 713, 715–717, 719,723, 728, 729, 756, 758

examples, 696

fictitious, 708

space, 698, 724, 730

Deformable porous medium, 242Deformation, 172

Degrees of freedom, 446number of, 505

Delauney triangulation, 559

Delayed storage, 224Dense nonaqueous phase liquid, see

DNAPL

Density dependent solute transport, seeSolute transport

Design variable, see Decision variableDesorption, 401, 402

curve, 264Deterministic

approach, 637

model, 638, 639, 692process, 639

Diffuse element method, 559Diffusion equation, 531

nonlinear, 323, 327

Diffusion-dominated transport, 418Diffusive flux, 164, 165, 346, 347

definition of, 164

mass, 347Diffusivity, 324, 327, 348, 351, 465

capillary, 293moisture, 35, 293, 318

molecular, 293, 418, 460

of aquifer, 214, 215of porous media, 180

Dilation, 169Dimensionless number

Damkohler number, 389, 391, 416, 470

1st kind, 470, 4712nd kind, 470, 471

3rd kind, 470, 471

Darcy number, 146Fourier number, 215, 469, 472

Peclet number, 359, 389, 391, 416, 467,469, 470, 473–475, 555, 558, 624

Reynolds number, 145–147, 472

Strouhal number, 389, 391, 416, 469,470, 472

Dirac delta function, 180, 214, 388, 562Direct problem, see Forward problem

Direct substitution approach, 509

Dirichlet boundary condition, seeBoundary condition

Discharge

groundwater, 88per unit width, 237

pumping, 108

820 Index

spring, 81, 100, 101

streamflow, 86Discontinuous Galerkin method, 576

Dispersion

coefficient, 361, 363, 625advective, 358

hydrodynamic, 371isotropic porous medium, 362

longitudinal, 362mechanical, 358

transverse, 362

effect of molecular diffusion, 355hydrodynamic, 351, 353, 356, 595

longitudinal, 353mechanical, 354

principal directions, 361tensorial nature, 362

transverse, 353

Dispersive flux, 165, 356–358, 624of total mass, 624

Dispersivity, 360, 631anisotropic, 362

components of, 360, 361horizontal transverse, 376

isotropic porous medium, 361

longitudinal, 360, 375, 628scale effect, 375

transverse, 360, 367, 628transverse isotropy, 362

vertical transverse, 376Displacement, 177

Dissolution, 382

Distribution coefficient, see IsothermDivergence

of flux, 162physical interpretation of, 163

theorem, 138, 139, 142DNAPL, 19–21, 342, 513, 517

definition of, 19

ganglion, 288Dominance of effects, 467

Double index convention, 122Double porosity

model, 55porous medium, 402, 421, 422, 458, 462,

463, 585, 588

Drag, 126

Stokes, 126viscous, 148

water-air interface, 290Drainage, 7, 24, 105, 108

Drainage curve, see retention curveDrainage system, 106

Drawdown, 663

Drift, 757

parameter, 757Drilling mud, see Pollution source

Dryingfront, 320

scanning curve, 280Dual continuum, see Double porosity

Dupre equation, 255Dupuit assumption, 154, 155, 157, 208,

588, 589, 604, 606, 607, 610, 613–616

phreatic aquifer, 152Dupuit-Forchheimer discharge formula,

157, 158, 230

Effective hydraulic conductivity, seeHydraulic conductivity

Effective permeability, see PermeabilityEffective porosity, see Porosity

Effective stress, 171, 173, 300Einstein summation convention, 122, 143,

350

Electric heating, see Remediationtechnique

Electrical conductivity, 345

Electro-kinetic enhanced remediation, seeRemediation technique

Electromagnetic field

primary, 598secondary, 598

Electromagnetic method, see Geophysicalmethod

Electron acceptor, 425

terminal, 426Electroneutrality, 349

Element-free Galerkin method, 559Element-free method, 559

Elevation head, 112Energy

due to pressure, 112potential, 112

Ensemble, 643average, 643–646, 651, 671, 679–682

space, 642statistics, 643, 648, 666

Entrapped air, 94, 280, 281, 295, 302, 318Entropy, 409

rate of production, 358Envelope function, 672

Enzymes, 425Equilibrium

coefficient, 406constant, 395, 396

equation, 171, 242Equipotential, 154, 229–231, 235, 236, 240

Index 821

boundary, 221

refraction law, 191surface, 113, 229

vertical, 78, 80, 151, 154–156, 159, 208,214

Equivalent

concentration, 345per liter, 345

per million, 345unit, 344, 498weight, 345

Equivalent hydraulic conductivity, seeHydraulic conductivity

Ergodicity, 650, 651

hypothesis, 652, 653, 668Error

roundoff, 527truncation, 527, 530

Essentially horizontal flow, 149, 207Essentially vertical flow, 225

Euler’s method, 478Eulerian

approach, 570

formulation, 466Eulerian-Lagrangian

formulation, 466localized adjoint method, 576

method, 444, 570, 574, 585, 586, 588modified, 578

Evaporation, 2, 103, 313models, 104

Evapotranspiration, 28, 103, 108, 314methods for determining, 104

potential, 103Excess pressure, 243Excess stress, 243

Existence of solution, 203Expectation, 643

Exponential integral, 248, 746Extensive quantity, 46, 52, 163

Fair and Hatch formula, 119Faraday’s constant, 349

FDEM, see Frequency domain electromag-netic method

FDM, see Finite difference method

Feasible solution, 698, 701, 702, 725, 729boundary of

hyperplane, 706plane, 706

domain of, 704region of

polygon, 706polyhedron, 706

polytope, 706

FEFLOW, see Computer codeFEM, see Finite element method

FEMWATER, see Computer code

Fertilizer, 18Fick’s law, 293, 346, 348, 358, 370, 417

averaged, 355macroscopic, 349, 350

Field capacity, 18, 68, 285, 286, 318

Film flow, 294Finite difference method, 527, 537, 543

backward difference, 529, 531, 556boundary cell, 535

cell-centered, 533, 535, 711

central difference, 529, 531code, 584, 586, 588, 590

constant-head cell, 535Crank-Nicolson scheme, 531, 533, 534

diffusion equation, 531

explicit scheme, 531, 532, 534forward difference, 478, 529, 531

grid-centered, 528implicit scheme, 531, 533, 534

Laplace equation, 528, 530

no-flow cell, 535variable-head cell, 535

Finite element method, 535, 538, 541, 559,586–588, 590

control volume, 559

Galerkin formulation, 541, 543, 547, 550,552, 565, 587

meshless, 558Petrov-Galerkin, 576

stabilized, 558stochastic, 678

streamline diffusion, 576

strong formulation, 553weak formulation, 552, 555

weighted residual formulation, 541, 542Finite volume method, 533, 535, 537, 559,

703

cell-centered, 539

edge-centered, 539solute transport equation, 538

vertex-centered, 539First order reaction, see Reaction

Flow equation, 161, 1793-D saturated, 180

unsaturated, 302

in terms of pressure, 302Flow line, 479

Flow model2-D, 207

complete, 219

822 Index

complete 3-D, 203

content of, 205Flow net, 233, 236

inhomogenous medium, 237Fluid velocity, 115

Flux equation, 34Fokker-Planck equation, 322, 677

Forchheimer law, 131Forecasting problem, see Forward problem

Forward difference approximation, seeFinite difference method

Forward problem, 742Fractional wettability, see Wettability

Free product, 19, 411Frequency domain electromagnetic

method, see Geophysical method

Freundlich isotherm, see IsothermFundamental solution, 543, 560, 562

Funicular saturation, 261FVM, see Finite volume method

Galerkin method, see Finite elementmethod

Ganglia, 19, 518Gasoline compound, 15

Gauss elimination, 579Gaussian distribution, 645, see Normal

distribution

Genetic algorithm, 700, 720, 721binary code, 724

chromosome, 724crossover, 721, 725

family, 721fitness, 724

individual, 721mutation, 721, 725population, 721

pseudo-code, 725selection, 721, 725

Geochemical method, 599Geological method, 596

Geophysical method, 597airborne electromagnetic, 598

DC resistivity, 597frequency domain electromagnetic, 598

ground penetrating radar, 599loop-loop electromagnetic, 599

time domain electromagnetic, 598very low frequency electromagnetic, 599

Geostatistics, 653, 654Ghyben-Herzberg approximation, 595,

605–607, 613–615, 690

Gibbsfree energy, 409

phase rule, 506

Global minimum, 719, 720

Glover solution, 691

GMS, see Computer code

Gradient search method, 713, 715, 716

gradient method, 700, 715

search method, 715

second order method, 715, 717

unconstrained, 713

Grain diameter

effective, 119

harmonic mean, 153

mean, 146

Grain size distribution, see Soil

Gravel pack, 112

Gravity potential, see Potential

Green’s

function, 562

function method, 678

second identity, 561

theorem, 561

Green-Ampt model, 316

Grid

structured, 537, 539

Thiessen network, 538

unstructured, 537, 539, 541

Ground penetrating radar, see Geophysicalmethod

Groundwater, 2, 65

balance, 81

characteristics, 5

contamination, 11, 341

definition, 65

development, 7

divide, 231, 232, 619

in water resources systems, 2

legal aspect, 7

management, 695, 696

map, 228

model, see Model

motion, 109

mound, 618

pollution source, 12

potential, see Potential

quality, 6, 341

recharge, see Recharge

regulation, 513

remediation, see Remediation

reservoir, 65

table, see Water table

unsaturated, 251

zones, 67

Grout curtain, see Remediation technique

Index 823

H-p clouds method, 559

Haines jump, 279Harmonic

potential, see Potential

function, 113mean, 145

Heat transport, 586–588Henry’s law, 308, 380, 387, 411, 504

coefficient, 504

Hermite interpolation, 569Hessian matrix, 715, 717, 718

Heterogeneity, 637, 640field scale, 371

microscopic scale, 373

pore scale, 372scale of, 50, 372

Hill slope runoff, 588Hodograph method, 619

Homogenization, 49, 55, 56, 62, 125, 128,129, 132, 200

Darcy’s law, 128, 134effective hydraulic conductivity, 140

layered aquifer, 143mathematical theory of, 55

of ordinary differential equation, 57

two scales, 58Horton infiltration equation, 316

HSPF, see Computer codeHST3D, see Computer code

Hubbert’s potential, see Potential

Hydraulicapproach, 78, 207

containment, see Remediation techniquegradient, 83, 114, 116, 150

radius, 118, 146

Hydraulic conductivity, 111, 118anisotropic, 63, 120, 122, 123, 143, 145,

157

effective, 292equivalent, 56, 125, 143, 145

equivalent anisotropic, 63

hysteresis in, 297isotropic, 118

principal directions of, 123representative values, 118

second rank tensor, 120unit of, 118

Hydraulics of wells, 195, 745

Hydrocomp, see Computer codeHydrodynamic dispersion, see Dispersion,

621

Hydrological cycle, 1, 2, 65, 109Hydrophobic, 404, 406

compound, 523

HYDRUS, see Computer code

Hygroscopiccoefficient, 68

water, 68Hyperbolic partial differential equation,

see Partial differential equation

Hysteresis, 278–280, 282in water capacity, 302

ink bottle effect, 279raindrop effect, 279

Identification problem, see Inverse problemIHDM, see Computer code

Ill-conditioned, 569Ill-posed problem, 38, 203, 743, 756

Imbibition, 264, 278curve, 264

Immiscible fluids, 42, 601

Immobile water, 458balance equation, 458

Immobile wetting liquid, 459Impervious boundary, see Boundary

condition

Independent domain theory, 282Indifference curve, 732

Induced recharge, 96Inertial effect, 148

Infeasible solution, 698, 714Infiltration, 3, 84, 109, 251, 313, 315, 317

capacity, 314, 315, 317, 326rate, 319

Influence

function, 707matrix, 707, 708

Inhibitor, 429Initial condition, 34, 182, 185, 221, 310,

438, 602, 625

2-D flow, 221solute transport, 438

Injection, 387Insular saturation, see Saturation

Integral scale, 647, 672Integrodifferential equation, 228, 324Intensive quantity, 52

Interface, 253, 602condition, 603

equation of, 603moving, 601, 603, 604

slope of, 605Interfacial

free energy, 253tension, 254

Interference test, 750Intergranular stress, 172, 173

824 Index

Intermediate wetting, 331

Intermediate zone, 68Interpolation function

global, 542, 552local, 543, 550, 552piecewise continuous, 543, 550

Intragranular adsorption, see AdsorptionIntrinsic permeability, see Permeability

Intrinsic phase average, see AverageInverse method, 598

Inverse multiquadric function, 568Inverse problem, 37, 269, 662, 742, 743, 755

Ionexchange, 405

exclusion, 371, 491Ionic

solid, 407

strength, 397charge, 345

Irreduciblemoisture content, 192, 265

water saturation, 152, 267, 274, 294Irreversible process, 353

Irrigation return flow, 18, 28, 88, 108, 314Irrotational flow, 113Iso-preference surface, 732

Isotherm, 401, 404, 434, 435adsorption, 402, 434

balance equation, 379definition of, 402

distribution coefficient, 403equilibrium, 401, 403, 420, 448, 472

equilibrium ion-exchange, 351Freundlich, 403, 434Langmuir, 403

linear, 379, 400, 403, 420, 436, 437, 448,460, 464, 472

nonlinear, 379, 403, 437

partitioning coefficient, 403Isotopes, 600

Isotropy, 76, 143, 360

Kanat, 105

Kelvin equation, 277Kelvin’s law, 274, 275

Kinetic approach, 383Kinetic energy head, 112Kirchhoff transform, 322

Kriging, 639, 647, 652–654, 672, 675, 757ordinary, 657

sample point, 655simple, 656

universal, 658unsampled point, 655

unsmapled point, 660

with a trend, 658

Lagrangianmethod, 444

approach, 570, 572balance equation, 466multiplier, 658

Lame’s coefficients, 176Laminar flow, 145Land subsidence, see Subsidence

Landfill, 6, 11–13, 342, 515Langmuir isotherm, see Isotherm

Laplace equation, 113, 167, 181, 219, 235,528, 562

Laplace formula, 257, 258, 265, 273, 332Law of mass action, see Mass reaction law

LEA, see Local equilibrium assumptionLeachate, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 342, 515Leakage, 83

factor, 745Leakance, 215, 537

Leaky confined aquifer, see AquiferLeaky phreatic aquifer, see AquiferLeast square method, 540, 751

Leibnitz’ rule, 151, 209Light nonaqueous phase liquid, see LNAPLLinear algebraic equation, 530, 543

Linear least square method, 751Linear programming, 700

standard form, 700, 701

Liquid waste disposal, 92LNAPL, 19, 20, 342, 516

definiton of, 19spill, 333

Local derivative, 572

Local equilibrium assumption, 389, 509Local minimum, 719, 720Local Petrov-Galerkin method, 559

Log-normal distribution, 653, 669Longitudinal dispersion, see Dispersion

Loop-loop electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method

LP, see Linear programmingLU decomposition, 582

Lumped parameter model, see ModelLyophobic, 401

Macrodispersion, 661

Macrodispersive flux, 212, 373Macropore, 402Macroscopic scale, see Scale

Managementalternatives, 695–697

Index 825

coastal aquifer, 633

decisions, 697problem types, 695

sustainable, 1, 634

Mass action law, 396, 406, 507Mass average, see Average

Mass balance, 88, 104, 218

Mass balance equation, 27, 125, 130, 161,162, 166–169, 175, 177–179, 181, 182,187, 200, 205, 212, 219, 223, 233, 241,483, 533, 538, 624, 625

3-D saturated, 179

averaged, 213compressible fluid, 176, 239

confiend aquifer, 219

deformable porous medium, 177, 239integrated, 239

leaky aquifer, 215, 220linearized, 247

macroscopic, 133, 140, 166, 218

phreatic aquifer, 216, 219solid, 167

unsaturated, 297Mass balance law, 199

Mass concentration, see Concentration

Mass fraction, 348, 387, 405, 418, 501, 504,622

definition, 345

normalized, 622, 625, 627

salt, 622, 623, 631Mass transfer

between fluid and solid, 418between fluids, 415

coefficient, 417, 419

interphase, 305, 382, 415nonequilibrium, 415

Materialinterface, 166

surface, 167, 312, 603

Material derivative, see Total derivativeMathematical model, see Model, 526

Matricpotential, see Potential

pressure head, 292

suction, 259Matrix

banded, 579, 580blocked, 580

diagonal, 555

fully populated, 569inverse, 579

lower triangular, 582non-negative definite, 358

non-symmetric, 569

positive definite, 581, 718

solution, 530, 579sparsely populated, 579, 580

symmetric, 358, 553, 569, 581, 718

tridiagonal, 580upper triangular, 582

Maximum contaminant level, 379, 515Maximum likelihood estimate, 757

MCL, see Maximum contaminant level

Mean, 643ensemble, 651, 687

spatial, 648temporal, 648

Mean free path, 127Mechanical

energy, 111

equilibrium, 409Mechanical dispersion, see Dispersion

Megascopic scale, see ScaleMeshless method, 559, 565, 569

Metaheuristics, 700, 720

Method of characteristics, 574, 585modified, 576

Method of fundamental solutions, 560Method of steepest descent, 581, see

Steepest descent method

Michaelis-Menton kinetics, 428, 430Micropore, 402

Microscopic representative elementaryvolume, 43, 49, 53, 399

Microscopic scale, see ScaleMIN3P, see Computer code

Mixture theory, 125MLAEM, see Computer code

Mobile water, 458

balance equation, 458MOC3D, see Computer code

MOCDENSE3D, see Computer codeModel, 31, 698

calibration, 37, 269, 742coefficient, 35

methods for determining, 38

compartmental model, 35complete, 205

3-D flow, 203flow, 161

single component, 445

statement, 223three phase flow, 339

transport, 341, 432unsaturated flow, 320

complete flowunsaturated, 297

compositional, 501

826 Index

conceptual, 1, 32, 33, 62, 205, 206, 338,458–461, 463, 464

content of, 33, 204

continuum, 35, 42advantage of, 45

definition of, 29lumped parameter, 35

mathematical, 1, 34, 205, 464

content of, 34multi-cell, 35

numerical, 36, 207physical, 1

reactive transport, 508

saturated-unsaturated flow, 309single cell, 376

use of, 40validation of, 36

Modeling process, 31

MODFLOW, see Computer codeMoisture capacity, 304

Moisture diffusivity, see DiffusivityMoisture diffusivity equation, 305, 323

Molal, 407

Molar concentration, see ConcentrationMolar fraction, 308, 345, 411, 418, 487,

488, 504

Mole fraction, see Molar fractionMolecular scale, see Scale

Molecular diffusion, 347, 355, 402, 463

coefficient, 348, 350Momentum

balance equation, 124, 148

balance law, 199Monitored natural attenuation, see

Remediation technique

Monod kinetics, 430dual, 432

Monte Carlo simulation, 639, 652, 666,671, 677

Motion equation, 124, 179, 205, 289coupling between phases, 289

non-Darcian, 147nonlinearity of, 293

three phase flow, 337

unsaturated, 289MT3DMS, see Computer code

Multi-cell model, see ModelMulticomponent system, 479

Multilayered aquifer, see Aquifer

Multiobjectivedecision making, 731

Multiobjective optimizationε-constraint approach, 734

indifference function approach, 732

lexicographic approach, 733

parametric approach, 733utility function approach, 731

Multiscale, 56Multivariate function, 644

NAPL, 11, 18, 19, 33, 42, 67, 330, 342, 415,425, 505, 513, 518, 520, 521, 523, 590

definition of, 18NAPL Simulator, see Computer code

Natural attenuation, 391, 424Natural bioattenuation, see Remediation

technique

Natural replenishment, 27, 84, 108, 314method of estimating, 85

Navier-Stokes equation, 44, 53, 56, 128,

129, 131–133, 199Nernst-Planck equations, 349Neumann boundary condition, see

Boundary condition

Neumann expansion, 678Newton method, 718

Newton-Raphson method, 559Newtonian fluid, 126

Nitrification, 18NLP, see Nonlinear programming

No-jump condition, 186in total stress, 242

No-slip condition, 127, 129, 132, 133, 138,199

Non-dominant effect, 148, 467, 474

Non-Fickian model, 370Non-inferior solution, 729

Nonaqueous phase liquid, see NAPLNonequilibrium reaction, see Reaction

Nonlinear least square, 751, 752Nonlinear programming, 700, 713

geometric programming, 713quadratic programming, 713separable convex programming, 713

Nonrenewable resource, 8Nonstationary, 757

process, 645, 673Nonunique solution, 729, 743

Nonwetting fluid, 255, 258Normal distribution, 727

NUFT, see Computer codeNumerical dispersion, 466, 557, 570, 576

Numerical method, 36, 207Numerical model, see Model, 525

Numerical oscillation, 556Numerical solution, 526

transport, 508unsaturated flow, 330

Index 827

Objective function, 30, 695, 698, 699, 728

examples, 696linear, 700

nonlinear, 712Onsager reciprocal relationship, 122

Operational yield, 26Operator splitting, 508, 574Optimal solution, 540, 696, 698, 700, 701,

705, 706, 708, 712, 721, 722, 724, 732,733

multiobjective, 728Optimal yield, 26

Optimization, 37, 580, 698, 755chance constrained, 726, 728

constrained, 698, 713deterministic, 728

mathematical statement, 699, 723multiobjective, 728

mathemtical statement, 728nonlinear, 712

unconstrained, 698, 713, 727Ordinary kriging, see KrigingOsmotic potential, see Potential

Overlapping continua, 44, 422, 458, 459,463

Packing factor, 119Pairwise weight comparison, 735

Parameter determination, 591Parameter estimation, 37, 269, 587, 662

conditional, 744deterministic, 755geostatistical model, 756

local, 745problem, 742

regional scale, 755Parameterization, 755

Paretofront, 730

set, 730solution, 729

ParFlow, see Computer codePartial air pressure, 308Partial differential equation, 35, 162

elliptic, 141hyperbolic, 475

Particle tracking, 526, 584, 585, 589backward, 575

forward, 576Partition of unity method, 559

Partitioning coefficient, see IsothermParts per million, 345

Pathline, 571, 584Peclet number, see Dimensionless number

Penalty method, 700, 713, 724

Pendular ring, 261–263, 265, 267, 273, 275,287, 294, 458, 459

Perched aquifer, see AquiferPercolation, 109

Performance function, 662Periodic

cell, 57, 61

function, 58structure, 56

Periodic autoregressive method, 86Permeability, 118

anisotropic, 14, 54, 76, 77, 120, 124, 126

barrier, see Remediation techniquedarcy unit of, 118

dimensionless intrinsic, 136

effective, 267, 286, 292, 293, 295, 297,307, 320, 321, 337, 338

anisotropic, 293

isotropic, 296three fluids, 337

to air, 293

to water, 293typical relations, 296

empirical formulae, 119

equivalent anisotropic, 78heterogeneous, see inhomogeneous

homogeneous, 76hysteresis in, 297

inhomogeneous, 76

intrinsic, 118, 119isotropic, 76, 120, 126

relative, 294, 295, 337curve, 295

gas-NAPL, 338

NAPL-water, 338three phase, 339

two phase, 338

typical curves, 294representative values, 118

saturated, 291second rank tensor, 124

unit of, 118

unsaturated, 291variations in time, 120

Permeable reactive barrier, 392, seeRemediation technique

Perturbation method, 59, 620, 677, 678,687, 691

PEST, see Computer code

Petrov-Galerkin finite element method, seeFinite element method

Petrov-Galerkin formulation, 557

pF unit, 260

828 Index

Phase, 344

definition of, 42Phase average, see Average

Phase change

isothermal, 305phenomena, 306

rate, 308PHAST, see Computer code

Phreatic aquifer, see Aquifer

Phreatic surface, 67, 69, 192, 283boundary condition on, 192

equation of, 611shape of, 192

PHREEQC, see Computer codePhysical containment, see Remediation

technique

Piezometer, 48, 112

Piezometric head, 69, 111, 260definition of, 112

equivalent, 334Piezometric surface, 69, 113

Pivot rule, 707

Planar incremental stress, 245Planar stress assumption, 246

Plum interception, see Remediationtechnique

Pollution source

abandoned wells, 17acid precipitation, 18

agriculture, 18

classification by QTA, 12classification of, 13

diffused, 13distributed, 13

drilling mud, 17

impoundment, 16inorganic contaminant, 12

non-point, 13organic contaminant, 12

pathogenic organism, 12point, 13, 14

sanitary landfills, 15

septic tanks, 14spills, 17

storage of solid chemicals, 17storage tanks, 15

tailings, 17

uncontrolled dumps, 16Ponding, 320

Pore size distribution index, 270Pore throat, 259

Pore volume, 378Porosity, 51, 73

areal, 115

effective, 74, 116

interconnected, 74non-interconnected, 74

typical value of, 73

volumetric, 115Porous medium, 1, 66

continuum approach to, 42

definition of, 45deformable, 167, 171, 300

deformation of, 172homogeneous, 52

inhomogeneous, 52

isotropic, 360periodic, 140

Porous plate, 266Positive definite matrix, see Matrix

Positive definite tensor, see Tensor

Potential, 113, 271as intensive quantity, 271

chemical, 278, 408, 409gravity, 272, 277

harmonic, 616

Hubbert’s, 113, 127, 137, 174, 180, 213,239, 276

macroscopic level, 270

matric, 265, 270, 272–274osmotic, 276

pressure, 275

soil water, 272, 277solute, 272, 276

surface, 275, 276thermal, 272, 277

total, 271, 278

Potential energy, 112, see EnergyPotential evapotranspiration, see

Evapotranspiration

Powell method, 715, 716

Power spectral density function, 673Precipitation, 2, 8, 13, 17, 21, 27, 81, 84,

85, 87, 88, 109, 193, 313, 314, 318,319, 614, 633

acid, 18chemical, 343, 385, 391, 444

mineral, 382, 421, 498

synthetic sequence, 86Preconditioning, 581

matrix, 582Jacobi, 582

Preferred solution, 731

Pressureenergy, 112, 276

head, 112Pressure potential, see Potential

Primary field, see Electromagnetic field

Index 829

Primary source, 513

Primary variable, 205, 299, 446, 505Principal

axes, 122, 145, 711

directions, 123, 362minor, 360radii of curvature, 257

values, 122Probability density function, 668

joint, 669Psychrometric law, 387PULSE, see Computer code

Pump and treat, see Remediationtechnique

Pump-treat-inject, see Remediationtechnique

Pumping, 387, 534

test, 745

Qanat, see KanatQuasi-Newton method, 715, 718

Radial basis function, 564, 566compactly supported, 569

Radioactive decay, see Decay

Radionuclide decay chain, 480Radius of influence, 609Rain harvesting technique, 84

Randomboundary condition, 678

field generation, 639, 652conditional, 670, 675unconditional, 670

function, 640, 643number generator, 668, 725parameter, 687

parameter field, 675phenomenon, 86

process, 639, see Stochastic processvariable, 640

continous, 640

Random walk method, 576Raoult’s law, 411, 416Rate constant, 394

degradation, 401first order, 397, 398second order, 398

Rate law, 394, 399first order, 397

integrated, 398second order, 394

Rate of reaction, see Reaction

RBF, see Radial basis functionReactants, 392

Reaction

bimolecular, 392binary heterogeneous, 408

canonical form, 486

equilibrium, 391, 392, 488fast, 471

first order, 397porous medium, 400

forward, 394half life, 398

heterogeneous, see Reaction, inhomoge-neous, 390

higher order, 398homogeneous, 385, 392

inhomogeneous, 385kinetic, 490

nonequilibrium, 412, 490order of, 394

rate constant

first order, 419rate of, 391, 392, 510

rate-limiting step, 397reverse, 394

reversible, 392slow, 472

under equilibrium condition, 385

under nonequilibrium condition, 386unimolecular, 392, 398

Reactive transport, 345, 589Realization, 641, 643, 666

Recession curve, 102Recharge, 611, 614, 678

artificial, 635

estimation methods, 88precipitation, 84

Reciprocity, 135Redox reaction, 345

Regional groundwater balance, 107Relative humidity, 275, 311

in soil, 309

Relative permeability, see PermeabilityRelative vapor pressure, 275

Reliability, 727Remediation, 512, 514

Remediation technique, 512air sparging, 515, 520

air stripping, 516

bioremediation, 424, 523biosparging, 427

bioventing, 426cap, 515

clay blanket, 515cutoff wall, 515, 516

electric heating, 523

830 Index

electro-kinetic enhanced, 523

grout curtain, 515

hydraulic containment, 518

monitored natural attenuation, 514

natural attenuation, 523

permeability barrier, 515

permeable reactive barrier, 522

physical barrier, 515

plume interception, 518

pump and treat, 477, 516

pump-treat-inject, 517

slurry wall, 515

soil vapor extraction, 391, 519

soil venting, 515, 519

steam injection, 523

vapor sorption method, 275

Renewable resource, 8

Representative elementary volume, 35, 45,47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 73, 75, 126, 138,147, 148, 163, 271

averaging approach, 124

characteristic size of, 54

definition, 45

lower bound, 52

size of, 48, 49

Representative macroscopic volume, 54,212, 372, 463

Reproducing kernel particle method, 559

Residence time, 378

effective, 380

Residual, 543, 581, 655, 751

Residual saturation

air, 265, 280, 282, 295

effective, 282

NAPL, 333

nonwetting fluid, 295

Respiration, see Biodegradation

Restoration, 514

Retardation, 436

coefficient, 380, 381, 434

factor, 436, 462, 482

Retention curve, 261, 264, 333

analytical expressions for, 269

main drainage curve, 280

main imbibition curve, 280

primary drainage scanning curve, 281

primary imbibition scanning curve, 281

reversal point, 280

scanning curves, 280

RETRASO, see Computer code

REV, see Representative elementaryvolume

Rewetting, 262

Reynolds number, see Dimensionlessnumber

Richards’ equation, 305, 321, 324, 587Risk, 667

analysis, 667River-aquifer interaction, 97

RMV, see Representative macroscopicvolume

Robin boundary condition, see Boundarycondition

Rock types, 66RORA, see Computer code

RT3D, see Computer code

SA, see Simulated annealingSafe yield, 22, 25

Saltwater intrusion, 588, 593, 722, 725, 727boundary condition, 610, 612

confined aquifer, 613exploration, 596

in multilayered aquifer, 620interface, 593, 606, 613–615

interface condition, 604occurence, 593

oceanic island, 615phreatic aquifer, 614

sharp interface, 588, 595, 597, 601, 604,607, 610, 613, 615, 629, 630, 634, 635

sharp interface model, 601, 725

sources of, 599transition zone, 353, 593–597, 601, 607,

620–622, 624, 625, 629–635

wedge, 594Sample space, 640

Sanitary landfills, see Pollution sourceSaturated zone, 2, 67

Saturation, 252apparent, 281

at discontinuity between two porousmedia, 283

distribution, 283

three phases, 333effective, 269, 281

insular, 262insular residual, 282

reduced, 269Saturation-capillary pressure relation, 268

Scalefield, 140

laboratory, 140macroscopic, 44, 49, 109, 140

megascopic, 49, 52, 54–56, 63, 140, 143,372, 373

microscopic, 19, 35, 42–46, 48, 49, 55, 63

Index 831

molecular, 42, 44, 49

pore, 55Scale effect, 375

SDE, see Stochastic differential equation

Search space, 724convex, 704, 719

nonconvex, 700SEAWAT, see Computer code

Seawater intrusion, see Saltwater intrusionSecant method, 754

Secondary field, see Electromagnetic fieldSeepage

face, 158, 194, 443, 607

velocity, 115Self-adjoint differential operator, 135, 143

Semivariogram, 654, 672, 685, 757Sensitivity, 744, 756

analysis, 41, 206, 652, 661definition of, 38

coefficient, 664

normalized, 664matrix, 665, 689, 758

Septic tanks, see Pollution sourceSequential iteration approach, 508

Sequential non-iteration approach, 508Shape factor, 119

Shape function, 551SHARP, see Computer code

Sharp boundary, 183

approximation, 183, 442SHE, see Computer code

Simple kriging, see KrigingSimplex method, 701, 706

graphical solution, 701restricted normal form, 708

solution steps, 708

vertices of, 705, 706Simulated annealing, 700, 720

Single cell model, see ModelSink, see also source, 166, 205

line, 105point, 105, 195, 198

Size exclusion, 371Slack variable, 708

SLAEM, see Computer code

Slurry wall, see Remediation techniqueSocial preference function, 731

Social welfare function, 731Socio-economic factor, 27, 695

Soilbulk density, 433

classification of, 71

grain size distribution, 71laboratory measurement, 72

moisture, 3

size separates, 71Soil vapor extraction, see Remediation

technique

Soil venting, see Remediation technique

Soil water potential, see PotentialSoil water zone, 68

Solid matrix, 42, 66deformation of, 172

Solid phases, 498

Solubility, 405air in water, 308

Solubility product, 408Solute, 344, 411

Solute potential, see Potential

Solute transport, 1, 342, 586, 587, 5902-D point source, 450

advective, 585continuous injection in infinite column,

452

density dependent, 166, 526, 585, 587,588, 590, 621, 622, 625, 627

equation, 538infinite column, 447

infinite column with adsorption, 448intantaneous slug, 448

multicomponent, 590, 591

multiphase, 590multispecies, 585–587, 590

reactive, 586, 587, 590, 591semin-infinite column, 452

source in semi-infinite domain, 451

Solvent, 344Sorption, see Adsorption

Sorption curve, 264Sources and sinks, 388

areal, 451

chemical reaction, 413chemical species, 385

distributed, 388heterogeneous reaction, 414

in mass balance equation, 382, 383, 388

in mathematical model, 432point, 355, 450, 477

pumping and injection, 382, 387, 433radioactive, 433

radioactive decay, 400rate of production, 471

types of, 385

Space transformation, 674Spatial statistics, 648

Speciation, 487, 488Specific discharge, 116, 132, 166, 298

cross-sectional area averaging, 137

832 Index

definition of, 111

in air water flow, 291relative to solid, 127, 291

volume averaging, 137

Specific retention, 287Specific storativity, see Storativity

Specific surface, 75measurement, 76

typical values of, 76Specific yield, 216, 285, 286

relation with grain size, 217

Spectral method, 670, 673, 678Spring, 100, 196

a simple model, 102artisian, 101

depression, 100discharge, see Discharge

hydrograph, 101

in confined aquifer, 197in phreatic aquifer, 197

perdched, 100types of, 100

Stability, 527conditionally stable, 532

of solution, 203

unconditionally stable, 533Stagnation

line, 608point, 608, 619

Standard deviation, 645, 727State variable

examples, 696

Stationary process, 644, 647strongly, 647

weakly, 647Statistical

measure, 643population, 640

Statistically

anisotropic, 646homogeneous, 643, 653, 656, 668, 674,

685

inhomogeneous, 645, 672isotropic, 646

strongly homogeneous, 647weakly homogeneous, 647

Steam injection, see Remediation technique

Stochasticanalysis, 39

boundary element method, 678differential equation, 676, 680

finite element method, 678integral equation, 678

model, 679, 687, 688

process, 639–641

Stoichiometric

coefficient, 393, 483equation, 392, 483

Stoichiometry, 392STOMP, see Computer code

Storage

change in, 107coefficient, 214, 534

Storage tank, see Pollution source

Storativity, 28, 107, 175, 214, 745, 754confined aquifer, 214

phreatic aquifer, 216random field, 669

sensitivity of, 663

specific, 180, 301, 602saturated flow, 175

specific mass, 174, 180

specific volume, 175, 180Strack’s potential, 616

Stream

effluent, 98influent, 98

Stream function, 234Lagrange, 234

Stream-tube, 233, 235

Streamline, 233, 236, 476refracrtion law, 191

Streamline diffusion finite element method,see Finite element method

Streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkinmethod, 557

stabilization factor, 558

Strong formulation, see Finite elementmethod

Strouhal number, see Dimensionlessnumber

Subdomain, 183

method, 547Subsidence, 7, 26, 92, 167, 177, 179, 237,

238, 244, 245, 249, 696, 697, 699

2-D model, 239

as constraint, 239by pumping, 247

vertically integrated model, 247

Substantial derivative, see Total derivativeSubstrate, 425

inhibition constant, 431

Subsurface water, 2, 65, 66Suction, 259, 292, 305

curve, 264head, 292

SUPG, see Streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin method

Index 833

Surface

runoff, 314diffusion, 351

films, 270tension, 252, 254, 257

water, 3Surface potential, see PotentialSurfactant, 254, 255, 523

Sustainable management, see ManagementSustainable yield, 22, 314

definition, 25example, 23

SUTRA, see Computer codeSVE, see Soil vapor extraction

SWAT, see Computer codeSWM, see Computer code

SWMM, see Computer codeSWRRB, see Computer code

System identification problem, 743

Tableau, 708, 711

Taylor series, 528, 529TDEM, see Time domain electromagnetic

method

TDS, see Total dissolved solidTemporal statistics, 648

Tensiometer, 48, 267Tension, 259Tensor

first rank (vector), 121identity, 133

notation, 121positive definite, 122, 135, 141, 143

second rank, 120, 121symmetric, 121, 122, 135, 141, 143, 293

transformation rule, 123zeroth rank (scalar), 121

Terminal electron acceptor, 426Terzaghi-Jacob theory, 179, 238, 246

Theis solution, 663, 746, 752Thermal equilibrium, 409Thermal potential, see Potential

Thermodynamic equilibrium, 409Thomas-Fiering model, 86

Threshold pressure, 264, 284Throat, 263

Time domain electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method

Time domain reflectometry, 267

Tortuosity, 118, 136, 147, 350, 351, 423isotropic, 350

tensor, 350Total derivative, 168, 184, 466, 475, 476,

572, 578

Total dissolved solid, 18, 595, 622

Total flux, 164, 346, 371Total head, 111

TOUGH, see Computer codeTracer test, 744Tradeoff

function, 731rate function, 731

Transfer coefficient, 442Transient electromagnetic method, see

Time domain electromagnetic method

Transition zone, see Saltwater intrusionTransmissivity, 149, 150, 207, 214, 745, 754

anisotropic, 235harmonic mean, 535

inhomogeneoustype 1, 77type 2, 77

phreatic aquifer, 217random field, 669

sensitivity of, 663simple average, 535

Transpiration, 103Transport equation, 625

Transverse dispersion, see DispersionTravel time, 478Trefftz method, 560

Trend, 757Turning band method, 670, 674

Type curve, 747Cooper-Jacob, 749

graphical solution, 747Hantush-Jacob, 747

Hantush-Neuman, 747

Unbiased estimate, 655Uncertainty, 637, 698, 726

aleatoric, 638analysis, 652

boundary, 638epistemic, 638

information, 638initial condition, 638

intrinsic, 638model, 637

parameter, 637Unconditionally stable, see StabilityUnconfined aquifer, see Aquifer

Undrained test, 175Uniqueness of solution, 203

Unit impulse, 180Univariate function, 644

Universal hysteresis, 282Universal kriging, see Kriging

834 Index

Unsaturated flow, 586–589analytical solution, 322in terms of

moisture content, 305piezometric head, 304suction, 305

methods of solution, 321Unsaturated zone, 3, 67, 69, 251, 626Unstable solution, 743Upconing, 594, 607, 608, 619, 631, 632Upscaling, 56

Upstream approximation, 556Upwind approximation, 556UTCHEM, see Computer codeUtility function, 731

Vadosewater, 69

zone, 67, 69, 109, 313Valence, 345Validation of model, see ModelValue function, 732Van der Waals force, 255, 401Vapor extraction, 380Vapor pressure, 410

partial, 410saturated, 410

Vapor sorption method, see Remediationtechnique

Variable density, 350, 585, 595, 596, 624,625

mathematical model, 622Variable density solute transport, see

Density dependent solute transportVariance, 644, 649Vertical equilibrium hypothesis, 334Vertical integration, 208Very low frequency electromagnetic

method, see Geophysical methodVOC, see Volatile organic compoundVoid ratio, 74Void space, 42, 66

interconnected, 67, 74Volatile organic compound, 411, 519Volatilization, 382, 407, 412Volume average, see AverageVolumetric fraction, 48, 252Volumetric strain, 169

Water blob, 288Water capacity, 301

hysteresis in, 302

Water conservation construction, 84

Water content, 252

Water divide, 4, 608

Water policy, 695

Water quality, 87, 695

Water storage, 90

in aquifer, 91

in surface reservoir, 91

Water table, 67, 152, 154, 158, 159, 283

Watershed models, 85

Weak formulation, see Finite elementmethod

Weakly stationary process, 647, 674

Weighted residual method, see Finiteelement method

Weighting function, 543, 547

Well

artesian, 181, 195, 196

casing, 112

collector, 608, 635

construction, 106

flowing, 196

gallery, 609, 619, 635

monitoring, 112

observation, 112

pumping, 722

radial collector, 105

skimming, 609, 635

Well function, 746

Hantush-Jacob, 451

series approximation, 746

Well-posed boundary value problem, 199

Brinkman equation, 201

Navier-Stokes equation, 199

Well-posed problem, 203, 320, 743

Wellhead protection area, 589

Wettability

fractional, 255

intermediate, 331

Wetting

angle, 254

fluid, 255, 257

scanning curve, 280

WHPA, see Computer code

Wiener-Khinchine transformation, 673

Young’s equation, 255

Young-Laplace formula, see Laplaceformula