Reed College Theatre Thesis: "Shakuntala: The Integration of Sanskrit Drama and Epic theatre"

7/23/2019 Reed College Theatre Thesis: "Shakuntala: The Integration of Sanskrit Drama and Epic theatre"

1/83

]gkc|eyk`k4

Ygl Feylnqkyfoe oh ]ke}cqfy Iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql

K Ygl}f}

Rql}leyli yo

Ygl Ifxf}foe oh Ygl Kqy}

Qlli Mo``lnl

Fe Rkqyfk` H|`hf``jley

oh ygl Ql{|fqljley} hoq ygl Ilnqll

Akmgl`oq oh Kqy}

Fei|jkygf Jkeogkq

Jkv 12;1


2/83


3/83

Krrqoxli hoq ygl Ifxf}foe

'Yglkyql&

Ckyg`lle ^oq`lv


4/83


5/83

Kmceo~`linjley}

Ygf} ygl}f} gk} alle ky `lk}y yle vlkq} fe ygl jkcfen% Hqoj jv joyglq, ~go r|y jl fe ikeml m`k}}l}

kei ~go}l fjrlmmka`l kqyf}yfm }le}faf`fyv kei m|`y|qk` glqfyknl F gorl yo feglqfy, yo jv hkyglq hoq alfen k`~kv}

lemo|qknfen kei fe}rfqfen, yo jv Ckygkc ylkmglq} hoq nfxfen jl ygl nfhy oh ikeml, yo hkjf`v kei hqflei} fe Feifk

hoq alfen jknekefjo|} }rlmykyoq} kei yo jv ygl}f} kixf}oq Ckyg`lle ôq`lv hoq alfen k fe}rfqfen jleyoq,

}|rroqyfxl mo|e}lòq, kei ~fygo|y ~go}l ~fy kei rkyfleml fe ygl hkml oh jv nòojfl}y ken}y, F mo|ì eoy gkxl

mojr`lyli jv ygl}f}%

Yo jv ylkmglq} ky ygl Ekyvk Fe}yfy|yl oh Ckygkc kei Mgoqlonqkrgv3 F ygkec l}rlmfk``v N|q| Jkvk

Qko, Jkig| Ekyqkd kei Qkjvk Eknkqkd hoq ygl kjktfen ilmkil oh Ckygkc ygky gk} rqlrkqli jl hoq ygf}% Yo

Ikxfi Ki`lq, ygl Ikxfi Ki`lq H|ei kei ygl Qlli Yglkyql Ilrkqyjley hoq mgoo}fen yo h|ei jv Ckygkc

rlqhoqjkeml fe K|n|}y 12;; fe moed|emyfoe ~fyg ql}lkqmg yo~kqi} jv ygl}f}%

Yo ygl ~oeilqh|` rqohl}}oq} oe jv oqk`} aokqi ~go gkxl alle }|rroqyfxl oh jv rqoi|myfoe kei

jkil k ifhhlqleml fe jv vlkq} ky Qlli4 Ckyl Aqlil}oe hoq alfen lemo|qknfen 'rkqyfm|`kq`v oh jv r`kv~qfyfen

lhhoqy}& kei ke fe}rfqfen ifqlmyoq3 Mkq`k Jkee hoq alfen ke l`lmyqfhvfen ylkmglq kei hoqlxlq mgkenfen ygl ~kv F

}ll ikeml kei jv aoiv, kei Jkqv Dkjl} hoq alfen ygl al}y kixf}oq k ò}y hql}gjke mo|ì lxlq gorl hoq% Yo k``

ygl rqohl}}oq} fe jv Qlli mkqllq, 'rkqyfm|`kq`v fe jv }lefoq vlkq&3 ygkec vo| hoq alfen rkyfley kei }|rroqyfxl%

Yo jv mgfìqle}3 Df`` Lxke}, Dl}vmk Glqe}ykiy, M`kfql @l~f}, Mo`fe Yqlxoq, ]yl``k Tfln`lq, kei Nqkmfl

Qfyylealqn, hoq nfxfen jl k qlk}oe lxlqvikv yo cllr oe nofen% Yo jv lelqnlyfm }yknl jkeknlq} K`lwkeiqk ]jfyg

kei K`ke M`fel, ~go jkil ygl moì Keelw mo}vkei mojhoqyka`l kei jkil }|ql F ifiey ò}l jv jfei% Yo jv

il}fnelq}, Glkyglq Mgke, K|y|je Ioaafe}, Tkmg Goqxkyg kei ]gq|yf Coqkik ~go ~lql }o lwyqkoqifekqf`v

rkyfley, hoqnfxfen kei nlelqo|} ~fyg yglfq mqlkyfxfyv kei fjrk}}foeli ~fyg yglfq filk}% Yo mql~ kei ygl jkev

|e}lle gkei}, ygky F elxlq noy yo ygkec fe rlq}oe, ygky r|y fe go|q} ky ygl mo}y|jl kei moe}yq|myfoe }gor,

|eilq ygl n|fikeml oh ygl Qlli Yglkyql Ilrkqyjley% Ygkec vo| k`` hoq jkcfen ygl ~oqì oh]gkc|eyk`kjoql

xfaqkey kei rolyfm ygke jv òel`v fjknfekyfoe mo|ì lxlq gkxl jkil fy%


6/83

ff

Yo L`ftkalyg Ifecoxk, xk`|ka`l mo``kaoqkyoq kei feif}rle}fa`l moehfikey, hflqml ifqlmyoq, hl`ò~ ikeml

leyg|}fk}y, yglkyql hkekyfm kei hqflei, ygkec vo| hoq ygl mqktv ql~kqifen yglkyql lwrlqfleml} kei ygkec vo| hoq

gkxfen hkfyg fe jl kei jv kqyf}yfm xf}foe ~gle F ellili fy ygl jo}y3 glql} yo k h|y|ql oh joql fe}kel yglkyql%

Yo k`` jv hqflei} ky Qlli ~go kql k rkqy oh ygl }yoqv ygky ifi eoy fexo`xl ygl}f} ~qfyfen kei

rqoi|myfoe, ygkec vo| hoq jkcfen }|ql ygky rkqy lwf}yli+ Yo k`` jv a|iifl} ~go.xl alle ~fyg jl }feml

hql}gjke vlkq4 Mqf}, Jf}mg, Aqfyf}g*cqfyf}g, Y}lqfen kei DYqke, ygkec vo| hoq k`~kv} alfen yglql hoq jl lxle

~gle F ~ley k~kv% Kei yo k`` vo| oyglq ho`c} 'vo| ceo~ ~go vo| kql& ygkec} hoq ygl allq roen, fml mqlkj mkcl

kei feilmfrglqka`l hoqlfne kmmley}% Yo Ell}jk hoq jkcfen jl hll` `fcl ygl al}y hqflei fe ygl |efxlq}l 'vo|

aqfen fy o|y fe jl, akal&, ygkec} hoq ygl Ao``v~ooi ikemfen, glkqy*yo*glkqy}, jkymgfen mòygl} kei lwmfyli nfq`v

}mqlkjfen% Yo Dkvk}qfjk hoq ygl ygkvfq }kigkj, ykjf` joxfl} kei òen moexlq}kyfoe}, fenl ygkjftg`k

vlygkxkig| ~qfylrkeeke|% Yo ]gqooyf hoq qljfeifen jl ygky F òxl ygl ygfen} Fj iofen3 ygkec vo| hoq ygl

j|}fm, ikeml kei e|yl``k akekek }yqk~alqqv mqlrl ro|yfel jfiefngy lwrlifyfoe}% Yo ]gka|a hoq gf}

fe}rfqkyfoek` lelqnv3 ygkec vo| hoq ygl }`llroxlq}, jfmqo~kxli fmlmqlkj kei nlyyfen ygky iqkn n`kj oe% Yo

@voocl hoq ygl `kyl efngy rfttk kei royyli r`key}3 ygkec vo| hoq nfxfen jl ygl ro~lq yo kqyfm|`kyl filk} kao|y

jv}l`h kei jv jfei% Yo lw*qoojfl*ioqjfl @ft, ygkec} hoq ygl rk}yk, mkqi} kei mgomo`kyl Lk}ylq lnn}3 fy} alle

k r`lk}|ql ceo~fen vo|% Yo ]k}gk hoq ~oqi} |eilq yqll} kei fe gk``~kv} kei |} lfngygo|}kei jf`l} ~kv% Yo

Ilke hoq rlkml oh jfei, joec}, jlyyk, j|ifyk, ygl hfq}y eoa`l yq|yg kei ygl hkmy ygky F }yf`` ioey ceo~ go~ yo

rqoeo|eml gf} `k}y ekjl% K jf hkjf`fk il `k Mk}k, Kkqoemfyo, Mgqf}yllek, @f`v, Yojk}fek v Vonke, nqkmfk} roq

|e ko hleojlek` il akf`l, yl{|f`k, v moexlq}kmfoel} gk}yk `k jkiq|nkik% Yo ygl rlor`l ~go ygl}f}li alhoql

jl3 yo Ekyk`fl hoq ygl fe}rfqfen ikemfen kei il`lmyka`l ifefen, Vk}fe*mgfì hoq gf} feoqifekyl òxl oh dlnnfen}

kei yo Jkgooxk hoq d|}y alfen glq ho|` jo|ygli, mgkfe*}jod|}y, ygkec}% Ygkec} hoq alfen vo|% Fxl

rqoaka`v jleyfoeli lxlqvaoiv ~go} `fcl`v yo òocglql hoq yglfq ekjl}, a|y k afn ygkec vo| yo k`` oh vo| hoq

ygl g|n}, }jf`l} kei ~l`` mgo}le ~oqi}, F jfngy eoy gkxl eoyfmli fy ygle, a|y fy gk} jkil k`` ygl ifhhlqleml

eo~% Ygkec vo|%


7/83

Rqlhkml

Yoikv ygl dov oh }yoqvyl``fen f} }yfh`li av ygl hlkq oh kmgflxfeneo fjrkmy

Alqyo`y Aqlmgy

^gle F hfq}y alnke ygf} ygl}f} k vlkq kno, F ~keyli jv }|rroqyfen rqoi|myfoe yo al jv al}y

oel lxlq, |eyf` jv kixf}oq iqv`v rofeyli o|y ygky ygky rqoaka`v ~k}ey ygl al}y ygfen hoq jv h|y|ql fe

yglkyql+ F jkv eoy gkxl jkil ygl lkqyg*}gkyylqfen `fhl*mgkenfen fjrkmy F gki ekfxl`v gorli hoq kei

lwrlmyli oh jv xlqv hfq}y ifqlmyoqfk` xley|ql, a|y F gkxl alle fe}rfqli av ygl nqlky oel} fe yglkyql

ygky krrlkq fe ygl ho``o~fen rknl} yo yl`` k }yoqv m`lkq`v, alk|yfh|``v, leylqykfefen`v kei yo ykcl akav

}ylr} yo~kqi} jv o~e h|y|ql fe yglkyql%

Fei|jkygf Jkeogkq

Krqf` 1>, 12;1


8/83


9/83

Yka`l oh Moeyley}

Ka}yqkmy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% xffFeyqoi|myfoe4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;Mgkrylq Oel4 ]ke}cqfy Iqkjk %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


10/83

xf

Rqoml}} 'oq ~oqcfen k} k mojrkev& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


11/83

Ka}yqkmy

Ygf} ygl}f} lwr`oql} ygl moqql}roeileml} kei ifhhlqleml} aly~lle ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei

Alqyo`y Aqlmgy} Lrfm yglkyql fe ql`kyfoe yo Xk}|igk Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt} kqyfm`l leyfy`li Yo Al Joql

Aqlmgyfke f} yo Al Joql Feifke4 Oe ygl yglkyql oh Gkafa Ykexfq; Ql}lkqmg ~k} moei|myli fe

moed|emyfoe ~fyg k rqoi|myfoe ygky feylnqkyli ylmgef{|l} hqoj aoyg krrqokmgl} yo yglkyql4

]gkc|eyk`k4 Ke Feifke Hkfqvyk`l, Qlli Mo``lnl Jkfe}yknl Yglkyql, Ilmljalq ;*=qi 12;;% Mgkrylq Oel

lwkjfel} ygl oqfnfe} kei kl}yglyfm} oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, ~gfmg feh`|lemli ygl m`k}}fmk` }yoqvyl``fen

ikeml hoqj oh Ckygkc% Mgkrylq Y~o if}m|}}l} ygl rqfemfr`l} kei rqkmyfml} oh Lrfm yglkyql% ]ke}cqfy

iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql kql ygle if}m|}}li ygqo|ng ygl `le} oh ygl mkylnoqfl} oh rql}leykyfoe, moeyley

kei }yq|my|ql o|y`feli av Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt% Mgkrylq Ygqll lwkjfel} ygl ~oqc oh Gkafa Ykexfq,

~go}l lemo|eylq ~fyg Lrfm yglkyql fe}rfqli ygl qly|qe yo gf} kqyf}yfm qooy} fe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk% Mgkrylq

Ho|q if}m|}}l} jv rqoml}} fe ifqlmyfen ygl rqoi|myfoe fe `fngy oh jv ql}lkqmg oe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk,

Lrfm yglkyql kei ygl ifqlmyoqfk` rqoml}}l} oh Aqlmgy kei Ykexfq%

; Fe ygl kqyfm`l Yo Al Joql Aqlmgyfke f} yo al Joql Feifke4 Oe ygl Yglkyql oh Gkafa Ykexfqav Xk}|igk Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt fe Hf}mglq*

@fmgyl , Lqfck, kei Jfmgkl` Nf}}le~lgqlq% Ygl Iqkjkyfm Yo|mg oh Ifhhlqleml4 Yglkyql, O~e kei Hoqlfne%Yafenle4 N% Ekqq, ;662%

Rqfey%


12/83


13/83

Hoq

Krrk, Kjjk, Ifymgk

kei Vkjllef


14/83


15/83

;

Feyqoi|myfoe4

Eo yq|`v ~oqyg~gf`l yglkyql, ygky f}, eo }omfk``v jlkefenh|` kei kqyf}yfmk``v feylql}yfen

yglkyql, f} ro}}fa`l |e`l}} oel ~oqc} ~fygfe oel.} o~e m|`y|qk` yqkifyfoe} kei moeylwy%

Gkafa Ykexfq

^gle F hfq}y ygo|ngy k vlkq kno kao|y jv }lefoq ygl}f}, F ilmfili F ~keyli yo aqfen

}ojlygfen oh jv m|`y|qk` moeylwy lfngy ygo|}kei jf`l} k~kv hqoj Feifk yo Qlli% Fe }lkqmg oh }ojl

}lja`keml oh qooy}, F y|qeli hfq}y yo `ken|knl% Alfen ygl mgfì oh k Ykjf` hkjf`v fe k mo}joro`fyke

mfyv li|mkyli fe ke Len`f}g jlif|j }mgoo` ygky yk|ngy Gfeif kei ]ke}cqfy, fe ygl jfii`l oh k

Ckeekik }rlkcfen }ykyl, fy ~k} eoy lk}v yo hfei }ojlygfen F mo|ì mk`` jv o~e% F gki eoy }y|ifli

yglkyql kmkiljfmk``v alhoql F mkjl yo mo``lnl, k} yglql kql xlqv hl~ kxle|l} ygky k`ò~ k }y|iley fe

Feifk yo io }o% Yglqlhoql, F ygo|ngy F cel~ oe`v k} j|mg kao|y Feifke yglkyql k} F gki }y|ifli kao|y

ky Qlli, fe yglkyql gf}yoqv kei feylqm|`y|qk` yglkyql m`k}}4 m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy ylwy*ak}li iqkjk kei ygl

iqkjky|qnfmk` yqlkyf}l, yglEkyvk}gk}yqk% ]fnefhfmkey`v l}} fehoqjli fe ygl moeyljroqkqv Feifke yglkyql

}mlel, Fxl nqo~e |r al`flxfen ~gky jo}y rlor`l fe ro}y*moòefk` Feifk al`flxl kao|y ygl if}yfemyfoe}

kjoen yglkyql, m`k}}fmk` ikeml kei ho`c rlqhoqjkeml% Ylwy*ak}li l}ylqe qlk`f}j, rlqhoqjli fe ygl

{|fly oqilq`v ikqcel}} oh ygl rqo}mlef|j f} yglkyql, ~gf`l k`` hoqj} oh yqkifyfoek` Feifke yglkyql,

jkev oh ~gfmg gkxl yglfq qooy}1 fe ygl moifhfli rgv}fmk` xomka|`kqv kei }yknfen moexleyfoe} }ly hoqyg

fe yglEkyvk}gk}yqk, fem`|ifen xfqy|o}fm m`k}}fmk` ikeml, }|mg k} Agkqkykeyvkj kei Ckygkc, kei

fjrqoxf}kyfoek` oqk`*ekqqkyfxl*ak}li ho`c hoqj}, }|mg k} Vkc}gknkek kei Ckygkck`f, kql ql`lnkyli yo

`l}} mlqlaqk` ikeml gk``} kei o|yiooq rlqhoqjkeml}% Lxle ygo|ng F gki rqlxfo|}`v ceo~e ygky fe

]ke}cqfy ygl ~oqi} hoq ikeml kei iqkjk kql aoyg ygl }kjl ~oqi 'ekyvk&, fy ~k} eoy ke fey|fyfxl `lkr

ygky Ckygkc, ygl eoqyg*Feifke m`k}}fmk` ikeml ygky F gkxl rqkmyfmli hoq k`jo}y k ilmkil, mo|ì al

ifnefhfli av ygl ekjl oh yglkyql%

1 Fy f} eoy fekmm|qkyl yo }kv ygky ~l}ylqe qlk`f}j f} yo Kqf}yoyl`fke yglkyql ~gky m`k}}fmk` ikeml kei ho`c rlqhoqjkeml hoqj}

kql yo m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy iqkjk%


16/83

1

Qlli, yglqlhoql, orleli jv lvl} yo lwrkei ygl ilhfefyfoe oh yglkyql hqoj ygl ekqqo~

moehfel} oh ylwy*ak}li Kqf}yoyl`fke yglkyql yo ygl ifxlq}fyv oh joxljley kei }yoqvyl``fen hoqj}

kqo|ei ygl ~oqì%Yo jv }|qrqf}l F ho|ei ygky k nqo|r oh Feifke r`kv~qfngy*ifqlmyoq}, fem`|ifen

Gkafa Ykexfq, gki jkil ygl }kjl if}moxlqv k`jo}y hoqyv vlkq} kno% Yglv qldlmyli ygl glnljoev oh

ylwy*ak}li ~l}ylqe qlk`f}j kei alnke yo femoqroqkyl òmk` ikeml*iqkjk yqkifyfoe} fe k joxl yo

qlfexley oqk` yqkifyfoe} fe k el~ ylwy ak}l% Ygf} ylwy ak}l moe}f}yli oh aoyg yqke}mqfryfoe} oh oqk`

fjrqoxf}kyfoek` iqkjk kei oqfnfek` fylqky|ql ~qfyyle yo al rql}leyli k} fjrqoxf}kyfoek` rlqhoqjkeml%

M|qfo|}`v, yglfq mgkjrfoefen oh yqkifyfoek` hoqj} mofemfili ~fyg ke feylql}y fe ygl Nlqjke iqkjkyf}y

Alqyo`y Aqlmgy, ~go gfj}l`h ~k} feylql}yli fe yqkifyfoek` K}fke hoqj} oh yglkyql k} ke k`ylqekyfxl yo

Kqf}yoyl`fke yglkyql% Gkxfen lemo|eylqli ygl feiojfyka`l Aqlmgy fe elkq`v lxlqv yglkyql }v``ka|} ky

Qlli, hqoj kmyfen, ifqlmyfen kei r`kv~qfyfen yo yglkyql gf}yoqv kei feylqm|`y|qk` yglkyql m`k}}l}, F ~k}

joql ygke k `fyy`l feylql}yli fe fexl}yfnkyfen gf} ~oqc%

K`` oh ygl}l filk} mkjl yonlyglq ~gle jv kixf}lq Ckyg`lle ôq`lv rofeyli jl yo ygl

rqoxfileyfk``v yfy`li kqyfm`l, Yo Al Joql Aqlmgyfke f} yo Al Joql Feifke4 Oe ygl Yglkyql oh Gkafa

Ykexfq,~gfmg lwròqli ygl }fjf kqfyfl} aly~lle ygl hoqj, moeyley kei yglkyqfmk` ylmgef{|l} oh

Aqlmgy} Lrfm yglkyql kei ygky oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk hqkjli fe ygl moeylwy oh Gkafa Ykexfq} yglkyqfmk`

lwròqkyfoe}%Ygl k|ygoq oh ygf} kqyfm`l, Xk}|igk Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt,feileyfhfl} ygl mgkqkmylqf}yfm} ygky

kql mojjoe yo lrfm yglkyql kei ]ke}cqfy 'yqkifyfoek` oq ho`c& iqkjk4

Ygl ka}leml oh f``|}foe, ygl |}l oh if}ykemfen ilxfml} }|mg k} jk}c}, ygl }omfk`

yvrfhfmkyfoe oh mgkqkmylq kei ygl hql{|ley if}qlnkqi hoq r}vmgoònfmk` feylqrqlykyfoe kei

hfek``v, ygl lrf}oifm ekqqkyfxl }yq|my|ql, glì yonlyglq av k ekqqkyoq, kql k`` mkylnoqfl} `kqnl

leo|ng yo al kjleka`l yo mojrkqf}oe, fh eoy yoyk` fileyfhfmkyfoe ~fyg ygl jo}y ifxlq}l hoqj}

oh yglkyql xkqfo|}`v m`k}}fhfli k} yqkifyfoek` oq ho`c% l hfei ygle SAqlmgy}Z lrfm ygloqvalfen fecli ~fyg ygl}l yqkifyfoek` kei ho`c hoqj}, ~gfmg fe yglfq y|qe gkxl qlrlkyli`v

alle rqom`kfjli yo gkxl alle lemojrk}}li av ygl m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy kl}yglyfm ygloqv,

oqnkeftli kqo|ei ygl moemlry ohqk}k% 'Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt, Hf}mglq*@fmgyl, 11;&


17/83

=

Il}rfyl ygl le|jlqkyli }fjf`kqfyfl} fe rql}leykyfoe, moeyley kei }yq|my|ql, Lrfm yglkyql kei

]ke}cqfy iqkjk gkxl ifhhlqley filk} kao|y ygl filk` k|ifleml qlmlryfoe kei ygl r|qro}l oh ygl yglkyql

fe }omflyv% Kmmoqifen yo ygl }knl Agkqkyk, nooi k|ifleml ql}roe}l fexo`xl} rlor`l }fenfen kòen kei

ygqo~fen qo}l} ky ygl kmyoq}. hlly, a|y ygl jo}y }|mml}}h|` r`kv} kql ygo}l jly ~fyg k ifxfel }oqy oh

}f`leml% Fe Aqlmgy.} xfl~, k nooi k|ifleml, hkq hqoj alfen rlkmlh|`, mgkqnl} o|y oh ygl yglkyql kei

mgkenl} }omflyv%

F ~k} feylql}yli fe ifqlmyfen k r`kv femoqroqkyfen ylmgef{|l} hqoj aoyg krrqokmgl} yo

yglkyql, hoq ygl rqorlq }veygl}f} oh ~gfmg F |eilqyooc }ojl kmkiljfm }y|iv oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei

ql}lkqmg oe go~ Aqlmgy ~oqcli ~fyg kmyoq} rgv}fmk``v yo mqlkyl rlqhoqjkeml% F }yknli }l`lmyli }mlel}

hqoj k ]ke}cqfy r`kv, iqk~fen oe ygl ka}leml oh f``|}foe, ygl if}ykemfen ylmgef{|l}, ygl lrf}oifm

ekqqkyfxl kei ygl if}qlnkqi hoq r}vmgoònfmk` feylqrqlykyfoe fe hkxo|q oh ygl }omfk` yvrfhfmkyfoe oh

mgkqkmylq rql}ley fe aoyg Lrfm kei ]ke}cqfy iqkjk% F mgo}l ygl ]ke}cqfy noìle knl roly Ck`fik}k}

r`kvYgl Qlmonefyfoe oh ]gkc|eyk`kk} j|mg almk|}l ]gkc|eyk`k} }yoqv f} hkjf`fkq hqoj jv mgfìgooi, k}

almk|}l oh ygl orroqy|efyv fy rql}leyli yo lwròql aoyg krrqokmgl} yo yglkyql% ^gky ygle f} ygl

ql}|`y oh ifqlmyfen k r`kv |}fen mojrkqka`l krrqokmgl} hqoj ifhhlqfen filoònfl}? Fe oyglq ~oqi},

~glql iol} jv moemlryfoe oh ygl oadlmyfxl oh ygl yglkyqfmk` lwrlqfleml }ykei fe ql`kyfoe yo Aqlmgy}

kei Agkqkyk}?

Gkafa Ykexfq, Alqyo`y Aqlmgy kei F hoqj k }yqkenl yqfo oh ifqlmyoq} ~oqcfen ~fygfe ~l}ylqe

kei lk}ylqe hqkjl~oqc} oh yglkyql% Aqlmgy l}mkrli Kqf}yoyl`fke yglkyql ygqo|ng Lrfm yglkyql, hfeifen

}|rroqy hoq gf} ~oqc fe hoqj} fe ~gfmg ygl ceo~`linl oh rlqhoqjkeml ylmgef{|l} kql mkqqfli fe ygl

aoiv, }|mg k} Kjlqfmke xk|ilxf` l kei ygl }yv`ftli ylmgef{|l} oh K}fke hoqj}% Ykexfq yqkfeli fe

~l}ylqe qlk`f}j aoyg fe Feifk kei fe ygl \C alhoql gl qly|qeli yo gf} qlnfoek` Mggkyyf}nkqgf qooy}% F

}y|iv Aqlmgy kmkiljfmk``v ~gf`l mkqqvfen fe jv aoiv ygl ceo~`linl oh ]ke}cqfy rlqhoqjkeml

ylmgef{|l}% F mojl hqoj jv qooy} fe Ckygkc yo ke kmkiljfm }y|iv oh ygl qldlmyfoe oh ~l}ylqe qlk`f}j

kei k xk`fikyfoe oh ygo}l yqkifyfoek` hoqj}% F krrqokmg jv yqkifyfoek` qooy} ~fyg ygl k~kqlel}} oh

Ykexfq} qly|qe yo ygl hkjf`fkq kei Aqlmgy} y|qe yo ygl hoqlfne%


18/83

9

Fe ygl ho``o~fen mgkrylq} F ~f`` feyqoi|ml ygl qlkilq yo ygl oqfnfe} kei kl}yglyfm} oh ]ke}cqfy

iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql alhoql if}m|}}fen ygl }rlmfhfm moexleyfoe} ygky lei yglj}l`xl} yo ygl

mkylnoqfl} oh mojrkqf}oe, ekjl`v rql}leykyfoe, moeyley kei }yq|my|ql, o|y`feli av Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt% F

}gk`` ygle lwr`oql ygl }fjf`kqfyfl} kei ifhhlqleml} fe Gkafa Ykexfq} kei jv o~e lenknljley ~fyg

]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql fe ygl |ef{|l mfqm|j}ykeml} ygky nkxl qf}l yo o|q ~oqc%


19/83

&% Ygf} feifhhlqleml yo mgqoeoònv }ylj} hqoj ygl

m|`y|qk` al`flh ygky yfjl f} mvm`fmk`% Ygl ]ke}cqfy ~oqì xfl~ oh ygl mvm`fmk` eky|ql oh ygl |efxlq}l

ygqo~} fngy oe ygl m|qfo|} feifhhlqleml fe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk yo ygl Kqf}yoyl`fke |efyfl} oh kmyfoe, yfjl

kei r`kml% Kmyfoe} omm|q, a|y rferofeyfen ygl lwkmy yfjl kei r`kml f} fqql`lxkey moe}filqfen ygky

lxlqvygfen g|jke} lemo|eylq gkrrle} fe k |efxlq}l ~gfmg f} nofen yo qlrlky fy}l`h mvm`fmk``v3 fe

l}}leml, lxlqv kmyfoe f} gkrrlefen lxlqv~glql k`` ygl yfjl% Ygl yglkyql f} ~l`` r`kmli yo lwròql ygl}l

kmyfoe}3 ygl yqkifyfoek` ]ke}cqfy r`kvgo|}l f} a|f`y yo qlrql}ley ygl |efxlq}l, fem`|ifen ygl ygqll

qlnfoe} oh glkxle, lkqyg kei gl``%

YglEkyvk}gk}yqkyl``} |} ygky ygl iljoe} kyyljryli yo il}yqov k`` ekyvkalmk|}l ygl xlqv hfq}y

yglkyql rlqhoqjkeml ilrfmyli yglfq il}yq|myfoe ky ygl gkei} oh ygl noi}% Ygle av yglfq a`kmc jknfm

'jkvk& Sygl iljoe}Z jkeknli yo hqlltl }rllmgl}, joxljley} kei lxle ygl jljoqv oh ygl

rlqhoqjlq}'Qkenkmgkqvk, 9&% Ygl cfen oh ygl noi}, Feiqk, ygle nol} feyo igvkek'jlifkyfoe& kei

qlk`ftl} ygky ekyvkf} alfen il}yqovli av ygl jkvk'a`kmc jknfm& oh ygl iljoe}% Ygl }yoqv mk``}

kyyleyfoe yo ygl ro~lq oh ygl yglkyql kei ygqo~} `fngy oe ygl al`flh ygky ygl ]ke}cqfy }yknl f}


21/83

>

rqoylmyli av ygl noi} hqoj ygl jkmgfekyfoe} oh ygl iljoe}% Go~lxlq, ekyvkmo|ì eoy al }khl |eyf`

Aqkgjk gki k `fyy`l mgky ~fyg ygl iljoe}, kiiql}}fen yglfq moemlqe} ygky ekyvk~k} mqlkyli hoq ygl

nòqfhfmkyfoe oh ygl noi} kei hoq ygl g|jf`fkyfoe oh ygl iljoe}% Aqkgjk rkmfhfl} yglj }kvfen ygky gl

mqlkyli yglEkyvkxlikyo }go~ nooi kei aki hll`fen} oh aoyg ygl noi} kei ygl iljoe} kei jkeknl}

yo moexfeml yglj yo nly oe aokqi ~fyg ygl filk% Ygl igvkekoh ygl noi} f} k`}o yqke}`kyli k}

moemleyqkyfoe oq kyyleyfoe kei jkvkoh ygl iljoe} k} f``|}foe% K yglkyql rlqhoqjkeml, ygf} }yoqv

}llj} yo }|nnl}y, mkeeoy al }|mml}}h|`, yglqlhoql, fh yglql f} k akyy`l aly~lle ygl kyyleyfoe kei

f``|}foe% Ygf} f} ygl oqfnfe oh ygl rqkmyfml oh rlqhoqjfen k }kmqfhfml oe }yknl yo rkmfhv aoyg ygl noi}

kei ygl iljoe} fe rqlrkqkyfoe oh k }|mml}}h|` rlqhoqjkeml% Aòoi }kmqfhfml gk} alle qlr`kmli oxlq

ygl mley|qfl} ~fyg qfy|k`} kei femkeykyfoe} yo }vjao`ftl }kmqfhfml, kei yo ygf} ikv, eo feifnleo|}

Feifke yglkyql rlqhoqjkeml alnfe} ~fygo|y ~oq}gfrfen ygl }yknl kei ygl noi}, kei rkmfhvfen ygl

iljoe} yo k`ò~ ygl r`kv yo rqomlli ~fygo|y oa}ykm`l}% Akqakqk Jf``lq eoyl} ygky

Fe kiifyfoe yo fy} qfy|k` h|emyfoe Sygl rql`fjfekqfl}Z nkxl }ojl oh ygl rlqhoqjlq} k

mgkeml yo joxl kqo|ei oe ygl }yknl, yo }yqlymg yglfq `fja} kei xomk` mgoqi} alhoql ~gky ~k}

|eio|ayli`v ygl oqilk` oh k rlqhoqjkeml% Jlke~gf`l ygl k|ifleml hf`ylqli fe kei ~k} iqk~e

feyo ygl jooi oh ygl r`kv yo al rlqhoqjli av ygl }oen}, ikeml kei xlqak` ifkòn oh ygl

rql`fjfekqv leylqykfejley 'Jf``lq, 98&%

YglEkyvk}gk}yqkrql}ley} k qlhql}gfen`v ro}fyfxl xfl~ oh |}lh|èl}} oh yglkyql fe ygl ~oqì%

Ygl }rllmg ygky Aqkgjk nfxl} yo ygl if}}leyfen iljoe} alnfe} av lwyo``fen ygl |efxlq}k`fyv oh kmyfoe}

kei ljoyfoe} qlrql}leyli fe ygl yglkyql, ~fyg }ojlygfen yo ohhlq yo lxlqvaoiv% fyg ygl }gql~iel}}

oh k }yqlly gk~clq }l``fen m|ql*k`` jknfm royfoe, Aqkgjk jkqcly} ekyvk}xfqy|l} kei ygl elml}}fyv oh fy}

alfen k rkqy oh lxlqv feifxfi|k`} `fhl eoy oe`v hoq r`lk}|ql kei li|mkyfoe a|y k`}o hoq ygl }o|`,

yorrfen k`` ygky ohh ~fyg ygl rg`lnjkyfm k}}lqyfoe ygky khylq k`` eoygfen lwf}y} fe ygl ~oqì ygky f} eoy

k`qlkiv rql}ley fe ygl ekyvk%

F gkxl mqlkyli ygl Ekyvkxlik yo }go~ nooi kei aki kmyfoe} kei hll`fen} oh aoyg

noi} kei vo|q}l`xl}% Fy f} ygl qlrql}leykyfoe oh ygl ~kv} oh ygl leyfql ygqll ~oqì} kei eoy


22/83

7

oe`v oh ygl noi} oq oh vo|q}l`xl}% Eo~ Igkqjk, eo~ Kqygk, eo~ Ckjk, g|jo|q oq hfngy},

nqlli oq cf``fen3 qfngy hoq ygl rlor`l nofen ~qoen3 ledovjley hoq ygo}l ~go kql r`lk}|ql*

}llclq}3 ql}yqkfey oh ygl f``*algkxli oq yo`lqkeml oh ygl ~l``*algkxli3 joelv hoq ygo}l ~go

~key yo jkcl k `fxfen kei }ykaf`fyv yo if}y|qali jfei}3 Ekyvk f} ygl qlrql}leykyfoe

'ke|ckqkek& oh ygl ~kv} oh ygl ~oq`i fexo`xfen ygo}l xkqfo|} ljoyfoe} kei ifhhlqfen

mfqm|j}ykeml}% Fy nfxl} vo| rlkml, leylqykfejley kei gkrrfel}}, k} ~l`` k} alelhfmley kixfml

ak}li oe ygl kmyfoe} oh gfng, `o~ kei jfii`l rlor`l% Fy aqfen} ql}y kei rlkml yo rlq}oe}

khh`fmyli av }oqqo~, hkyfn|l oq nqflh oq gl`r`l}}el}}% Yglql f} eo kqy, eo ceo~`linl, eo vonk,

eo kmyfoe ygky f} eoy ho|ei fe Ekyvk 'K} |}|k` fe }|mg moeylwy}, ygl }kjl filk} kql qlrlkyli

fe ifhhlqley ~oqi} fe keoyglq gk`h*k*iotle xlq}l}&'Qkenkmgkqvk,


23/83

6

gkei} yo feifmkyl ykenfa`l ilykf`} `fcl mgkqkmylq kei kmyfoe, kei ka}yqkmy moemlry} }|mg k} jooi,

}lk}oe kei yfjl oh ikv%

Fe ygl ;9yg kei ;


24/83

;2

d|}y k} mgfìqle glql kql lemo|qknli yo `lkqe ygl rfkeo oq ak``ly k} feif}r|yka`l rqoi|my} oh yglfq

m`k}}fmk` m|`y|ql% K} }y|iley} oh Ckygkc, ~l elxlq kmy|k``v qlki yglEkyvk}gk}yqk, a|y yooc fy hqoj o|q

n|q|}ygky ygl q|`l} oh ikeml k} fy f} yoikv mkjl hqoj ygl kemfley Aqkgjkefmk` yqkifyfoe ygky rqoi|mli

yglEkyvk}gk}yqkCkygkc ikemlq}, ~l ~lql lwrlmyli yo ceo~ lxlqv }fen`l kei io|a`l*gkeili j|iqkk}

k jkyylq oh mo|q}l, ~gf`l mgkeyfen ygl ]ke}cqfy ekjl} oh ygl j|iqk}fe xlq}l il}fneli yo leka`l lk}v

qlmo``lmyfoe oh ygl xkqfo|} hoqj}%Ygf} rliknonv, fe ygl |ef{|l ylkmglq}y|iley yqkifyfoe, oqn|q|*

}gf}gvk rkqkjrkqk, oh elxlq io|ayfen ygl }rocle ceo~`linl oh ygl ylkmglq 'ygky eo io|ay rql}lqxli

jkev ke oqk` ylwy&, gk} alle fe r`kv ygqo|ng ygl mley|qfl}% Ygo|ng ~l glkqi kao|y yk~kfh}fe ror|`kq

}yoqfl} oh mo|qyl}ke} ~fyg noìle glkqy}, }|mg k} \jqko Dkkekei Ilxik}, ~l }cfqyli ygl mo|qyl}ke

f}}|l fe m`k}} fe hkxo|q oh Ckygkc} ql}rlmyka`l Aqkgjkefmk` oqfnfe}% Fqoefmk``v, ygl Ckygkc ~l `lkqey

~k} jo}y`v rql}leykyfoek`, xfqy|o}fm kei ylmgefmk` 'eqfyvk, oq ka}yqkmy ikeml&, ~fyg xlqv `fyy`l

}yoqvyl``fen oh ygl Aqkgjkefmk` yqkifyfoe} kei fyy`l |}l ohkagfekvk, oq nl}y|qk` kei hkmfk` jfjlyfm

lwrql}}foe% ]yoqvyl``fen rflml} ilrfmy }lmyfoe} oh ygl nqlky Gfei| lrfm} yglJkgkagkqkykkei ygl

Qkjkvkek, Cqf}gek*Qkigk lrf}oil} hqoj ygl Agkcyf yqkifyfoe, rolyqv hqoj J|ngk` kei ]|hf yqkifyfoe}

kei ror|`kq }lm|`kq }yoqfl} ygky gkxl k`}o alle kikryli feyo hkjo|} ]ke}cqfy r`kv}% Ygl }yoqv oh

]gkc|eyk`k f} ygl rlqhlmy lwkjr`l oh k }lm|`kq qojkeml ygky f} rkqy oh ygl ikeml*iqkjk mkeoe, k} ~l``

k} k ]ke}cqfy r`kv% ]yoqv*yl``fen rflml} ~lql ql}lqxli hoq oe`v ygl jo}y kixkemli }y|iley} ~go

rlqhoqjli fe r|a`fm, k} ygl mgoqlonqkrgv kei kmmojrkevfen j|}fm oh k rkqyfm|`kq }mgoo` oh Ckygkc

f} ke lelqnlyfmk``v n|kqili yqkil }lmqly%

F ~k} ka`l yo nkfe leyqv feyo ygf} }lmqly ~gle F }rley ygl }|jjlq oh 12;;, }|rroqyli av

Qlli Mo``lnl} Ikxfi Ki`lq Yglkyql H|ei, yqkfefen yo rlqhoqj%Ygl ikeml hoqj gk} mlqykfe`v

lxo`xli, ygl qfhy aly~lle ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei k}}omfkyli m`k}}fmk` ikeml hoqj} gk} ~fileli, kei F eo~

hkml yqvfen yo qlmoemf`l Ckygkc k} ygl }kjl hoqj ygky ~k} jleyfoeli fe yglEkyvk}gk}yqk~fyg ~gky F

`lkqeli k} k }y|iley% Go~lxlq, ygo|ng fy f} hkq qljoxli, fy} k}}omfkyfoe f} eoy |eqlmoneftka`l kei fe

hkmy {|fyl ygl moeyqkqv% Ygl }|a}ykeml oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk 'ygl }~llrfen roqyqkfy oh ifhhlqley m`k}}l} oh

rlor`l, oh òxl kei ilkyg& qljkfe} k} ql`lxkey yoikv fe Feifk k} ]gkcl}rlkql f} yo ygl ~l}ylqe ~oqì3


25/83

;;

joilqe Ckygkc o~l} k} j|mg yo m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy iqkjk oh ygl lkq`v mojjoe lqk k} io Ao``v~ooi

moexleyfoe} yoikv%

Ck`fik}k kei Oh ygl Qlmonefyfoe oh ]gkc|eyk`k

Fe `fylqky|ql iqkjk f} al}y, kei fe iqkjk, ]gkc|eyk`k

Kqyg|q ^% Qvilq9

]gkc|eyk`k} }yoqv gk} alle k rkqy oh Feifke jvygo`onv hqoj fy} qooy} fe kemfley oqk` yqkifyfoe

kei ikeml*iqkjk rlqhoqjkeml, hfq}y krrlkqfen fe ~qfyyle hoqj k} ke lrf}oil fe ygl lrfmJkgkagkqkyk,

ygle k} k h|`` `lenyg ]ke}cqfy r`kv fe ygl


26/83

;1

Ck`fik}k, k`}o ceo~e kekmgqoef}yfmk``v k} ygl ]gkcl}rlkql oh Feifk, ~k} k roly oe ygl no`ile

knl oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk% Gf} hfhyg mley|qv r`kvKagfnekek}gkc|eyk`kj 'Oh ygl Qlmonefyfoe oh ]gkc|eyk`k& f}

ygl jo}y hkjo|} `fylqkqv kikrykyfoe oh ygl }yoqv%Kagfnekek}gkc|eyk`kjf}fileyfhfli kmmoqifen yo ygl

rqlmlry} oh yglEkyvk}gk}yqkk} k ekykckikeml*iqkjk% Ygl ekykckml`laqkyl} k qlk`fyv oh ygl gfngl}y

yvrl, ygl filk` gflqkqmgv ygky f} igkqjk3fy} mgkqkmylq} kqliqk~e hqoj k qkyglq ql}yqfmyli mfqm`l oh lrfm

glqol} kei glqofel} 'Jf``lq, 9=&%Ygl mgkqkmylq} kql eoy }o j|mg }yv`ftkyfoe} oh hkjf`fkq feifxfi|k`}

k} yglv kql rlq}oefhfmkyfoe} oh qo`l yvrl} ljaliili fe Feifke m|`y|ql% Iqkjk f} k ml`laqkyfoe oh

gflqkqmgv, eoy fe ygl }le}l ygky ygl ro~lqh|` k`~kv} yqf|jrg a|y qkyglq ygky fe k ~l``*oqilqli

|efxlq}l fileyfyfl} kql fe }ojl }le}l nfxle kei eoy km{|fqli, kei ygky ql`kyfoe} kql qlk}oeka`l kei eoy

kqafyqkqv'Jf``lq, 9=&% Fy f} k y~leyv mgkqkmylq }yqoen, }lxle kmy r`kv, ~qfyyle fe ifhhlqley ifk`lmy} kei

hf``li ~fyg }fil r`oy}, moeyljroqkqv }omfk` mojjleykqv kei qfmg k``|}foe yo oyglq m`k}}fmk` lnlei}%

Kmmoqifen yo ygl rqlmlry} oh yglEkyvk}gk}yqk,~gfmg rqlikyl} fy, ygl r`kv f} iqkjky|qnfmk``v rlqhlmy3

kei kmmoqifen yo Nolygl, ~go fjjoqyk`ftli fy fe gf} xlq}l, fy f} k r`kv ygky lemojrk}}l} ygl alk|yv oh

glkxle kei lkqyg


27/83

;=

oe nqo|ei} oh yglfq ~lkc feyl``fnleml% Oel oh glq }|fyoq} ilmfil} yo ykcl qlxlenl oe glq av ilmlfxfen

kei g|jf`fkyfen glq% Gl iql}}l} ke ow*iqfxlq hqoj ygl }yqlly fe ygl nkqa oh k }mgo`kq kei rqoxfil}

gfj ~fyg k `lkqeli qlyfe|l, oe ygl moeifyfoe ygky gl }ykv} }f`ley ky k`` mo}y}% Fe k }lqfl} oh gf`kqfo|}

kromqvrgk` {|l}yfoe} ro}li av ygl rqfeml}} kei ke}~lqli av gf} qlyfe|l, Ck`fik}k moexfeml} ygl

rqfeml}} ygky gl f} ygl jo}y feyl``fnley jke fe ygl cfenioj }fjr`v av }ykvfen }f`ley% Ky ygl ~liifen,

ygl rqfeml}} `lkqe} oh ygl ilmlryfoe a|y hoqnfxl} Ck`fik}k kei k}c} gfj yo rqkv hoq `lkqefen hqoj ygl

noiil}} Ck`f% Gf} rqkvlq} kql jfqkm|ò|}`v ke}~lqli kei gl ekjl} gfj}l`h Ck`fik}k, oq }lqxkey oh

Ck`f% Ck`fik}k ygle qldlmy} ygl jkqqfknl yo ygl rqfeml}} oe nqo|ei} ygky }gl f} gf} }|rlqfoq kei gf}

ylkmglq kei gl ~o|ì elxlq if}ql}rlmy glq av alfen feyfjkyl% H|qfo|}, ygl rqfeml}} m|q}l} gfj yo ifl

ky ygl gkei} oh k ~ojke% Jkev vlkq} `kylq ygl m|q}l f} h|`hf``li ~gle k ~ojke Ck`fik}k òxl}

j|qilq} gfj yo mo``lmy ygl joelykqv ql~kqi hoq gf} rolyqv hoq glq}l`h% Yo ke Feifke k|ifleml hkjf`fkq

~fyg ygl moemlry ohckqjk, ygf} }yoqv ~o|ì jkcl rlqhlmy }le}l% Ygl rqfeml}} f} if}krrofeyli fe

jkqqfknl fe rkvjley hoq glq kqqonkeml fe if}jf}}fen }|fyoq}, kei Ck`fik}k rkv} hoq qldlmyfen ygl

rqfeml}} lxle ygo|ng }gl hoqnkxl gfj hoq gf} ilmlryfoe%

Fe ygl }yoqv oh ]gkc|eyk`k, k} fy omm|q} fe Feifke jvygoònv, ygl noi} moei|my ygf} nfxl kei

ykcl oh r|ef}gjley kei ql~kqi yo cllr ckqjfm ak`keml fe ygl |efxlq}l% Ke Feifke hkfqvyk`l fe

kmmoqikeml ~fyg Gfei| rgfò}orgv f} oel fe ~gfmg hoqy|el hkxo|q} rlor`l ~go h|`hf` yglfq i|yv oq

igkqjkkei jf}hoqy|el alhk``} rlor`l ~go io eoy h|`hf` yglfq igkqjk, kei fy ~f`` moeyfe|l yo r`kn|l

yglj |eyf` yglv io h|`hf` fy, ~glyglq fe ygf} `fhl oq ygl elwy% Jf}hoqy|el alhk``} nooi rlor l ~go gkxl

}feeli fe k rk}y `fhl oq gkxl yo rkv hoq ygl }fe} oh k rkqley% Fe ygl ]gkc|eyk`k }yoqv ygl noi} }lei ygl

evjrg Jlekck yo aqlkc ygl m|q}l oh Ck|}gfck }o ygky gl jkv eoy kyykfe ro~lq} jkymgfen ygo}l oh

ygl noi}, ~gfmg ~o|ì ygqo~ ygl ak`keml oh ygl |efxlq}l feyo mgko}% ]gkc|eyk`k, aoqe oh Jlekck,

j|}y rkv hoq nlyyfen fe ygl ~kv oh Ck|}gfck.} igkqjk% Glq m|q}l f} yo al hoqnoyyle av ygl cfen ~go

j|}y fe y|qe rkv hoq |ed|}y`v qldlmyfen glq% Fe ygf} ~kv ygl noi}, ~go cllr lxlqvaoiv fe yglfq r`kml}

}o ygky lxlqvaoiv mke lxley|k``v al gkrrv, ak`keml lxlqvygfen% Ygl Cfen rkv} av }|hhlqfen n|f`y hoq


28/83

;9

}lxle vlkq} kei hfngyfen oe algk`h oh ygl noi}, kei ]gkc|eyk`k f} a`l}}li ~fyg k mgfì yo q|`l ygl

~oqì fe mojrle}kyfoe hoq glq nqflh ky alfen qldlmyli%

Nfxle ygl kaoxl feyqoi|myfoe yo ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, Ckygkc kei ]gkc|eyk`k, ~l mke lwkjfel

Xk}|igk Ik`jfk@ilqfyt} kqyfm`l mojrkqfen ygl ygqll k}rlmy} oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, ygky rkqk``l` ygo}l

oh Lrfm yglkyql, ekjl`v rql}leykyfoe 'ygl ka}leml oh f``|}foe kei ygl |}l oh if}ykemfen ilxfml} }|mg

k} jk}c}&, moeyley 'ygl }omfk` yvrfhfmkyfoe oh mgkqkmylq kei ygl hql{|ley if}qlnkqi hoq r}vmgoònfmk`

feylqrqlykyfoe& kei }yq|my|ql 'ygl lrf}oifm ekqqkyfxl }yq|my|ql, glì yonlyglq avk ekqqkyoq&% F }gk``

moem`|il ~fyg k if}m|}}foe oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kl}yglyfm ygloqv kei il}fqli k|ifleml ql}roe}l yo

keyfmfrkyl fy} mojrkqf}oe ~fyg Lrfm yglkyql%

Rql}leykyfoe4 kagfekvk, j|iqkkei jfjl

]ke}cqfy iqkjk, fem`|ifen Ckygkc, f} rlqhoqjli yoikv d|}y k} fy gk} alle hoq mley|qfl}, fe

yljr`l}, fe ikeml gk``} kei fe ygl orle kfq oe jkcl}gfhy }yknl}% Ygl }ly f} }ojlyfjl} l`kaoqkyl`v

ilmoqkyli, yo al kl}yglyfmk``v r`lk}fen kei }vjao`fmk``v k|}rfmfo|}, elfyglq qlrql}leyfen ke

f``|}foef}yfm ~oqì eoq m`kfjfen ygky yo al ke kfj oh ygl yglkyql% Fe hkmy, ygl k|ifleml f} qljfeili

ygqo|ngo|y ygky fy f} ~kymgfen ke kqyfhfmfk` ~oqi ygqo|ng if}ykemfen ilxfml}, }|mg k} l`kaoqkyl

mo}y|jl}, jk}c} kei eoe*qlk`f}yfm rqor}% Yglql f} eo rqlyleml ygky ygl kmyoq f} ygl mgkqkmylq }gl f}

roqyqkvfen3 fy f} al`flxli ygky ygl kmyoq alkq} ygl qo`l oh ygl mgkqkmylq kei rql}ley} fy yo ygl k|ifleml,

d|}y k} }gl jkv ~lkq k mo}y|jl oq k jk}c% Fe ho`c iqkjk, mo}y|jl rflml} }lqxl yo gfng`fngy }omfk`

}yky|} kei mgkqkmylq yvrl3 fe Ckygkc, ygf} f} kmgflxli ygqo|ng ygl |}l oh rgv}fmk` xomka|`kqv%

Ygl xomka| kqv oh nl}y|ql }fy|kyl} mgkqkmylq} fe ql`kyfoe yo lkmg oyglq, ygl }rkml kei yo

}omflyv% Ckygkc, `fcl oyglq ikeml kei iqkjk yqkifyfoe} aoqe hqoj ygl rqlmlry} oh yglEkyvk}gk}yqk,

jkcl} |}l oh y~o ifhhlqley cfei} oh rgv}fmk` lwrql}}foe yo moexlv jlkefen, }yv`ftli nl}y|ql oq

ekyvkigkqjf kagfekvkkei eky|qk`f}yfm jfjl oq òckigkqjf kagfekvk%

Ygl m`k}}fmk` xomka|`kqv oh nl}y|ql} ~k} ljròvli yo moexlv fjknl}, filk}, kei

ekqqkyfxl }l{|leml} hqoj xlq}l}* fehoqjkyfoe lwylqek` yo ygl mgkqkmylq gfj}l`h% Fe ygf} ~kv


29/83

;&, nooi cfen} kql eoa`l, hoo`} kql |n`v, noi}

kql dlkò|} lym, ~fygo|y ygl elli yo }|hhfmfley`v lwr`kfe kev r}vmgoònfmk` joyfxkyfoe hoq yglfq kmyfoe}%

Ke lwkjr`l oh ygf} f}ygl lwyqkxknkey kenlq oh ]knl I|qxk}k fe m|q}fen ]gkc|eyk`k, ~gle }gl f} ò}y

fe ygo|ngy oh glq òxlq kei hkf`} yo rqorlq`v nqlly gfj%

Ygl ]ke}cqfy eoe*qlk`f}yfm afk} fe rql}leykyfoe kei moeyley gk} feh`|lemli Ao``v~ooi kei gk}

almojl }o feylqek`ftli ygky fy} lk}v yo }ll ygky ygl kmyfen fe ~l}ylqe hf`j} fe nlelqk` f} joql qlk`f}yfm

ygke ygl kmyfen fe Feifke hf`j}% Ygky f} yo }kv, mgkqkmylq} fe Feifke hf`j} hf`` ygl kqmglyvrl} oh glqo,

glqofel, xf``kfe, xkjr, alqlkxli joyglq, hkyglq hfn|ql, |}fen ~l`` l}yka`f}gli rgv}fmk`ftkyfoe} 'joyglq

hllifen nqo~e*|r }oe, òxl }yq|mc ~ojke ò~lqfen glq lvl}, lym, k`` oh ~gfmg mojl ifqlmy`v o|y oh

ikeml*iqkjk& qkyglq ygke ~fyg feylqfoqfyv kei feifxfi|k` r}vmgoònv% Ygl}l rgv}fmk`ftkyfoe} oh

mgkqkmylq} fe ql`kyfoe yo lkmg oyglq kql qlmoneftka`l k} lwkjr`l} oh Aqlmgy} Nl}y|}, k} ~l }gk``

if}m|}} fe ygl elwy mgkrylq%

]yq|my|ql

]ke}cqfy iqkjk f} mgkqkmylqftli av lrf}oifm ekqqkyfxl }yq|my|ql, glì yonlyglq av k ekqqkyoq%

Ygf} f} aoqe o|y oh ygl fjrqoxf}kyfoek` yqkifyfoe fe ~gfmg }mlel} hqoj ~l``*ceo~e }yoqfl} kql

rlqhoqjli lrf}oifmk``v% J|mg oh Feifke rlqhoqjkeml ql`fl} oe fjrqoxf}kyfoe ~fygfe ke l}yka`f}gli

}yq|my|ql, ~glyglq ygky }yq|my|ql f} ql}yqfmyli yo oel jlòifm }mk`l oq qknk, oq yo mgkqkmylq yvrl}

~fygfe oel jvygoònfmk` lrfm% Fe m`k}}fmk` ikeml ygf} mo|ì al fe ygl rgv}fmk feylqrqlykyfoe oh j|}fm

kei xlq}l, kei fe ho`c iqkjk ygl fjrqoxf}kyfoe oh ifkòn|l, rolyqv kei eoe*xlqak` ekqqkyfxl ~fygfe k


31/83

;>

}mlel% Yo gl`r cllr ygl k|ifleml kaqlk}y oh ygl kmyfoe, k ekqqkyoq hfn|ql ~go mke feylqxlel kei

feh`|leml ygl ifqlmyfoe oh ygl rqoi|myfoe ky kev yfjl ~glyglq fy al ygl ]|yqkigkkqoh k ho`c

rlqhoqjkeml oq ygl J%M% oh k m`k}}fmk` ikeml rlqhoqjkeml, fehoqj} ygl k|ifleml oh ygl }rlmfhfm

moeylwy oh ygl r`kv% ]ke}cqfy iqkjk k`}o jkcl} |}l oh jlykyglkyqfm}, lwyqljl }gfhy} fe ygl rkmfen oh

ifhhlqley kmy}% Fe Ck`fik}k} ]gkc|eyk`k, kmyoq} krrlkq fe ygl qo`l} oh ifqlmyoq kei kmyoq fe k rqoòn|l

kiiql}}fen ygl k|ifleml kao|y k el~ r`kv ~qfyyle av gfj}l`h% ]mlel} fe ygl r`kv gkrrle oxlq ygl

mo|q}l oh ke khylqeooe, fe k ikv, oq oxlq }fw joeyg}% K`` oh ygl}l ilxfml} iqk~ kyyleyfoe yo ygl hkmy

ygky ygl r`kv f} kqy kei eoy qlk`fyv kei j|}y al oa}lqxli k} k moeeof}}l|q ~o|ì, av alfen fjjlq}li

kei lenknli ~fygo|y alfen ò}y fe fy%

K|ifleml Ql}roe}l

Ygl qo`l oh ygl k|ifleml k} feylqrqlylq, moeeof}}l|q kei moe}|jlq oh m|`y|ql elml}}fykyl}

kmyfxl hlliakmc yo ygl rlqhoqjlq}% Fe aoyg m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei rlqhoqjkeml yqkifyfoe} ygky

ho`ò~li, Ckygkc fem`|ili, ygl k|ifleml f} lwrlmyli yo lwrql}} fy} krrqlmfkyfoe kei ledovjley ky

jojley} ~gle ygl rlqhoqjlq f} l}rlmfk``v m`lxlq, fe}rfqli oq ~gle yglv kql joxli av glq

rlqhoqjkeml% YglEkyvk}gk}yqkjleyfoe} ygky oel ~kv ke k|ifleml lwrql}}l} fy} kijfqkyfoe f} av

ygqo~fen hò~lq} ky ygl hlly oh kmyoq}, a|y k yqkifyfoe ygky moeyfe|l} yoikv f} ygl xomk` krrqlmfkyfoe oh

k rlqhoqjkeml, lfyglq fe g|}gli yoel} oh k~l oq ò|i leo|ng hoq ygl rlqhoqjlq yo glkq% Ygl kmy|k`

xomk`ftkyfoe xkqfl} kmqo}} ifhhlqley `fen|f}yfm qlnfoe} oh Feifk, a|y ky k Gfei|}ykef 'eoqyg*Feifke

m`k}}fmk` j|}fm k}}omfkyli ~fyg Ckygkc& moemlqy oel f} jo}y fcl`v yo glkq kgk, xkg, xkg+

YglEkyvk}gk}yqkfehoqj} |} ygky ]ke}cqfy iqkjk f} kqqkenli kqo|ei ygl mleyqk` moemlry oh

qk}k,xkqfo|}`v yqke} kyli k} }ykyl oh jfei, yk}yl, h`kxo|q oq l}}leml% YglEkyvk}gk}yqk}ykyl}4 eoygfen

gk} jlkefen fe iqkjk lwmlry ygqo|ng qk}k'Aqomclyy, 82>&% Qk}kf} rqoi|mli ygqo|ng ygl

kl}yglyfmftli ljoyfoe oh ygl nl}y|ql}, joxljley, mo}y|jl kei ifkòn|l hoq ygl k|ifleml yo ql`f}g%

Yglql kql lfngy qk}k}, 'lqoyfm, mojfm, rkyglyfm, h|qfo|}, glqofm, ylqqfa`l, oifo|} kei jkqxl`ò|}&


32/83

;7

le|jlqkyli fe yglEkyvk}gk}yqkkei kylq kiifyfoe} fem`|il ygqll joql 'rlkml, rkqleyk` oxl, }rfqfy|k`

ilxoyfoe&%

Ygl qk}k}kql ql`kyli yo lfngy ak}fm g|jke ljoyfoe}, ~gfmg mke al roqyqkvli oe ygl

}yknl 'r`lk}|ql, jfqyg, }oqqo~, ~qkyg, xfno|q, hlkq, if}n|}y, ~oeilq& yo jkcl ro}}fa`l ygl

qlk`ftkyfoe oh ygl krrqorqfkyl qk}k%Yglql kql k`}o ygfqyv*ygqll yqke}fyoqv ljoyfoek` }ykyl} kei

lfngy yvrl} oh mgkqkmylq yljrlqkjley% Ak}fmk``v, yglEkyvk}gk}yqkf} moemlqeli ~fyg go~

ljoyfoek` }ykyl} 'ygl agkxk}&kql yo al rql}leyli oe }yknl ygqo|ng ~oqi}, kmyfoe}, mo}y|jl,

kei jkcl|r fe ygl jkeelq ql{|fqli yo fei|ml ygl krrqorqfkyl qk}k%K`ygo|ng k r`kv jkv

fem`|il l`ljley} ql`kyli yo joql ygke oel agkxkkei qk}k, oel qk}kj|}y iojfekyl, hoq ygl

hfek` kfj f} yo fei|ml k }le}l oh gkqjoev kei mojro}|ql% Hoq ygky qlk}oe, k`` r`kv} lei

gkrrf`v% Ilkyg kei xfo`leml io eoy omm|q oe }yknl, kei qfngy kei ~qoen kql m`lkq`v

ifhhlqleyfkyli% I|qfen k r`kv, dov kei }oqqo~ jkv al jfen`li, a|y ky ygl moem`|}foe k`` j|}yal ql}o`xli feyo gkqjoev ~fyg nooi yqf|jrgkey oxlq lxf` 'Aqomclyy, 82>&%

]ke}cqfy r`kv} yglqlhoql, |e`fcl Kqf}yoyl`fke yqknlifl}, k`~kv} lei ~fyg nooi yqf|jrgfen oxlq

lxf`% Eoy oe`v f} ygf} k rqoi|my oh ygl kl}yglyfm} ohekyvk, a|y k`}o fy hfy} fe ~fyg ygl oryfjf}yfm ]ke}cqfy

~oqìxfl~ygky lxf` kei nooi ~oqc fe mvm`l}% Fh lxf` }llj} yo gkxl ygl |rrlq gkei, fy} oe`v k jkyylq

oh yfjl alhoql oqilq f} ql}yoqli, k} fy k`~kv} f}% ]ke}cqfy iqkjk gk} alle }o feh`|leyfk` fe Feifke

m|`y|ql ygky ~l mke }ll m`lkq lwrql}}foe} oh fy} kl}yglyfm fe k`` cfei} oh rlqhoqjkeml, hqoj m`k}}fmk`

ikeml, }|mg k} Ckygkc, yo Feifke hf`j fei|}yqfl}, }|mg k} Ao``v~ooi%

Ygl rofey oh feylql}y, ygle kei eo~, f} eoy ~glyglq nooi yqf|jrg} oxlq lxf` a|y qkyglq fe

go~, il}rfyl oa}ykm`l}, feyqfn|l kei feyqfmkmfl} oh ròy, ygl }yoqv jkeknl} yo moem`|il fe ygl il}fqli

hk}gfoe% gle ygl }yoqv moem`|il} fe gkqjoev, yglql

f} k ql}o`|yfoe oh }leyfjley} }|hhfmfley v nlelqk` yo kao`f}g ygl j|eikel if}yfemyfoe}

aly~lle k|ifleml, kmyoq kei k|ygoq% Yg|}, ygl hoqjk` kei ygl r|qro}fxl k}rlmy} oh iqkjkyfm

ygloqv kql felwyqfmka`v `fecli% Ljoyfoek` qlfeylnqkyfoe f} }lle aoyg k} k nok` kei k} ygl

|`yfjkyl mqfylqfoe oh }l`lmyfoe hoq ygl l`ljley}, ilylqjfefen ~gfmg kei fe ~gky oqilq

`ken|knl, mgkqkmylq, kei yglkyqfmk` lhhlmy} kql ljròvli 'Jf``lq, 9=&%

Ygl kao`fyfoe oh if}yfemyfoe} aly~lle k|ifleml, kmyoq kei k|ygoq f} ygl | yfjkyl kfj oh

]ke}cqfy iqkjk, mk``fen hoq k cfei oh k|ifleml lenknljley ygky f} xlqv ifhhlqley hqoj ygl oel


33/83

;6

rql}leyli av Aqlmgy k} ygl kfj oh Lrfm yglkyql% K} ygl qk}k*agkxkygloqv fjr`fl}, ygl k|ifleml f}

fexfyli yo hll` kei fjrl``li yo leylq mlqykfe }ykyl} oh jfei av moqql}roeifen oe }yknl qlrql}leykyfoe}%

Fe ke filk` yglkyql, }rlmfhfm agkxk}elml}}fykyl moqql}roeifenqk}k}, qljoxfen ygl if}yfemyfoe} aly~lle

ygl rqlyleml kei jkvkoh ygl }yknl kei ygl qlmlryoqvigvkekoh ygl k|ifleml% Qk}kf} ygl |`yfjkyl kfj

oh ]ke}cqfy yglkyql3 li|mkyfoe, }omfk` d|}yfml, ro`fyfm} kei leylqykfejley kql oe`v }lmoeikqv moemlqe}%

Ygl }|mml}} oh k ]ke}cqfy r`kv f} eoy rqlifmkyli oe ygl mgkqkmylq} r}vmgoònfmk` ilxlòrjley oq ygl

m`lxlq ròy, ygo|ng Ck`fik}k} r`kv gk} aoyg, a|y fe il`fxlqfen ygl feyleili lwrlqfleml ohqk}k%Ygl

moeeof}}l|q eoy oe`v krrqlmfkyl} ygl }jk``l}y ilykf`} oh ygl ljoyfoek` }ykyl} ygky kql rql}leyli fe

lkmg nl}y|ql, `fel, oq xlq}l a|y k`}o almojl} k~kql oh gf} o~e ljoyfoek` r`lk}|ql% Xke A|fylele

~qfyl} ygky ~gle ygl }rlmykyoq alnfe} yo al joql kei joql k~kql oh Sgf} r`lk}|qlZ gl gk} ygl qk}k,

gl gk} ygl jooi 'A|fylele, 19&% Ygf}, k} ~l }gk`` }ll fe ygl elwy mgkrylq, jkv krrlkq yo al fe

mojr`lyl orro}fyfoe yo Aqlmgy} filk` k|ifleml lenknljley% ^gf`l ifk`lmyfm} oh ygl yglkyql kql

lwròqli fe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, fy f} fe ygl feylnqkyfoe oh ljoyfoe kei feyl``lmy, kmyoq kei k|ifleml ygky

mgkqkmylqftl} k }|mml}}h|` rlqhoqjkeml%


34/83


35/83

1;

Mgkrylq Y~o4 Lrfm Yglkyql

Aqlmgy ~k} jkfe`v moemlqeli ~fyg ygl r`kv k} ygl yl``fen oh k

}yoqv yo ke k|ifleml, m`lkq`v, alk|yfh|``v, leylqykfefen`v%8 Mkq` ^lalq

Alqyo`y Aqlmgy ';2 Hlaq|kqv ;767;9 K|n|}y ;6


36/83

11

kei Lr}ylfe, 1>;&% ]ooe khylq, Aqlmgy ~o|ì hfei feyl``lmy|k` xk`fikyfoe fe ygl Jkqwf}y ifk`lmyfm

aly~lle ygl yqf|jrg oh feifxfi|k`fyv kei ygl jk}} rqoi|mfen jlmgkeftkyfoe feglqley fe joilqefyv%

Fe ;619, gl qlki Ckq` Jkqw, ~goj gl mgkqkmylqftli k} ygl oe`v k|ifleml hoq gf} r`kv}, kei jly

Ckq` Coq}mg, k Jkqwf}y ygloqf}y, kei Lq~fe Rf}mkyoq, k ifqlmyoq, ~go ~lql yo gkxl k rqoho|ei

feh`|leml oe gf} ro`fyfm} kei yglkyql% Fe ;61>, Aqlmgy almkjl fexo`xli fe Rf}mkyoq.} ifqlmyoq}

mo``lmyfxl ak}li fe ygl Rf}mkyoq*A|gel fe Eo``leioqhr`kyt, Alq`fe, ~glql gl ~oqcli mò}l`v ~fyg

Rf}mkyoq fe `kvfen ygl ak}f} hoq ~gky almkjl ceo~e k} Lrfm yglkyql% Fe ;617, Aqlmgy almkjl hkjo|}

~fyg ygl }|mml}} ohYgl Ygqllrleev Orlqk%A|y qkyglq ygke }gomcfen ao|qnlof} k|ifleml}, ygl r`kv ~k}

k g|nl }|mml}}% Yglkyql*nolq} oxli fy} fjr|iley }oen}, ~gf`l Aqlmgy} }yfenfen mqfyf{|l oh mkrfyk`f}j

ifi eoy kyyqkmy j|mg kyyleyfoe'^feif}mg kei Aqkeioe, 1228&% Fe ql}roe}l yo ygf} gl ilxlòrli k

gfng`v ro`fyfmftli ifikmyfm }yv`l oh keyf*ao|qnlof} yglkyql, ~gfmg gl ylqjli `lkqefen r`kv} oq

@lgq}ymclygky }ylj hqoj Lrfm yglkyql filk} oh kioryfen kyyfy|il} yo~kqi} f}}|l}, mgkqkmylq} kei

k|ifleml%Fe ;6=2, d|}y k vlkq khylq Rf}mkyoq} oe`v ~oqcYgl Ro`fyfmk` Yglkyql~k} r|a`f}gli, Aqlmgy

r|a`f}gli gf} o~e |eilq}ykeifen oh ygl ygloqv kei rqkmyfml oh Lrfm yglkyql% Av ygf} yfjl Aqlmgy ~k}

ohhfmfk``v moe}filqli yo al k mojj|ef}y kei gf} aooc} kei r`kv} ~lql alfen akeeli fe Nlqjkev% Fe

;6== gl l}mkrli ygl Ektf qlnfjl, ~gfmg }yqfrrli gfj oh gf} mfyftle}gfr fe ;6=


37/83

1=

ql`kyfoe yo ]ke}cqfy iqkjk k} ~l``% F``|}yqkyfxl lwkjr`l} oh ygl }fjf`kq kl}yglyfm mke al }lle fe ygl

ho`ò~fen rk}}knl kao|y mo}y|jl} kei nl}y|qk` ken|knl4

Mgkqkmylq} kql if}yfen|f}gli av rkqyfm|`kq jk}c}, f%l% }fjr`v av rkfeyfen% Mlqykfe

nl}y|ql} oh ygl y~o gkei} }fnefhv ygl hoqmfa`l orlefen oh k iooq, lym% SZ K`` ygf} gk} òen~l`` alle ceo~e, kei mkeeoy xlqv ~l`` al lwroqyli 'Aqlmgy, f``lyy, 6;&%

Go~lxlq, gl ~k} rlqhlmy`v rqlrkqli yo fjroqy }ojl oh ygl}l ylmgef{|l} kei yo qlmoneftl

moqql}roeileml} aly~lle gf} Lrfm yglkyql kei ~gky gl |eilq}yooi oh Mgfel}l yglkyql%

Fe ygl \], gl lemo|eylqli ygl hf`j} oh Mgkq`fl Mgkr fe% Aqlmgy moe}filqli Mgkr`fe k jk}ylq

oh Aqlmgyfke kmyfen fe rqkmyfml, rkqyfm|`kq`v fe ygl |}l ohNl}y|}3 Mgkr`fe ~k} }o }cf``li ygky lxlqv

ljoyfoe kei kmyfoe mo|ì al |eilq}yooi ygqo|ng rgv}fmk` kmyfoe oe`v ~fygo|y ygl elli hoq ifkòn|l%

Aqlmgy yqfli gf} gkei ky }mqlle~qfyfen fe Go``v~ooi a|y ~k} a`kmc`f}yli kòen ~fyg k `kqnl e|jalq oh

hoqlfne kei ekyfxl ~qfylq}, kmyoq}, rqoi|mlq} kei ifqlmyoq} i|qfen ygl Qli ]mkql% ^gle gf} ~oqc

mkjl |eilq keyf*mojj|ef}y }mq|yfev av ygl Go|}l Mojjfyyll oe \e*Kjlqfmke Kmyfxfyfl} fe ;69>,

gl aqflh`v yl}yfhfli alhoql yglj k} elxlq gkxfen alle k jljalq oh k mojj|ef}y rkqyv, k``lnli`v

}jocfen ke kmqfi mfnkq kei mojjleyfen ~qv`v oe ygl rql}leml oh yqke}`kyoq}, kei rqojry`v qly|qeli

yo L|qorl ygl ikv khylq gf} yl}yfjoev% Gl qly|qeli yo Alq`fe fe ;696 ~gle ygl el~ }omfk`f}y }ykyl oh

ygl Nlqjke Iljomqkyfm Qlr|a`fm ohhlqli gfj gf} o~e yglkyql, ceo~e yoikv k} ygl Alq`felq

Le}lja`l% Gl ledovli k ror|`kq mkqllq rqoi|mfen kei ql}yknfen gf} jo}y hkjo|} r`kv}, fem`|ifen

Joyglq Mo|qknl kei Glq Mgf iqle, Ygl Mk|mk}fke Mgk`c Mfqm`l, kei @fhl oh Nk`f`lo% Fe ;6


38/83

19

~oqc rqoi|mli xo`|jl} oh ifhhlqfen kei }ojlyfjl} moeyqkifmyoqv ilhfefyfoe} oh ygl jlmgkef}j} oh

gf} o~e yglkyql% F, yglqlhoql, kj hom|}fen oe ygl ~qfyfen} ygqo|ngo|y gf} mkqllq ygky fehoqj ygl ak}fm

rqfemfr`l} oh gf} ~oqc, rkqyfm|`kq`v ~fyg ygl Alq`felq Le}lja`l, qlmoneftka`l yoikv k} ygl gk``jkqc}

oh Lrfm yglkyql% ]lmoei, almk|}l oh ygl xlqv }rlmfhfm iljkei} gl jkcl} oe gf} k|ifleml fe fy}

feylqrqlykyfoe kei qlmlryfoe oh Lrfm yglkyql, Aqlmgy hkml} k ifxfil fe ygloqv kei rqkmyfml, jkefhl}yli

fe ygl ifxfil aly~lle Aqlmgy} filk` k|ifleml, ygl }mfleyfhfm }rlmykyoq, kei ygl qlk`fyv oh ke k|ifleml

joql kmm|}yojli yo iqkjkyfm yglkyql% Ygl ygloqv/rqkmyfml ifxfil, ke |ekxofika`l moe}l{|leml oh

~qfyfen kao|y yglkyql, ~f`` al qlmoneftli kei qlmoemf`li yo ygl al}y oh jv kaf fyfl} ~gle yglv kqf}l%

Jkqwf}j4 Jkylqfk`f}j, Gf}yoqfhfmkyfoe kei Ifk`lmyfm}

Aqlmgy ~k} k Jkqwf}y, kei rqo|i oh fy% Glql ~k} eo h`v*av*efngy feyl``lmy|k` kmyfen o|y k

aqflh qojkeml ~fyg ygl qlxo`|yfoe alhoql qly|qefen lwm|}li yo ygl mojhoqy oh ao|qnlof}

rkyqoeknl% SZYgf} |e}gkjlhkmli ro`fyfmk` k``lnfkeml gk} keeovli ygl mqfyfm} eo lei%

Ikxl Qf`lv>

Aqlmgy ~k} ke |ekroònlyfm Jkqwf}y, k} f} lxfiley fe gf} ~oqc, hqoj ygl keyf*jf`fykqf}y,

knnql}}fxl`v keyf*ao|qnlof} rolyqv oh gf} vo|yg yo gf} jky|ql ro}y*lwf`l r`kv}% Ky ygl knl oh 1;, gl

dofeli ygl Feilrleiley ]omfk` Iljomqkyfm Rkqyv fe ygl ;6;6 iljomqkyfm l`lmyfoe} oh ygl h`lin`fen

^lfjkq Qlr|a`fm% gf`l gl elxlq kmy|k``v almkjl k jljalq oh k mojj|ef}y rkqyv, ygky jkqcli ygl

alnfeefen oh gf} fhl*òen k}}omfkyfoe ~fyg mojj|ef}j% Aqlmgy} lemo|eylq ~fyg Jkqwf}y rgfò}orgv

jkil k rqoho|ei fjrkmy oe gf} ~oqc kei ~oqì xfl~

Jkqwf}y jkylqfk`f}j ro}fy} ygky jkyylq rqlmlil} ygo|ngy, ygky ygl ~oqì lwf}y} o|y}fil kei

feilrleiley`v oh g|jke}, ygky ygo|ngy f} k qlh`lmyfoe oh ygl jkylqfk` ~oqì fe ygl aqkfe kei ygky ygl

~oqì f} fe rqfemfr`l ceo~ka`l% Aqlmgy yglqlhoql }ly r}vmgoònv, }leyfjley kei ljoyfoe k}

>Qf`lv, Ikxl% Alqyo`y Aqlmgy4 ygl jke ~go elxlq ~k}% K qlxfl~ ohYgl @fhl kei @fl} oh Alqyo`y Aqlmgyav Doge H|lnf, Nqlle

@lhy ^llc`v-;>>, ;66


39/83

1&% Gl ~k} eoy feylql}yli fe o|yikyli g|jke ql`kyfoe}gfr} oq hl|ik`

rqlomm|rkyfoe} ~fyg ygl rk}}foe} kei yqknlifl} oh cfen}% Gl ~k} yfqli oh yglkyql ygky lemo|qknli ygl

k|ifleml yo gken fy} aqkfe} |r fe ygl m`okcqooj k`oen ~fyg fy} moky 'Aqlmgy, f``lyy, 1>& kei ygky

}o|ngy yo il`|il ygl k|ifleml feyo k }y|roq oh }l`h*fileyfhfmkyfoe kei ljoyfoek` lenknljley ygky `lhy

`fyy`l qooj hoq mqfyfmk` fe{|fqv% Jkqwf}y ifk`lmyfmk` }yq|my|ql, ~gfmg rqoxfili ygl yoo`} hoq mqfyfmk`

fe{|fqv, hoqjli k mq|mfk` rkqy oh ygl kl}yglyfm} oh Lrfm yglkyql4 ygl ifk`lmyfm aly~lle kmyoq kei

mgkqkmylq, kmyoq kei k|ifleml, ygl feifxfi|k` kei ygl jk}}l}, ygl ao|qnlof} kei ygl rqo`lykqfky, ygl


40/83

18

rlqhoqjkeml kei ygl qlk`fyv, ygl hoqlfne kei ygl hkjf`fkq, ygl gf}yoqfmk` kei ygl moeyljroqkqv%

Ifk`lmyfm}, fe hfngyfen knkfe}y }v}yljfm ilmkv, rql}leyli orro}fen kqn|jley} yo ygl k|ifleml yo hoqml

k qllxk`|kyfoe oh ygl qlk`fyfl} oh lwf}yleml%

Aqlmgy} yglkyql almkjl ke lwròqkyfoe oh ygl qlk`fyfl} oh g|jke lwf}yleml fe ylqj} oh

ljrfqfmk` g|jke ql`kyfoe}gfr} oh ro~lq, d|}yfml, k|ygoqfyv, feifxfi|k`fyv kei }omfo*lmoeojfm }yky|},

illr`v ql`lxkey yo moeyljroqkqv ro`fyfm} kei lwrql}}li ygqo|ng gf}yoqfmftli ekqqkyfxl}, ohyle }fy|kyli

fe hoqlfne m|`y|ql}%

Gf}yoqfmftfen f} clv yo Aqlmgyfke yglkyql% Aqlmgy av eo jlke} gf}yoqfmftli oe`v

gf}yoqfm r`kv}3 gl k`}o gf}yoqfmftli moeyljroqkqv r`kv} almk|}l moeyljroqkqv r`kv}, ygkec}

yo moeyljroqkqv }|adlmy jkyylq, ygkec} yo fy} qo|yfel lxlqvikv eky|ql, f} rkqyfm|`kq`v rqoel yo

l}mkrl fy} o~e gf}yoqfmfyv% Fy mqlkyl} ygl fjrql}}foe oh gkxfen k`~kv} alle k} fy f}%

'^lc~oqyg, =>&

Jkqwf}j }yql}}l} ygky jke f} k rqoi|my oh gf} gf}yoqv% Aqlmgy al`flxli ygky ~gle kqy f}

qljoxli hqoj fy} gf}yoqfmk` moeylwy, jke gfj}l`h f} qljoxli hqoj ygky moeylwy4 Gl gfj}l`h f}

ilgf}yoqfmftli,almojfen k hkml`l}} oa}lqxlq, hoq ~goj rk}y gkrrlefen} gkxl k`~kv} alle kei

elxlq ~f`` mgkenl, `fjfyfen gf} mkrkmfyv yo }ll ygl rql}ley fe kev ~kv k`ylqli kei yglqlhoql ò}fen ygl

mkrkmfyv yo ygfec kei kmy '^lc~oqyg, =>&% Gf} yglkyql yglqlhoql }o|ngy yo }fy|kyl jke k} k rqoi|my

oh gf} }omfk` kei gf}yoqfm moeifyfoe} kei fe iofen }o qleilqfen lxle ygl hkjf`fkqfyv oh moeyljroqkqv

moeifyfoe} }yqkenl%

Aqlmgy ~keyli yo qlr|qro}l ygl yglkyql }o ygky fy r`kvli k joql ifqlmy qo`l fe feh`|lemfen ygl

}gkrl oh }omflyv av ilxlòrfen k gf}yoqfmftfen }mfleyfhfm yglkyql ygky kqo|}li mqfyfmk` fe{|fqv fe ygl

}rlmykyoq av qleilqfen ygl hkjf`fkq fe k el~ `fngy }o ygl }rlmykyoq jfngy qlmoneftl ygky gl ~k}

mkrka`l oh lekmyfen mgkenl% Yo ygky lei gl `k|emgli k ro`ljfm knkfe}y ygl iojfekey ~l}ylqe yglkyql

rkqkifnj ygky ~k} fe orro}fyfoe yo gf} filk oh ygl joilqe yglkyql4 f``|}foef}yfm iqkjkyfm yglkyql ak}li

oe ygl Kqf}yoyl`fke hfxl kmy }yq|my|ql, ygqll |efyfl} kei ljrgk}f} oe ygl f``|}foe oh yglkyql, rk}}fxl

ljrkyglyfm qlmlryfoe kei mkygkq}f}% Fe gf} ;6=2 l}}kvYgl Joilqe Yglkyql f} ygl Lrfm Yglkyql, Aqlmgy


41/83

1>

~qfyl} kao|y ygl moql kl}yglyfm} oh Lrfm yglkyql, ygl qlh|emyfoefen oh yglkyql kei ygl qkifmk`

}lrkqkyfoe oh l`ljley} fe orro}fyfoe yo Kqf}yoyl`fke yglkyql kei knelq} Nl}kjyc|ey}~lqc, oq yoyk`

~oqc oh kqy, ~gfmg moe}filqli Kl}mgv`|} r`kv} ygl jo}y rlqhlmy lwrql}}foe oh yglkyql, mojafefen k``

}fw Kqf}yoyl`fke k}rlmy} oh iqkjk k} lwr`fmkyli fe gf} Rolyfm}%

Ygl nqlky }yq|nn l hoq }|rqljkmv aly~lle~oqi}, j|}fm kei rqoi|myfoe SZ mke

}fjr`v al avrk}}li av qkifmk``v }lrkqkyfen ygl l`ljley}% ]o `oen k} ygl lwrql}}foe

Nl}kjyc|e}y~lqc 'oq feylnqkyli ~oqc oh kqy& jlke} ygky ygl feylnqkyfoe f} k j|ii`l, }o

`oen k} ygl kqy} kql }|rro}li yo al h|}li yonlyglq, ygl xkqfo|} l`ljley} ~f`` k`` al l{|k``v

ilnqkili, kei lkmg ~f`` kmy k} k jlql hlli hoq ygl ql}y% Ygl rqoml}} oh h|}foe lwylei} yo ygl

}rlmykyoq ~go nly} ygqo~e feyo ygl jl`yfen roy yoo kei almojl} k rk}}fxl '}|hhlqfen& rkqy oh

ygl yoyk` ~oqc oh kqy% ^fymgmqkhy oh ygf} }oqy j|}y oh mo|q}l al ho|ngy knkfe}y% ^gkylxlq f}

feyleili yo rqoi|ml gvreo}f}, f} fcl`v yo fei|ml }oqifi feyowfmkyfoe, oq mqlkyl} hon, gk} noy

yo al nfxle |r% 'Aqlmgy, ^f``lyy, =7&

Gl nol} oe fe ygf} l}}kv yo f``|}yqkyl, ygqo|ng ygl |}l oh ke orro}fyfoek` yka`l, ygl ifk`lmyfm oh

iqkjkyfm kei lrfm yglkyql ygqo|ng ygl }kjl qkifmk` }lrkqkyfoe oh ygl l`ljley} ygky gl rqoro}l} hoq

ygl joilqe yglkyql%


42/83

17

Iqkjkyfm x}% Lrfm Yglkyql

Iqkjkyfm Yglkyql Lrfm yglkyql

Ròy Ekqqkyfxl

Fjr`fmkyl} ygl }rlmykyoq fe k }yknl }fy|kyfoe Y|qe} ygl }rlmykyoq feyo ke oa}lqxlq a|y

^lkq} io~e gf} mkrkmfyv hoq kmyfoe Kqo|}l} gf} mkrkmfyv hoq kmyfoe

Rqoxfil} gfj ~fyg }le}kyfoe} Hoqml} gfj yo ykcl ilmf}foe}

Lwrlqfleml Rfmy|ql oh ygl ~oqì

Ygl }rlmykyoq f} fexo`xli fe }ojlygfen Gl f} jkil yo hkml }ojlygfen

]|nnl}yfoe Kqn|jley

Fe}yfemyfxl hll`fen} kql rql}lqxli Aqo|ngy yo ygl rofey oh qlmonefyfoe

Ygl }rlmykyoq f} fe ygl ygfmc oh fy, }gkql} ygl

lwrlqfleml

Ygl }rlmykyoq }ykei} o|y}fil, }y|ifl}

Ygl g|jke alfen f} ykcle hoq nqkeyli Ygl g|jke alfen f} ygl oadlmy oh fe{|fqv

Gl f} |ek`ylqka`l Gl f} k`ylqka`l kei ka`l yo k`ylq

Lvl} oe ygl hfef}g Lvl oe ygl mo|q}l

Oel }mlel jkcl} keoyglq Lkmg }mlel hoq fy}l`h

Nqo~yg Joeyknl

@felkq ilxlòrjley Fe m|qxl}

Lxo`|yfoekqv ilylqjfef}j D|jr}

Jke k} hfwli rofey Jke k} rqoml}}

Ygo|ngy ilylqjfel} alfen ]omfk` alfen ilylqjfel} ygo|ngy

Hll`fen Qlk}oe

Lrfm yglkyql }llc} yo il}yqov ygl yglkyqfmk` f``|}foe, ljrgk}ftfeniflnl}f}'}yoqvyl``fen& fe r`kml

ohjfjl}f}'fjfykyfoe&, }o ygky ygl k|ifleml f} k`~kv} k~kql oh ~kymgfen k r`kv, fe oqilq yo lenknl

joql ifqlmy`v ~fyg ygl f}}|l} rql}leyli, qkyglq ygke ygl ljoyfoe} fexo`xli% k`ylq Aledkjfe, fe ygl


43/83

16

ho`ò~fen il}mqfryfoe oh Lrfm yglkyql, yo|mgl} |roe ygl lrf}oifm }yq|my|ql, d|wykro}fyfoe kei

joeyknl ellili yo aqlkc k|ifleml ljrkygv kei mqlkyl if}ykemli kmyfen%

Lrfm yglkyql rqomlli} av hfy} kei }ykqy}, fe k jkeelq mojrkqka`l yo ygl fjknl} oe k

hf`j }yqfr% '%%&Ygl }oen}, ygl mkryfoe}, ygl nl}y|qk` moexleyfoe} ifhhlqleyfkyl ygl }mlel}% K} kql}|`y, feylqxk`} omm|q ~gfmg ylei yo il}yqov f``|}foe% Ygl}l feylqxk`} rkqk`vtl ygl k|ifleml}

qlkifel}} hoq ljrkygv% Yglfq r|qro}l f} yo leka`l ygl }rlmykyoq yo kiory k mqfyfmk` kyyfy|il

'yo~kqi} ygl qlrql}leyli algkxfoq oh ygl r`kv} mgkqkmylq} kei yo~kqi} ygl ~kv fe ~gfmg ygf}

algkxfoq f} qlrql}leyli&% ]o hkq k} ygl jkeelq oh qlrql}leykyfoe f} moemlqeli, ygl yk}c oh ygl

kmyoq fe lrfm yglkyql f} yo }go~, av gf} kmyfen, ygky gl f} cllrfen k moo` glki% Yo gfj, yoo,

ljrkygv f} oh `fyy`l |}l% Hoq ygf} ~kv oh kmyfen, ygl kmyoq} oh iqkjkyfm yglkyql kql eoy k`~kv}

kei eoy mojr`lyl`v rqlrkqli% Av fjknfefen ~gky fy jlke} yo r`kv ky kmyfen ~l jkv mojl

mò}l}y yo |eilq}ykeifen ~gky lrfm yglkyql f} k`` kao|y% 'Aledkjfe, 1;&

Nfxle Aqlmgy}yka`l kei Aledkjfe} il}mqfryfoe, ~l mke eo~ lwkjfel Lrfm yglkyql ygqo|ng

ygl `le} oh Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt} mkylnoqfl}, ekjl`v rql}leykyfoe 'ygl ka}leml oh f``|}foe kei ygl |}l oh

if}ykemfen ilxfml} }|mg k} jk}c}&, moeyley 'ygl }omfk` yvrfhfmkyfoe oh mgkqkmylq kei ygl hql{|ley

if}qlnkqi hoq r}vmgoònfmk` feylqrqlykyfoe& kei }yq|my|ql 'ygl lrf}oifm ekqqkyfxl }yq|my|ql, glì

yonlyglq av k ekqqkyoq&, moem`|ifen lkmg }lmyfoe ~fyg k aqflh mojrkqf}oe yo ygl moqql}roeifen

mkylnoqfl} fe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk%

]yq|my|ql

Lrfm yglkyql f} hoqljo}y ekqqkyfxl, k} orro}li yo ròy*ak}li% \e`fcl iqkjkyfm yglkyql ~go}l

oadlmyfxl f} mkygkq}f}ygqo|ng ygl ql}o`|yfoe oh moeh`fmy, ygl oadlmyfxl oh Lrfm yglkyql f} ygl qlmonefyfoe

oh ygl k`ylqkaf`fyv oh l}yka`f}gli }omfk` }yq|my|ql} ygqo|ng ygl |ehoìfen oh ke feylqq|ryli ekqqkyfxl%

Lkmg }mlel lwf}y} feilrleiley`v, ~fyg lvl} oe ygl mo|q}l, jkcfen |}l oh joeyknl yo rql}ley ke

kqn|jley% K} k r`kv~qfngy, Aqlmgy qfrrli |r ygl yqkifyfoek` hfxl*kmy r`kv, kei ~qoyl lrf}oifm

ekqqkyfxl} r|emy|kyli ~fyg hql{|ley feylqq|ryfoe} oh ekqqkyfoe, }oen kei ikeml% Ygf} f} xlqv }fjf`kq yo

ygl }yq|my|ql oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, ygo|ng fy f} ioel hoq k ifhhlqley qlk}oe% ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, fem`|ifen fy}

jkev ho`c hoqj}, f} k ml`laqkyfoe oh k`` ygl kqy hoqj}, j|}fm, ikeml kei mo}y|jfen mojfen yonlyglq fe


44/83

=2

ygl }lqxfml oh k }yoqv3 }oen kei ikeml }l{|leml} ~lql k} elml}}kqv fe m`k}}fmk` ]ke}cqfy iqkjk k} yglv

kql fe Feifke mfeljk eo~% Lkmg }mlel, fe aoyg krrqokmgl} yo yglkyql, }ykei} kòel k} ke lrf}oil

~fygfe k `kqnlq ekqqkyfxl, fe}ylki oh hfyyfen ~fygfe ygl yqkifyfoek` }yq|my|ql oh ygl iqkjkyfm ròy

'lwro}fyfoe, qf}fen kmyfoe, m`fjkw, hk``fen kmyfoe, ql}o`|yfoe&% K} orro}li yo iqkjkyfm yglkyql} hom|}

oe ygl ròy kei moe}l{|ley`v ygl leifen, ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql hom|} oe ygl rqoml}}, ygl

~kv ygl }yoqv |ehoì} qkyglq ygke ygl leifen fy}l`h% Ygl }rlmykyoq f} ql`lk}li hqoj ygl ljoyfoek`

moehfel} oh k~kfyfen ygl ql`lk}l oh }|}rle}l kei f} k`ò~li yo mqfyfmk``v lwkjfel ygl ~oqcfen} oh ygl

~oqì% H|qyglq, fe oqilq yo rql}ley ygl f}}|l} fe ygl r`kv joql m`lkq`v, Aqlmgy aqocl ygl ho|qyg ~k``,

ifqlmy`v kiiql}}fen kei fjr`fmkyfen ygl }rlmykyoq fe ygl joqk` ilmf}foe} oh ygl ekqqkyfxl% Kiifyfoek``v,

yo qljoxl k|ifleml kyyleyfoe hqoj ygl }|}rle}l oh ygl ekqqkyfxl, Aqlmgy jkil |}l oh }mlel yfy`l} kei

aqflh }|jjkqfl} yo m`kqfhv kmyfoe yo ygl }rlmykyoq }o ygky gl ~k} hqll yo lenknl fe k }omfk` lwkjfekyfoe

oh ygl kmyfoe qkyglq ygke ~fyg ljoyfoek` lwrlqfleml% Akeelq} }ojlyfjl} ~lql g|enyo qljfei ygl

}rlmykyoq oh gf} }omfk` qo`l oh mqfyfmk` lenknljley4 Ioey }ykql }o qojkeyfmk``v+~k} qlmojjleili

hoq rqoi|myfoe} ohIq|j} fe ygl EfngyYgl ekqqkyoq hfn|ql kei }mlel yfy`l} glql mke al mojrkqli yo ygl

]|yqkigkkqoh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, fem`|ifen gf} moeyljroqkqv m`k}}fmk` ikeml fylqkyfoe}, ~go m`kqfhv ygl

ròy k} ~l`` k} rqoxfili }omfk` mojjleykqv oe ygl kmyfoe%

Moeyley

Aqlmgy il}mqfal} Lrfm yglkyql k} rql}leyfen k rfmy|ql oh ygl ~oqì k} orro}li yo ke

lwrlqfleml, fe ~gfmg ygl g|jke alfen f} k rqoml}} qkyglq ygke k hfwli rofey, ke oadlmy oh fe{|fqv kei

oel ~go f} k`ylqli kei k`ylqka`l, fe moeyqkif}yfemyfoe yo ke oadlmy ykcle hoq nqkeyli kei oel ygky f}

|ek`ylqka`l% Lrfm yglkyql mqlkyl} }|mg k ~oqì fe ygl yglkyql ygqo|ng eoe*f``|}foef}yfm rql}leykyfoe, k}

~l }gk`` }ll fe ygl elwy }lmyfoe% Lrfm yglkyql r|y} }omfk` alfen alhoql ygo|ngy kei ro}fy} qlk}oe k} fy}

oadlmyfxl% Yglqlhoql, k} orro}li yo r}vmgoònfmk``v joyfxkyli mgkqkmylq} }llcfen yo rqoi|ml qlkiv

ljrkygv hoq ke ljoyfoek` lwrlqfleml, mgkqkmylq} kql rqoi|my} oh yglfq }omfo*lmoeojfm }yky|}, oq l`}l

ilhfeli av yglfq ql`kyfoe}gfr} ~fyg oyglq mgkqkmylq} fe ygl r`kv% Gleml `f}y} oh mgkqkmylq} kql `l}} `fcl`v


45/83

=;

yo moeykfe feifxfi|k` ekjl} 'Q|yg, Rlylq, lym%& kei joql `fcl`v yo al il}fnekyl qo`l} fe ylqj} oh

h|emyfoe kei ql`kyfoe}gfr4 ygl Ohhfmlq, ygl ]oe, ygl G|}akei, ygl ojke, ygl Moo`fl, ygl Rqo}yfy|yl

lym% Ygf} yvrfhfmkyfoe oh mgkqkmylq f} }gkqli ~fyg ]ke}cqfy iqkjk k} ~l gkxl }lle fe ygl rqlxfo|}

mgkrylq% Mgkqkmylq} fe aoyg }mgoo`} oh yglkyql kql rql}leyli yo ygl k|ifleml ~fygo|y ygl f``|}foe ygky

ygl kmyoq almojl} ygl mgkqkmylq%

Rql}leykyfoe4 Nl}y|}kei Xlqhqlji|en}lhhlcy

Ygl Aqlmgyfke }yknl f} nlelqk``v }rkql, j|mg fcl ygl ]ke}cqfy }yknl, hkmf`fykyfeniflnl}f}fe}ylki

ohjfjl}f}% H|qyglq, k`` ylmgefmk` l`ljley}, }|mg k} `fngyfen kei }yknl jkmgfelqv, k} ~l`` k} }yknl gkei},

kql k`ò~li yo al xf}fa`l% K }ly ilxfml |af{|fyo|} yo aoyg ]ke}cqfy iqkjk kei Lrfm yglkyql f} ygl gk`h

m|qykfe, |}li yo jkqc ifxf}foe} aly~lle }mlel} oq yo moemlk` kei qlxlk` kmyfoe fe }|mg k~kv k} yo

iqk~ kyyleyfoe yo ygl jlmgkef}j} algfei ygl f``|}foe% Ygf} jkeelq oh rql}leykyfoe aqlkc} ygl

femojrqlgle}fa`l jknfm oh }lkj`l}} kei }lmqly`v jkeknli }mlel mgkenl}, iqk~} kyyleyfoe yo ygl

jkylqfk` qlk`fyv oh rqoi|mfen k r`kv kei }yqlenygle} ygl Jkqwf}y eoyfoe ygky eoygfen gkrrle} ~fygo|y

g|jke} jkefr|`kyfen jkylqfk` moeifyfoe}%

Fe Lrfm yglkyql, mgkqkmylq kei kmyfoe f} alfen rql}leyli fe }|mg k ~kv k} yo ilylq |emqfyfmk`

ljrkygv3 eoe*f``|}foef}yfm rqoi|myfoe l`ljley} }lqxl yo gfng`fngy ygl hkmy ky k`` yfjl} ygky ygl kmyfoe

oe }yknl f} eoy jlkey yo al qlk`f}yfm, }o ygky ygl k|ifleml jkv al mqfyfmk``v if}ykemli% Fy f} fjroqykey

yo eoyl, kei ~l }gk`` if}m|}} ygf} fe ygl k|ifleml ql}roe}l }lmyfoe, ygky il}rfyl Aqlmgy} ljrgk}f} oe

mqfyfmk` kei if}ykemli lenknljley, gl ohyle mojr`kfeli ygky rlor`l eo oenlq krrqokmgli yglkyql

ekfxl`v '^lc~oqyg, ;2&% Fe oqilq yo glkq ekxl ql}roe}l} yo kfi fe ygl ifqlmyfen rqoml}}, Aqlmgy

ohyle fexfyli mgfìqle yo xfl~ qlglkq}k`}, yo yl}y fh gf} aòmcfen yqke}`kyli feyo ke |eilq}ykeifen oh

ygl }yoqv lxle fh yglv ifiey |eilq}ykei ygl h|`` fjroqy oh ygl }mlel%

Aqlmgy ~k} feylql}yli `l}} fe mgkqkmylq ygke fe mgkqkmylq feylqkmyfoe, qljkqcfen ygky ygl

}jk``l}y |efy oh g|jkefyv f} eoy oel rlq}oe a|y y~o% Gl ~o|ì yglqlhoql }yoqvaokqi ygl r`kv feyo


46/83

=1

alky} oh kmyfoe hqoj ygl rlq}rlmyfxl oh k ifqlmyoq% ]|mml}}fxl hqkjl} oh ygl }yoqvaokqi ~o|ì qlxlk`

ygl ivekjfm mgkenl} fe mgkqkmylq ql}roe}l} yo oel keoyglq%

Yo Aqlmgy, aòmcfen ~k} ygl akmcaoel oh ygl rqoi|myfoe3 filk``v, gl ygo|ngy,

aòmcfen }go|ì al ka`l yo yl`` ygl jkfe }yoqv oh ygl r`kvkei fy} moeyqkifmyfoe}av fy}l`h,

}o ygky k rlq}oe ~kymgfen ygqo|ng k n`k}} ~k``, |eka`l yo glkq ~gky ~k} alfen }kfi, ~o|ì al

ka`l yo |eilq}ykei ygl jkfe l`ljley} kei moeh`fmy} oh ygl }yoqv% '^lalq, Moqqfnke, 1;9&

Yo ygl lei oh mqlkyfen m`lkq rgv}fmk` mgkqkmylqftkyfoe} oh kyyfy|il}, }omfk` }yky|} kei l`fmfyfen

k|ifleml ql}roe}l}, Aqlmgy fe}f}yli ygky lkmg kmyoq mqlkyl k Nl}y|}, k rgv}fmk` }ykyl oh alfen ygky

qlxlk`li aoyg mgkqkmylq kei ygl kmyoq} kyyfy|il yo~kqi ygky mgkqkmylq ky k nfxle jojley% Mgkqkmylq

Nl}y|}f} ygl yoyk` kmm|j|`kyfoe, ygl le}lja`l oh rgv}fmk` kei xomk` algkxfo|q ygl kmyoq if}r`kv}

~gle }go~fen |} mgkqkmylq oe }yknl av ~kv oh gf}/glq }omfk` feylqkmyfoe}% Fy f} ygl yoyk`fyv oh ygl

aoiv kei fy} joxljley kei nl}y|ql}, ygl hkml kei fy} jfjlyfm lwrql}}foe}, ygl xofml kei fy} }o|ei

kei feh`lmyfoe}, }rllmg ~fyg fy} rkyylqe} kei qgvygj}, mo}y|jl, jkcl|r, rqor}, kei ~gkylxlq l`}l ygl

kmyoq ljròv} yo kmgflxl k mojr`lyl fjknl oh ygl qo`l gl/}gl f} rql}leyfen% Fy ~k} fjroqykey hoq

Aqlmgy ygky }|mg Nl}y|}~k} jljoqka`l hoq ygl k|ifleml kei, moe}l{|ley`v, {|oyka`l% L{|k``v

fjroqykey ~k} ygky Nl}y|}ilhfeli }omfk` ro}fyfoe, ygl mgkqkmylq} }yky|} kei h|emyfoe fe }omflyv, kei

ygky fy vflìli ke fjknl oh }omfk``v moeifyfoeli algkxfo|q ygky, fe y|qe, moeifyfoe} ygl h|emyfoefen oh

}omflyv%

Eoy oe`v feifxfi|k` mgkqkmylq} ykcl oe k Nl}y|}yo~kqi} oel keoyglq, k }mlel, feillik ~go`l rqoi|myfoe, mke k`}o gkxl k Nl}y|}av ykcfen k }ykeml yo~kqi} ygl ygfqi kei jo}yfjroqykey rkqyelq4 ygl k|ifleml% Hoq lwkjr`l, k Nl}y|}oh rqoxomkyfoe% Oh lemo|qknljley%Oh krrlk`% Oh moeh|}foe% Oh jomclqv% Oh qlk}}|qkeml oq mojjf}lqkyfoe% Oq feilli k Nl}y|}oh }gkjfen '^lc~oqyg, >1&%

Fe rlqhoqjkeml Nl}y|}lwylei} alvoei k }fen`l mgkqkmylq3 ygl Nl}y|}oh k`` mgkqkmylq} fe ygl }mlel oq

Nq|einl}y|}moeyqfa|yl} yo ygl feylqrqlyfxl kyyfy|il oh ygl leyfql }yknl rfmy|ql% Rqkmyfoelq} oh Aqlmgy}

yglkyql gkxl ohyle jkil ygl jf}ykcl oh l{|kyfenNl}y|}~fyg nl}y|ql% ]o rlqxk}fxl gk} alle ygl

lqqoelo|} mk`` yo kmyoq} yo jkcl k afnnlqNl}y|}+ygky Jkehqli ^lc~oqyg, ~go ~oqcli mò}l`v ~fyg

Aqlmgy ky ygl Alq`felq Le}lja`l ~qfyl} yo moqqlmy ygl jf}moemlryfoe% Gl m`kqfhfl} ygky Nl}y|}f} joql

ygke nl}y|ql3 fy f} fe hkmy ygl `ken|knl oh yglkyql%


47/83

==

S]rocleZ@ken|knl SZ f} eoy fe hkmy ygl `ken|knl oh yglkyql, ky `lk}y eoy rqfjkqf`v%

Ygl }rocle ~oqi f} d|}y oel jlke}, kòen}fil nl}y|ql, hkmfk` lwrql}}foe, kei joxljley, ygky

ygl kmyoq |}l} yo jkcl gfj}l`h |eilq}yooi% Ygl ken|knl oh yglkyql, go~lxlqkei ygf} f}

Aqlmgy} if}moxlqvf} ygl Nl}y|}%Ygl Nl}y|}ygky ygl kmyoq ykcl} oe k} k ~go`l }ykeml fe k

rkqyfm|`kq }fy|kyfoe ilylqjfel} lxlqvygfen l`}l4 yoel, nl}y|ql, aoif`v ro}y|ql, joxljley

'^lc~oqyg, 8>&%

Fe ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, j|iqk},~gfmg kql nfxl jlkefen ~gle |}li fe moed|emyfoe ~fyg joxljley kei

mgkqkmylq, ykcl ygl r`kml ohNl}y|}yo f``|}yqkyl k ekqqkyfxl ygky f} hql{|ley`v, k} ~l if}m|}}li fe ygl

rqlxfo|} mgkrylq, |eilq}yooi av ke k|ifleml eoy xlq}li fe ygl ken|knl% lc~oqyg f``|}yqkyl} ygl

fjroqykeml ohNl}y|}fe ke kelmioyl kao|y Lqe}y A|}mg, k `lkifen kmyoq ky ygl Alq`felq Le}lja`l ~go

gki r`kvli ygl qo`l oh Nk`f`lo hoq jkev vlkq}% A|}mg `lmy|qli ke k|ifleml oh ljfeley rgv}fmf}y} feyo

al`flxfen, fh oe`v hoq oel lxlefen |eilq gf} }rl``, ygky gf} q|ifjleykqv kei io~eqfngy femoqqlmy

ygloqfl} oe rgv}fm} ~lql yq|l, }o ro~lqh|` ~k} gf} Nl}y|}fe moexlvfen ygl ~f}ioj kei moexfmyfoe oh

}lk}oeli ylkmglq kei rk}}foekyl rgfò}orglq% Fy ~k} oe`v ygl elwy joqefen ygky ygl rgv}fmf}y}

qlk`ftli ygky gl gki alle yk`cfen eoe}le}l% gf`l }|mml}}h|` Nl}y|}, k} }lle fe ygl lwkjr`l oh A|}mg,

mke `lki ygl k|ifleml feyo mlqykfe qlk`j} oh |e{|l}yfoefen lenknljley, fy f} ygl feylqq|ryfoe kei

d|wykro}fyfoe ohNl}y|}ygky hkmf`fykyl} ygl elml}}kqv aqlkc hqoj ljrkygv ellili hoq mqfyfmk` if}ykeml%

Ygl d|wykro}fyfoe oh nl}yfm fjknl} rql}leyli fe k if}ykemli }yv`l oh kmyfen aqlkc} io~e ygl k|ifleml

mkrkmfyv hoq ljrkygv, lkifen yglj fe}ylki yo {|l}yfoe ygl oe}yknl kmyfoe}, rqoi|mfen Aqlmgy}

Xlqhqlji|en}lhhlcy%

Aqlmgy eoyl}, Ygl kmyoq iol}ey gkxl yo alygl jke gl roqyqkv}% Gl gk} yo il}mqfal gf}

mgkqkmylq d|}y k} fy ~o|ì al il}mqfali fe k aooc 'Aqlmgy, ^f``ly, 87&% Aqlmgy} clv rflml oh ygloqv

kiiql}}fen kmyfen f} ygl ]yqlly ]mlell}}kv, fe ~gfmg gl if}m|}}l} ygl kmyoq} if}ykemli kyyfy|il yo~kqi k

qo`l kei iflnlyfmkyyfy|il yo~kqi} ygl k|ifleml% Gl lwr`kfe} Lrfm kmyfen ygqo|ng ygl kekòn|l oh ygl

}yqlly }mlel fe ~gfmg ke lvl~fyel}} oq iljoe}yqkyoq qlmo|ey} hoq k }rlmykyoq ygl ilykf`} oh ke

k|yojoaf`l kmmfiley, fileyfhvfen ygl rkqyfmfrkey ygqo|ng nl}yfm k`ylqkyfoe} fe xomk` kei rgv}fmk` yqkfy}%

Ygl lvl~fyel}} f} if}ykemli hqoj gf} }|adlmy vly iqk~} fe ygl k|ifleml yo al lenknli ~fyg ygl }yoqv


48/83

=9

fe}ylki oh alfen jv}yfhfli av ygl f``|}foe oh ygl yglkyql oq fjrql}}li ~fyg gf} }cf`` k} ke kmyoq% Ygl

}rlmykyoq f} k~kql ygky ygl lvl~fyel}} f} eoy fe hkmy ygl mgk|hhlq oq ygl xfmyfj kei f} ka`l yo

moemleyqkyl oe ygl }yoqv alfen yoì qkyglq ygke alfen if}yqkmyli av ygl kmm|qkmv kei jknfm oh ygl

roqyqkvk`% Av }go~fen ohh ygl gfiile ~oqcfen} oh ygl yglkyql kei yglqlav aqlkcfen fy} f``|}foe oh

qlk`fyv, gl }o|ngy yo kmgflxl k iljv}yfhfmkyfoe oh ygl yglkyqfmk` jknfm%

Ygl iljoe}yqkyoq elli eoy al ke kqyf}y% Ygl mkrkmfyfl} gl elli} yo kmgflxl gf} kfj

kql fe lhhlmy |efxlq}k` SZ fy f} fjroqykey ygky gl }go|ì eoy al yoo rlqhlmy% Gf}

iljoe}yqkyfoe ~o|ì al }rof`y fh ygl av}ykeilq} kyyleyfoe ~lql iqk~e yo gf} ro~lq} oh

yqke}hoqjkyfoe% Gl gk} yo kxofi rql}leyfen gfj}l`h fe }|mg k ~kv ygky }ojloel mk``} o|y

^gky k fhl`fcl roqyqkvk` oh k mgk|hhl|q+Gl j|}y eoy mk}y k }rl`` oxlq kevoel% Gl }go|ì

eoy yqke}roqy rlor`l hqoj eoqjk`fyv yo gfnglq qlk`j} 'Aqlmgy, ^f``ly, ;1=&%

Ygl kmyoq ykcl} oe k jlifkyfen oq rql}leykyfoek` kyyfy|il yo~kqi ygl k|ifleml,

mojj|efmkyfen ekqqkyfxl moeifyfoe} kei mgkqkmylq kmyfoe, }o ygky ygl k|ifleml mke hom|} oe ygl

f}}|l} rql}leyli qkyglq ygke oe ygl jkvkoh yglkyql% Do}lrg Mgkfcfe m`kqfhfl} ygky ygl r|qro}l oh ygl

Xlqhqlji|en}lhhlcy~k} eoy yo jkcl ygl k|ifleml feifhhlqley kao|y ygl r`kv, a|y yo rqoro}l k ifhhlqley

cfei oh lenknljley4

Srlor`lZ ygfec if}ykeml jlke} eoy mkqfen% SZ ygl X*lhhlmy f} k jlke} oh

rql}leyfen ygl}l lxley} }o ygky ygl k|ifleml mke gkxl ke |e}leyfjleyk` xfl~ oh yglj% Fy f}

kevygfen a|y feifhhlqleml% SZ Fh ygl kmyoq f} fexo`xli ~fyg ygl joqk` kqn|jley} oh ygl r`kv,

kmyfen ky k if}ykeml gk} ygl ro~lq oh }roy`fngyfen ygl hoqml} ky ~oqc, ygo|ng fy }go|ìal

ifhhfm|`y hoq ygl kmyoq yo if}ykeml gfj}l`h hqoj }ojlygfen fe ~gfmg gl f} rk}}foekyl`v

fexo`xlifh y~o rlor`l elkq`v a|qe yo ilkyg fe k hfql, yglfq qlyl``fen fe eo jkyylq go~

ilykmgli k ~kv, f} ifhhlqley hqoj y~o rlor`l ~go kql yqvfen yo kqo|}l fe yglj}l`xl} ygl

hkeyk}ftli iqlki kei rlqf` oh alfen fe k a|qefen go|}l% Vly lxle fe jojley} oh nqlkyl}ymqf}f}, ygl kmyoq j|}y al ql`kwli j|}m|`kq`veo if}r`kv oh }yqkfe j|}y ilh`lmy ygl

k|ifleml} kyyleyfoe hqoj ygl rqoa`lj} ky gkei '^lalq, Jkqyfe, Afk`, 1;2&%

^gle ygl kmyoq kmgflxl} ygf} mqfyfmk` if}ykeml, ~qfyl} Aqlmgy, gl jkcl} |}l oh if}ykemfen

ilxfml} yo aqlkc ygl k|ifleml} fe}yfemy hoq ljrkygv%


49/83

=

ql`kwli oel* fe }goqy, fy }go|`i al ygl kyyfy|il oh ke feylql}yli rkqyv'Aledkjfe, rn ;


52/83

=7

Kqf}yoy`l ~keyli yo kqo|}l rfyv kei hlkq fe ygl yglkyql fe oqilq yo r|qnl ygl k|ifleml

oh rfyv kei hlkq% Aqlmgy jlql`v ~key} |} yo ~oeilq% Hoq ~oeilqfen r|qnl} ygl

}rlmykyoq oh gf} yleilemv yo ykcl ygfen} hoq nqkeyli, k yleilemv ~glqlav hkjf`fkqfyv

}yor} gfj hqoj }llfen ygfen} k} yglv qlk``v kql% Yg|} oel if}moxlq} hoq lwkjr`l ygky

}ojlygfen ygky }llj} |emgkenlka`l gk} kmy|k``v oe`v alle |emgkenli hoq k oen

yfjl% Oq ygky lylqek` yq|yg} kql ygl nkr} ygky yfjl feh`fmy} fe o|q ceo~`linl%SZ Fh

Kqf}yoyl`fke rfyv qlk``v kqo|}l} hlkq kei }|hhlqfen fe ygl }rlmykyoq, Aqlmgy}

~oeilqfen f} av moeyqk}y k qkyglq mgllqh|` khhkfq, almk|}l fy `lki} yo if}moxlqfl}% Kei

if}moxlqfl} ylei yo }kyf}hv m|qfo}fyv, jlkefen yglv kql h|e% Kei ygky} ~gv F kj

m`kfjfen ygky Aqlmgyfke yglkyql }go|`i kaoxl k`` l`}l al h|e '^lc~oqyg, r%;;&%


53/83

=6

Mgkrylq Ygqll4 Yo Al Joql Aqlmgyfke f} yo Al Joql Feifke

Ygl moeelmyfoe aly~lle Aqlmgy kei moeyljroqkqv K}fke yglkylqf}, fe hkmy, alyylq

il}mqfali k} oel oh mqo}}*m|`y|qk` krrqorqfkyfoe qkyglq ygke feh`|leml% Ygf} krrqorqfkyfoe f}

k mqlkyfxl, ivekjfm rqoml}} oh qlfeylqrqlyfen kei qlyoo`fen mlqykfe oh Aqlmgy} filk} oq

ylmgef{|l} qkyglq ygke k }yfhh fjfykyfoe oh k yqke}rkqley joil`%7Jfmgkl` Aoiile

^gf`l Ckygkc ~k} alfen feylnqkyli feyo ro`fyl }omflyv kei ~gf`l Aqlmgy ~k} òocfen yo ygl

lk}y yo qlfexfnoqkyl ygl yglkyql oh ygl ~l}y, Feifke yglkyql ~k} alfen feh`|lemli av ygl ^l}y% Yglql

~k} k joxl yo~kqi} òmk` `ken|knl rqoi|myfoe} oh ~l}ylqe r`kv~qfngy}, mk``li ygl el~ Feifke

Yglkyql%

Ygl el~ Feifke yglkyql, ~gfmg ljlqnli |eilq ygl fjrkmy oh ygl l}y, ~k} yoyk``v

ifhhlqley hqoj ygl kemfley kei jliflxk` rlqhoqjfen kqy}% Fy gki ykcle }gkrl fe fjfykyfoe oh

ke k`fle yglkyql, h|eikjleyk``v orro}fyl yo ygl Feifke fe fy} ~oqì*xfl~ kei kl}yglyfm

krrqokmg% Kmmoqifen yo ygl Feifke xfl~ oh `fhl, ygl r|qro}l oh iqkjk kei yglkyql ~k} yo

mqlkyl k }le}l oh a`f}} kei l{|f`faqf|j '}gkeygf qk}k& av il`felkyfen ifhhlqley g|jke }fy|kyfoe},

jleyk` }ykyl}, kei ljoyfoe}, ~glqlk} ygl r|qro}l oh ygl ^l}ylqe iqkjk kei yglkyql ~k} yo

qlxlk` }yq|nn`l kei moeh`fmy} oh fhl fe xkqfo|} hoqj} ']|xkqoxk, Dlikj}cf, 1


54/83

92

yglkyql rqkmyfyfoelq} }ykqyli {|l}yfoefen ygl eky|ql kei ilxl`orjley oh ygl joilqe }yknl oqfnfekyfen

fe ygl ^l}y, k} ~l`` k} fy} ql`lxkeml kei |}lh|`el}} ~fygfe ygl Feifke moeylwy% Yglv }o|ngy k yglkyql

joql ql`lxkey yo ygl Feifke lwrlqfleml ygke ygl fjfykyfoe} oh ~l}ylqe yglkyql gki alle% Yglv

qly|qeli yo ke lwkjfekyfoe oh ]ke}cqfy*ak}li feifnleo|} yglkyql ygqo|ng ygl `le} oh l}ylqe yglkyql

rqkmyfoelq} ~go gki alle feh`|lemli kei fe}rfqli av ygl Lk}y, Aqlmgy alfen oel oh ygl jo}y

feh`|leyfk`% Feifke yglkyql qlif}moxlqli ygl }l`h fe ygl ^l}ylqe jfqqoq ']|xkqoxk,Dlikj}cf, 1 ']lr% ;=*;6,

122=&, rr% =777*=76;


55/83

9;

Gkafa Ykexfq ~k} k r`kv~qfngy*ifqlmyoq fxfen kei ~oqcfen hoq ygl jkdoqfyv oh gf} mqlkyfxl

mkqllq fe q|qk` mleyqk`*Feifk, fe ygl }ykyl oh Mggkyyf}nkqg% Gl f} ceo~e yoikv hoq gf} |ef{|l }yv`l oh

yglkyql femoqroqkyfen ho`c l`ljley} ~fyg k }yql}} oe Feifkeel}} Sk}Z ke lwrql}}foe oh ql}f}ykeml yo

joil} oh ygfecfen ~gfmg ~lql ygl oaxfo|} ql}|`y oh ilmkil} oh mo`oeftkyfoe 'Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt,

Hf}mglq*@fmgyl, 119&%

J|mg fcl Aqlmgy fe gf} ro`fyfm}, Ykexfq kmyfxl`v rkqyfmfrkyli fe ygl lhy*~fen m|`y|qk`

joxljley i|qfen gf} lkq`v, ro}y*|efxlq}fyv vlkq}, rkqyfm|`kq`v Feifke Rlor`l.} Yglkyql K}}omfkyfoe

'FRYK& kei Rqonql}}fxl qfylq}. K}}omfkyfoe 'R^K&% FRYK ljr`ovli ho`c hoqj} yo feylqrqly

moeyljroqkqv }omfk` kei ro`fyfmk` ygljl}, ke lwrlqfleml ~gfmg }gkrli gf} kylq moe}mfo|} qly|qe yo

gf} m|`y|qk` qooy}% ^gle gl kqqfxli fe Il`gf ~fyg gf} hfq}y r`kvKnqk Aktkkqfe ;6


56/83

91

|efyfl} moe}ykey`v, kijfyyfen oe`v oel |efyv, qk}k 'Il}grkeil, =776&% Ykexfq il}mqfal} k }mlel,

yvrfmk` oh ]ke}cqfy iqkjk, k Gfeif kikrykyfoe oh ~gfmg gl ~o|`i }yknl fe ;6


57/83

9=

Go~lxlq, fy j|}y al eoyli Ykexfq ~k} eoy jlql`v nofen akmc yo gf} ho`c qooy} fe k xkm||j%

Gl ~k} feylql}yli fe fy} ql`kyfoe yo moeyljroqkqv, |qake, joilqe }omfk` f}}|l}% Ykexfq ifi eoy fe}f}y

oe ygl k|ygleyfmfyv oq r|qfyv oh ygl ho`c hoqj% Gl qlmoneftli ygky fy ~o|ì lxo`xl k} ygl `fxl} oh ygl

xf``knl} yo|mgli av |qake m|`y|ql ~o|ì% Gl ~k} joql feylql}yli fe ygl feylqrqlykyfoe oh

moeyljroqkqv xk`|l} ygqo|ng ygl}l hoqj} yo yqke}hoqj ygl aoiv ro`fyfm oh yglkyql kei fexo`xl ygl

|qake vo|enlq nlelqkyfoe% Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt eoyl} ygky ygf} ~k} eoy yo l}yka`f}g ke |qake glnljoev,

a|y qkyglq yo lwrkei ygl |qake yo jlly ygl q|qk` kei yg|} yqke}mlei ygl ifmgoyojv ~gfmg gki

lxo`xli, ygl l}yqkenljley ~gfmg gki }ly fe k} k ql}|`y oh moòefk` m|`y|qk` kei }omfk`

ro`fmfl}'Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt, Hf}mglq*@fmgyl, 119&% Ykexfq ~k} moemlqeli eoy ~fyg ygl feylnqkyfoe oh

Aqlmgyfke yglkyql ~fyg Feifke yglkyql, a|y ~fyg ygl feylnqkyfoe oh q|qk` hoqj} ~fyg |qake yglkyql%

Fe ;62} ygky gl kmgflxli ygl |ef{|l rqoml}} kei

}yv`l oh rqoi|myfoe ygky gl f} ceo~e hoq yoikv, yglkyql ak}li oe ygl òmk` fjrqoxf}kyfoek` ho`c hoqj

ekmgk, rlqhoqjli av q|qk` rlqhoqjlq} fe yglfq òmk` `ken|knl, Mggkyyf}ngkqf% I|qfen ygf} rgk}l oh

lwròqkyfoe, gl qldlmyli ygl |}l oh rql*ilylqjfeli aòmcfen '|e`fcl Aqlmgy ~go al`flxli ygky

aòmcfen ~k} ygl akmc aoel oh ygl r`kv& kei ygl |}l oh }ykeikqi Gfeif kei k`ò~li rlqhoqjlq} yo io

yglfq yqkifyfoek` yglkyql%Ekmgkf} k }cfy*ak}li hoqj kqqkenli kqo|ei k òo}l ekqqkyfxl ygky f} ak}li

k`jo}y leyfql`v oe fjrqoxf}kyfoe ~fygo|y ygl |}l oh rql*ilylqjfeli aòmcfen, kei Gfeif ~k} k

hoqlfne yoen|l yo yglj, qleilqfen yglj }yfhh kei }l`h*moe}mfo|}% Ykexfq, yglqlhoql, av alfen

lwyqljl`v orle fe gf} ifqlmyoqfk` rqoml}}, }|mmllili fe aqfenfen o|y ygl al}y fe gf} rlqhoqjlq} fe k

hoqj jo}y eky|qk` yo yglj% Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt eoyl} ygky fe oqilq yo mooqifekyl k`` ygl fjrqoxf}kyfoe,

j|}fm, }oen kei ikeml ohekmgk, Aqlmgy} yglkyql km{|fqli fjjle}l }fnefhfmkeml, hoq av jlke} oh

ekqqkyfxl mojjley kei kek`v}f}, lrf}oil} ~gfmg }lljli if}rkqkyl mo|ì al fecli, oq ygo}l ~glql

ygl `fec} }lljli oaxfo|} mo|ì al ykcle krkqy kei }|a}l{|ley`v }o feylq`fecli ygky ygl dofey} krrlkq


58/83

99

xf}fa`l 'Ik`jfk*@ilqfyt, Hf}mglq*@fmgyl, 117 kikrykyfoe oh

Aqlmgy} Ilq n|yl Jle}mg xoe ]lt|ke%

K} ifqlmyoq}, ygl ifhhlqleml} aly~lle Ykexfq} }veygl}f} kei jv o~e }veygl}f} oh Lrfm kei

]ke}cqfy iqkjk `fl} fe o|q yqlkyjley oh jkylqfk` kei o|q ykqnly k|ifleml% Ygqo|ng ygl kqyf}yfm

krrqorqfkyfoe oh Aqlmgy, Ykexfq ~k} eoy moemlqeli ~fyg feylqm|`y|qk`f}j oq ygl feylnqkyfoe oh ygl

hkjf`fkq kei ygl hoqlfne a|y fe mqlkyfen k hoqj ql`lxkey yo aoyg q|qk` kei |qake Feifk, hoq ke Feifke

k|ifleml% Jv rqoi|myfoe, go~lxlq, }o|ngy yo feylnqkyl ygl y~o krrqokmgl} yo yglkyql fe oqilq yo

orle iooq} yo aoyg m|`y|ql}% Jv r`kv ~k} eoy rqoi|mli hoq ke Feifke k|ifleml hkjf`fkq ~fyg

]gkc|eyk`kkei Ckygkc, a|y hoq ygl Qlli k|ifleml ~go F gki yo li|mkyl fe k hoqlfne hoqj% Hfeifen k

~kv yo fefyfkyl ygl k|ifleml rql}leyli fy} o~e rqoa`lj} kei ql~kqi}, k} ~f`` al if}m|}}li fe ygl

ho``o~fen mgkrylq%

Yglql f} k ror|`kq }kvfen fe Feifk kao|y go~ Feifke} io eoy krrqlmfkyl Feifke rqkmyfml} kei

yqkifyfoe} |e`l}} k hoqlfnelq, }rlmfhfmk``v hqoj ygl ~l}y, lwrql}}l} feylql}y fe yglj% Ygo|ng F hfei ygf}

oxlq`v mvefmk` kei }fjr`f}yfm, F io knqll ygky }ojlyfjl} `oocfen ky oel} o~e hqoj ygl oyglq }fil

`lei} k nqlkylq m`kqfyv, aoyg yo fy} ilhfmflemfl} kei fy} jlqfy}% Ykexfq jkil k qlif}moxlqv oh gf} Feifke

qooy} ~gle gl lemo|eylqli Aqlmgy} ~oqc% F gkxl }fjf`kq`v jkil k qlif}moxlqv oh rlqhoqjkeml

ylmgef{|l} Fxl ykcle hoq nqkeyli kei ke krrqlmfkyfoe oh Feifke yglkyql ygqo|ng ygl kmkiljfm r|q}|fy

oh yglkyql ky Qlli%


59/83

Mgkrylq Ho|q4 ]gkc|eyk`k4 Ke Feifke Hkfqvyk`l

Ygl clv yl}y k`~kv} ~k}4 iol} fy ~oqc oe }yknl? Fh eoy, ygqo~ fy o|y% Fh fy iol} ~oqc, kei fh fy moeh`fmy} ~fyg ygl ygloqv,

ygqo~ k~kv ygl ygloqv% Doge H|lnf oe Aqlmgy} rgfò}orgv;2

F hfq}y lemo|eylqli k rlqhoqjkeml oh]gkc|eyk`kky k Agkqkykekyvkj '}o|yg*Feifke m`k}}fmk`

ikeml& moemlqy ky k yljr`l,~gle F ~k} k mgfì% F ifiey ceo~ ygl `ken|knl, a|y F |eilq}yooi ygl

rlqhoqjkeml ygqo|ng ygl xlqv m`lkq Nl}y|}% H|qyglq F cel~ ygl }yoqv kei ~k} hkjf`fkq ~fyg ygl

h|emyfoe kei feylqrqlykyfoe ohkagfekvk, fem`|ifen eky|qk`f}yfm jfjl kei j|iqk}%Ygl ikeml*iqkjk ~k}

}omfk``v }fnefhfmkey a|y k`}o leylqykfefen% Ygl ikemlq} oe }yknl ~lql eoy kmyfen3 yglv ~lql

rql}leyfen ygl }yoqv ygqo|ng eoe*qlk`f}yfm joxljley% Ygl }yknl ~k} akql kei ygl mo}y|jl} ~lql

ilmoqkyfxl a|y }fjr`l kei qlrql}leykyfxl oh mgkqkmylq% Ygl k|ifleml ~k} xomk`, ql`kwli kei

krrqlmfkyfxl% F ~keyli jv rqoi|myfoe yo mkry|ql }ojlygfen oh ygl ekfxlyv oh jv lwrlqfleml% K} F gki

k`}o glkqi ygl }yoqv hqoj jv nqkeijoyglq, F mgo}l ygl oxlqkqmgfen rqoi|myfoe moemlry yo al ygl

yl``fen oh k ali*yfjl }yoqv3 fy mkrfyk`ftl} oe ygl m`kqfyv oh moe}mfo|}el}} oe ygl aqfec oh }`llr, ~gfmg f}

aoyg }|a`fjfek``v k`lqy yo }yfj|`f kei x|èlqka`l yo fjknfekyfoe% Go~lxlq, F if}moxlqli ygky

Ck`fik}k}ylwy ~k} ifhhlqley hqoj jv mgfìgooi moemlryfoe oh ]gkc|eyk`k} }yoqv%Ke lwmlqry hqoj

jv ifqlmyoq} eoyl fe ygl rqonqkj qlh`lmy} ygf}4

^gle F qlki Ck`fik}k} r`kv go~lxlq, ygl hoqml oh jv joilqe ro`fyfmk``v moqqlmy

ki|`y k~kqlel}} k`ylqli jv xf}foe oh ygl hkjf`fkq hkfqvyk`l% Ygl }fjr`l jknfmk` }yoqv }lljli k

}o|qml oh qfifm|ò|}`v filk`ftli oxl, oxlqy jf}onvev, kei femojrqlgle}fa`l ro~lq ivekjfm}%

F ygle qlk`ftli ygky ygl r`kv ~k} ~qfyyle j|mg alhoql kev joilqe if}mo|q}l oe rfe |r nfq`},

}yqoen hljk`l qo`l joil`}, ka|}l oh ro~lq, }lw|k` hqllioj, nleilq fel{|k`fyv kei ygl

knnql}}fxl jk`l nktl%

;2 H|lnf, Doge% Alqyo`y Aqlmgy4 Mgko}, Kmmoqifen yo R`ke% Mkjaqfinl SMkjaqfinl}gfql4 Mkjaqfinl \efxlq}fyv Rql}}, ;67>% Rqfey%

r% 12


60/83

98

F `ooc akmc, ~fyg kj|}ljley, ky ygl xk}y n|`h aly~lle Qlli kei


61/83

9>

Rql`fjfekqfl}4 Kmyoq} ~kqjfen |r k} ygl }rlmykyoq} leylq ygl go|}l, ao~fen fe qlxlqleml yo

ygl }kmqli }rkml, ~fyg k mleyqk``v òmkyli fio` oh ygl noi ]gfxk, alhoql ygl }ykqy oh ygl r`kv, ho`ò~li

av k Ckygkc }yv`l rql`fjfekqv ~oq}gfr oh ygl }yknl }ly yo k }lm|`kq ]ke}cqfy xlq}l il}fneli yo if}rl`

fneoqkeml, ikqcel}}, kei ilkyg fe ygl hkml oh ceo~`linl, fngy kei fhl%

Alelifmyfoe \roe ygl K|ifleml4 K yqkifyfoek` ]ke}cqfy xlq}l k} ho|ei fe Ck`fik}k} }mqfry

fexocfen ygl il}yqovlq noi ]gfxk k} Ekykqkdk, oq ygl @oqi ohEkyvk, rlqhoqjli ygqo|ng ygl |}l oh

j|iqk}%

Feyqoi|myfoe \roe ygl K|ifleml4 K moeyljroqkqv gkei nl}y|ql ak}li }ly oh fe}yq|myfoe},

feyleili yo fjfykyl j|iqk, |qnfen ygl k|ifleml yo r`lk}l r|y yglfq ml``rgoel} oe ò|i fh yglv ~f}gli

oel oh ygl kmyoq} yo ke}~lq ygl rgoel%

F gki yo cllr fe jfei ygky jv k|ifleml ~k} lemo|eylqfen ]gkc|eyk`k} }yoqv kei ]ke}cqfy

rgv}fmk` xomka|`kqv, j|iqk}, hoq ygl hfq}y yfjl% Yglqlhoql, ~gf`l ygl r`kv alnke ~fyg ygl Alelifmyfoe

kei a`l}}fen oh ygl }yknl k} f} elml}}kqv fe lxlqv ]ke}cqfy rlqhoqjkeml, F |}li ygf} k} ke orroqy|efyv

yo li|mkyl ygl k|ifleml fe ygl qo`l kei fjroqykeml ohj|iqk}% Ygl kmyoq} d|wykro}li ygl

feilmfrglqka`l j|iqk}oh ygl alelifmyfoe ~fyg k qfy|k` joql hkjf`fkq yo ygl ~l}ylqe k|ifleml, ygl

fed|emyfoe yo }f`leml ml`` rgoel} kei oyglq eof}l*jkcfen ilxfml}% Ygf} keeo|emljley ~k} k}

mgoqlonqkrgli k} ygl a`l}}fen, ygo|ng gkei nl}y|ql} ~lql joql qlmoneftka`l oel}% gle ygl

a`l}}fen oh ]gfxk |roe ygl kmyoq} kei k|ifleml ~k} ho`ò~li av k mgoqlonqkrgli qljfeilq yo }~fymg

oh yglfq ml`` rgoel}, ygl k|ifleml ~k} ka`l yo |eilq}ykei ygl qfy|k` oh k hoqlfne yglkyql ygqo|ng ygl

qfy|k` oh ygl hkjf`fkq yglkyql% Go~lxlq, ygl qfy|k` oh ygl hkjf`fkq yglkyql ~k} qleilqli }yqkenl fe ygl

jkeelq av ~gfmg fy ~k} rql}leyli% Ygf} d|wykro}fyfoe hoqjli k `le} ygqo|ng ~gfmg ygl ql}y oh ygl

rqoi|myfoe mo|ì al xfl~li3 ygl k|ifleml ~k} mk``li |roe yo lenknl fe k hoqlfne ~oqì k} ygo|ng fy

~lql hkjf`fkq, ~gf`l }fj|`ykelo|}`v qlmoneftfen ygl }yqkenlel}} oh yglfq o~e hkjf`fkq ~oqì%

% Rql}leykyfoe 'oq il}fnefen&

^lc~oqyg} mgkqkmylqftkyfoe oh ygl rqoml}} kei feyleyfoe oh Lrfm yglkyql almkjl k joil`

hoq jv o~e4

Ygl feylqrqlykyfoe oh ygl S}yoqvZkei fy} mojj|efmkyfoe ygqo|ng }|fyka`l jlke} oh

Xlqhqlji|enf} ygl rqfemfr`l a|}fel}} oh yglkyql% Kei ygl kmyoq iol} eoy gkxl yo io fy


62/83

97

k`oel, lxle fh eoygfen mke al ioel ~fygo|y qlhlqleml yo gfj% Ygl S}yoqvZf}

feylqrqlyli, ilxl`orli, kei rql}leyli av ygl yglkyql fe fy} leyfqlyv, av kmyoq}, }yknl

il}fnelq}, jkcl*|r kqyf}y}, mo}y|jl il}fnelq}, j|}fmfke} kei mgoqlonqkrglq}% Yglv

k`` roo` yglfq kqyf}yqv fe ygf} mojjoe leylqrqf}l, k`~kv} ~fygo|y ql`fe{|f}gfen yglfq

feilrleileml% '^lc~oqyg, ;


63/83

96

oh fe{|fqv kei d|inljley kei |eka`l yo feylqxlel, almk|}l yglv mo|ì feh`|leml ygl mo|q}l oh ygl

r`kv aoyg ygqo|ng d|injley kei av rgv}fmk``v lenknfen ~fyg ygl ~oqì% Ygf} feylqmgkenkaf`fyv oh

k|ifleml kei kmyoq, }fj|`ykelo|}`v iqk~fen kyyleyfoe yo ygl rkqkifnj oh feylqkmyfoe aly~lle yglj,

kei yo ygl `fjfykyfoe} oh alfen ke k|ifleml jljalq jlql`v ~fyel}}fen kmyfoe, f} k moemlqe oh aoyg

]ke}cqfy kei Lrfm yglkyql% ^k`ylq Aledkjfe eoyl} oh Lrfm yglkyql ~gky ~o|ì ~l`` al }kfi oh ]ke}cqfy

iqkjk4

Lrfm yglkyql f} k`~kv} feyleili hoq kmyoq} {|fyl k} j|mg k} hoq ygl }rlmykyoq}%

SYZgqo|ng ygl lwmlryfoek` k|}ylqfyv oh fy} krrkqky|}, fy hkmf`fykyl} kei lemo|qknl} ygl

feylqmgkenlkaf`fyv oh kmyoq} kei k|ifleml, k|ifleml kei kmyoq}% Lxlqv }rlmykyoq mke almojl

oel oh ygl kmyoq} 'Aledkjfe, 12&

Ygl kmyoq} eoy lenknli fe ygl }kmqli }rkml oa}lqxli hqoj ygl `fjfek` }rkml, xomk``v

lwrql}}fen yglfq kijfqkyfoe hoq rolyqv il`fxlqli av hl`ò~ kmyoq}% Ygl Qlli k|ifleml ~k} yglqlhoql

feyqoi|mli yo kei li|mkyli fe ygl |}l oh xkg, xkg+ yo lwrql}} kijfqkyfoe k} k ]ke}cqfy k|ifleml

~o|ì%

Yo m`lkq`v il felkyl ygl rlqhoqjkeml }rkml hqoj ygl ohh}yknl*oe `fjfek` }rkml oh ygl mk}y

kei mql~, }ly il}fnelq K|y|je Ioaafe} mkjl |r ~fyg k }yqfcfen`v l`lnkey a`kmc kei ~gfyl il}fne, k

aoì ~gfyl qlmyken`l hqkjfen ygl nò}}v a`kmc }|qhkml oh ygl rlqhoqjkeml }rkml ~fyg k rkfeyli ~gfyl

qkeno`f 'yqkifyfoek` qfml hò|q hòoq il}fne& ky ygl mleyql yo iqk~ kyyleyfoe yo ygl }kemyfyv oh ygl }rkml%

^gf`l fefyfk``v }gl mkjl |r ~fyg j|mg joql l`kaoqkyl filk} ygky fexo`xli ygl jkefr|`kyfoe, mqlkyfoe

kei il}yq|myfoe oh ygl }ly, ~l ilmfili yo cllr ygl }rkml }rkql kei k`ò~ ygl kmyoq}, yglfq aoifl} kei

ygl jkefr|`kyfoe oh mo}y|jl rflml} yo io ygl yk`cfen% Hoq ygky qlk}oe, ~l k`}o `fjfyli ygl oe}yknl }ly

rflml} yo oel m|al% F eoy oe`v ~keyli yo cllr ygl hom|} oe ygl kmyoq} aoifl} a|y k`}o yo lwròql ygl

|}l oh oel }ly m|al fe k xkqflyv oh ifhhlqley ~kv}, iqk~fen kyyleyfoe yo ygl mqlkyfxl rqoml}} ygqo|ng

ygl Aqlmgyfke |}l oh rqor} fe k jkeelq ygky k`ò~li |} yo qlmoe}filq yglfq |}knl%


64/83


65/83


66/83

7/23/2019 Reed College Theatre Thesis: "Shak

Reed College Theatre Thesis: "Shakuntala: The Integration of Sanskrit Drama and Epic theatre"

Documents

Transcript of Reed College Theatre Thesis: "Shakuntala: The Integration of Sanskrit Drama and Epic theatre"