References - Information and Library Network...

23
91 References Alexander, B.K., and Dibb, G.S. (1977). Interpersonal perception in addict families. Family Process, 16, 17-28. Alexander, B.K., and Hadaway, P.F. (1982). Opiate addiction: The case for an adaptive orientation. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 367-381. Amini, F., Salasne, K.S.,and Burke, E.L. (1976). Adolescent drug abuse: Etiological and treatment considerations. Adolescence, 11, 281-299. Ashton, C.H., and Kamali, F. (1995). Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students. Medical Education, 29, 187-192. Ausubel, D.P. (1961). Causes of types of narcotic addiction: A psychosocial view. Psychiatric Quarterly, 35, 523-531. Bailey, S., and Hubbard, R.L. (1990). Developmental variation in the context of marijuana initiation among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 31, 58-70. Balding, J. (1993). Young people in 1993. University of Exeter, Exeter. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147. Baumeister, R.F., and Iiko, S.A. (1995). Shallow gratitude: public and private acknowledgement of external help in accounts of success. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 191-209. Baumrind, D. (1985). Familial antecedents of adolescent drug use: A- developmental perspective. In C.L. Jones and R.J. Battjes (Eds.), Etiology of drug abuse: Implications for preventation (pp. 13-44). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Monograph, 56. Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., and Gediman, H.K. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics and normals. New York: Wiley. Bennett, L.A., Wolin, S.J., Reiss, D., and Teitelbaum, M.A. (1987). Couples at risk for transmission of alchohlism: Protective influences. Family Process, 26, 111-129.

Transcript of References - Information and Library Network...

91

References

Alexander, B.K., and Dibb, G.S. (1977). Interpersonal perception in addict

families. Family Process, 16, 17-28.

Alexander, B.K., and Hadaway, P.F. (1982). Opiate addiction: The case for an

adaptive orientation. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 367-381.

Amini, F., Salasne, K.S.,and Burke, E.L. (1976). Adolescent drug abuse:

Etiological and treatment considerations. Adolescence, 11, 281-299.

Ashton, C.H., and Kamali, F. (1995). Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug

consumption in a sample of British medical students. Medical Education,

29, 187-192.

Ausubel, D.P. (1961). Causes of types of narcotic addiction: A psychosocial view.

Psychiatric Quarterly, 35, 523-531.

Bailey, S., and Hubbard, R.L. (1990). Developmental variation in the context of

marijuana initiation among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social

Behaviour, 31, 58-70.

Balding, J. (1993). Young people in 1993. University of Exeter, Exeter.

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American

Psychologist, 37, 122-147.

Baumeister, R.F., and Iiko, S.A. (1995). Shallow gratitude: public and private

acknowledgement of external help in accounts of success. Basic and

Applied Social Psychology, 16, 191-209.

Baumrind, D. (1985). Familial antecedents of adolescent drug use: A-

developmental perspective. In C.L. Jones and R.J. Battjes (Eds.), Etiology

of drug abuse: Implications for preventation (pp. 13-44). Rockville, MD:

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Monograph, 56.

Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., and Gediman, H.K. (1973). Ego functions in

schizophrenics, neurotics and normals. New York: Wiley.

Bennett, L.A., Wolin, S.J., Reiss, D., and Teitelbaum, M.A. (1987). Couples at

risk for transmission of alchohlism: Protective influences. Family Process,

26, 111-129.

92

Bharadwaj, R., and Sharma, A. (1977). Emotional competencies among chemical

dependents and non dependents. A comparative study. Journal of the

Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 23 (1-2), 19-22.

Blum, R.H. (1972). Horatio Alger’s Children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bolger, N., and Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in

the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 890-

902.

Braucht, G.N., Brakarsh, D., Follingstad, D., and Berry, K.L. (1973). Deviant drug

use in adolescence: A review of psychosocial correlates. Psychological

Bulletin, 79, 92-106.

Bravender, T. and Knight, J.R. (1998). Recent pattern of use and associated risk of

illicit drug use on adolescents. Current Opinion in Paediatrics, 10, 344-

399.

Bray, J.H. (1988). Children’s development during early remarriage. In E.M.

Hetherington and J.D. Arasteh, (Eds.), Impact of divorce, single parenting,

and step parenting on children, (pp 279-298). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence

Erlbaum.

Brehm, M.L., and Back, K.W. (1968). Self image and attitudes toward drugs.

Journal of Personality, 36, 299-314.

Brems, C., and Johnson, M.E., (1989). Problem-solving appraisal and coping

style: The influence of sex role orientation and gender. Journal of

Psychology, 123, 187-194.

Brill, N.O., Crumption, E., and Grayson, H.M. (1971). Personality factors in

marijuana use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 163-165.

Bron, B. (1975). Identity crises and drug abuse in juveniles. Zeitschrift fur-

Psychosomatische Medizin und Psycoanalyse, 21, 129-150.

Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W., Gordon, A.S, Whiteman, M., and Cohen, P. (1990). The

psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional

approach. Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 116, 111-

267.

Brook, J.S., Cohen, P.,and Whiteman, M. (1992). Psychosocial risk factors in the

transition from moderate to heavy use or abuse of drugs in vulnerability to

93

drug abuse (M. Glantz and R. Pickens, Eds.) American Psychological

Association, Washington, D.C. Chapter 12.

Brook, R., Kaplun, J., and Whitehead, P.C. (1974). Personality characteristics of

adolescent amphetamine users as measured by the M.M.P.I. British Journal

of Addictions, 69, 61-66.

Brooks, H.B. (1971). Teaching teachers to teach about drugs. National Association

of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 55, 127-134.

Brooner, R.K., Costa, P.T., Jr., Fetch, L.J. (1991). The personality dimensions of

male and female drug abusers with and without antisocial personality

disorder. In L.S. Harris (Ed.), problems of drug dependence: Proceedings

of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, Committee on Problems of Drug

Dependence. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Browh, C.T., Yelsma, P., and Keller, P.W. (1981). Communication/ conflict

predisposition: development of a theory and an instrument. Human

Relations, 34, 1103-1117.

Cancrini, et al. (1970). Social and family factors of teenage drug addiction.

European Journal Toxicol, 3, 397-401.

Cannon, S.R. (1976). Social functioning patterns in families of offspring receiving

treatment for drug abuse. Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra.

Carman, R.S. (1973). Drug use and personal values of high school students. The

International Journal of the Addictions, 8(4), 733-739.

Carney, P.A., Timms, M.W., and Stevenson, R.D. (1972). The social and

psychological background of young drug abusers in Dublin. British Journal

of Addictions, 67, 199-207.

Caspi. A., Moffitt, T.E., Newman, D.L., and Silva, P.A. (1996). Behavioral

observations at age 3 predict adult psychiatric disorder: Longitudinal

evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033-

1039.

Chambers, C., Hinesley, R.K., and Moldestad, M. (1970). Narcotic addiction in

females: A race comparison. International Journal of Addiction, 5, 257-

280.

94

Chandrasegran, S. (1984). Factors contributing to drug addiction among youths.

Paper Presented at the 3rd Asian Workshop on Child and Adolescent

Development, Kualalampur, Malaysia.

Chassin, L., Collins, R.L., Ritter, J., and Shirley, M.C. (2001). Vulnerability to

substance use disorders across the life span. In R.E. Ingram and J.M. Price

(Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan, (pp.165-

172). New York: Guilford.

Chein, I., et. al., (1956). The family of the addict. New York University Press,

New York.

Chein, I., Gerard, D., et al. (1964). The road to H. New York: Basic Books.

Cloninger, C.R., Sigvardsson, S., Reich, T., and Bohman, M. (1988). Childhood

personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical

and Experimental Research, 12, 494-505.

Coffey, S.F.,and Gudleski, G.D.(2003). Impulsiveness and rapid discounting of

delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 11 (1), 18-25.

Cooper, M.L., Frone, M.R., Russell, M., and Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to

regulate positive and negative emotion: A motivational model of

alcoholism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 961-974.

Costa, P.T., Jr., and Mc Crae, R.R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory

Mannual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Cowan, J.D., Kay, D.C., Neidert, G.L., Ross, F.E., and Belmore, S.M. (1980).

Defeated and joyless: Potential measures of change in drug abuser

characteristics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,168 (7), 391-399.

Cox, W.M., Yeates, G.N., Gilligan, P.A.T., and Hosier, S.G. (2001). Individual

differences. In N. Heather, T. Peters et al. (Eds.), International handbook of

alcohol dependence and problems. New York: Wiley.

Cramer, P. (1983). Children’s use of defense mechanisms in reaction to

displeasure caused by others. Journal of Personality, 51, 78-94.

Cramer, P. (1987). The development of defense mechanisms. Journal of

Personality, 55, 597-614.

95

Cramer, P., and Block, J. (1998). Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use

in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 159-

169.

Cramer, P., Blatt, S.J., and Ford, R.Q. (1988). Defense mechanisms in analytic and

introjective personality configuration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical

Psychology, 56, 610-616.

Crawford, L.A. and Novak, K.B. (2002). Parental and peer influences on

adolescence drinking. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse,

12(1), 1-26.

Dean, A.L., Malik, M.M.,and Richards, W. (1986). Effects of parental

maltreatment on children’s conceptions of interpersonal relationships.

Development Psychology, 22, 617-626.

Devekar, (1961). Drug abuse control. Social Defence, 18(66), Oct, 1961.

Dhillon, P.K., and Pawah, P. (1981). A study of the relationship between drug use,

abstract intelligence and feelings of security in the college population of

Delhi. In D. Mohan, H.S. Sethi, E. Tongue (Eds.) Current Research in

Drug Abuse in India: 141-148, New Delhi.

Dohrenwend, B.,and Levav, I.. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric

disorder. The Causation-Selection Issue-Science, 255, 946-952.

Dohrenwend, B.P. (2000). The role of adversity and stress in psychopathology:

Some evidence and its implications for theory and research. Journal of

Health and Social Behaviour, 41(1), 1-19.

Drobes, D.J., Saladin, M.E., and Tiffany, S.T. (2001). Classical conditioning

mechanisms in alcohol dependence. In N.Heather, T.J.Peters, et al. (Eds.),

International handbook of alcohol dependence and problems (pp 281-297).

New York : Wiley.

Edwards, G., Chandler, J., Hensman, C., and Petro, J. (1972). Drinking in a

London suburb. II. Correlates of trouble with drinking among men.

Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement 6, 94-119.

Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., and Ageton, S.S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and

drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Eysenck, H.J. (1982). Personality, genetics and behaviour : Selected papers.

96

Fenichel, O. (1953). The Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel. Norton, New York.

Fergusson, D.M., Lynskey, M.T., and Horwood, L.T. (1993). Conduct problems

and attention deficit behaviour in middle childhood and cannabis use by

age 15.Aust. N.Z.J. Psychiatry, 27, 673-682.

Filho, D.A., and Santana, N.(1991). A review of the epidemiological evidence

(1977-1988). International Journal of Addictions, 26, 355-369.

Filstead, W., Mc Elfresh, O., and Andresson, C. (1981). Comparing the family

environments of alcoholic and “normal” families. Journal of Alcohol and

Drug Education, 26, 24-31.

Fine, B.D., and Waldhorn, H.F. (1975). Monograph IV: Alteration of defenses

during psychoanalysis. New York: International University Press.

Finn, P.R, Sharkansky, E.J., Brandt, K.M., and Turcotte, N. (2000). The effects of

familial risk, personality, and expectancies on alcohol use and abuse.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 (1), 122-133.

Firth, J. (1986). Levels and sources of stress in medical students. British Medical

Journal, 292, 1177-80.

Flay, B.R., Miller, T.Q., and Koepke, D. (1989). Grade 7 correlates of onset of

substance experimentation and use by grade 9. Unpublished Manuscript.

University of Illinois at Chicago.

Fleming, J.P., Kellam, S.G., and Brown, C.H. (1982). Early predictors of age of

first use of alcohol, marijuana and cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol

Dependence, 9, 285-303.

Freidman, A.S., Bransfield, S.A., Tomko, L.A., and Katz. S. (1991). Early

childhood and maternal antecedents to drug use. Journal of Drug

Education, 21 (4), 313-331.

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id (1923). In the Complete Psychological works

of S. Freud, Vol. 19 (Journal Strachey, ed.), Hogarth, London.

Freud, S., (1955). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego (1921). In the

Complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 18 (Journal

Strachey, ed.), Hogarth, London.

97

Gangrade, K.D., and Gupta, K. (1978). Drug abuse amongst industrial workers.

Unpublished Report. Ministry of Social Welfare, Government of India,

New Delhi.

Garar, J.C. (1970). Sex differences and mental health. Genetic Psychological

Monograph, 81, 123-142.

Garris, P.A., Kilpatrick, M., Bunin, M.A., Michael, D., Walker, Q.D., and

Wightman, R.M. (1999). Dissociation of dopamine release in the nucleus

accumbens from intracranial self-stimulation. Nature, 398(6722), 67-69.

Gerard, D.L., and Kornetsky, C. (1955). Adolescent opiate addiction: A study of

control and addict subjects. Psychiatry Quarterly, 29, 171-175.

Gilvarry, E. (2000). Substance abuse in young people. Journal of Child

Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 55-80.

Golding, J.F., and Cornish, A.M. (1987). Personality and life style in medical

students. Psychopharmacological aspects. Psychology and Health, 1, 287-

301.

Golding, J.F., Harpur, T., and Bren-Smith, H. (1983). Personality, drinking and

drug-taking correlates of cigarette smoking. Personality and Individual

Differences, 4, 703-706.

Goldstein, A. (1994). Addiction: From biology to drug policy. New York: W.H.

Freeman. (Chap. 10).

Gossop, M., and Grant, M. (1990). Preventing and controlling drug abuse.

Geneva: World Health Organization.

Gottfredson, D.C. (1985). Youth employment, crime, and schooling: A

longitudinal study of a national sample. Development Psychology, 21, 419-

432.

Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending. New York: Academic Press.

Hager, D.L. (1976). Adolescent drug use in middle America: Social psychological

correlates. In Austin. G.A., and Lettier, D.L., (Eds.). Drug and Personality.

Rockville: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

98

Hale, R.L., Whiteman, S., Muehl, K., and Faynberg, E. (2003). Tridimensional

personality traits of college students marijuana users. Psychological

Reports, 92 (2), 661-666.

Ham, L.S., Hope, D.A., White, C.S. and Rivers, P.C. (2002). Alcohol expectancies

and drinking behaviour in adults with social anxiety disorder and

dysthymia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 275-288.

Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and use of drug and alcohol among young

people. A longitudinal study in the general population. British Journal of

Addiction, 87, 1571-1581.

Hansell, S., and Mechanic, D. (1990). Parent and peer effects on adolescent health

behaviour. In K. Hurrelmann and F. Losel (Eds.), Health hazards in

adoloscence: Preventation and Intervention in Childhood and Adoloscence,

8, 43-65. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter.

Harbin, H.T., and Maziar, H.M. (1975). The families of drug abusers. A literature

review. Family Process, 14, 411-431.

Hartman, D. (1969). A study of drug taking adolescents. Psychoanalytic Study of

the Child, 24, 384-398.

Hatterer, L. (1985). Hard research strategies and soft clinical studies. Proceedings

of the 2nd Pan Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol. Hong Kong:

Organizing Committee, the 2nd PPCDA, pp.249-256.

Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F., and Miller, J.Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors

for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood:

Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112,

64-105.

Hawks, D., et al. (1969). Abuse of methylamphetamine. British Medical Journal,

2, 715-721.

Health, D.H. (1968). The cool ones. Journal of Religion and Health, 7 (2), 111-

121.

Hendin, H., Pollinger, A., Ulman, R., and Carr, A.C. (1981). Adolescent marijuana

abusers and their families. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research

Monograph 40. DHEW Publication (ADM) 81-1168 (Washington, DC,

Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office).

99

Hendler, H.I., and Stephens, R.C. (1977). The addict odyssey: From

experimentation to addiction. The International Journal of Addictions, 12,

25-42.

Hetherington, E.M., Cox, M.J., and Cox, R. (1985). Long-term effects of divorce

and remarriage on the adjustment of children. Journal of the American

Academy of Psychiatry, 24, 518-530.

Hibbard, S., and Porcerelli, J. (1998). Further validation for the Cramer defense

mechanism manual. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 460-483.

Hibbard, S.,and Farmer, L. (1994). Validation of Cramer’s defense mechanism

manual for the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 197-210.

Hirsch, R. (1961). Group therapy with parents of adolescent drug addicts.

Psychiatric Quarterly, 35, 702-710.

Holinrak, J.B. (1979). Drug abuse in Hong Kong. Paper Presented at the 10th

Annual Convention of the Singapore Medical Convention.

Holmes, C.S., Yu, Z., and Frentz, J. (1999). Chronic and discrete stress as

predictors of children’s adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical

Psychology, 67 (3), 411-419.

Holt, R.R. (1971). Assessing Personality. New York: HBJ.

Howe, B.J. (1974). Family therapy and the treatment of drug abuse problems.

Family Therapy, 1, 89-98.

Huba, G., Wingard, J., and Bentler (1979). Adolescent drug use and peer and adult

interaction patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47,

265-276.

Huba, G.J., Wingard, J.A., and Bentler, P.M. (1980). Longitudinal analysis of the

role of peer support, adult models, and peer subcultures in beginning.

Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 116.

Huges, P.H., Schaps, E. and Senders, C.R. (1973). A methodology for monitoring

adolescent drug abuse trends. The International Journal of Addictions, 8(3),

403-419.

Jessor, R. and Jessor, S.L. (1977). Problem behaviour and psychosocial

development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York, Academic Press.

100

Jessor, R., Donovan, J.E., and Costa, F.M. (1991). Beyond Adolescence: Problem

Behavior and Young Adult Development. New York, NY: Cambridge

University Press.

Johnson, B. (1973). Marijuana users and drug subcultures. New York: Wiley.

Jones, M.C. (1971). Personality antecedents and correlates of drinking patterns in

women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 61-69.

Jurgensen, W.P. (1970). The Addict as a troubled person. National Institute of

Mental Health, Ft. Worth, Texas.

Jurich, A.P., and Polson, C.J. (1984). Reasons for drug use: Comparison of drug

users and abusers. Psychological Report, 55, 371-378.

Kagan, J. (1958). The concept of identification. Psychological Review, 65, 296-

305.

Kamali, K., and Steer, R.A., (1976). Polydrug use by high school students:

Involvement and correlates. The International Journal of the Addictions, 11

(2), 337-343.

Kammeier, M.L., Hoffman, H., and Loper, R.G. (1973). Personality characteristics

of alcoholics as college freshman and at time of treatment. Quarterly

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 34, 390-399.

Kandel, D. (1974). Inter-and intra-generational influence on adolescent marijuana

use. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 107-135.

Kandel, D., Kessler, R., and Margulies, R. (1978). Antecedents of adolescent

initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. In D. Kandel

(ed.), Longitudinal research on drug use. Empirical findings and

methodological issues. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 73-99.

Kandel, D., Simcha-Fagan, O., and Davies, M. (1986). Risk factors for

delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood.

Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 67-90.

Kandel, D.B. (ed.). (1978). Longitudinal research on drug use: Empirical

Findings and Methodological Issues. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

101

Kaplan H.B., Martin, S.S., Johnson, R.J., and Robbins, C. (1986). Escalation of

marijuana use: Application of a general theory of deviant behaviour.

Journalof Health and Social Behaviour, 27, 44-61.

Kaplan, H.B. (1980). Deviant Behaviour in Defense of Self. New York, Academic

Press.

Kaplan, H.B., Martin, S.S., and Robbins, C (1984). Pathways to adolescent drug

use: self-derogation, peer influence, weakening of social controls, and early

substance use. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 25, 270-289.

Kelly, A.E., and Berridge, K.C. (2002). The neuroscience of natural rewards :

Relevance to addictive drugs. Journal of Neuroscience, 22 (9), 3306-3311.

Kendler, K.S., Heath, A., Neale, M., Kessler, R., and Eaves, L. (1992). A

population based twin study of alcoholism in women. The Journal of

American Medical Association, 268 (14), 1877-1882.

Kendler, K.S., Mc Guire, M., Gruenberg, A.M., and Walsh, D. (1994). An

epidemiological, clinical and family study of simple schizophrenia in

county Roscommon, Ireland. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151 (1), 27-

34.

Kernberg, O.F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New

York. Aronson.

Khalily, M.T. (2001). A comparison between the psycho-social characteristics of

drug addicts and non-addicts. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research,

16 (3-4), 113-128.

Khan, S., Murray, R.P., and Barnes, G.E. (2002). A structural equation model of

the effect of poverty and unemployment on alcohol abuse. Addictive

Behaviour, 27(3), 405-423.

Kleber, H.K. (1965). Student use of hallucinogens. Journal of American College

Health Association, 14, 109-117.

Kolb, D., Gunderson, E.E.K., and Nail, R.L. (1972). Drug abuse: Family and

social history characteristics. Navy Medical – Neuropsychiatric Research

Unit, San Diego, Report number, 74 (5), 278-282.

102

Kosten, T.A., Ball, S.A., and Rounsaville, B.J. (1994). A sibling study of sensation

seeking and opiate addiction. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,

182, 284-289.

Kosviner, A., and Hawks, D. (1977). Cannabis use among British university

students: II- Patterns of use and attitudes to use. British Journal of

Addiction, 72, 41-57.

Krueger, R.F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Silva, P.A., and Mc Gee, R. (1996).

Personality traits are differentially linked to mental disorders. A multitrait-

multidiagnosis study of an adolescent birth control. Journal of Abnormal

Psychology, 105, 299-312.

Kurtz, D.L., Stewart, R.B., Zweifel, M., Li., T.K., and Froehlich, J.C. (1996).

Genetic differences in tolerance and sensitization to the sedative hypnotic

effects of alcohol. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour, 53(3), 585-

591.

Labouvie, E.W., and Mc Gee, C.R. (1986). Relation of personality to alcohol and

drug use in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,

54, 289-293.

Lachenbruch, P.A. (1975). Discriminant Analysis. New York: Hafner.

Lavenhar, M. et al. (1972) In: Einstein, S., and Allen, S. (Eds.). Student Drug

Surveys. New York, Baywood Publishing.

Ledoux, S., and Miller, P.(2002). Family structure, parent child relations and

alcohol and other drug use among teenagers in France and the U.K. Alcohol

and Alcoholism, 37 (1), 52-60.

Lerner, J.V., and Vicary, J.R. (1984). Difficult temperament and drug use:

Analysis from the New York longitudinal study. Journal of Drug

Education, 14, 1-8.

Lerner, P.M., and Lerner, H.D. (1980). Rorschach assessment of primitive

defenses in borderline personality structure. In J. Kwawer, H. Lerner, P.

Lerner, and A. Sugarman (Eds.), Borderline phenomena in the Rorschach

(pp. 257-274). New York: International University Press.

Li, T.K. (2000). Pharmacogenetics of responses to alcohol and genes that

influence alcohol drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61 (1), 5-12

103

Liberman, A., and Chaiken S.(1992). Defensive processing of personality relevant

health messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 669-679.

Lieb, R., Merikangas, K.R.,and Hoefler, M.(2002). Parental alcohol use disorders

in offspring: A community study. Psychological Medicine, 32(1), 63-78.

Lieberman, J.J. (1974). The drug addict and the “cop out” father. Adolescence, 9,

7-14.

Lindblad, R.A. (1977). Self-concept of white-middle socioeconomic status

addicts. A controlled study. The International Journal of Addiction, 12(1),

137-151.

Linn, L.S. (1972). Psychopathology and experience with marijuana. British

Journal of Addictions, 67, 55-64.

Little, R.B. and Pearson, M.M. (1966). The management of pathologic

interdependency in drug addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123,

554-560.

Lukoff, I. (1974). Issues in the evaluation of heroin treatment. In E., Josephson,

and E. Corroll (Eds.) Drug use: Epidemiological and Sociological

approaches (pp. 129-157). New York: Wiley.

Luthar, S.S., Anton, S.F., Merikangas, K.R., and Rounsaville, B.J. (1992).

Vulnerability to drug abuse among opioid addicts siblings. Individual,

familial and peer influences. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 1-8.

Maccoby, E.E., and Jacklin, C.N. (1987). Gender segregation in childhood.

Advances in Child Development and Behaviour, 10, 239-287.

Maltzman, I., and Schweiger, A. (1991). Individual and family characteristics of

middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse.

British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1435-1447.

Mc Gue, M., Slutske, W., and Iacono, W.G. (1999). Personality and substance use

disorders: II. alcoholism versus drug use disorders. Journal of Consulting

and Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 394-404.

McCord, J. (1990). Long-term perspectives on parental absence, in straight and

devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (L.N. Robins and M. Rutter,

Eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York.

104

Melo, J.A., Shendure, J., Pociask, K., and Silver, L.M. (1996,June). Identification

of sex-specific quantitative trait loci controlling alcohol preference in

C57BL/6 mice. Nature Genetics, 13, 147-153.

Mohamed, M.N., Din, M.S.C., and Othman, A.H. (1992). Is alteration of defense

mechanism a good indicator for mental well-being among psychoactive

addicts. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 7 (1-2), 1-8.

Mohanty, B., and Saraswat, G.P. (1982). Attitude towards narcotic drugs as a

function of some personality variables. Asian Journal of Psychology and

Education, 9, 29-33.

Moon, D.G., Hecht, M.L., Jackson, K.M., and Spellers, R.E. (1999). Ethnic and

gender differences and similarities in adolescent drug use and refusals of

drug offers. Substance use and Misuse, 34 (8), 1059-1083.

Moos, R.H., and Moos, B.S. (1981). Manual for Family Environment Scale,

Consulting Psychologists Press. Inc, Palo Alto, California.

Murphy, S.L. and Khantzian, E.J. (1995). Addiction as a “self-medication”

disorder: Application of ego psychology to the treatment of substance

abuse. In A. Washton (Ed.) Psychotherapy and Substance Abuse: A

Practitioner’s Handbook. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc. 161-175.

Nail, R.L., Gunderson, E.E.K., and Arthur, R.J. (1974). Black-white differences in

social background and military drug abuse patterns. American Journal of

Psychiatry, 131, 1097-1102.

Najam, N., and Moss, H.B.(1997). Executive cognitive functioning predicts drug

use in youth. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 23 (1-

2), 3-12.

National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. (1972). Marihuana. A signal

of misunderstanding (First Report and Technical Papers). Washington,

D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Needle, R., Su, S., Doherty, W., Lavee, Y. and Brown, P. (1988). Familial,

interpersonal and intrapersonal correlates of drug use. A longitudinal

comparison of addicts in treatment, drug using addicts not in treatment, and

non-drug using addicts. International Journal of the Addictions, 23, 1211-

1240.

105

Nevdowsky, J. (1981). Pattern of self-reported drug use among secondary school

students in Bendal State. Nigeria Bulletin on Narcotics, 33 (1), 9-19.

New York : Praeger.

Newcomb, M.D., and Bentler, P.M. (1986). Substance use and ethnicity:

Differential impact of peer and adult models. Journal of Psychology, 120,

83-95.

Noble, P., Hart. T., and Nation, R. (1972). Correlates and outcome of illicit drug

use by adolescent girls. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 497-504.

Noble, P.J. (1970). Drug-taking in delinquent boys. British Medical Journal, i,

102-106.

O’ Brien, C.P., O’ Brien, T.J., Mintz, J., and Brady, J.P. (1975). Conditioning of

narcotic abstinence symptoms in human subjects. Drug and Alcohol

Dependence , 1, 115-123.

Olivenstein, C., Braconnier, A., and Charles – Nicholas, A.J. (1975). Youth and

drugs. Psychiatric De L’ Enfant, 18, 443-475.

Oltman, J.E., and Friedman, S. (1967). Parental deprivation in psychiatric

conditions. III: In personality disorders and other conditions. Disease

Nervous System, 28, 298-303.

Padelford, B.L. (1974). Relationship between drug involvement and purpose in

life. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 30, 303-305.

Park, P. (1962). Problem in drinking and role deviation: A study in incipient

alcoholism. In D.J. Pittman and C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Society, Culture and

Drinking Patterns (pp 148-167). New York: Wiley.

Patterson, G.R. (1982). Coercive Family Process: Vol. 3. A Social Learning

Approach. Castalia, Eugene.

Patterson, G.R., De Baryshe, B.D., and Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental

perspective on antisocial behaviour. American Psychology, 44, 329-335.

Pedersen, W. (1991). Mental health, sensation – seeking and drug use patterns: A

longitudinal study. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 195-204.

106

Pittel, A.M.,and Calef, V.(1971). Development factors in adolescent drug use: A

study of psychedelic drug users. Journal of the American Academy of Child

Psychiatry, 10, 640-660.

Plant, M.A. (1987). Drugs in perspective. Hodder and Stoughton, London.

Platt, J.J. (1986). Heroin addiction. Malabar, FL: R.E. Krieger Publishing.

Prendergart, T.J. (1974). Family-characteristics associated with Marijuana use

among adolescents. The International Journal of the Addictions,

11(2), 337-343.

Reilly, D.M. (1975). Family factors in the etiology and treatment of youthful drug

abusers. Family Therapy, 2, 149-171.

Riggs, D.E. (1973). Students and drug use: A study of performance characteristics

and extent of drug using behaviour. Canadian Counselor, 7(1), 9-15.

Robbins, E.S., Robbins, L., Frosch, W.A., and Stern, M. (1970). College student

drug use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126 (12), 1743-1751.

Rosenberg, C.M. (1969a). Determinants of psychiatric illness in young people.

British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 907-915.

Rosenberg, C.M., (1969b). Young drug addicts: Background and personality.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 65-73.

Rosenberg, C.M. (1971). The young addict and his family. British Journal of

Psychiatry, 118, 469-470.

Rothbaum, F., and Weisz, J.R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing

behaviour in non clinical samples. A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,

116, 55-74.

Roy, S., and Rizvi, S.H.M. (1986). Nicotine water to heroin. Delhi: B.R.

Publishing Corporation.

Rubin, L. (1985). Just friends, The role of friendships in our lives. New York, NY:

Harper and Row.

Rutledge, P.C., and Sher, K.J. (2001). Heavy drinking from the freshman year into

early young adulthood: The role of stress, tension-reduction, drinking

107

motives, gender and personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(4), 457-

466.

Rutter, M. (1985). Family and school influences on behavioural development.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 349-368.

Sandler, I., and Barrera, M. (1984). Toward a multi-method approach to assessing

the effects of social support. American Journal of Community Psychology,

12, 37-52.

Scher, J. (1970). Patterns and profiles of addiction and drug abuse. In J. H. Mc

Grath, and F.R. Scarpitti (Eds.), Youth and Drugs (pp.25-29). Glenview,

Illinois: Scott, Foresmen and Co.

Schubert, D. S. P., Wolf, A.W., Patterson, M.B., Grande, T.P. S Pendleton, L.

(1988). A statistical evaluation of the literature regarding the associations

among alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality disorders.

International Journal of the Addictions, 23, 797-808.

Schulz, D.A. and Wilson, R.A. (1973). Some traditional family variables and their

correlations with drug use among high school students. Journal of

Marriage and Family, 35, 628-631.

Schutz, W. (1978). Manual for Coping Operations Preference Enquiry (COPE).

Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Schwartzman, J. (1975). The addict, abstinence and the family. American Journal

of Psychiatry, 132, 154-157.

Sedlin, N.E. (1972). The family of the addict: A review of the literature.

International Journal of the Addictions, 7, 97-107.

Segal, B. (1978). Sensation seeking and drug use. In D. Lettieri (ed.), When coping

strategies fail: Drugs, Alcohol and Suicide (pp 149-166). Beverly Hills,

CA: Sage,2.

Segal, B., Cromer, F., Hobfoll, S., and Wasserman, P. (1982). Patterns of reasons

for drug use among detained and adjudicated juveniles. International

Journal of Addiction, 17(7), 1117-1130.

Segal, B., Huba, G.J., and Singer, J.L. (1980). Drugs, daydreaming and

personality. A study of college youth. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

108

Segal, B., Rhenberg, G., and Sterling, S. (1975). Self-concept and drug and

alcohol use in female college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug

Education, 20(3), 17-22.

Serednesky, G.E. (1974). Drug abuse as related to early childhood rearing

practices. Addiction and Drug Abuse Report, 5, 4.

Shearn, C.R. and Fitzgibbons, D.J. (1972). Patterns of drug use in a population of

youthful psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 1318.

Shedler, J., and Block, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A

longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist, 45(5), 612-630.

Sher, K.J., and Trull, T.J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology:

Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal

Psychology, 103, 92-102.

Shucksmith, J., Glendinning, A., and Hendry, L. (1997). Adolescent drinking

behaviour and the role of family life: A Scottish perspective. Journal of

Adolescence, 20, 85-101.

Simon, R.L., Conger, R.D., and Whitbeck, L.B. (1988). A multistage social

learning model of the influences of family and peers upon adolescent

substance abuse. Journal of Drug Issues, 18, 293-315.

Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Lehman, W.E.K., and Sells, S.B. (1986). Addiction

careers: Etiology, treatment, and 12 year follow up outcomes. Journal of

Drug Issues, 16(1), 107-121.

Smart, R.G. (1980). An availability-proneness theory of illicit drug abuse.

Theories on drug abuse (pp. 46-49). Rockville, MD: National Institute on

Drug Abuse.

Smart, R.G., and Whitehead, P.C. (1974). The use of an epidemiology of drug use:

The Canadian scene. The International Journal of the Addictions,

9, 372-388.

Solomon, R.L. (1980). The opponent – process theory of acquired motivation. The

costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691-

712.

109

Stacy, A.W., Newcomb, M.D., and Bentler, P.M. (1991). Cognitive motivation

and drug use: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal

Psychology, 100, 502-515.

Stanton, M.D. (1980). Family therapy systems approaches, in emotional disorders

in children and adolescents: Medical and psychological approaches to

treatment (G.P. Sholevar, R.M. Benson, and B.J. Blinder, Eds.), Spectrum,

Jamaica, New York.

Stanton, M.D., et al. (1978). Heroin addiction as a family phenomenon: A new

conceptual model. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 5, 125-

150.

Steinglass, P. (1976). Family therapy in alcoholism. In the Biology of Alcoholism

Vol. V (B. Kissin and H. Begleiter, eds.), Plenum, New York.

Stetter, F. (2000). Psychotherapy In G. Zernig, A. Saria, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of

alcoholism. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Stewart, S.H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical

review. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 85-112 (Chap. 10).

Stoessel (1972). Exploration of the attitudes of students involved with drugs. In

W. Kevp (Ed). Drug use: Current Concepts of Research (pp.215-220).

Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.

Streit, F., and Oliver, H.G. (1972). The child’s perception of his family and its

relationship to drug use. Drug Form, 1, 283-289.

Sutherland, I., and Shepherd, J.P. (2001). The prevalence of alcohol, cigarette and

illicit drug use in a stratified sample of English adolescents. Addiction,

96(4), 637-640..

Swadi, H.S. (1988). Adolescent drug taking: Role of family and peers. Drug and

Alcohol Dependence, 21, 157-160.

Swindle, R. (1983). An experimental evaluation of the social support buffering

hypothesis (Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington).

Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 929 B.

Tahir, M. (1993). The Personality profile of drug addicts. Unpublished M.Phil.

Thesis. Peshawar: Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar.

110

Teichman, M., Barnea, Z., and Ranav, G. (1989). Personality and substance use

among adolescents: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Addiction,

84, 181-190.

Teter, C.J. , Mc Cabe, S.E., and Cranford, J.A.(2005). Prevalence and motives for

illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample.

Journal of American College Health, 53(6), 253-262.

Tewari, G., Morbhatt, K., Kumar, R. (1981). Family background, intellectual

ability and academic achievement. Asian Journal of Psychology and

Education, 7(2), 12-15.

Timms, M., Carney, P., and Stevenson, R. (1973). A factor analytic study of drug

abuse in adolescents. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 2, 86-95.

Torda, C. (1968). Comments on the character, structure, and psychoanalytic

processes of heroin addicts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 27, 143-146.

Tripathi, B.M., Lal, R. and Kumar N. (2001). Substance abuse in children and

adolescents: An overview. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 17

(2), 67-74.

Tsuang, M.T., Stone, W.S., and Faraone, S.V. (2001). Genes, environment and

schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (Suppl. 40), 18-24.

Tung, S. and Jhinghan, S. (2002). Correlates of academic achievement in

adolescents. Personality Study and Group Behaviour, 22, 83-95.

Tung, S., and Bimaljeet (1997). Personality and coping skills in adolescents.

Personality Study and Group Behaviour, 17, 47-53.

UNDCP (1997): World Drug Report. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Vaillant, G.E. (1977). Adaptation to life. Boston: Little, Brown.

Vaillant, G.E. (1986). Empirical studies of ego mechanisms of defense.

Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Vaillant, G.E. (1992). Ego mechanisms of defense. Washington, D.C: American

Psychiatric Press.

Vaillant, G.E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality

psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 44-50.

111

Varma, V.K., Ghosh, A., Singh, S. and Wig, N.N. (1977). Drug abuse amongst

college students. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 1-10.

Verma, M.K. and Misra, S. (2002). Rorschach’s response patterns of drug addicts.

Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 9(1), 62-64.

Vicary, J.R., and Lerner, J.V. (1983). Longitudinal perspectives on drug use:

Analyses from the New York longitudinal study. Journal of Drug

Education, 13, 275-285.

Vicary, J.R., and Lerner, J.V. (1986). Parental attributes and adolescent drug use.

Journal of Adolescence, 9, 115-122.

Volkow, N.D., and Fowler, J.S. (2000). Addiction, a disease of compulsion and

drive : Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3),

318-325.

Vukov, M., Baba-Milkic, N., Lecic, D., Mijalkovic, S., and Marinkovic, J. (1995).

Personality dimensions of opiate addicts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,

91, 103-107.

Vukov, M.G., and Eljdupovic, G. (1991). The Yugoslavian drug addicts family

structure. The International Journal of the Addictions, 26(4), 415-422.

Walcoff, M. (2003). Approaches to reducing consumption of alcohol by youth.

Comment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(20), 2645.

Wallerstein, J.S. (1985). Children of divorce: Preliminary report of a ten year

follow up of older children and adolescents. Journal of the American

Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 545-553.

Walters, P.A. (1967). Therapist bias and student use of illegal drugs. Journal of

American College Health Association, 16, 30.

Webb, J., and Baer, P. E. (1995). Influence of family disharmony and parental

alcohol use on adolescent social skills, self efficacy, and alcohol use.

Addictive Behaviour, 20, 127-135.

Weiss, D.S., Marmar, C.R., Schlenger, W.E., and Fairback, J.A. (1992). The

prevalence of lifetime and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam

theater veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 365-376.

112

Wellisch, D.K., Gay, G.R., and Mc Entee, R. (1970). The easy rider syndrome. A

pattern of hetero-and homosexual relationships in a heroin addict

population. Family Process, 9, 425-430.

Weng, L., and Newcomb, M.D. (1989). Predicting changes in teenage drug use.

The role of intention-behaviour discrepancy. Genetic Social and General

Psychology Monographs, 115, 25-48.

White, H.R. (1992). Early problem behaviour and later drug use. Journal of

Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, 412-429.

White, H.R., Pandina, R.J., and La Grange, R. (1987). Longitudinal predictors of

serious substance use and delinquency. Criminology, 3, 715-740.

WHO (1992): International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), Geneva: World

Health Organisation.

Wills, T.A., Baker, E., and Botvin, G.J. (1989). Dimensions of assertiveness:

Differential relationships to substance use in early adolescence. Journal of

Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 473-478.

Wills, T.A., Vaccaro, D., and Mc Namara, G. (1994). Novelty seeking, risk taking,

and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: An

application of Cloninger’s theory. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6,1-20

Wise, R.A. (1996). Neurobiology of addiction. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,

6, 243-251.

Wittenborn, J.R., Smith, J.R. and Wittenborn, S (Eds.). (1970). Communication

and drug abuse. Sringfield, IL: Thomas.

Wolin, S.J., Benett, L.A., Noonan, D.L. and Teitelbaum, M.A. (1980). Disrupted

family rituals. A factor in the intergenerational transmission of alcoholism.

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 41, 99-214.

Wolk, R.L., and Diskind, M.H. (1961). Personality dynamics of mothers and

wives of drug addicts. Crime Delinquency, 7, 148-152.

World Health Organization. (1993). Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, 28th

Report. WhO, Geneva.

Wright, J.D. and Pearl, L. (1995). Knowledge and experience of young people

regarding drug misuse, 1969-94. British Medical Journal, 310, 20-40.

113

Wright, L.S., and Moore, R. (1982). Correlates of reported drug abuse problems

among college undergraduates. Journal of Drug Education, 12(1), 65-73.

Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Zuckerman, M. (1983). Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity and

anxiety. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.