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Author Index

Ajzen, Icek, 17, 30, 63, 67, 70Alwin, Duane F., 79Aylesworth, Gary, 18 n.2

Bachman, Jerald D., 63Bandura, Albert, 35, 76Barlaug, D., 88Baudrillard, Jean, 6Baumeister, Roy F., 2, 4, 14–18,

19 n.8, 19 n.10 51, 54–55, 57, 62, 63, 66, 145

Branden, Nathaniel, 54Brookover, Wilbur B., 61,

62, 67Brooks, George H., 46Brown, Jonathon D., 17, 39, 65Burke, Peter J., 12, 42 n.12, 76Buswell, Brenda N., 19 n.8Byrne, Barbara M., 67, 70 n.12

Callero, Peter, 9Campbell, D.T., 77Campbell, Jennifer D., 2,

19 n.8, 63Cannon, Walter, 21Carmines, E.G., 51Carroll, James M., 5, 31, 82–83,

86, 91, 146Cast, Alicia D., 12, 43 n.12Chaiken, Shelly, 30Clark, Lee Anna, 131Clore, Gerald L., 37Cobb, Sidney, 46, 69 n.1Cofer, C.N., 33

Combs, Arthur W., 23Connelly, Winnifred E., 46Converse, Philip E., 31Cooley, Charles H., 2Coopersmith, Stanley, 49–50,

67, 69 n.3, 113Covington, Martin V., 63Crandall, Rick, 14Craven, Rhonda G., 62Crocker, Jennifer, 19 n.8,

54–55Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 59

Dawson, Lorne L., 7Denzin, Norman K., 3, 7, 11,

19 n.4, 144Derrida, Jacques, 6Dowd, James S., 6

Eagly, Alice, 30Edsel, L.E., 61Etzioni, Amitai, 48

Feardon, David, 2, 4, 12–14, 16, 18, 19 n.8, 19 n.10, 51, 54, 62, 89, 145

Fishbein, Martin, 17, 30, 63, 67, 70 n.11

Fiske, D.W., 77Flamer, Stephen, 83–86, 91Foucault, Michel, 6, 18 n.1Franks, D.D., 50–52, 57,

69 n.3, 76Friborg, Oddgeir, 86–88, 91–92

163Author Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0013

Gaines, Bebe, 40Gecas, Viktor, 3, 21, 22–23, 28, 34–35,

39, 42 n.9, 45, 46–52, 54, 55, 57–59, 69 n.2, 75–76

Giesler, R. Brian, 46Goodman, N., 19 n.8Gordon, Chad, 50Gottlieb, Avi, 39Gray-Little, Bernadette, 19 n.8Greenwald, Anthony G., 63Greve, Werner, 67Griffin, John J., 40Gubrium, Jaber J., 6, 9

Hafdahl, Adam, 19 n.8Heider, Fritz, 37–38Heise, David R., 3–4, 9, 19 n.4, 21, 26,

27–28, 31, 36, 38, 40, 42 n.5, 42 n.11 43 n.13, 45, 55–56, 70 n.8, 75–76, 90–91, 95 n.8, 146

Hewitt, John P., 17Hill, Richard J., 29Hjemdal, O., 88Hoelter, Jon W., 5, 67, 93, 116, 124,

129–130, 133–134, 140–141, 146–147Hoge, Dean R., 2, 5, 93, 97, 110–121,

124, 140Holstein, James A., 6, 9Hubner, Judith J., 63Hyde, Janet Shirley, 19 n.8

Jaccard, James, 121, 135Jackson, Michael R., 19 n.7James, William, 2, 21, 33, 39, 54, 60, 97,

110, 120, 127, 140Joiner, L.M., 61Jones, Stephen C., 63

Kaplan, Howard B., 28, 45, 51–53, 56–57, 63, 73

Kasl, Stanislav V., 46Keating, Leo J., 56, 70 n.8Kemper, Theodore D., 4, 9–11,

19 n.6, 144Kernis, Michael H., 65Kling, Kristen C., 19 n.8

Kohn, Melvin, 3, 28, 46, 51–53, 56–57, 73Krueger, Joachim I., 2, 19 n.8

Lange, Carl Georg, 21Lazarus, R.S., 21Lecky, P., 40Lopez, Shane J., 18Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 6

MacKinnon, Neil J., 3, 4, 9, 19 n.4, 21, 28, 36–40, 42 n.5, 42 n.8, 42 n.10, 42 n.11, 45, 55–56, 62, 66, 70 n.8, 75–76, 89–91, 146

Marolla, J., 50–52, 57, 69 n.3, 76Marsh, Herbert W., 2, 5, 62–63, 65,

68, 93, 94 n.6, 98, 110, 113–121, 123–124, 124 n.1, 125 n.2, 128, 132–133, 140–141, 142 n.2

Marshall, Margaret A., 39, 65Martin, Andrew J., 62Martinussen, Monica, 86–88Marwell, Gerald, 19 n.7, 21, 22–23, 29,

32–34, 42 n.6, 42 n.10, 49Maslow, Abraham H., 63May, William H., 4McCarthy, John D., 2, 5, 93, 97, 110–121,

124, 140McDougall, William, 26–27Mead, George Herbert, 2, 7, 9–11,

22–24, 37, 38, 50Mehrabian, Albert, 56Meltzer, Bernard, 42 n.10Miron, Murray S., 4Morgan, Rick L., 56, 70 n.8Mruk, Christopher, 2, 18, 19 n.7, 28, 33,

54–55, 57, 59–60

Netzel, Janine, 37Nunnally, Jum, 68

Openshaw, D. Kim, 52, 70 n.7, 70 n.9, 81, 83, 95 n.6

Osgood, Charles E., 4, 25, 28, 50, 52, 55, 57, 75

Owens, Timothy J., 3, 19 n.8, 28, 40, 46–47, 51–53, 56–58, 69 n.1, 73

164 Author Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0013

Pappas, Jesse, 37Park, L.E., 54–55Pelham, Brett W., 5, 93, 124, 129–133,

135–136, 140–141, 146–147Perinbanayagam, Robert S., 9Petras, John, 42 n.10Pokorny, Alex D., 28, 45–46, 51–53,

56–57, 73Predmore, Steven C., 40Prus, Robert C., 7

Radloff, Lenore Sawyer, 74Reitzes, Donald C., 42 n.12Rempel, John K., 30–31Ricoeur, P., 8Robinson, Dawn T., 36, 40Rogers, Carl, 23–24, 32, 41 n.2Rollins, Boyd C., 52Rosenau, Pauline Marie, 6, 9, 19 n.3Rosenberg, Florence, 17Rosenberg, Morris, 3, 4–5, 14, 17, 22–26,

28–30, 32, 34–35, 39–40, 41 n.1, 41 n.2, 41 n.3, 41 n.4, 42 n.7, 45–47, 49, 53, 56–57, 59–61, 63–68, 69 n.1, 70 n.12, 72, 76, 93, 94 n.1, 97–107, 109–110, 113–115, 117, 119, 120–124, 124 n.1, 127–130, 132–135, 140–141, 142 n.1, 142 n.2, 142 n.3, 144–147

Rosenvinge, Jan H., 86–88Russell, James A., 5, 31, 56, 82–83, 86,

91, 146

Scheff, Thomas J., 2, 4, 11–14, 16, 17–18, 19 n.8, 19 n.10, 51, 54, 62, 89, 145

Schermuly, Carsten C., 37Schoenbach, Carrie, 17, 47Scholl, Wolfgang, 36–38, 56Schooler, Carmi, 3, 17, 28, 46–47, 51–53,

56–57, 73Schröder, Tobias, 37Schuman, Howard, 29, 30–31Schwalbe, M.L., 35, 46, 55, 75–76Schwartz, Michael, 40Seligman, Martin E.P., 59Serpe, Richard, 40Shavelson, Richard J., 63

Shibutani, Tamotsu, 37Showers, Carolyn J., 19 n.8Simmons, Roberta G., 67, 134Smelser, Neil J., 33Smith, M. Brewster, 35–36, 49–50, 55, 57–58Smith-Lovin, Lynn, 36, 40Snyder, Charles R., 18Snygg, Donald, 23Spiro, Melford E., 3, 7–8, 144Stanton, George C., 63Stein-Seroussi, Alan, 46Stryker, Sheldon, 19 n.8, 39–40Suci, George C., 4, 25Swann, William B., 3, 5, 28, 40, 46,

51–54, 57–59, 63, 70 n.7, 70 n.9, 76, 81–83, 93, 94 n.6, 124, 129–133, 135–136, 140–141, 146–147

Symonds, Percival M., 49, 57

Tafarodi, Romin W., 3, 28, 45, 51–55, 57–60, 70 n.7, 70 n.9, 76, 81–83, 94 n.6

Tannenbaum, Percy H., 4, 25Tellegen, Auke, 131Tesser, Abraham, 63Thagard, Paul, 38Thomas, Darwin L., 52Thomas, W.I., 2Thurstone, L.L., 30Turner, Ralph H., 50Turrisi, Robert, 121, 135Twenge, Jean, 19 n.8

Vohs, Kathleen D., 2, 19 n.8Vu, Carolyn, 55, 60

Watson, David, 131Wells, L. Edward, 19 n.7, 21, 22–23, 29,

32–34, 42 n.6, 42 n.10, 49White, Robert W., 35, 49–50, 54, 57Wiley, Norbert, 9, 11Wundt, Wilhelm, 26, 28, 31Wylie, Ruth, 2, 14, 18, 19 n.7, 23, 61

Zajonc, Robert B., 21Zanna, Mark P., 30–31Zeller, R.A., 51

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014 165

Subject Index

academic ability, 16, 64, 65, 67academic performance, 14, 15,

16, 19 n.9, 35, 47, 51, 62, 63–64, 65

academic self-esteem, 63–65acquiescent response bias,

86–88, 92ACT (affect control theory),

27, 28, 36–38, 39, 40, 41, 42 n.11, 57, 90–91, 92, 93, See also ACT-Self

and ACT-Self, 38–39, 40affect control principle, 36–37computer simulations, 37v. consistency theories in

psychology, 37–38deflection, 36–37, 38, 90and motivation, 37, 38, 40

action (s), 8–10, 26, 29, 35, 36, 37–39, 42 n.11, 50, 56, 67, 70 n.11, 75–76, see also reasoned action, planned behavior

and intention, 16, 30, 67, 70 n.11

active self, 55, 75–76activity dimension of meaning,

4, 28, 29, 32, 41, 42 n.5, 43 n.13, , 50, 55–56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 68, 69 n.4, 70 n.8, 75–76, 77–78, 90, 92–93, 94 n.3, 101, 138–139, 145, 148, see also under EPA dimensions of meaning

ACT-Self, 3, 4, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 38–41, 41, 42 n.11, 45, 55, 57, 58, 60, 68–69, 75, 90–91, 92, 93, 145–146, see also under ACT

and ACT, 38–39, 40genesis of, 42 n.11and motivation, 21, 38–39, 40v. self-consistency theories

in psychology, 40–41structural vs dynamic

components of, 4, 41affect, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21,

25, 26, 28, 29–31, 32, 33, 34, 36–41, 41 n.1, 42 n.4, 45–47, 49, 56–57, 59, 60, 65–66, 68, 69 n.3, 70 n.12, 82–83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 95 n.7, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 144, 145–146, 147, see also arousal, attitudes, emotions, evaluation, self-attitudes, self-sentiments

bipolar nature of, 5, 28, 31, 82–83, 86, 91, 95 n.7, 146

and consistency, 4, 35, 36–38, 40–41

v. cognition, 2, 4, 5, 13, 21, 40–41, 59, 66, 70 n.12, 89, 129, 144–145, 147

and evaluation, 29–31, 32affect control theory. (see ACT)affect control theory of self.

(see ACT-Self)

166 Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

affiliation, 49, 56, 57agency, 8, 9–11, 25, 28–29, 33,

75–76, 144aggression, 15, 19 n.9alcohol, 19 n.9anger, 26–27antisocial behavior, 19 n.9anxiety, 12, 27, 46, 63arousal-nonarousal, 19 n.5, 21, 33, 56attitudes, 15, 16, 17, 24–26, 28–31, 42

n.6, 52, 57, 59, 61, 63, 66–67, 83–86, 147, see also affect, evaluation, beliefs, self-attitudes, self-sentiments

and evaluation, 29–31, 32attitude-behavior relationship, 16, 17,

42 n.4, 42 n.6v. beliefs, 30essential properties of, 29–30, 32Fishbein-Ajzen model, 17, 30, 63, 67,

70 n.11Heider’s attitude relationships

model, 38Rosenberg’s list of properties, 24specificity of and trivial predictions,

17, 67attribution. (see self-attributions)authenticity of self, 4, 38, 40, 48, 49

Bachman School Ability Self-Concept Index, 63–64, 65

behavior. (see action, planned behavior, reasoned action)

beliefs, 17, 30, 32, 34, 65biological organism, 9–11, 19 n.5, 145bipolar scales, 31, 47, 51, 52, 57, 82–83, 86,

91, 94 n.3, 95 n.7, 138, 142 n.5, 146, see also semantic differential scales

Brookover’s Self-Concept of Ability Scale, 67

CES-D index of depression, 74–75cognition (s), 2, 4, 5, 13, 21, 22, 25,

26–27, 29–31, 32, 33–34, 37–38, 39, 40–41, 59, 63, 65–68, 88–90, 129, 144–145, 146, 147, see also attitudes,

beliefs, evaluation, self-concept, self-conceptions, self-attitudes

v. affect, 2, 4, 5, 13, 21, 40–41, 59, 66, 70 n.12, 89, 129, 144–145, 147 and consistency, 34, 37–38, 40, 41, 42 n.9

and evaluation, 30–31, 65–66, 68communication, 7, 56competence. (see self-efficacy)conation, 26consciousness, 2, 12, 14, 22–24, 34,

93, 139consistency, 4, 24, 34–35, 36–38, 40–41,

42 n.9, 61, see also ACT, ACT-Self, self-consistency

Coopersmith School-Academic Subscale, 67

Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), 67, 113

coordination, 56coping, 19 n.9cybernetic process, 4, 37, 40, 41,

42 n.11

deflection, 36–37, 38, 90, see also ACTdelinquency, 19 n.9, 47depression, 12, 15, 19 n.9, 46–47, 53, 63,

69, 74–75, 108, 110 n.1, 122disgust, 26dominance-submissiveness, 56drugs, 19 n.9

eating, 19 n.9effectance, 35, 46, 49, 57egotism, 54–55emotions, 10, 19 n.5, 21, 25, 26–27, 56,

70 n.8, 89, 131EPA (evaluation, potency, activity)

dimensions of meaning, 4, 28, 42 n.5, 43 n.13, 55–56, 60, 68–69, 75–76, 77–78, 81–82, 90, 91–93, 94, 101, 138–139, 142 n.5, 147, 148, see also under evaluation, potency, activity dimensions, semantic differential scales

epistemological relativism, 3, 7–8, 144ethnographic research, 3, 7–8, 37, 144

167Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

evaluation, 29–31, 32, see also affect, attitudes, cognition, self-attitudes, self-evaluations, EPA

evaluation dimension of meaning, 4, 28–29, 32, 41, 51, 55–56, 57, 60, 62, 68, 75–77, 84, 90, 93, 94 n.3, 101, 138–139, 145, 148

family, 48–49, 87fear, 26–27friendship, 19 n.9, 48, 68, 104, 105, 107,

108, 109, 110 n.1, 121, 122, 134fundamental self-sentiment (s).

(see under self-sentiments)

global self-concept. see under self-concept

global self-esteem. see under self-esteemgroup behavior, 19 n.9groups. (see reference groups)

happiness, 19 n.9, 27, 70 n.10hate, 26–27health, 14, 19 n.9, 55, 70 n.10hermeneutic approach, 3, 7–8, 144Hoelter 1985, 1986 studies, 133–135Hoge and McCarthy study, 2, 5, 93, 97,

110, 113–115, 115–117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 140

Identities, 5, 12, 21, 24, 34, 36–41, 41 n.3, 42 n.8, 42 n.11, 42 n.12, 43 n.13, 60, 61–62, 66, 67, 69, 69 n.5, 90, 94, 101–106, 107, 109, 110 n.1, 120–123, 128–129, 133–140, 141, 142 n.5, 147, 148, see also under ACT, ACT-Self, self-concept, self-conceptions, other entries prefixed by identity-

as self-actualizing, 34, 36, 38, 40, 43 n.13

as self-conceptions, 5, 21, 24, 39, 61–62, 66, 94, 101–102, 107, 138–139

confirmation of, 36, 38–39, 90negative (stigmatized), 39, 101, 121,

135–138

identity, 6, 18 n.2, 77, see also identities, self-concept, self-conceptions, other entries prefixed by identity-

identity-confirmation, 36, 38–41, 42 n.12, 90

Identity Control Theory, 42 n.12identity salience, 39, 62, 113–115,

118, 120, 133–134, see also under importance of self-conceptions

identity selection and enactment. (see under ACT-Self)

importance of self-conceptions, 5, 41 n.1, 41 n.3, 53–54, 60, 97–100, 101–110, 113–115, 115–119, 120–123, 124, 124 n.1, 125 n.4, 127–130, 130–133, 133–134, 135–141, 142 n.5, see also identity salience, self-values, psychological centrality, Rosenberg’s interactive and selectivity hypotheses

differential importance, 5, 130–138, 140interaction with self-conceptions,

97–98, 116–117, 117–119, 120–123, 124 n.1, 125 n.4, 128–129, 130–138, 138–141, 142 n.3

ipsative (proportionalized) transformation of, 116–118, 120–121, 133

relative importance, 133, 141and selectivity bias, 5, 93, 127–130,

132, 139, 140–141, 142 n.1, 142 n.3, 146–147

inauthenticity. (see authenticity)inconsistency. (see consistency)individualism, 25institutional setting, 36, 39integrity, 34, 40, 55intelligence, 16, 64–65, 67intention. (see action, planned

behavior, reasoned action)internalization, 8, 27, 36, 38intersubjectivity, 7, 41 n.4

James’ self-esteem proposition, 33, 54, 60, 97, 110, 114, 115, 120, 127, 140

job/task performance, 19 n.9, 36

168 Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

knowledge, 18 n.1, 30

language, 6–7, 10–11, 18 n.2, 22, 38, 41 n.4leadership, 19 n.9learning, 11, 36, 50Likert scales, 4, 42 n.5, 47, 52, 69,

70 n.9, 72–75, 77–78, 80–82, 83–92, 99, 102, 131, 142 n.4, 146–147

and acquiescent response bias, 86–88, 92

semantic complexity of, 88–90v. semantic differential scales, 4–5,

42 n.5, 69, 75–92, 142 n.4and social desirability, 57, 88

love, 26–27

Marsh (1986) study, 2, 5, 93, 98, 110–113, 115–119, 120–123, 124 n.1, 125 n.2, 128, 132–133, 140, 141

memory, 26meta-narrative, 6, 18 n.2mind, 7–8, 9, 26, 37–38, 129morality, 23, 24, 27, 28, 48, 50, 51, 57, 93, 148motivation, 4, 12, 20, 22, 23, 25, 33–36,

37, 38, 40, 41, 42 n.9, 42 n.11 46, 54, 58, 59, 63, 127, 145

in ACT, 36, 37, 38, 40in ACT-Self, 22, 36, 38, 40consistency theories of, 34, 35, 36,

37–38and energization and direction of

behavior, 33–34, 36effectance, 35, 46, 49, 57extrinsic v. intrinsic, 35–36, 50self-activation motive, 36self-consistency motive, 34–35, 40,

42 n.9self-efficacy motive, 35, 36, 58self-enhancement motive, 14–16, 34,

36, 57, 63self-esteem motive, 34–35, 36, 58socialization, 35, 50

narcissism, 14, 54–55narratives, 18 n.2nonattitudes, 31

organic solidarity, 25

Pelham and Swann (1989) study, 5, 93, 124, 129–130, 130–133, 135–138, 140–141, 146–147

perception, 23, 50, 56, 70 n.11persona, 6, 21, 39–41, 68–69, 93personality, 6, 22, 27, 39, 56, 65phenomenal self, 22–24, 32, 53, 61, 66phenomenological perspective, 2, 7,

23–24, 37, 59planned behavior, theory of (TPB), 67,

70 n.11pleasure-displeasure, 56postmodernism, 4, 6–9, 11, 18 n.2, 19

n.3, 19 n.4, 19 n.6 144poststructuralism. (see postmodernism)potency dimension of meaning,

4, 28–29, 32, 41, 42 n.5, 49–51, 55–56, 57–58, 60, 62, 68, 69 n.4, 70 n.8, 75–78, 90–92, 94 n.3, 101, 138–139, 145, 148, see also power, self-efficacy

power, 9, 10–11, 18 n.1, 19 n.5 27, 29, 33, 36, 43 n.13, 47–49, 51, 56–57, 59, 69 n.2, 70 n.9, 76, 81, 92, 94 n.3, 94 n.6, 145, 148, see also potency, self-efficacy

pride, 25psychoanalytic theory, 23psychological centrality, 5, 41 n.1, 41 n.3

60, 61, 63–65, 93, 97–99, 101, 107, 110, 113, 114, 127, 128, 133–134, 140, 144, 146–147, see also importance of self-conceptions

psychological distress, 12, 63psychological well-being, 47, 63–64, 66,

70 n.10

reasoned action, theory of (TRA), 67, 70 n.11, see also planned behavior, theory of

redefinition of situation, 37reference groups, 9–11, 19 n.5, 145reflected appraisals, 35–36,

49–51, 58

169Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

reflexiveness, 10, 22–24, 144reidentification, 37resilience, 87–88restorative actions, 37rewards, 16, 35–36, 50romantic and intimate relationships, 19 n.9Rosenberg self-esteem scale, 16, 45–47,

52–53, 56–57, 64, 67, 72, 82, 87, 88–90, 92, 113, 121, 134, 142 n.4, see also Likert scales

Rosenberg’s interactive hypothesis, 5, 93, 97–100, 101–110, 113, 114, 115–117, 119, 120–123, 124, 124 n.1, 127, 128–130, 132–134, 135, 140–141, 144, 146–147, see also importance of self-conceptions, psychological centrality

inherent conflict with selectivity hypothesis, 128–130

Rosenberg’s selectivity hypothesis, 5, 93, 124–130, 140–141, 142 n.1, 142 n.3, 146–147

inherent conflict with interactive hypothesis, 128–130

social limits to selectivity, 142 n.1

scorn, 27self, 22, see also under identities, other

entries prefixed by self-, see also ACT-Self, identities, motivation, other entries prefixed by self-

actualization of, 34, 38–40, 43 n.13affective v. cognitive aspects, 2, 21authenticity of, 4, 38, 40, 48, 148challenges to the concept, 6–11consistency of, 4, 34, 35, 36, 38–41desired, 24externalization of, 29, 75–76ideal self, 24, 33, 42 n.7, 131, 132, 135as internal dialogue, 7, 9, 10, 11,

22–24as object of consciousness/

evaluation, 21, 23, 25presented self, 24, 51as process and structure, 22–23reflexiveness, 10, 22–24, 144

situational self, 4, 39–41,69social versus competent self, 49, 55

self-activation, 3–5, 28–29, 32, 36, 39, 41, 42 n.5, 45, 55, 58, 60, 62, 66, 68–69, 72, 74–76, 78, 81, 86, 91–92, 138, 141, 144, 145–147, 148

self-appraisals, 65self-attitudes, 24–26, 29, 32–33, 41n.4,

46, 56–57, 59, 61, 66, 145, see also attitudes, self-sentiments, other entries prefixed by self-

as distinct from other attitudes, 24–25, 41 n.4

dimensions of, 24essential properties of, 32

self-attribution, 33, 50, 58, 63, 136self-competence. (see self-efficacy)self-concept, 2, 3, 4, 18, 21–26, 29, 30,

32–33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 41 n.2, 41 n.3, 41 n.4, 56, 61–63, 65–66, 67–69, 70 n.12, 89, 93–94, 115, 116, 118, 124 n.1, 128, 138, 148, see also self, self-conceptions, other entries prefixed by self-

as composite of self-conceptions, 21, 39, 61–62

as a gestalt, 23Marsh’s SDQ, 62, 65, 115and motivation, 34as objectification of self, 21, 24, 25phenomenological view of, 23–25Rosenberg’s delineation of, 23–26,

32, 41 n.4v. self-sentiments, 2, 21, 29, 33, 40,

56, 65–67, 70 n.2, 89stability of, 24, 35, 39

self-conceptions, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23, 25, 32–35, 39, 40, 41 n.1, 59–60, 61, 62–63, 64–65, 65–67, 68, 69, 88–89, 92, 93, 94, 115, 142 n.5, 144, 145, 146, 147, see also under identities, importance of self-conceptions, self-concept, other entries prefixed by self-

of academic ability, 16, 62, 63–65, 67, 70 n.12

170 Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

self-conceptions – Continuedas constituents of self-concept,

21, 39, 69differential certainty of, 130–32, 135and Marsh’s SDQ, 115and motivation, 33–34and self-consistency, 35, 40v. self-sentiments, 2, 4, 21, 25–26,

33–35, 59, 62–63, 65–67, 68, 88–89, 92, 144, 145, 147

stability of, 39z-score transformation of, 116–118,

120–121, 133self-confidence, 25, 28, 35, 45–47, 54,

56–57, 64, 76, see also self-efficacyself-consciousness, 2, 22–24, 93self-consistency, 34–35, 40, 42 n.9, 61,

see also consistency, ACT-Selfself-deprecation (derogation), 3, 15, 27,

28, 45–47, 56–57, 64, 73self-destructive behavior, 55self-efficacy, 3–5, 12, 25, 28–29, 32, 35,

36, 39, 41, 45, 42 n.5, 42 n.9, 46, 49, 52–53, 55, 57–60, 62, 63–64, 66, 68–69, 69 n.5, 69 n.6, 72–75, 75–76, 77–78, 81–82, 86, 89, 91–92, 93, 94 n.2, 94 n.6, 102, 138, 141, 144, 145–147, 148

self-efficacy motive, 35, 36, 58self-enhancement motive, 14–16, 34,

36, 57, 63self-esteem, 2–5, 11–18, 21, 25, 26, 27,

28–29, 32–33, 34–35, 36, 39–40, 41, 42 n.5, 42 n.9, 42 n.12, 43, 45–72, 69, 69 n.2, 69 n.3, 69 n.5, 70 n.7, 70 n.9, 70 n.12, 72–78, 81–82, 83, 86, 88–90, 91–93, 94 n.1, 94 n.2, 97–100, 101–107, 107–110, 113–115, 115–119, 120–123, 124, 124 n.1, 127–129, 130–135, 135–140, 140–141, 142 n.4, 144–145, 145, 146–147, 148, see also self-evaluations, self-sentiments, self-attitudes, self-concept, self-conceptions

and motivation, 33–36as self-attitude, 32–33

criticisms of research, 3, 11–18dimensions of, 2–4, 28, 45–60, 145levels of (global v. specific), 3,

60–68, 145measurement of, 72–82, 88–89v. self-concept/conceptions.

(see under self-sentiments)self-evaluations, 21, 29, 33, 34, 45,

47–48, 49, 50, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 67–68, 69 n.2, 77, 89, 91, 97–98, 100, 114, see also self-esteem, self-sentiments, self-attitudes

self-sentiment (s), 2–6, 13, 17–18, 21–22, 23–24, 25–27, 28–29, 32, 33–35, 36, 38–41, 43 n.13, 45, 49–50, 55–56, 56–60, 60–63, 65–66, 68–69, 72, 75–76, 81–82, 83, 86, 88–90, 91–94, 102, 138–140, 141, 142 n.4, 144–145, 145–147, 148, see also self-attitudes, self-evaluations, self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-activation

as attitude toward self, 32–33dimensions of, 2–3, 28–29, 45–60, 145levels of (global v. specific), 2,

60–68, 145–146measurement of, 72–82and motivation, 33–36v. self-concept (conceptions), 2, 4,

21, 25–26, 29, 32, 33, 35, 40, 56, 59–60, 62–63, 65–67, 68, 70 n.12, 88–89, 92, 144, 145, 147

as synthesis of specific self-sentiments, 21, 39, 62

self-valuation. (see self-evaluation)self-values, 41 n.1, 60, 61, 97–100,

102, 104–107, 110, 127, 142 n.1, see also under importance of self-conceptions

self-verification, 12, 40, 42 n.12, 46semantic differential scales, 4–5, 28–29,

31, 41, 47, 51, 52, 55–56, 58, 60, 62, 68–69, 69 n.4, 70 n.9, 72, 75–76, 78, 80–81, 81–82, 83–86, 86–88, 90–91, 91–92, 94 n.6, 101, 142 n.4, 145–147, see also EPA dimensions of meaning, self-sentiments

171Subject Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137542304.0014

semantic differential scales – Continuedand acquiescent response bias,

86–88, 92v. Likert scales, 4, 5, 42 n.5, 69, 70

n.9, 75–92, 142 n.4and social desirability, 88

sex, 19 n.9, 48, 115shame, 8, 25, 27smoking, 19 n.9social approval, 35–36, 49–51, 57, 58social class, 12, 48social comparison, 58social desirability, 14, 51, 57, 88

social interaction, 19 n.5, 19 n.9, 22, 24, 49–51, 56

social systems, 21socialization, 36, 50submission, 27symbolic interactionism, 7, 22, 37,

41, 49

traits, 10, 15, 16, 25, 37, 39, 41 n.4, 54, 60, 61–62, 65–66, 69, 78–81, 84–86, 91

violence, 19 n.9