Referat A/1

48th Lubricants and Base Oils Symposium 2015 – Rovinj, Croatia

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Paper A1

Wilfried J. Bartz Technische Akademie Esslingen, Ostfildern, Germany

Electro-mobility for characterizing the green automobile - wind and water for producing electricity

Prof. Wilfried J. Bartz obtained his PhD degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Hannover, Germany. From 1961 to 1963 he worked as a lubrication engineer in the mineral oil industry; from 1963 to 1976 head of the Department of Tribology and Lubrication Engineering at the Institute of Petroleum Research, Germany. From 1976 to 2001 is managing and scientific director of the Technical Academy Esslingen (TAE), since 2001 consultant for Tribology. He is now professor of Tribology at the Technical University of Vienna and key researcher at the Austrian Competence Centre for Tribology (AC2T). He organises and lecturers in more than 30 seminars yearly at the TAE as well as in companies in Germany and in Europe. He is member of many national and international societies all over the world and obtained many awards including the Tribology Gold Medal.

Abstract The targets for the future are concentrated on the following considerations:

- Saving of resources, because they are limited - Protection of the environment, because the humanity (mankind) has to survives.

We have to take into account the depletion of conventional raw materials, e.g. crude oil, coal, metals and non-metals, because they will ran out during the next s years. But sun, wind and water energy are available for ever. Today we have to rely on the following energy carriers:

- Conventional carriers like crude oil and natural gas - Biomass - Hydrogen - Electricity

But electricity has to be produced by sun, water and wind energy. As long as mechanical devices for the production of electricity are needed we have to take into account tribological systems with friction, wear and lubrication aspects. Water Energy Content There exist three possibilities to use the energy content of the movement of water to the turbines:

- Flowing river or flowing from high levels to low levels and driving turbines - The movements of waves can be used to drive turbines - The flowing water caused by the tide can be used to drive turbines

As frictional systems bearings, gears and hydraulics have to be operated. Lubricating greases, bearing lubricating oils and hydraulic oils will be used. Wind Energy Content Wind energy is the number one choice in Europe's effort to move towards clean and renewable power. The power output of existing wind energy plants is between 0.5 and more than 7.5 MW. The challenges of wind farms are the strong wind of up to 35 km/h and winter storms with up to 165 km/h. The large wind energy plants need pylons with a height up to 150 m and blade length of 80 m and more. Especially for the off-shore wind parks risky helicopter landings are necessary for maintenance and repair purposes. The expected life time of the main gears is 20 years with maintenance and oil change periods of 5-7 years. New developments are characterized by direct driven generators (renounce of main gear). The frictional contacts are the main bearings, the gear boxes, the hydraulic systems and the yaw mechanisms. Therefore the following lubricants are needed: CLP Gear Oils, Open Gear Lubricating Greases, High Performance Greases and HLP Hydraulic Oils. Summary As summary the percentages of basic resources to produce energy are compared.


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Paper A2

Terry Dicken European Lubricating Grease Institute, ELGI

The challenges and opportunities of today’s modern grease industry

Terry Dicken is a Chartered chemist and holds a BSc (Hons) degree in applied chemistry and an MSc in Instrumental chemical analysis. He has worked for a number of lubricant companies, in: research and development, technical services & marketing and technology transfer. He is currently Managing Director of Global Lubricants Ltd a speciality lubricants company he founded in the UK in 1997. But also works as an independent consultant for several companies on REACH compliance. He has published many papers on lubrication and is a regular speaker at international conferences. Terry has been Chairman of ELGI (European Lubricating Grease Institute) since 1998 and is also Chairman of the Institute of Energy’s cutting fluids test methods panel, STC5 a role he has fulfilled since the early 80’s and he established and was first Chairman of ASTM – M committee for aviation greases.

Abstract The worldwide grease industry produces around 1.2 million Tonnes of grease per annum; much of this is based on lithium or lithium complex soap thickeners. In recent years the grease industry has faced a number of challenges from legislation, technical requirements, environmental issues and availability of raw materials to name just a few. This presentation identifies the emerging opportunities and challenges for the global grease market and outlines how the grease industry has responded to them and how organisations like ELGI can help and assist its industry members in being aware of these challenges and how help can be provided through participation in working groups and industry consortia.


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Paper A3

Adri van de Ven Technical Association of the Europen Lubricants Industry, ATIEL

Safeguarding quality in European automotive engine lubricants

Adri van de Ven has over 30 years of experience in the petroleum industry. Graduated as an analytical chemist at the Eindhoven University of Technology in The Netherlands and specialised in chromatographic techniques he has worked on the analysis and application of petroleum products for Kuwait Petroleum. He became involved in base oil manufacturing to support refining and sales and marketing of base fluids. After heading the Lubricants Product development group for many years he now is responsible for the Kuwait Petroleum Research and Technology Centre in Rotterdam. He is active in industry associations and was Chairman of the ATIEL BOI/VGRA/VMI Technical Committee for more than eight years.

Abstract The role of the European Engine Lubricant Quality Management System and the ATIEL Code of Practice. As a marketer of engine lubricants claiming to meet European OEM quality requirements (as described in the ACEA Oil Sequences), how do you support those performance claims? Lubricant marketers are responsible for all aspects of product liability. In order to claim ACEA performance, they should comply with the European Engine Lubricant Quality Management System (EELQMS) and the ATIEL Code of Practice. ATIEL is the technical association of the European lubricants industry. As part of the EELQMS, ATIEL’s Code of Practice provides guidelines and best practices for engine lubricant formulation. These are designed to ensure the wide availability of quality products across the market. By providing a common approach and standards for the whole industry to follow, the ATIEL Code of Practice supports a cost-effective approach to lubricant development. This approach also gives reassurance to OEMs and end-users of the quality and consistency of lubricants making ACEA performance claims. The ATIEL Code of Practice is revised regularly to align it with the latest edition of the ACEA Oil Sequences: ATIEL is committed to updating the Code in line with the continuous evolution of the ACEA Oil Sequences. ATIEL actively promotes and supports its cross-industry adoption. Although the EELQMS is a voluntary system, ATIEL has been carrying out quality survey work to assess compliance in the marketplace. Ongoing surveys and publication of conclusions will drive improved awareness and commitment to meet standards. The presentation comprises: An outline of the EELQMS and the ATIEL Code of Practice; How these two documents help marketers of engine lubricants claiming to meet European OEM quality requirements; How the ATIEL Code of Practice supports cost-effective lubricant development; Description of quality management survey work ATIEL is undertaking.


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Paper A4

Robert Mandaković Croatian Society for Fuels and Lubricants, GOMA

Trends, demands and paradoxes of lubricants micro markets such as Croatia and surrounding countries

Robert Mandaković is MSc of Chemical technology. He started his career as Head of Service laboratories of INA Maziva Zagreb in 1980. From 1986 to 1996 worked as R&D Lubricants Manager in INA Maziva Zagreb. From 1996 to 1998 worked as Senior Advisor in INA Wholesale Dept. for Lubricants and Base Oil. From 1998 to 2002 was Director of INA Wholesale Dept. for Lubricants and Base oils. From 2002 to 2005 was Marketing and Sales Director for INA Maziva Zagreb as, and till 2006 as Member of the Board. In 2006 started work in Valvoline CEE as Senior Advisor and Director of industrial lubricants. From 2008 to 2011 he is Senior Advisor and Director for Industrial lubricants in Motus CEE. From 2011 cooperates with several authorized lubricants distributors for Croatian and neighbouring Countries as professional consultant for sale and application of lubricants. He has organized 12 GOMA society symposia and several round tables in the field of lubricants and base oils.

Abstract Consumption of lubricants and base oils is not equally spread on different markets and world’s regions. The trends in lubricant and base oil quality requirements in micro markets like Croatia and surrounding countries are different from market to market, as well as the unevenness in demand which depends less on the quality and specifications and more on the economic key factors of the certain markets. In the last decade trends in the lubricant business in Croatia and the surrounding region as well as the synergistic effect of the continuous and increasing imports of the new industrial equipment and vehicles as well as current quality requirements in Europe have affected the continuous decrease in lubricants consumption in Croatia and the surrounding region. This paper covers a short overview about the key factors for quality demands trend and impacts on Croatian market. In particular, attention is given to trials to consider the paradoxes of the micro market lubricants such as Croatian, and to make the comparison of current and future trends with those of ten years ago.


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Paper B1

Robert Kolb Evonik Industries AG, Germany

An alternative lubricant concept for high performance industrial gear oils

Robert Kolb is a 42 years old materials scientist who was born in Germany near Frankfurt. After his study at the Technical University in Darmstadt he started at the Robert Bosch GmbH near Stuttgart. He worked there from 2005 to 2012 as development engineer as interface between production and customer for press fit diodes in the automotive area. 2012 he moved to Bosch Rexroth AG where he was leading the training Centre for drive and controls which is located close to his home in Erbach. Since 2014 he is working for Evonik Industries AG as technical service manager in the field of lubricants.

Abstract Until only recently, the Industrial Gear Oil (IGO) market was dominated primarily by mineral oils, with little demand for, or interest in, development of high tech lubricants. However, the rapid growth of wind turbines has triggered a number of efforts to develop high performance synthetic gear oils. The most frequently selected base oil type which stands up to the rigorous requirements of wind turbine lubrication is the Poly Alpha Olefin (PAO). This paper will give you an overview of a fluid concept that is a viable alternative to PAO. It is based on highly refined group III base oil, established additive technology, and a highly shear-stable methacrylate ester. More cost-effective than PAO, chemically, this fluid can be characterized as functioning very much like PAO. This makes it a potential candidate for all IGO applications, including the technically most-demanding wind turbine transmission application. A review of the technical properties of this alternative fluid concept will demonstrate the capability of this fluid to function as an upgrade to current mineral oil applications, as well as to serve as an alternative to other types of high performance industrial lubricant applications.


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Paper B2

Sebastian Hammann Evonik Industries AG, Germany

How to improve hydraulic systems in the construction industry

Sebastian Hammann studied business administration at the University in Mainz, Germany. He graduated in 2006 and started with RohMax in Darmstadt which is now Evonik Industries AG. He is working as a Sales Manager for Germany, Austria and Switzerland and promotes Evonik’s oil additive products.

Abstract Modern hydraulic fluids offer significant potential to improve energy efficiency of hydraulic equipment. The improvement of resource efficiency is a global megatrend, generating a demand for more efficient hydraulic equipment, which in turn is working harder and harder and is driving hydraulic fluid performance trends. The construction industry is one of the top 5 emitters of industrial, non-transportation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with the excavator category as the largest contributor. A significant reduction of GHG emissions is possible by improving fuel efficiency and productivity of excavators through the use of energy efficient hydraulic fluids. The viscosity of every hydraulic fluid depends on its operating temperature. The operable range of temperatures in which a fluid is applicable is called its “temperature operating window (TOW)”. High viscosity index fluids expand the TOW beyond that of monograde hydraulic fluids. Significant energy (fuel or electricity) savings and improvement of per hour productivity is offered by shear stable, high viscosity index hydraulic fluids as defined by the DYNAVIS technology. Compared to incumbent monograde fluids energy savings of up to 30% in most demanding excavator operations were observed. Construction equipment can perform more work in less time, providing more power with less fuel by use of DYNAVIS technology. Extensive field trials have demonstrated that with lower fuel consumption and sustained productivity, economic advantages of more than 10% are achievable for typical excavator operating cycles.


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Paper B3

Ante Jukić, Elvira Vidović, Fabio Faraguna, Ivana Šoljić Jerbić Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Long-term stabilization of oil based nanofluids with polymer surfactants

Ante Jukic is a professor at Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb. He received MS in electrochemistry in 2001 and PhD in chemical engineering from the same University in 2004. In 2003 he was a research fellow at Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany. His research areas include reaction engineering, polymer materials: rhelogy modifiers for lubricating oils and nanocomposites for sound damping, molecular interactions and formulation engineering, while present application interests are expanded to the stabilization of nanofluids by polymer surfactants. He published over 40 papers in peer reviewed journals and he was awarded with several Croatian awards and recognitions. From 2010 he is an editor-in-chief of journal Fuels and Lubricants of Croatian Society for Fuels and Lubricants.

Abstract Nanofluids are the two-phase systems in which solid nanoparticles are dispersed in a very small amount in conventional base fluid, mostly water and oils but also other common solvents. Well-designed and carefully optimized, nanofluids show a number of advantages over conventional suspensions in various fields of application – as heat transfer fluids, transformer oils, etc. Here, very important issues are their good dispersibility and long-term stability. According to DVLO - Derjaguin, Verway, Landau & Overbeek theory on the stability of the colloidal solutions, the basic precondition for obtaining the stability is the dominance of the repulsive forces between the dispersed particles. There are two kinds of repulsion within the fundamental mechanism; one is steric repulsion, and another is electrostatic repulsion. For achieving the steric stabilization, specially designed polymer molecules with the ability to absorb on the surface of the particles that contribute to the additional increase of the steric repulsive forces are looked for. In this work, results of preparation of stable nanostructured fluids and some of its properties like thermal conductivity will be presented and discussed. As solid phase, metal oxide nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used; base fluids were mineral transformer oil, as well as mineral, synthetic and biodegradable lubricating base oils. In order to achieve stability of the two-phase system, efficiency of the several types of commercially available surfactant as well as dispersant copolymers based on styrene-methacrylate monomers designed in our laboratory were tested.


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Paper C1

David Schäffel CLARIANT Produkte GmbH, Germany

Emulsifiers from the perspective of current and future sustainability considerations

Born in Dresden, Germany in 1986 and studied Materials Science and Applied Physics at the University of Jena, Germany and Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland. After that he joined the Physics at Interfaces Group of Prof. Hans-Jürgen Butt at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany where he acquired his PhD in physical chemistry. Since January 2015 he is working at Clariant as a Technical Application Manager in the field of Industrial Lubricants where his main responsibilities lie in the technical costumer support.

Abstract Metal working fluid emulsions are known to support diverse cutting and forming operations. To produce high quality workpieces in difficult metal working applications, well balanced high performance fluids are needed. In most cases, these fluids are complex formulations due to the variety of required components. The emulsifier plays a critical role in a high performance emulsion. There is a broad choice of well-performing emulsifiers in the market. For the selection of the most appropriate emulsifier, metal working fluid formulators nowadays need to take the products’ sustainability profile into account in addition to the performance profile. The increasing awareness for health and environmental protection is driven by society and regulatory bodies and the consideration of ingredients’ human and ecotoxicological profiles has achieved high importance. The choice of additives and base fluids influences the labeling of the final formulation and can decide about being successful in the market. During 2014 CESIO, a consortium of emulsifier stakeholders, worked out a proposal for new environmental labeling, which will be explained on the example of emulsifiers based on C16/C18, C18 unsaturated alcohols and put into perspective to market relevant products. The impacts of the ethoxylation degree and the alcohols’ chain length on the toxicological profile will be demonstrated on the example of a leading 5 Mol EO emulsifier. Potential consequences for future metal working fluid formulations will be shown. As alternative we will highlight a new type of label-free (according GHS/CLP*) and hard-water stable emulsifier with multifunctional benefits performing in an excellent way regarding foam behavior and lime soap dispersing power while contributing to lubricity. Besides the pure technological performance it is very important to assess and understand the ecological, economic and social impact of a chemical product over the entire value chain. These various dimensions will be underlined with examples for emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors and lubricity improvers that fulfill the strict criteria of this concept and may well support modern and high performing metal working fluids emulsions. * Globally Harmonized System of classification, labeling and packaging of chemical substances and mixtures.


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Paper C2

Matthias Hentz Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Germany

How to preserve water-miscible coolants in context of changing EU-legislation – What does the future look like?

Matthias Hentz (30) holds a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering (2009, University of Applied Sciences Münster) and a M.A. in Business Administration (2012, University of Applied Sciences Kiel). Moreover, he gained a M.A. in International Business at the University of Western Sydney during 2011. Before the academic track, he worked as a skilled chemical worker in the production of dyestuffs. In August 2011, Matthias Hentz joined Schülke within the Business Development Department Technical Biocides. Here he was responsible for exploration and development of new markets and to support product launches in an international context. Beginning of 2015 Matthias Hentz was promoted as Global Key Account Manager within the coolant industry.

Abstract Today’s challenges within the EU when choosing a suitable preservative for water-miscible coolants are of various (legislational) nature: BPR (Biocidal Products Regulation) conformity of chosen biocidal actives and products, stringent occupation cooperative guidelines and the newly introduced GHS (CLP) requirements resulting in new specific concentration limits (2nd ATP of CLP) for certain biocides and formaldehyde (8th ATP of CLP). Additionally, various technical challenges are to be considered: the large number of possible micro-organisms and the enormous diversity of raw materials impose demands that cannot be covered by just one microbial active used at an acceptable dosage. Moreover, environmental and end-user acceptability, including the sustainable and responsible use of raw materials, is becoming a decisive factor to coolant supplier. The synergistic combinations of benzisothiazolone (BIT) and bis(3-aminopropyl) dodecyl-amine (BDA) as well as benzisothiazolone (BIT) plus methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and bis(3-amino-propyl) dodecylamine (BDA) not only comply with latest BPR requirements and adopted GHS regulations but have proven being highly effective by minimizing the level of biocidal actives needed for preservation. With this future-oriented, sustainable protection concept it is possible to control not only waterborne contaminations, but also to provide safe maintenance procedures and to effectively substitute undesired molecules e.g. chloromethylisothiazolone. Consequently, this new active combination allows manufacturers of water-miscible coolants to clearly create customer value proposition!


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Paper C3

Božidar Matijević1, Ljiljana Pedišić2, Josip Župan1 1Quenching Research Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia 2 INA MAZIVA Ltd, Member of INA Group, Croatia

Analysis of quenching oil performance and heat transfer enhancement method

Prof. dr. sc. Božidar Matijević (1960) is Head of Centre of Excellence in the Quenching Research Centre (QRC) at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FMENA), University of Zagreb. Work field is education, research in field of heat treatment and surface engineering, cooperation with industry. Graduated at University of Zagreb, FMENA, in 1984 and earned Ph.D. with the thesis titled “Kinetics of Diffusion Forming of Carbide Layers” 1997. He worked in company Nikola Tesla (now Ericsson N.T.) from 1984-89 as designer of tools, technologist for heat treatment, construction and heat treatment. From 1997, works at FMENA, as full professor at the Department of materials on materials and heat treatment, tribology and surface engineering, diffusion process, tool materials, advanced materials technologies and coatings. He worked on numerous research projects in Croatia and international as Euro Laser Academy - Vienna, ARISE etc. He is a general secretary of Croatian Society for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering and a member of Croatian

Society for Materials and Tribology, Austrian Society for Metallurgy and Materials, Slovenian Society for heat treatment etc. He organized numerous heat treatment conferences and seminars. He is the author of more than 60 scientific papers published in Journal of Heat treatment and Materials, International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, ASTM Materials Performance and Characterization, and others. He is author of Croatian and international patents on heat treatment procedures. Abstract By metal heat treatment process quenching oil is applied in order to achieve a specific quality of materials and also decrease the risk of tensile stresses, cracking and workpiece distortion. The quenching oil contains base oil and different types of additives according to application requirements. High-performance quenching oils must have very high oxidation and thermal resistance, high flash point, low sludge formation, must be non-staining and possess acceptable heat-transfer characteristics. That can be achieved by proper components selection, both base oils and additives. In this study the results of investigation of physical and chemical properties of new quenching oils are presented. Also, in this paper quenching oils performance characteristics were tested. Quenching experiments according to ISO 9950 standard were performed in order to investigate various methods of heat transfer enhancement. Three sets of experiments were conducted. First, still quenching oil at two temperature levels, 20 and 60 °C was tested. Then, titanium oxide nanoparticles were added to the oil in order to increase its thermal properties. Last set of experiments was conducted under ultrasonic agitation at three different levels of power. The cooling curve analysis showed that temperature had almost no effect in still conditions, while the addition of nanoparticles caused increase in heat transfer at all phases of quenching. Using ultrasonic agitation caused elimination of full film phase and increase in cooling rate. All of the mentioned test sets were used to compare the effect different enhancement methods that would have on quenching of real work pieces.


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Paper C4

Isabell Lange, Wilhelm Rehbein, Detlef Pazdzior RheinChemie Additives, Germany

Substitution of zinc stearate in cold extrusion processes

Since 1993 she is in the lubricant business, with the main focus on the water based metal working fluids. Before she started with RheinChemie in July 2008, she worked for Shell Macron and D.A. Stuart. At RheinChemie, she is working in the field of Application Technology, also with the main focus on additives for water based metal working fluids.

Abstract Cold impact extrusion is a kind of massive forming process for the mass production of hollow or solid parts in one or more stages. Next to steel, aluminium and its alloys are the most commonly used materials for the production of cold extruded parts. For the lubrication of the aluminium cold extrusion process, to prevent adhesion and to reduce tool wear, the application of zinc stearate is still widely used. Because zinc stearate is a powder it has to be applied on the slugs by a tumbling process which leads to a strong dust formation. Furthermore it may cause respiratory irritation; the thermal decomposition forms toxic and irritating vapours. This paper will present the development of a new lubricant for the cold extrusion of aluminium parts based on renewable raw materials. The new lubricant is free of zinc or other metals. Because it is a waterbased suspension, it can be applied easily and without any dust formation.


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Paper D1

Adrian Fitzpatrick Lubrizol Ltd, England

Real world fuel economy in short and long haul heavy duty diesel applications

BEng (Hons) degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Nottingham; 18 years at Rolls-Royce plc (Aerospace) in a variety of Engine Test and Development roles: Engine Performance, Production Facility Engineer and Project Manager; 19 years at Lubrizol Ltd in a variety of roles: Mechanical Engineer, Driveline; Mechanical Engineer, Heavy Duty Diesel Engine and Field Test Manager and Mechanical Testing Department Manager. Currently: Technical Manager, Engine Oils. This role involves OEM liaison and approvals for Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oils in Europe. CEC roles: - CEC Management Board representative for ATC - Chairman of the M271 EVO Sludge Test development - Previously chairman of the OM441LA Operators Group - Previously secretary of the OM441LA Main Group - Previously secretary of the OM364LA Main Group - Member of various groups ATC-PTS representative for Lubrizol

Abstract Fuel efficiency continues to be a significant driver of engine lubricant development. The cost of vehicle operation, energy security and the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions are all factors in driving legislation promoting vehicle fuel economy. These factors as well as rising fuel costs are forcing large fleet operators such as local distribution companies to investigate every possible area for improving the efficiency of their fleets. One area of interest for these companies is engine lubricants which are known to have a significant effect on the overall efficiency of a vehicle, particularly since the incremental cost of such lubricants for the efficiency benefit obtained is a very good economic decision. One of the primary methods for delivering this benefit is by lowering the viscosity of the engine oil. However, the additive chemistry then plays an important role by maintaining the durability of the engine but also further improving the fuel efficiency by reducing the friction within the engine itself. Testing for fuel economy benefits has become ever more important in the push for greater efficiency with large fleet operators keen on being shown improvements in the field in a representative real world manner. A proven method for this type of field testing is the calculation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption or BSFC. This method, which has been discussed in detail in other technical publications, used in combination with the power of statistics must be utilised in order to show the differences between formulations. This work focused on the testing of a distribution truck in short haul service in the United Kingdom. Two fluids were compared, a 15W-40 versus a 5W-30 viscosity grade engine oil, in order to evaluate the respective performance of the fluids in this DAF LF45, Cummins engine powered vehicle. A fuel consumption meter as well as torque metering equipment was fitted to the vehicle so that real time measurements could be taken during normal operation in a “white goods” distribution application. This presentation will focus on the drivers for doing such work, the short haul distribution application that was chosen for the work, the unique testing methods developed to measure efficiency, and the initial results from the engine oil testing. Statistically significant efficiency improvements were shown by the 5W-30 fluid over the 15W-40 leading to the conclusion that novel low viscosity lubricant formulations have the potential to significantly enhance vehicle operations in such short haul distribution applications as described here.


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Paper D2

Uwe Foerster BASF SE, Germany

European trends and drivers for axle lubricants in heavy duty truck applications

Graduated in 1992 and Holds the Diploma in mechanical engineering from Technical University of Chemnitz. Worked for over 20 years in the lubricant industry (Fina, Total, Cognis) in several functions: - Product and key account manager - Project manager for driveline lubricants - OEM Liaison Manager - Marketing manager Joined BASF Fuel and Lubricant solutions in 2011 as part of the Cognis acquisition. Now is Technical Service Manager Europe for compounded lubricants.

Abstract Through stronger environmental regulations the truck industry has to invest more to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Truck OEM’s are embracing different ways for instance weight reduction, engine downsizing and combustion-process improvements. In the power-train of trucks also lubricants can make a contribution and become more and more a design element to improve efficiencies. Axle designs with lighter weight, higher power density and lower oil volume are the trend of all major truck OEM’s. How does it influence the lubricants used today and tomorrow? The trend goes towards to lower viscosities and more high performing lubricants with improved oxidation stability and longer drain intervals. What axle oils can be used for European truck brands? There is no single answer to this. In-house specifications of nearly all European truck makers produce a very of axle lubricants. Not all lubricant companies are able to develop this large portfolio on axle lubricants.


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Paper D3

Nelly Mischler, Bhaskar Mukherjee, Mariam Sepehr, Alexander Boffa, Marta Sabater Ferret, Karine Lantuejoul Chevron Oronite, France

Importance of VI improvers for rheological targets in modern lubricants

Nelly Mischler is an AEO Market Manager, part of the Services Team at Chevron Oronite, in charge of the VII Segment. In 2008 Nelly received an engineer degree from ENSCL (Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Lille) and in 2010 an engineer degree from IFP School (Institut Francais du Petrole) of Rueil-Malmaison while completing her apprenticeship at TOTAL Lubricants LubMarine (Linden, USA). Nelly then worked at PSA Peugeot Citroën as engineer, and join Chevron Oronite as Product Qualification Specialist in 2011.

Abstract Progressively stringent emission norms, are leading the development of advanced lubricants technology globally. While the focus is mainly on the chemical nature and influence of performance additives, selection of viscosity index improvers is sometimes an afterthought. Increased movement of HD trucks through geographical variations of weather, impact of biodiesel penetration and biodiesel origin contamination related aging of lubricants, brought renewed focus on low temperature pumpability of the oil characterized by tests such as fresh and aged oil MRV. Conformance to ACEA 2012 specifications, which set the requirements of minimum quality for the European lubricants market, and related OEM performance claims, requires a robust formulation with precision engineered Viscosity Index (VI) Improvers; these VI improvers have low temperature performance, high thickening efficiency, and excellent shear stability to ensure the long drain performance of service fill lubricants that are the characteristic of the market today. Furthermore, due to fleet average greenhouse gas emission curbs planned for 2015 implementation, there is a significant development program underway to deliver fuel economy targets through the use of lower SAE multigrade lubricants. The high temperature sheared viscosity (HTHS) has a direct correlation to fuel economy performance. Careful consideration needs to be given for selection of VI Improvers that meet the OEM HTHS targets but have a reduced viscosity contribution at low temperatures, to provide the appropriate balance of wear protection and fuel economy. The VI Improver also needs to perform synergistically with the additive package in minimizing engine deposits and maintaining the emission control systems.


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Paper D4

Ralf Strauss BASF SE, Germany

New development in robust engine coolant technology

Graduated in 1990. Holds the Diploma in chemical engineering from University of Applied Science at Mannheim. Joined BASF SE in Ludwigshafen, Germany, in 1990 as an operating engineer for application and development laboratories. Joined the Marketing team for Automotive Fluids - engine coolants and brake fluids - in 1996 as a Technical Manager for the development of engine coolants (Glysantin® brand of BASF). Today he is Technical Marketing Manager for Automotive Fluids in the Region of Europe and for selected Global Key Accounts. Also he is active Member in working groups for Automotive Fluids, i.e. FVV at Darmstadt and GFC-CTAF in France.

Abstract Driven by stronger environmental regulations (EU 2020) the automotive industry has to develop new engines in order to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions. In this context, OEM’s are embracing different ways for instance engine downsizing and combustion-process improvements. In other words, engines become smaller and hotter, are usually turbo-charged and equipped with charge-air-coolers. The heat generated by the combustion process has to be transferred to the atmosphere by means of a higher number of coolers or heat exchangers. This effect does not only increase the area of aluminum surface in the cooling system that needs to be protected, it does also bring in new chemicals that have not been present in the past into the cooling system. These chemicals are so-called flux residues that remain in the radiators or heat exchangers after the manufacturing process. Flux – which consists mainly of fluoride - dissolves in an engine coolant over time. It can have a negative impact on the corrosion inhibitor package and can cause corrosion on the metal surfaces in the cooling system. New engine coolant concentrate provides excellent compatibility with flux residues. It is a very robust formulation with outstanding thermal stability, excellent corrosion protection and superior material compatibility with plastics and elastomers.


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Paper E1

Mehdi Fathi-Najafi Nynas AB, Sweden

Base oil blends … a great opportunity for grease formulators

Mehdi is senior technical coordinator of Nynas AB. He received his Licentiate Engineering and M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, in Gothenburg, Sweden. Prior to joining Nynas in 2008, Mehdi worked in senior technical positions within the grease industry for 13 years. Mehdi is a frequent speaker at lube and grease conferences, has one patent on non-ionic thickener and has published more than 30 articles covering a variety of areas including filtration of compressible materials, applied rheology and tribology, base oils and lubricating greases.

Abstract The base oil industry has been going through fundamental changes in the last decade. These changes have been marked by the rapid growth in production capacity for Group II and Group III base oils. This increment in supply, is one among other reasons behind the closure of Group I refineries, and with it a deficit on the availability of bright stock. In 2015, more than one million metric tons of paraffinic Group I oil is going to disappear from the European market. This deficit will have a major impact on the lube and grease industry since neither Group II nor Group III refineries will produce bright stock. In addition, Group II and Group III base oils have poor solvency power when compared with Group I oil. The purpose of this study is to screen the potential of using blends of viscous naphthenic oil with different groups of paraffinic oils (Group I, II and III) in lubricating greases in a comparative study. These greases were characterized, with focus towards the thermal stability and the elastomer compatibility. The outcome emphasizes the strength of blends as a flexible tool for upgrading the

current grease formulations.


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Paper E2

Frank Bongardt Emery Oleochemicals GmbH, Germany

Esters, multipurpose group V – base fluids, properties and applications

Dr. Frank Bongardt was born 1957 in Germany (Völklingen / Saar). He is chemist, studied from 1977 to 1986 and obtained his PhD in Bonn, Germany. He started his career as technical manager for oleochemical based additives and basestocks for biolubes, fuel and industrial applications from 1986 to 1999 at Henkel KG a.A, Düsseldorf, Germany. From 1999 to 2005 worked for Cognis GMBH, Düsseldorf / Germany as Senior technical manager for hydraulic, fuel additives and heavy duty truck transmission fluids; from 2005 to 2007 is key account manager for non-food business, palm oil for power plants, slip additives for the PVC - production, triglycerides as basefluids and additive for lubes, Refined natural oils for Biodiesel and food stuff all over Europe and key account manager for Russia at Walter Rau AG, Neuss / Germany. From 2007 to 2014 is technical manager for lubricant additive specialities at RheinChemie Rheinau GMBH, Mannheim / Germany. Responsible for antioxidants, esters, food grade lubricants, biodegradable additives and anti-hydrolysis agent, technical services

for near Middle East (including Egypt and Turkey) and Greece, Eastern Europe. Since July, 1, 2014 is New Business Development and Marketing manager Biolubes / Oilfield at Emery Oleochemicals, Düsseldorf. Abstract In our changing environment, lubricants need to become more efficient in respect to longer drain intervals, better lubricity, lower volatility and fuel efficiency. Beside those technical benefits, lubricants should be biodegradable and offer low toxicity when used in environmentally sensitive areas and in the food industry. Synthetic esters, part of group V, are the most versatile base stocks and additives for lubricants and additionally, are the only bases fulfilling all those requirements. Following research designed to determine classical mineral base stocks. This paper aims to offer an alternative solution through tailor-made products in various viscosity grades for nearly all applications developed using renewable resources. Beside extreme low or high temperature, the performances synthetic esters used are in most cases readily biodegradable and non-toxic. Ester oils are synthesized through esterification of mono-or polyol alcohols with acids from renewable and or petrochemical resources. In this presentation, the design and advantages of lube esters are further explained with their multifunctional uses demonstrated in comparison to conventional base fluids.


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Paper E3

David Schäffel Clariant Produkte GmbH, Germany

Polyglycols - an increasingly desired base fluid for various applications oils

Born in Dresden, Germany in 1986 and studied Materials Science and Applied Physics at the University of Jena, Germany and Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland. After that he joined the Physics at Interfaces Group of Prof. Hans-Jürgen Butt at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany where he acquired his PhD in physical chemistry. Since January 2015 he is working at Clariant as a Technical Application Manager in the field of Industrial Lubricants where his main responsibilities lie in the technical costumer support.

Abstract Polyalkylenglycols (PAGs) are of constantly growing interest in the field of industrial lubrication. Their use in a broad variety of applications arises from their chemical versatility. PAGs are used as base fluids in gear oils, where they cover a wide temperature and viscosity range while preserving constant quality, a long service life and high performance. Other applications range from the usage of PAGs as quenching fluids to thickeners in hydraulic fluids. Within this presentation, an overview about the production of PAGs and different PAG types is given. The chemical structures, adjustable by starting alcohol and degree of alkoxylation, are related to physical properties leading to the above mentioned variety of applications. As an application example, the benefits of PAGs as base fluids for industrial gear oils are highlighted. A comparably low viscosity-temperature dependence combined with low pour points, allows operability over a wide temperature range. Another example is the use of PAGs within water-based quenching fluids in metal hardening applications. Depending on molecular weight and the ratio of propylene oxide / ethylene oxide, solubility in water and cloud points can be influenced, allowing the metallurgist to thoroughly adjust the rate of cooling while quenching.


19

Paper E4

Jakob Bredsguard Biosynthetic Technologies, USA

Estolides - closing the gap between performance and sustainability

Jakob is a founding member of Biosynthetic Technologies and directs all technical efforts as the company’s CTO. His responsibilities include the development and commercialization of new innovative technologies, the engineering and design of the company’s manufacturing facilities, and the management of several research labs around the world currently developing synthetic bio-based lubricants. He also works closely with many of the major oil and chemical companies to help them formulate and commercialize finished products. Jakob began his career at Jacobs Engineering where worked on projects to improve process efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Jakob is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the field of Chemical Engineering. He is named on over 30 issued or filed patents in the fields of sustainability and performance lubricants. He has been asked to review research projects related to biobased products for the US Government. He has co-authored a number of publications in the field of bio-based lubricants. He has been invited to speak at

conferences around the world on topics related to his experience and work.

Abstract Estolides are an environmentally acceptable base oil that is often referred to as a “biosynthetic”. Over the last few years, they have gained recognition for their performance and environmental qualities, allowing lubricant companies to formulate quality products that are seen as environmentally friendly. They are synthesized from vegetable oils so they have high renewable content. They are also biodegradable and nontoxic, yet have strong performance characteristics. Advancements in engineering and equipment design are requiring more from today’s lubricants than what had been required in the past. Simultaneously, there is a desire to reduce the environmental impact of products in the market. Offering both performance and sustainability in some applications has been a great challenge. However, new technologies like estolides are now offering more options to formulators and helping close the gap typically found between performance and sustainability. Estolides can be used in a number of applications from metalworking and greases to motor oils. When used in motor oils, the estolide technology has been found to minimize varnish and field trials with estolide-based formulations have resulted in some of the cleanest engines currently known to the industry. Some of these estolide-based formulations have already been certified through the API as SN-Resource Conserving (ILSAC GF-5) after passing all required engine tests including the fuel economy test Sequence VID. The estolide technology blends well with typical additive packages and base oils making it easy to work with at various treat rates. They have a very high viscosity index and are often co-blended with standard group I through IV base oils. Estolides can be designed to have excellent hydrolytic stability as well making them ideal for even some marine applications. Estolides are an exciting technology and interest has been quite high as a large number of lubricant companies including oil majors are now experimenting with formulations containing estolides.


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Paper F1 1Frederik Wolf, Product Manager Tribometry, 2Kartik Pondicherry 1Anton Paar Germany GmbH, Ostfildern, Germany; 2Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria

Impact of rheology on tribological properties

01.2015-now: Product Manager MCR Tribometer and Pressure Cells, Department Rheology, Anton Paar, Germany 2011-2014: Product Manager Tribometer, Department Rheology, Anton Paar, Germany 2006-2011: PhD, Process engineering, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Formation and Characterization of Multiple Emulsions

Abstract Greases have a number of advantages as a lubricant with respect to the construction and service of lubricated components. However, due to their visco-elastic behavior, the flow and frictional properties of greases must be evaluated thoroughly. Therefore having an instrument and methods to investigate the visco-elastic and frictional behavior of greases over an extended temperature range is highly desirable. Methods based on an air bearing rheometer and tribometer are discussed. This paper investigates the impact of visco-elastic flow properties on tribological properties of model tribometric measurements, based on a ball-on-three-plates principle. The investigation covers not only film forming properties, but also the impact of rheological properties on static friction behavior. Oscillatory amplitude or torque sweeps are very well suited to investigate the visco-elastic behavior and consistency of lubrication greases, as well as the static friction properties of a tribo-system employing greases as a lubricant. Valuable information on the visco-elastic behavior, i.e. the storage and the loss moduli as well as on the stress values at the flow point/break-away is obtained. Further the shear dependent impact of greases on film formation in the model tribo-system is investigated employing viscosity and Stribeck curves. A correlation between rheology and tribology was found.


21

Paper F2

Manfred Mauntz, Ulrich Kuipers, Jörn Peuser cmc Instruments GmbH, Germany

Continuous detection of critical operating conditions to prevent wear damage with a new online oil condition monitoring system - WearSens

Dr.-Ing. Manfred Mauntz graduated with honours in Engineering from the University of Kaiserslautern in 1982. He has worked extensively in the analytical and process instrumentation industry. He is the founder, CEO and Head of Development and Research of cmc Instruments GmbH who develops and manufacture analytical and measurement systems. WearSens® has been designed and developed in collaboration with academic partner Competence Platform "center for strategic corrosion protection" Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kuipers of the University of Applied Sciences, South Westphalia.

Abstract A new oil sensor system is presented for the continuous, online measurement of the wear in industrial gears, turbines, generators, transformers and hydraulic systems. Detection of change is much earlier than existing technologies such as vibration measurement, particle counting or recording temperature. Thus targeted, corrective procedures and/or maintenance can be carried out before actual damage occurs. Efficient machine utilization, accurately timed preventive maintenance, increased service life and a reduction of downtime can all be achieved. The oil sensor system measures the components of the complex impedances X of the oils, in particular the electrical conductivity, kappa and relative dielectric constant, epsilon r, and the oil temperature T. The values kappa and epsilon are determined independently. Inorganic compounds occur at contact surfaces from the wear of parts, broken oil molecules, acids or oil soaps. These all lead to an increase in the electrical conductivity, which correlates directly with the wear. In oils containing additives, changes in dielectric constant infer the chemical breakdown of additives. The determination of impurities, a reduction in the lubricating ability of the oils, the continuous evaluation of the wear of bearings and gears and the oil aging all together follow the holistic approach of real-time monitoring of changes in the oil-machine system. An innovative adaptive temperature compensation algorithm allows detection of very small changes in the electrical conductivity of the oil with a high resolution down to 0.1 pS/m, which enables the analysis of the degradation of the tribological layers. Different application examples from the industrial sectors wind energy and gearbox test stands and will be presented.


22

Paper F3

Lutz Kogel SGS Germany GmbH

Lubricant induced metal corrosion, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy approach

Lutz Kogel graduated in Chemistry at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster. During his academic career, he was working in the field of material science and focusing on research and development of advanced materials. After his doctoral and research time Lutz Kogel 2010 moved to the lubricant industry as laboratory manager for KAJO and was responsible for managing the development department and quality assurance. During this time he designed a variety of lubricants for the company, but also for clients such as BP. Since 2013 Lutz Kogel is responsible for the distribution of services as Account Manager in the Oil, Gas and Chemicals business for SGS. His responsibilities include continuous customer relationship development, as well as the technical support and advice.

Abstract Corrosion costs are above 3.3 trillion US $ worldwide [1] affecting infrastructure such as highways, bridges, buildings, oil pipelines and industrial machining. Corrosion so far has severe consequences such as down times, maintenance costs and security issues. Concerning lubricants a lot of research has been carried out the last decades by manufacturers of machines and lube formulators to protect against corrosion but each time a formulation is changed because of legislation, raw material availability or technical justifications, costly long term field tests most often have to be performed. SGS now has implemented electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [2], a method at the forefront of technology, to support the lubricant and metal industry identifying potential challenges of lubricant corrosiveness, corrosion tendencies of metals and additive performance. The main advantage of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is speed, precision and reproducibility. We are able to measure corrosion tendencies at a broad range of temperatures from -70 °C up to 240 °C taking an in-depth look at decisive details such as additive activation mechanisms. Combining electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with various methods such as REM, EDX and ICP-OES for example we are able to correlate electrochemistry with optical and elemental analysis. Our laboratory is capable to analyse additive performance and metal compatibility covering inhibitors (e.g. Cu-inhibitors), metal surface passivation, coatings formed, and activation temperatures of e.g. sulphur carriers and activation energies of corrosion. Our new method supports you with all information needed to make the right decisions formulating lubricants and choosing materials mastering your challenges of tomorrow. SGS is the world’s leading inspection, verification, testing and certification company with 80.000 employees worldwide, including scientists, engineers, doctors, chemists, auditors and inspectors. Our network has 1’350 offices and laboratories globally. As a neutral testing company, we are entirely independent of third-party interests. Therefore, SGS Oilcheck offers you objective advice. [1] DECHEMA; press release 21.4.2011. [2] ISO TR 16208


23

Paper G1

Mitjan Kalin, Eva Oblak Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Nanoscale mechanical and topographic characteristics of boundary films and their relation to macroscopic friction

Dr. Kalin’s (1967) areas of research are wear and friction mechanisms of advanced materials, nanoscale interface phenomena, as well as boundary films for novel green lubrication technologies. He has published over 110 peer-reviewed journal papers, 10 book chapters, 2 books and 11 patents. He has been active as a member of Editorial boards or Guest editor of 7 international journals, including six years appointment as Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of Tribology. Since 2012 he serves as the Editor-in-chief of Lubrication Science (Wiley). He is active reviewer of more than 50 peer-review journals and evaluator of projects for European Commission, European Science Foundation and many national funding agencies world-wide. In his career he has led 30 larger, typically 3-year projects, mostly international. He has got several awards, including a prestigious ASME Burt L. Newkirk Award (2006), Fellow of STLE (2012), Slovenian state award Zois Prize (2006) and the Top 10 most acknowledged scientific achievements at University of Ljubljana (2014). Since

2010 he holds the position of Full Professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana. He is the Head of the Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology and the Chair for Tribology and Maintenance Technology. Since 2013 he acts as a coordinator of a joint European Master Programme on Tribology of surfaces and interfaces - TRIBOS, run in cooperation of four renown Universities sponsored by European Commission Erasmus Mundus umbrella. In 2007-2011 he served as a Vice-dean for research and international affairs and since 2013 he serves as a Vice-dean for master and doctoral studies at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

Abstract Properties of the tribochemical films play an important or even key role for friction in boundary lubrication. While their chemical behavior is already broadly studied, the mechanical properties are much less known. However, their nano-scale mechanical properties and behavior may reveal important correlation to macroscopic friction behavior, which was studied in this work. Steel and DLC contacts lubricated with fully formulated low-SAPS and high-SAPS commercial oils were studied, and compared to well-known ZDDP tribofilms. Tribofilms were characterized with atomic force microscope (AFM) with 6 different parameters: namely, topography, nano roughness, adhesion, film thickness, nanoscale friction (LFM) and film stiffness through force modulation (FMM). Results confirmed that film formation and its nano-scale properties are both, surface and additive dependent. Moreover, correlation between macro friction results and various tribofilm nano properties was found, which is discussed in this work. Key words: DLC, AFM, LFM, FMM, tribofilm, SAPS, ZDDP


24

Paper G2

Srdjan Stankov NSF International, Global Food Safety Division, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing in the market of food-grade lubricant

Srdjan Stankov is an EMEA Business Development Manager at NSF International, an independent third-party certification body that tests and certifies products to verify they meet public health and safety standards. Additionally NSF International has developed more than 80 public health and safety American National Standards. He was born and raised in Novi Sad, Serbia, where he graduated with Master’s degree of Industrial and Management Engineering from the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Science. He spent nine years working for NSF International through EMEA regional headquarters in Belgium and United Kingdom. Srdjan has also successfully completed executive education “Improving Leadership Skills” organized by Carr Swanson & Randolph from Washington DC. Prior to joining NSF International, Srdjan worked two years for Sinalco International GmbH as a quality manager responsible for implementing international standards and leading Quality Assurance team.

Abstract A brief look at the use of food-grade lubricants, how and where they are used and why their popularity is increasing across Europe. With a focus on the reasons for and the benefits of independent third party verification and registration of these vital products. Over last 10 years the number of products registered under the NSF Nonfood Compounds Program – and in particular food-grade lubricants - has increased significantly as a result of growing concerns about the risk of contamination of chemical compounds used in and around food processing facilities. Today the program lists almost 10,000 food grade lubricants worldwide. This presentation focuses on the many uses of food-grade lubricants in different industries, the registration requirements and the registration procedure as well as on the marketing and brand increasing value for lubricant manufacturers.


25

Poster 1

Novak Damjanović1, Zorica Davidović2, Tea Spasojević-Šantić3

1Panevropski Univerzitet „Apeiron“, Banja Luka, Bosna and Herzegovina 2Bargos Loa, d.o.o. Beograd, Serbia 3Institut IMS a.d. Beograd, Serbia

Ecological and economic aspects of bio-lubricants and conventional lubricants use

Graduated in 1999 at Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Master's Degree in 2009 at Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. PhD thesis in 2012 at Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dr Novak Damjanović worked for over 15 years in the lubricant industry (Tehnosint, Gazprom, Panevropski Univerzitet Apeiron,) in several functions: technologist, qualiti control, production manager, tehnical support and wholsale manager. Joined Optima Grupa in 2015 as commercial director.

Zorica Davidović is born on 21.04.1970. in Belgrade, Serbia. Graduated in Mathematical High School where received the title of Technician of Nuclear Physics. She studied at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Dept. of Water Resources Management. Master's degree obtained at the Faculty of Futura, University Singidunum, Belgrade, Dept. of Environmental Protection at which is the Ph.D. candidate. The owner of company Bargos LOA, which represents the interests of leading manufacturers of additives for formulation of all kind of lubricants in the area of South Eastern Europe. She speaks several languages and participated in numerous research projects in the country. She is the author of numerous scientific papers in the field of bioremediation of oily water and waste lubricants, bio lubes and environmental sustainability.

Abstract It is believed that more than 50% of produced lubricants during and after the operation ends up in the environment, directly or indirectly. For these reasons, in areas where the application of lubricant is related to the total "loss" in the environment, there is a tendency to replace conventional oil with bio-lubricants respectively environmentally acceptable lubricants. From an environmental point of view, the advantages of using vegetable oil as compared to conventional mineral oils are non-toxicity, biodegradability, renewability, good lubricity, high flash point and viscosity index, low volatility, savings and conservation of non-renewable resources, less dependence on non-renewable resources, reduced greenhouse gases emissions and increased agricultural production. From an economic point of view, bio-lubricants price is higher compared to conventional lubricants since in production of bio-lubricants as a base vegetable oils (triglycerides) or synthetic fatty acid esters are used, and the fact that the list of components or additives is significantly limited. Accordingly, in this paper we define the "ecological footprint" of a litre of conventional mineral oil compared with one litre of bio-lubricant for the lubrication of chain saws, since it is lubricant intended to be used in highly-sensitive application areas, complex forest ecosystem. The aim of this paper is to present the "pure life cycle" through LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for both types of lubricants and environmental parameters expressed in economic terms to encourage reflection on the further development of this sector, while also raising awareness of end-users.


26

Poster 2

Tonća Ćaleta Prolić1, Miroslav Felja1, Mario Đurin2, Branimir Vuković1

1INA MAZIVA d.o.o., Croatia; 2BELJE d.d., Croatia

Field testing of UTTO, STOU and HDDEO lower viscosity grade oils in Fendt tractor Series 900 in order to extend oil change intervals

Tonća is a Product Development Senior Engineer in R&D Department and Production and Logistics Sector of INA Maziva Ltd. In 1994 she graduated at Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology in Zagreb. She started her career as a Young Engineer in research group for metalworking fluids, heat transfer oils and automotive and industrial gear oils. Afterwards she had a position as Main Engineer for industrial and automotive fluids. For the last four years she is responsible for research and development of automotive fluids. Additionally, she is Internal Auditor for ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 18001 and ISO/IEC 17025 and works as a member of Team of Auditors in Quality Assurance Department.

Abstract There are three main drivers that considerably affect the way the new lubricant formulations are being developed. These are: fuel economy, durability and emission reduction. Due to the above, formulation of lubricants have tendency to move from higher viscosity grade 15W-XX to the lower viscosity grades: 10W-XX and 5W–XX. Monitoring of lubricant operating properties in the application and the analysis of the gained results provide the lubricant replacement in due course. In this way the costs of lubricant maintenance and supply are reduced, while the manufacturers of lubricant are able to collect information of the product behaviour in use which leads to further improvement of the product. The paper presents the results of field testing of low viscosity lubricants (UTTO, STOU and HDDEO) in FENDT tractor series 900 which was conducted in order to determine the optimal service interval of lubricants. Kay words: Universal Tractor Transmission Oil (UTTO), Super Tractor Oil Universal (STOU), Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil (HDDEO), low viscosity grades, performance of lubricants, endurance, tractor, field testing


27

Poster 3

Siniša Despotović1, dr. Ines Despotović2

1INA MAZIVA d.o.o., 2Institut Ruđer Bošković, Croatia

Computational analisys of fatty acid stack stability in nonpolar medium

Siniša Despotović is a graduate from the Faculty of Science of the University of Zagreb where he earned a degree in the field of physical chemistry. Since 1996. he is an employee of INA MAZIVA Ltd. subsidiary of INA Group. He gained his expertise performing various duties in IT, energetics and water treatment. Recently he joined R&D department as manager. He is a member of Croatian Chemical Society and GOMA.

Abstract It is a well-known fact that salts of some fatty acids aggregate in fibrillary formation in presence of nonpolar liquids. In some systems water can boost this effect by thickening and tightening the blend into a paste. In this paper we have investigated stack formation of lithium 12-hydroxy-stearate molecules in both, systems with and without water. Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out in order to find most stable stack formation. Spatial structures and free energy of the various stacks have been analysed and the results will be presented at the conference. The computational analysis of fatty acid behaviour in various media could simplify the synthesis of grease soaps and manufacture of lubricating greases.


28

Poster 4

Nicolae-Adrian Palusan Total, Romania

Study of connections of electrochemical properties of metals and lubricants rheology in cylindrical Taylor-Couette flow

Adrian Palusan was born in Brasov, Romania at 18th of December 1957. His primarily and medium schools were followed in Brasov. He graduated at the Technological Chemistry from Timisoara in 1983 and obtained the Doctorate title in Tribology and Mechanical Engineering in 2004. His technical and scientific activity in bearing industry and his academically activity at Technical University from Brasov was verified with 12 invention patents. From 1999, Adrian Palusan has changed his job moved to Lubrifin Brasov and Total Romania. Using the knowledge in Tribology, Thermal Processes, Industrial & Laboratory Chemistry & Machining Processes his activity was translated in lubrication process theory and lubricants application (especially plastic lubricants and machining fluids). Now, his position is Technical Support Manager at Total Romania.

Abstract The behavior of the fluid in developing flow regions is of importance for many applications of drag reducing surfactant solutions, such as hydronic cooling and heating systems. Also, the chemical or the electrochemical effect, which appear at interface between the metal surface and the fluid are very important. As a consequence of this chemical or electrochemical effect, a very thin layer of fluid is supposed to be adsorbed on the metal surface. A specific Couette rheometer for emphasize of the chemical and electrochemical effects on cylindrical Taylor-Couette flow was made. In order to perform time-dependant viscometer measurement on viscous fluids, having a non-Newtonian behaviour related to a long “characteristic time” a new type of viscometer with a sensitive dynamic has been built up as a co-operation between our Research laboratory and Tribology laboratory of Technical University of Brasov and Chemical Instruments laboratory of Timisoara Technical University. The Couette cell is made of two moving concentric cylinders (the outer cylinder is the driver and the inner cylinder is driven). The inner cylinder, which is moving supported by an air bearing (frictions are avoided), is interchangeable and we can obtain the variation of the gap dimension (between the cylinders) and the built material of inner cylinder. When a viscous fluid is sheared between two concentric cylinders, undergoing differential rotation, the free surface of the fluid is deformed as a consequence of the shearing motion, and also a consequence of both, the gap dimension (between the cylinders) and the built material of inner cylinder (different surface tension effect for different material).

The paper deals with a rheological study on the fluids (in general) and on the lubricants (in

particular) in Taylor-Couette flow.

Keywords: Couette apparatus, Taylor-Couette flow, shear stress, air bearing, apparent viscosity, rotational viscosity, potential of zero charge


29

Poster 5

Krisztina Nagy, Zoltán Tar MOL Plc., Hungary

Process of REACH compliance in MOL Plc.

2004-2010. University of Pécs, Hungary, Faculty of Science, Environmental Science expert; 2008-2009. University of Wolverhampton, UK, Student exchange (ERASMUS) program Employment: From 2013 Krisztina Nagy is Commercial support expert in MOL Plc. and MOL DS REACH and CLP Legal Entity coordinator, REACH project management. 2010-2013. MOL-LUB Ltd., SD and HSE associate, REACH support, CLP coordinator, Sustainable development coordinator Project management. Member of the relevant Consortias, responsible for the development of a REACH Knowledgebase at MOL-LUB Ltd. Coordinate the data collection process for REACH registration update based on ECHA Substance Identity Campaign

1968-1972. Chemical High School, Debrecen, 1997. National Training and Extension Training of Labour Safety Ltd. Budapest: Work safety engineer, Fire Protection Specialist, 2000-2004. Dennis Gabor Applied University: Information Technology Engineer. Employment: Zoltán Tar work in MOL Danube Refinery (FCC & Reforming units) from 1962 till 1997. 1972-1974 is in Danube Refinery Logistic Department. 1975-1982-work for Hungarian Hydrocarbon Research & Development Institute. Now from 1997 he is HSE expert in MOL Pl. SD&HSE Department.

Abstract Overview of basic regulation: 1907/2006/EC REACH regulation – Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals entered into force in June 2007. All substances manufactured in or imported into the European Union need to be registered, for each legal entity; otherwise production, import and placing on the market will be no longer possible. The deadline (2010, 2013, 2018) depends on the tonnage band and the classification of the substance. MOL-Group has submitted 169 registration dossier to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), which includes the registrations for INA, and MOL Plc., as well. The poster will show how REACH project is handled in MOL-Group: Local and Global Regulations, systems and work teams. Dossier update procedure, to meet the more and more requirements of ECHA. Can it be finished anytime?


30

Poster 6

Danka Šikuljak1, Omer Kovač1, Novak Damjanović2 1Rafinerija ulja Modriča, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2Optima Grupa, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

The influence of base oils and viscosity improver on low temperature properties of gear oils

Danka Šikuljak graduated from the Faculty of Technology in Zvornik-University East Sarajevo on study program Chemical Engineering and Technology. She graduated on the topic: Technology of production of lubricant greases in Chemical Engineering. Since december 2009 she is employed in Oil refinery Modrica in the department of research and development, as engineer for the implenmentation of REACH legislation. Besides, she is actively engaged in research of specific phenomenons of lubricating oils, fluids for motor vehicles, etc. In the past five years she has presented several papers in national and international conferences. In the last few years she has actively participated in symposium GOMA where she has presented three papers related to the research of influence of biodiesel on engine and engine oils. Two papers (The influence of biodiesel on the oxidative stability of engine oils, 2012; The influence of biodiesel on engine oil when conducting high-temperature engine test, 2014) were published in Fuels and Lubricants journal.

Abstract The main function of gear oils in motor vehicles (transmission and differential) is to transfer power from the engine to the axle and wheels. During operation, gears tooth surfaces in these elements are exposed to extremely high pressures and impact loads. In order to ensure proper operation and adequate lubrication of all elements, oils used in these machine elements must provide following properties: good viscosity properties (in order to provide sufficient oil film thickness at elevated temperatures), protection against wearing and damaging at conditions of extreme pressures and loads, as well as excellent low-temperature properties for easier shifting in cold weather. Besides the above mentioned properties, modern gear oils must also have not less important properties as: high thermal-oxidation stability, extended oil drain interval, low foaming tendency, corrosion protection, high shear stability, etc. Meeting the above requirements is achieved by using high quality base oils (groups II, III, IV and V) and selected additive package. Unlike conventional base oils, these oils have significantly better low-temperature properties and therefore by applying of such oils improved efficiency is achieved. This paper presents results obtained while studying the influence of base oils and two polymer types on properties of gear oils, by focusing on its low-temperature properties. In the gear oils formulations group III, group IV and group V base oils were used. For the evaluation of low-temperature properties were used measurements of pour point, dynamic viscosity at low temperatures measured by Brookfield viscometer - Test method ASTM D 2983 (under low shear rate) and dynamic viscosity measured by Cold Cranking Simulator-Test method ASTM D 5293 (under high shear rate).


31

Poster 7

Ljiljana Pedišić, Irena Polenus INA MAZIVA Ltd, MEMBER of INA GROUP, Zagreb, Croatia

Method of metalworking emulsion splitting as improvement of total fluid management

Ljiljana obtained mag. ing. cheming. degree on Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology at Zagreb University. From 1980 she works in INA MAZIVA Ltd. part of INA Petroleum Industry, in development department as researcher, leader of research group for metalworking fluids, automotive and industrial gear oils, oil and glycol heat transfer fluids, brake fluids and other lubricating and chemical products. Also worked as a manager in research and technology development department responsible for whole products portfolio, products safety and ecological tasks. Author of more than 200 scientific presentations and journal papers in area of lubrication, surface active processes, tribology, and applicative chemistry. Member of the EU COST 532 activity „Triboscience and tribotechnology“ and Project NanoFACE. Author of numerous new products that received a many awards at famous invention exhibitions. Obtained many awards for science and technical culture including the State Award, Order of President of

Republic of Croatia, etc. Included in the anthology-Marquis "Who's Who in the World” in “Science and Engineering” and named among IBC Top 100 scientists. She is president of Croatian inventors association and vice-president of WIIPA World invention intellectual property association, member of many national and international societies as HAZU, GOMA, etc.

Abstract Selection of a suitable metalworking fluid is not possible without systematically lifecycle considerations that include material production phase, application phase and disposal phase. Metalworking emulsions are used for cooling and lubricating at metalworking operations like rolling, drawing, boring, drilling, milling, sawing, etc. Emulsions are prepared by mixing emulsifying concentrate with water at metalworking plant production. Concentrates must be properly optimised in order to obtain the required emulsion working properties. They consist of base oils, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, lubricating additives, biocides, defoamers and other components. During application “tramp” oil, microorganisms and other contaminants flow into working emulsions that shorten its working life. Used emulsions can contain up to 10 % of mineral oil, so they should be treated in sense of the separation of oil and other impurities before they are disposed in sewage system. The separation of oil from metalworking emulsions is difficult because it should be stable during whole time of application. Used emulsion can be treated at the site on technical equipment or can be transported to the certificated company. In the contest of fluid management the producers of metalworking fluids do more than produce new modern products. They also give advice for lubricant selection, participate in maintenance and protection of emulsion and suggest the best method for decomposition of used emulsions. To improve fluid management we developed special method for emulsions splitting as support to customer service. Compared to other methods, the advantage of this method is that there is no need for expensive treatment facilities, heating and high energy consumption. There is no sedimentation, pH-value of water phase is neutral and oil separation exceeds 99 %. Suggested method completes total fluid management that decrease costs, contribute to the protection of workers, improves industrial hygiene, reduces waste and reduces environmental pollution. The paper shows the results of examination of physical chemical properties of used emulsions and splitting process concerning local and state laws.


32

Poster 8

Elvira Vidović, Fabio Faraguna, Krešimir Stublić, Ante Jukić Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Thermal properties of nanofluids based on PAO 4 base oil

Elvira Vidović works as an associate professor at University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology. She teaches courses related to Petrochemistry, Environmental protection in petrochemical industry, Polymeric biomaterials on undergraduate and graduate study. Her field of expertise encompasses synthesis, characterization and degradation of polymeric materials and composites, behaviour of viscous solutions. Since 2015 Elvira is a vice-president of Croatian Society for Fuels and Lubricants.

Abstract One way to improve the efficiency of the cooling process streams is to improve the thermal properties of cooling fluids which results in improving the overall efficiency of production processes. In this work we studied nanofluids based on PAO 4 oil with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and with different surfactants (PAT). After choosing the most compatible surfactant (PD), properties of nanofluids prepared with PD concentrations: 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt. % are investigated. The concentration of MWCNT was varied as well (0.0023 to 1 wt. %). Prepared nanofluids are examined regarding their stability, viscosity, contact angle between the solid-liquid-gas phases, tribological wear properties and thermal conductivity. The transfer of heat is a complex mechanism that involves conduction and convection. In the prepared nanofludis the convection was measured, which is characteristic for the moveing fluids and heat exchange between the fluid and solid phase. Contrary to expectation, by measuring the thermal conductivity of the samples the decrease in thermal conductivity of MWCNTs was observed ranging from 3 % to 40 %. Reason for reducing the thermal conductivity is likely inadequate length of MWCNTs. Furthermore, it was found that the present PD (shares 0.5 and 1.0 wt. %) increases the viscosity of the PAO 4 oil. Because of the chemical compatibility of the PD with PAO 4 oil and with metal surface, the addition of the PD to the oil reduces the contact angle at the metal-liquid-air interface.


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Poster 9

Marko Mužic, Maja Fabulić-Ruszkowski, Sanda Telen, Mladen Ištuk INA d.d. R&M DS, Croatia

Evaluation of unconverted Oil (UCO) as feedstock for the production of base oils group II and III

Marko Mužic has been employed at INA d.d., Refinery & Marketing Development Sector (R&M DS), Technology and Asset Development Department (TADD), as a Technology Development Expert since Feb, 2012. He has a PhD in Chemical Engineering and before INA d.d., worked for the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology as PhD Research Assistant for more than 10 years. In 2010 He was awarded the “Vera Johannides” young scientist award by the Croatian Academy of Engineering. He has published a total of 36 scientific papers and participated in numerous domestic and international scientific congresses.

Abstract Unconverted oil (UCO) is a bottom product of a hydrocracker unit which could be a very suitable feedstock for the production of Group II base oils, or even of Group III base oils. UCO is a high quality, low sulfur and low nitrogen hydrocarbon material whose properties are a function of the conversion degree and other hydrocracker operating conditions. The attained chemical and physical properties of UCO will be the key parameters which will define the type of base oil which can be produced. Also, the technology used for the further processing of UCO plays a role in type the base oils which can be produced. The modern and most widely used technology for the production of premium base oils, such as Group II and III base oils, comprises catalytic dewaxing, i.e. hydroisomerization and hydrofinishing processes. Group II base oils are common in mineral based motor oils currently available on the market. They have fair to good performance in lubricating properties such as volatility, oxidative stability and flash/fire points. Group III base oils, although not chemically engineered, offer very good performance in a wide range of lubrication applications as well as good molecular uniformity and stability. In this work a typical sample of UCO having different crude origin from INA’s Rijeka Refinery hydrocracking unit was analysed and evaluated as a potential feedstock for the production for Group II and III base oils. Density, sulphur content, viscosity index, pour point and hydrocarbon content were analysed.


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Poster 10

Mile Stojilković1, Zorica Davidović2 1NIS Gazpromneft, Serbia, 2Bargos Loa, Serbia

The influence of some additives on the vegetable oils foaming

Dr. Mile Stojilković is involved in the lubricants and their use from 1991 as an engineer for the lubricants application and market development in Oil Refinery Novi Sad. From 1998 worked as expert for development and production of lubricants. From 2002 is on the position Blending oil director, from 2005 director of profit center Novolin, from 2007 commercial director of the NIS Oil Refinery Novi Sad. After privatization of Oil Industry of Serbia and establishment of Directorate for lubricants in NIS Gazprom Neft, 2009 he was deputy director of Directorate and from 2014 is Director of Development and Marketing of Lubricants, where he still works. He graduated at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Novi Sad 1987. Master thesis defended in 2000, and 2014 doctoral dissertation titled Application of ecological oils in tribological systems. He is chairman of Group for lubricants in Serbian Chamber of Commerce, member of Committee for Research and

Development in Vojvodina Chamber of Commerce, Society of Power Machines, Tractors and Maintenance - JUMTO and GOMA. He was a longtime member of Executive Board of the Association of Oil and Gas Serbia - YUNG and president of its Section for lubricants application. He is author of handbooks: Comparative tables of lubricants (three editions: 1996, 1998, 2007), Metalworking fluids (1997), co-author of the book Lubrication processes (2000), author of book Applying lubricants (three ed.: 2001, 2005, 2011) and Lubrication of motor vehicles (2002), as well as numerous scientific papers. Abstract Vegetable oils, which are used as base oils for the production of environmentally friendly lubricants, are triglycerides that form the complex mixture of fatty acids with different chain length and number of double bonds. Triglycerides are rapidly biodegradable and have excellent lubricity properties. Advantages of vegetable oils compared to mineral oils are reflected in the following characteristics: toxicity, rapid biodegradability, good lubricity, high flash point, high viscosity index and low volatility. Disadvantages of vegetable oils compared to mineral: poor oxidative stability, poor flowability at low temperatures and poor hydrolytic stability which limits their application. Poor properties of vegetable oils can be improved by adding suitable additives. However, some additives affect the appearance of the foam, which is undesirable, because of the negative influence on the quality of the lubricant, and furthermore accelerates the oxidation process of the oil. The paper presents the influence of the additives on the occurrence of foam and possible way of solving this problem. There were performed tests on foaming in different combination: vegetables oils without additives, a mixture of vegetable and mineral oils and vegetable oils with additives, and there are some interesting results.


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Poster 11

Masoud Hakimdavood, Toraj Tavakoli, Abbas Hashemi Sepahanoil Co., Iran

Production of synthetic brightstock from polyisobutene and heavy base oil

Sepahanoil laboratory and QC manager, Sepahanoil research and development manager, Head of Sepahanoil product develop Committee.

Abstract Brightstock is well known heavy base oil. This base oil is produced by refining vacuum bottom (VB) with gas propane in RDC tower. And this way is very expensive and so low efficiency, low finished products. We produce and use heavy group I base oil (low viscosity index and high density, high viscosity at 100oC, and then mixing with polyisobutene and finally we can get synthetic brightstock like mineral base brightstock (same specification).


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Workshop I

Bernd Festerling, Uwe Falk Lubrizol GmbH, Germany

Metalworking fluids laws and regulations affecting MWF's General survey and biocides in particular

Bernd Festerling Account Manager for Scandinavia, Germany and CEE, Industrial Additives Since 1978 Bernd is now working in the metal working industry. After an apprenticeship as chemical laboratory assistant with main focus on chemical analysis of metal working lubricants at Oemeta Chemische Werke GmbH he studied Chemical Engineering at Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering at Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and went back to Oemeta where he was active in different technical and commercial positions. Since October 2005 Bernd is working for Lubrizol Additives as Account Manager Metalworking for Scandinavia, Germany and CEE.

Dr. Uwe Falk Global Commercial Manager, Biocides Dr. Uwe Falk has studied chemistry in Frankfurt and received his PhD from Max Planck Institute in Mainz. He started his career at Hoechst AG in Central Polymers Research Lab. After several positions in Research, Application and Marketing at Hoechst/Clariant, looking at various different industries like paints & coatings, metal working, oilfield, fuels, textile, brewing & beverage … he has become Head of Research, Technology and Application of Industrial Biocides at Clariant. After 4 years in the biocides business he moved to Lubrizol becoming Global Commercial Manager Biocides at LZ since September 2010.

Content: The workshop will start with a short overview presentation about current laws and regulations affecting metal working business in the EU in general. Followed by a presentation particularly about biocides:

Current status of BPR (Biocidal Product Regulation)

Biocide Substance – Biocide Product

Treated Articles (metal working fluids) - labelling

Art. 95 list of approved supplier

Biocide Product EU country Registration: actual and future


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Workshop II

Uwe Foerster BASF SE, Germany

When it makes sense to use PAG gear oils and what are the requirements for it?

Graduated in 1992 and Holds the Diploma in mechanical engineering from Technical University of Chemnitz. Worked for over 20 years in the lubricant industry (Fina, Total, Cognis) in several functions: - Product and key account manager - Project manager for Driveline lubricants - OEM Liaison Manager - Marketing manager Joined BASF Fuel and Lubricant solutions in 2011 as part of the Cognis acquisition. Now is Technical Service Manager Europe for compounded lubricants.

Content: Starting from a product presentation the workshop will be an open discussion between the speaker and the participants. The presentation will touch base on the general structure of water soluble PAG gear oil. Afterwards results of performance tests, as required by major gearbox manufacturer, will be discussed. Secondly one goal is to identify typical running and environmental conditions for water soluble PAG gear oils and take away the fear of using them. Before changing from mineral oil to PAG some things need to be taken into account: • most PAG’s are not miscible with mineral oil and PAO • compatibility with inner paints and seals needs to be checked • careful flush and filter change Oil drain intervals changing from fixed to flexible drain intervals and therefore are dependent on used oil analysis. The workshop will inform about typical used oil limits for water soluble PAG gear oils. The contributions and experience of participants are highly welcome and will help to make the workshop a success for all.

Referat A/1

Documents

Transcript of Referat A/1