Reduction of bass-reflex port nonlinearities by optimizing the port geometry

�� ! "#�$��%&&��'�(��)�� '�*�,+��"-��&. )/0&��1 ��2�� "#�$��1��'��. �0��+

3547604�8:9;9=<)> ?@�ACBEDFBEGCH:IJ>)?LKNMO>QPR9=MTS-UV?XW;PYU[Z)KOWCMOBF?C\$]�> ZÂ_?C9=DE9[\[`@a4cb�4c6d9fehg;ifj_k�lVm=n=nLS-oqp�BE?Cr_AC9fs=> ?tk�KOAC>u3�>vKNAC>)MODwUV?CrCH>vxzy{U[BFD}|a?~47�t47M�9;9=<)> ?��'GCA_BEDEBFGCH 4�Z 9[y

��f��z�R��N�X�N��C�f��5�&��{��f�X�N�$��L�{�X�f��5��^��[��X�N�� f�T� ��=��C��&¡f�^��^¢(£¤�)¥a�^¦f�^��§¨�&��©��ª��L��;�L�:��^¦f�� ;��v¥¤�«�L©��X��f��¬�f�N��«��(�^�f�#�[�^�^�L�v§��C��^� �f� �� L�$�^�f��{�f�T��®u�f� ��X��C��&¡f�^�5�^�&�X� ��^��¥¤�� ¯�L��N��&�� &�� ¦f��5��&��v¥°�;�f��z�R��N�X�N�¯�C�f��^¢± �L��X� �v¥¤� ��©0��X��f��¯�f�N�� :��&��:�^�f��V��f��f�L(��^�L��&��&��f�d��L��f�N��«�(�X�v¥:§a�� L©,� �-��L�¯©f��L�^��&��f�J¦f�f�� N��u� ��L�Q�C�f��^¢ ± ��¦f�f�� N��¦f�Q�C�^��ª¦=� ��X�f� ��²^��{�V,®��f��:�f��{³=��«��^��®��^��L�=�´¢µ¶�·¥��f�a�E��u��&�·��L�d�;��v¥¤�«�L©T�L�� &��¸�L��®Q� �X�&��u�[Q�� N��^��¤�E��¹V��=��^��¤�N�f��C�� ©��u�f�N��X�� :��f�X�� L©'¥��¦f��¸� ��L�:��©�� X�f�;�� O��,�f��0�C�f��^¢ ± �L��0�C�f��¸��f��N��&��'�«®��X�� ¦f��N�=�^� ��,�V$��L�¦f�f�� N��·¥¤��«��u�&��d�N��&��L�d��T��L�J�C�^��=�� ^�X�&��&��u�f�´��d�f�N��«��X�v¥T¢± �L��¦f�f�� N��^§L�f��Q��[��a�f� ��:��L�d�X��)¥¤� �L©:�L��«��f��u��L�d�f��[�^�«�&��5�f�N�� ^§��^�f�ª�C�'��N��,��©��X�»º;�^�f�V��[$��«�L©(��C�f��N��V��L�:©f�^��®��N��&�¸��)¥¤��¯��¦f�^��©f��¤�E��®¼��L�0�N��V��^�¸��v¥��&��¸�C�f��C�f��d��J�f��{� ��¥¤��^�L��¦&�&��L��f�X� �_��&��&��:�L�f��[�Q� �&��©f�:�&�¤�_�f��C�f��^��®u�»��&��¢½ ��f��L�^��¥·�vQ��'��N�d��L�J�X�¾¥��f�¾��5�X��)¥¤� �L©��L�� ·� �a��0��f®Q�_��5�L�v¥d��L��f�N�� f��X� �L©,¥·�v¦f��5�«��L��L©�� f�·��N��f�¸��L�¯�C�f��^¢± �� 5�^�f��_�{�f�� ^¦f��¿�V��C�^��E�f��&�� L©À��L��C�f��(�&��L�$�C�� ¥¤��^��L��f�N��X�� 0��f�� ©Q¥·�v¦f��¸�f��©�� X�f� ��5�X��¦f�'�5®Q� �L� ®0��®q�f®Q�X� ��¸�f�X�¥��&��;� �L©0�F��f®¼�&��¯��_�f��&��L�:�C�� ·¥¤�� ¯�&��:�C�^��E�f��&��´¢

Á Â �,��¬��)�$�Ã�?¯KNAC>:Z&UVHO>:9[PÄHO9VxzZ&U[DFDE>)r¯�Ú[HOH�x�M�>)Å´>�e��Æ9&e;> H¤9=M·s[> ?LKN>)r{DF9=WCrCH�GÆ> U[Ç[>)M¤�Ä9&e;> H�È i)É}ÊEÈ7g�É}k�U�GÄ9=M�K�BFH�U[GCGCDFBE>)r~4]AC>�GÄ9=M�K{BEH{U[?Ë9=GÄ> ?ÌGCBFGÆ>ÀZ 9=?_?C> ZvKNBE?_\�KNAC>Às=9=DFWCy$>À9[PuU[BFM$>)?CZ DF9=HO>)rËÍ:BFKNA_BE?ÎKOAC>��Ä9&eÏÍ:B«KNAËB«KNHHOWCM�MO9=W_?CrCBE?_\(> ?LsXBEM�9=?Cy�> ?LK&4·]AC>0GÄ9=M�K¤Z)9=?LKNMOBF�CW_KO> HdKO9uKOAC>0H�9=WC?Cr$MO>)GCMO9XrCWCZvKNBE9[?{BE?�KNA_>�DF9�Íd> H�KJGCU[M�K9[P�KNA_>(PRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZv`�MNUV?C\=>¯U[M�9=WC?CrÀKNAC>¯ÑT> DFy$AC9[DFKN<QPRMO>)Ð�WC> ?CZv`�9[P�KOAC>�GÄ9=M�K�x��Ä9&e-H�`XH�KN>)yÀ4'ÒÓB«KNAC9[W_K'UGÆ9[M�K&kÆKNAC>��Ä9&e�s[9=DEWCy�>(Íd9=WCDFr�AÚ&s=>¯KN9,�Ä>�U[GCG_MO9&e;BEy$UVKN>)DF`ÀU{PYU[Z)KO9=M'9[P�K�Íd9¬DwU[M�\=> MTKN9¬U[ZÂ_BE>)s[>¯KNAC>HNU[y�>uDE9fÍ�PRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`-U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ&U[DÔGÄ> M�PR9=MOy$U[?CZ)>[4¸]A_>5K�`XGCBEZ U[D¨BEy�GCMO9fs[> y�> ?LK:KNAÚVK�Z&UV?-�Ä>59=�;KÛ[BF?C> rÍ:BFKOAÀU¯GÄ9=M�KTBFHHOAC9fÍ:?hBE?ªÕ´\=WCM�>�i=4

i

Ñ�9fÍd>)s=>)M kU �Ú[H�H�xzMO>)ÅC>veÖGÄ9=M�K�Z U[?ÏUVDEHO9�Z U[WCH�>À�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\�H�9=WC?CrCH�KN9 �Ä>¬\=> ?C>)MNUVKO> r~4°]AC>¬�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\HO9=W_?CrCHªU[M�>À\[> ?C>)MNUVKO> rÌ�L`ÎU[> M�9Vx�r_`X?ÚVy$BFZhG_AC> ?C9[y$>)?Ú#Í:ACBFZÂË9;Z)Z WCM{UVK�KNAC>ÀGÆ9=M�K$KO> M�y$BF?ÚVKNBF9=?CH)4p�HOGÄ> Z BEU[DED«`ªHOy$U[DFD�DF9=WCrCH�GÆ> U[Ç[>)M0Z U[�CBE?_>)KNH�HOW_×Æ> MTPRMO9=yØKOAC> H�>�WC?LÍJU[?LKN> r �CDF9fÍ:BE?C\�?C9=BFHO> H��Æ>)Z&U[W_HO>�9[PKNAC>�M�> DEUVKNB«s=> D«`�?Ú[MOM�9fÍ��ÚVHOH�xzMO>vÅ´>vehGÄ9=M�KOHJÍ:ACBFZÂÀUVMO>�WCH�WÚ[DED«`,UVGCGCDEBF> r,BF?,KNAC9[HO>�DE9[WCrCHOGÄ>&UVÇ[> M:�Ä9&e_>)H 4Ã�?�KOAC>�DEBFKO> MOUVKNWCM�>¯U¬?XW_y��Æ>)M59VPJH�KNWCrCBF> HuAÚ&s=>��Æ>)> ?#MO> GÄ9=M�KN> r�9=? KNACBFH�KN9=GCBFZ[4�ÃzKuBEHQ\=>)?C> MOU[DED«`�MO>)Zvx9=\=?CBF< >)r�KNAÚVKuU,DEU[MO\[> M'GÄ9=M�K'Z MO9[HOH�xzHO>)Z)KNBF9=?Ú[D�U[MO> U,BEH'�Ä>)K�KN> M'KOAÚ[?�U,HOy$U[DFDE> M�Z M�9=HOH�x�HO>)Z)KOBE9=? AÚ&sXBE?C\KNAC>QHOU[y$>QÑT> DFy$AC9[DFKN<�PRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`[ktUVH¸KNAC>uU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ�Å´9fÍÙUVy$GCDFBFKOWCrC>0BFHHOy$U[DEDF> M)4�ÃzKTBEH:U[DFHO9¯\=>)?C> MOU[DED«`MO>)Z 9=\=?_BE< >)r�KNACUVK�>)rC\=> H(HOAC9=W_DEr��Ä>{H�y$9X9[KOA¿U[?Cr�rCBEH�Z 9=?LKNBF?�WCBFKOBE> HuBE?�KNAC>{GÆ9=M�K(Z)9=?LKN9=W_M(HOA_9=WCDEr��Æ>U&s=9=BFrC> r~46¸U[Z^Ç�y$U[?C?-GÄ> M�PR9=MOy�> r-U[?->�eXKN> ?_HOBFs[>�H�KOWCr_`h9=?-U�?�WCy��Ä> M�9[P�GÄ9=M�KNH kÄHOW_ZÂ�U[HTGÆ9=M�KNH:Í:BFKOA-rCB«×t>)MO> ?LKK�`XGÆ>)Ha9[PXÅ�U[?_\=> H�U[?Cru�Ä> ?CrCHdÈÛÚVÉ¶4·ÑT>¤Z)9=?CZ)DEWCrC>)ruKOAÚVK¨�Ä9[KNAQKNA_>¤BF?C?C>)MÜ[?CrQ9=W_KO> M¨GÆ9[M�K¨> ?_rCHaH�AC9=WCDFrQ�Æ>rC> H�BE\=?_> r�KN9ªM�> rCW_Z >�KNA_>��CDE9fÍ:BF?C\,HO9[WC?CrCH)458:9=WC?_rCBE?C\{9=?CDF`h9=?_>�GÆ9[M�K'>)?Cr MO>)rCWCZ >)H'KNAC>)HO>¯�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\HO9=W_?CrCHªHODFBE\=ALKODF`ÄÜ�KOAC> M�>)PR9=M�>��Æ9VKNAËGÄ9=M�K,> ?CrCH{?C> >)rÓKO9¿�Ä>�MO9=W_?CrC> rÌPR9=M$y{U�e_BFy�WCyÝM�> rCWCZvKNBF9=?ÌBE?�CDE9fÍ:BF?C\¯HO9=W_?Cr~4]AC>�U[GCG_MO9LU[ZÂ�Í:A_BEZÂ�ÍJU[H'ZÂC9=H�> ? KN9,M�> rCW_Z >�KNA_>��CDE9fÍ:BF?C\{H�9=WC?CrCH��L`ÀKNAC>¯UVW_KNAC9[MOH'9[P�KOACBEH�GÚ[GÄ> MÍ¸UVH�KN9$BE?CZ)MO> U[HO>QKNAC>5Z M�9=HOH�x�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?ÚVDaUVMO>&U�9[P�KOAC>5GÄ9=M�K�KO9�ÍJU[M�rCH�KOAC>5GÄ9=M�K0>)?CrCH k�KNA_> MO>)�L`-M�> rCWCZ)BE?C\KNAC>�DE>vs=>)Dd9[PJs=9=M�KNBEZ)BFK�`[k�Í:ACBFDE>�y$U[BE?LKÛVBE?CBF?C\¬UÀZ)> M�KNU[BE?�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�y{U[H�H5Þªß�U[?_r#KNA_>$HOU[y$>�GCAL`XHOBFZ&U[DGÆ9[M�K�DF> ?C\VKNA¯à4·]A_> HO>:Z)9=?_Å´BFZ)KNBF?C\0M�> Ð�WCBFMO> y�> ?LKOH�Z&U[?¯�Ä>¸GÚVM�KND«`�PRWCDFÕCDEDE>)r(�L`5y{U[Ç�BF?C\0WCH�>9[P´KÛVGÆ>)MO> r9=MZ 9[?�s[> M�\=BE?C\¾x�rCB«s=> M�\=BE?_\¯GÆ9=M�KNHuÈâá[É¶k¨È7l�É}k¨ÈÛmVÉ¶4�ÃzK:BEH>)HOHO>)?LKNBwUVD~KN9¯Í:BErC>)?ªKNAC>�GÄ9=M�KKO9fÍ¸U[M�rCH:�Æ9VKNA¬GÆ9[M�K> ?Cr_H kÄU[HKNAC>uU[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ'ÅC9�Í�9=HOZ)BEDFDwUVKO> HJPRM�9=yØBE?LÍJU[MOr_H:KO9�9=W_K�ÍJU[MOrCH�U[?Cr¬sXBEZ)>'s=> M�HNU_43�WCy�> M�BEZ U[D�HOBFy�WCDEUVKNBF9=?CH�U[?_r#>�e_GÄ> M�BEy�> ?LKÛVD�BE?Ls=>)H�KNBF\LUVKOBE9=?CHuU[M�>�GCMO>)HO> ?LKO> r~4,ÃzK5BEH�H�AC9fÍ:?�KNACUVKQKNAC>�CDE9fÍ:BF?C\(H�9=WC?CrCHJZ&U[?,�Ä>�UVK�KNM�BE�CW_KO> r�KN9(KOAC>'WC?CH�KN> U[r_`$HO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=?{9[P~KNA_>�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�ÅC9�ÍãU¾KJKNA_>'GÆ9[M�K> ?Crt4-ÃzK(ÍJU[H(PR9[WC?Cr�KOAÚVKuKNACBFH(HO>)GÚ[MOUVKNBF9=?�M�> HOW_DFKNH5BE?�U[?¿BEy�GCWCDFHOB«s=>�>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?#9[PKNA_>ªäÄå=g�x�y�9XrC>BE?æKNA_>hDF9=?C\=B«KNWCr_BE?Ú[D¤rCBFMO> ZvKNBF9=?°9[P�KOAC>¬GÆ9[M�K�U[?CrÖBFKOH¯AÚ[M�y$9=?_BEZ H)k¤Í:A_> MO>-äÎrC>)?C9[KO> H�KNAC>hU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZÍ¸U&s[> DE>)?C\[KOA~4ª]ACBEHu9=GÄ> ?CHQKNA_>$M�9LU[r KN9-Ð�WCB«KN>�UÀr_BF×Æ> MO>)?LKuÍJU&` KN9-M�> rCW_Z >$KOAC>�WC?LÍ¸U[?LKO> r¿�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\?C9=BFHO> H)k´B}4�>[4�KN9�rÚVy$GÄ> ?hrC9fÍ:?hKOAC>uU[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZQH�KNU[?CrCBF?C\¯Í¸U&s=>)H0BF?¬KOAC>uDE9=?C\[BFKNW_rCBE?ÚVDÆrCBFMO>)Z)KNBF9=?ª9[PaKNAC>GÆ9[M�K'KO9h9XZ Z)WCM��L`�GÄ> M�PR9[MNUVKOBE?C\,KOAC>¯GÆ9[M�KuU[?Cr�Í:MOU[GCGCBF?C\ªPR9LU[y�U[MO9=W_?Cr�KNAC>�GÄ9=M�KQU¾K�KNAC>¯GÄ9=HOB«KNBF9=?CHÍ:ACBEZÂÀU[M�>uGÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KN> r#È�ç¾É¶4]AC>uMO> y$U[BF?CrC> M:9[PaKNACBFH:GÚ[GÄ> MTBEH:9=MO\=U[?CBE<)> rÀU[H:PR9=DEDF9�Í:H)4dÃ�?ÀHO>)Z)KNBF9=?�i(BFK:BFH:y{U[r_>uZ)DE> U[MKNAÚVKTH�y{U[DFDDE9=W_rCHOGÄ>&U[ÇV> MZ U[�CBE?_>)KNHM�> Ð�WCBFMO>�?Ú[M�MO9fÍè�Ú[HOH�x�M�>)Å´>�ehGÆ9=M�KNH)4�]AC>QrCBEy�> ?CH�BE9=?_DE> H�HJ?�WCy��Ä> M�H:GÆ>)M�KNBF?C> ?LKKN9(ÅC9�ÍãH�> GÚ[MOUVKNBF9=?ªU[?_rª�Æ9=W_?CrÚ[M�`{DEUf`[> M¤KNWCM��CWCDE>)?CZ >QUVMO>0r_BEHOZ)WCHOH�> r¬BE?{HO> ZvKNBF9=?hg;4�Ã�?ªH�> Z)KOBE9=?¬ÚuKNAC>sXBEHOWCU[DEBF<&UVKOBE9=?�9[P:KNAC>,s[9=M�KOBEZ)> H¯UVK(KNAC>ª>)?Cr°9[PTU�DE9=W_rCHOGÄ>&U[ÇV> M¯GÄ9=M�K¯U[MO>,r_BEHOZ)WCHOH�> r~4#]AC>¬U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZGÆ9[M�KM�> HO9[?Ú[?CZ)> H:rCWC>'KO9�KNAC>0s[9=M�KO>ve¬H�AC> r_rCBE?C\�U[M�>'rCBFHOZ W_HOHO>)rÀBF?ªHO>)Z)KNBF9=?ªáC4�]AC>�>v×t>)Z)K:9[P¨KOAC>�GÆ9[M�K\=> 9[y$>vKNM�`h9=?�KOAC>�\=>)?C> MOUVKNBF9=?�9[P��_DE9fÍ:BE?C\$HO9=W_?CrCHQU[M�>(rCBFHOZ W_HOHO>)r#BF?�HO>)Z)KOBE9=? lXkÆÍ:ACBFDE>(BF?�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?�mKNAC>5>)×Æ> ZvK'9[P·GÆ9=M�K0GÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KNBE9[?CH:9=?ÀKOAC>�U[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZuGÄ9=M�KTMO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >5Í:BEDEDÔ�Ä>urCBEH�Z WCH�HO> rt40é·BF?Ú[DFDF`=k;KNAC>Z 9=?_Z DEW_HOBE9[?CH:U[MO>QrCMOU&Í:?ÀBF?hH�> ZvKNBE9[?�ç;4

ê ë �(��Ä��0� �T! "��"�"�%& �'� �� ·. ��%&%Ë�#�Q!h��ì GCG_DEBEZ UVKNBF9=?¬9[P�U��Ú[H�H�xzMO>)ÅC>ve-GÆ9=M�K:KN9�HOy$U[DEDÔDF9=WCrCH�GÆ> U[Ç[>)M0�Ä9fe;>)H0BEy�GCDFBE> HdKNAÚVK:KOAC>(Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[DGÆ9[M�KÔMOU[rCBEW_HÔAÚ[H~KN9�Ä>�MO>)DwUVKOBFs[> DF`�HOy$U[DFDVBF?�9=MOrC>)M~KN9TU[ZÂCBF>)s[>dU¸H�W_í�Z BF> ?LKND«`�DE9fÍ#Ñ�>)DEy�AC9=DFKO<aPRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`=4

g

]ACBEH:Z U[?À> U[HOBFDF`$�Æ>QH�> > ?hPRMO9=yîKNAC>Q>�e_G_MO> H�HOBF9=?ÀPR9=M¸KOAC>uÑ�>)DEy�AC9=DFKO<0PRMO>)Ð�WC> ?CZv`�ïYHO>)>$È i É¨9[MuÈ7g¾Éwðv|ñVòaó¶ô�õaö�÷zôÛø ùÝú ûg¾ü ý þtÿà ó�� ú ûg¾ü ý � ÿÞªß � Ê ï�i�ð

Í:AC> M�> û BFH�KNAC>THOGÄ> >)r,9[PÆHO9=WC?_r~k � ÿ BEH�KNA_>�y�>&U[?�rC>)?CHOB«K�`�9[PÔU[BFM k þtÿ BEH�KNA_>�M�>)PR> M�> ?CZ)>0Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[DU[MO> U¯9[PaKOAC>QGÆ9[M�K&k � BFH¸KNAC>�s=9[DEWCy�>�9[P�KNAC>Q�Ä9feÆk�à ó�� BEH¸KNA_>u>v×t>)Z)KOBFs=>uGÄ9=M�K:DF> ?C\[KOA¬rC>)Õ´?_> r�UVHà ó��ú �� ÿ

þtÿþ ï�Æð� �-Ê ï¶g=ðU[?CrhÞªß'BEH¸KOAC>uU[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZQy{UVHOH9[P�KNAC>QGÄ9=M�K:r_>)Õ´?C>)r�U[H

Þªß ú �� ÿ� ÿþ ï�Æð � � ïYÚLð

Ã�?�KNAC>)HO>>)ÐXWCUVKNBF9=?CH�à�BEHaKNAC>¸G_A�`XH�BEZ&UVD_DE>)?C\[KOA�9[P´KNA_>¸GÆ9[M�K&k��$BFHaKOAC>U¾e;BwUVD;Z)9;9=M�rCBE?CUVKN>dU[DE9[?C\0KNA_>¸GÆ9[M�KU¾e;BEHUV?Cr þ ï�ÆðJBEHdKNAC>'Z)MO9=H�H�xzHO> ZvKNBF9=?Ú[DÔUVMO>&U�9VP�KOAC>�GÄ9=M�K:U¾K:U¾e;BwU[DÄZ 9X9=M�rCBE?Ú¾KN>��¨4�Ã�?ªKNA_>�Z&U[DFZ WCDEUVKNBF9=?9[P·KOAC>Q>)×Æ> ZvKNBFs[>(DF> ?C\[KOAhà ó�� U[?Cr¬KNAC>5U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZQy$U[HOH:Þªß�9[PaKNAC>uGÆ9[M�K&k´>)?Cr-Z)9=MOM�> ZvKNBE9[?CH:HOAC9=W_DErh�Æ>�� U[Z Z)9=WC?LKN>)r�PR9=M)4 ì G_GCMO9=G_MOBwU¾KN>�> ?Cr#Z 9=M�MO>)Z)KNBF9=?CHuZ&U[?#�Æ>�PR9=WC?_r#BF?�KOAC>$DFBFKO> MNU¾KNWCM�>hÈ i É¶kÈ7g�É}k�ÈÛj¾É¶4ì H�y{UVDEDE>)M��Æ9&e�s=9[DEWCy�> � PR9=M�Z > H¤KNAC>�GÆ9[M�KdZ MO9[HOH�xzHO>)Z)KNBF9=?Ú[DÄU[M�>&U þtÿ KN95�Æ>)Z 9=y�>�H�y{UVDEDE>)M�PR9=MdU5\=B«s=> ?GCAL`XHOBEZ U[D�GÆ9[M�K�DE>)?C\[KOA$à�U[?Cr$UQ\[BFs=>)?{ÑT> DFy$AC9[DFKN<dPRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)` ñ¾òaó¶ô�õaö�÷zô�ø ù 4a]ACBEH�y�>&U[?CH�KOAÚVK�PR9=M�H�y{U[DFD�Æ9&e;> H)k_Í:BFKOA,U(M�> DEUVKNB«s=> D«`�HOy$U[DED�Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[DÆU[MO> U þtÿ k;KOAC>'UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZ�Å´9fÍÓs=>)DE9XZ BFK�`�BF?$KNA_>0GÄ9=M�KJBEHMO>)DwUVKOBFs=>)DF`(ACBE\=At4·]AC>0U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZÅ´9fÍËs=>)DE9XZ BFK�`¯U[y$G_DEBFKOWCrC>)H�Z&U[?$>&U[H�BEDF`�U[y�9=WC?LKTifnuy��VH�9=M�y�9=MO>5ïRHO> >KÛ[�_DE>0ifðv4 ì H�U0MO>)HOWCD«K�9[P�KNA_> HO>A_BE\=A¯UVBEMas[> DF9;Z)BFKNBF> H)k[�Ú[H�H�xzMO>)ÅC>ve�GÄ9=M�KOH�U[G_GCDEBF> r(KO9�HOy$U[DED�DE9[WCrCHOGÄ>&UVÇ[> M�Æ9&e;> HT9[P KO> ?¬DE> U[rªKN9��CDE9fÍ:BF?C\�HO9=WC?_rCH�r_WC>�KN9�U[BEM�Å´9fÍ�?_9=?CDEBF?C>&UVMOBFKOBE>)H 4]·UV�CDE>�i[|�8T>)ÐXW_BEMO>)rhU[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ'Å´9fÍès[> DF9;Z)BFK�`{PR9[MU�Z)`XDEBF?CrCM�BEZ&UVDtGÄ9=M�K¸Í:B«KNAªH�GÆ>)Z BFÕCZ&UVKOBE9=?CH:UVH\=BFs[> ?¬BE?KNAC>�KNU[�CDE>Vk_Å´WCBFr¬rC> ?CH�BFK�`¬9[P·U[BFMJKÛ[ÇV> ?hKN9��Æ>�i=4cg�Ç�\ �Vy"!&4

IJM�9=HOH�x�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?ÚVD�MOU[rCBFWCH iQZ)yÀkÑT> DEy�AC9=D«KN<0PRM�> Ð�WC>)?CZ)` lVn�ÑT<[kH�9=WC?CrÀGCMO>)HOHOW_MO>uDE>)s[> DÔBF?¬PRM�> >�Õ´>)DErÀUVKQiQyØrCBEH�KÛ[?_Z > çVn�rC6048:> Ð�WCBFMO> r¬s=9[DEWCy�>'Å´9fÍîï¶8�S$#Cð gX4cÚ¯D��¾H kM�> Ð�WCBEM�> r-U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ'Å´9fÍ�s[> DE9XZ B«K�`¬U[y�GCDEB«KNWCr_> i&n�y��VH)4

% & &. �� % �'��"��(��. �0�·��]¸ÍJ9{y$>)ZÂÚ[?CBFHOy�HTZ U[?��Ä>5A_9=DErhMO>)HOGÄ9=?CHOBF�CDE>QPR9=MKNA_>5GCM�9;r_WCZ)KOBE9=?h9[P�KOAC>5�_DE9fÍ:BE?C\�HO9[WC?CrCH)|¸�Æ9[WC?Cr;xU[M�`�DwU&`=>)MQKOWCMO�_WCDE>)?CZ >$U[?Cr#WC?CH�KO>&U[r;` HO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=?�9[P¤KNAC>$U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ¯Å´9fÍ UVK�KOAC>�GÆ9=M�KQKN> M�y$BF?ÚVKOBE9=?~4

Ú

]AC>(r_BEy�> ?CH�BE9=?CDF> H�H�GÚVMNU[y�>)KO> MOH:Í:ACBFZÂ�rC>)KO> M�y$BF?C>uKOAC>(9XZ Z)WCMOM�> ?CZ)>�9[P�KOAC> H�>�y�> ZÂÚ[?_BEHOy�H�U[MO>uKNAC>8T>v`X?C9=DEr_Hu?�WCy(�Æ>)M('*),+)ka�ÚVHO> r#9=? KNAC>��Æ9[WC?CrÚ[M�`�DwU&`[> MQKNACBFZ^ÇX?_> HOH(-XkaU[?Cr KNA_>�#�KNMO9[WCAÚ[D�?�WCy��Ä> Mþ/. 4]AC>'8:>)`X?C9[DErCH¤?�WCy��Ä> M0'*),+d�ÚVHO> r{9=?$KOAC>��Ä9=WC?_rÚ[M�`�DEUf`[> M�KNACBFZ^Ç�?C> H�H1-�BEH�rC>vÕ´?C> r¬UVH'ïRHO> >�È32¾É}kÆÈ�ifnVÉ9=MuÈ�i=i Éwð

'*),+ ú54 -6 Ê ïRá�ðÍ:AC> M�>'KNAC>��Ä9=WC?_rÚ[M�`$DwU&`[> M¸KNA_BEZ^Ç�?C> H�H7- ú98 ï¶g 6 å;:Jð^4�Ñ�>)MO> 6 BFHJKNAC>0ÇXBF?C> y$UVKOBEZ�sXBFHOZ 9[HOBFK�`[k<:ÖBEHdKNAC>U[?C\=W_DwU[MJPRM�> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`ÀU[?Cr 4 BFH¸KNAC>uU[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ'ÅC9�Íès=>)DE9XZ BFK�`[4]AC>�Z M�BFKOBEZ&UVDt8:>)`X?C9=DFrCH¸?�WCy��Ä> M7'*),+dPR9=MU��Ä9=WC?CrÚVM�`$DwU&`=>)M9=?¬U(Å�UVKG_DwUVKO>0> Ð�WÚVDEH7'*),+ =�>�? ø~ú l[g[nÈ32¾É}4·é�9[M�8T>v`X?C9=DEr_H�?�WCy��Ä> MOH�DEU[MO\[> MaKOAÚ[?�l=gVn_k[KNA_>¸�Æ9[WC?CrÚ[M�`�DEUf`[> M·Í:BFDEDX�Æ>)Z 9=y�>JKOWCMO�CW_DE> ?LK 4�SÀ> M�Ç�DEBÈ i&nVÉ�\=B«s=> H�Z)MOB«KNBEZ U[D�8:>)`X?C9[DErCHQ?�WCy��Ä> M�H@'*),+'Í:A_BEZÂ�sVU[M�`��Ä>)K�Íd> >)?æl[n[nªU[?CrÖifn=n=n_45Ã�?�KÛ[�CDF>�g{KNAC>Z M�BFKNBFZ&U[D�s=>)DE9XZ B«K�`¿9[P:KNA_>¬U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ,Å´9fÍØBF?¿KNAC>ªGÄ9=M�K¯U[?CræKNAC>ªZ)MOB«KNBEZ U[D¤HO9=WC?_rÎGCM�> H�HOWCM�>ÀDF>)s=>)DUVK�UrCBEH�KÛ[?_Z >T9[P�iTy BE?�PRMO>)>:ÕC> DEr�PR9=M�9;Z)Z WCM�MO>)?CZ >�9[P~�Ä9=WC?CrCU[M�`�DEUf`[> M�KNW_MO�CWCDF> ?CZ)>0BFH¤\[BFs=>)?�PR9[MdUQHOGÄ> Z)BFÕ´ZHOB«KNWÚVKOBE9=?t4]·UV�CDE>:gX|�IJM�BFKNBFZ&U[D�s=>)DE9XZ B«K�`�U[?_r¯HO9=WC?_r�G_MO> H�HOWCM�>:DE>)s[> D_PR9[M�U'�Ú[H�H�x�M�>)Å´>�e�GÄ9=M�K�Í:B«KNA�U'Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[DGÆ9[M�KdMNU[rCBFWCH1A ú i'Z)y KOAÚVKJBEH�KNWC?C>)r,KN9(U�Ñ�>)DEy�AC9=DFKO<PRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`{9[P¨á�luÑ�<[kXKNAC>�Ç�BE?C>)y{UVKOBEZ:sXBEHOZ)9=HOB«K�`9[P·U[BEMJKNU[Ç[>)?ÀKO9��Ä> 6 ú i�l�BLifnDCDETyGFH�VH 4

IJMOB«KNBEZ U[DÆs[> DF9;Z)BFK�` IJMOB«KNBFZ&U[DI#_@KJ9[P�KNAC>uU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ'Å´9fÍ UVKQiQyØBF?¬PRM�> >�Õ´>)DEr6J9[WC?CrÚ[M�`¬DwU&`=>)M¸KNWCM��CWCDF> ?CZ)> g=l�yL�¾H ç[j¯r´6MT?CH�KO>&U[r_`¬Å´9fÍ�HO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=? Ú¯yL�VH m=n¯r´6

]AC>7#XKOMO9=W_AÚ[D_?�WCy(�Æ>)M�BEH·U0y$> U[HOW_MO>JPR9=M�KNAC>JMNUVKOBE909VP´KNAC>UVZ Z >)DE>)MNUVKOBE9=?5Z&U[WCH�> r��L`(KOAC>JWC?_H�KN> U[rCBF?C> H�H9[P�KNA_>�Å´9fÍ U[?_r�KNAC>�Z)9=?Ls=>)Z)KNB«s=>�U[Z)Z > DF> MOUVKNBF9=?�Z&UVWCHO>)r��L`ÀKNAC>¯?C9[?;x�WC?_BFPR9=M�y$B«K�`ª9[P�KNAC>5Å´9fÍ UVK0KNAC>GÆ9[M�K·KO> M�y$BF?ÚVKNBF9=?~4ÔÃzK�BFH·rC>vÕ´?C>)r�U[H·KNA_>¸MNUVKOBE9�9[PCKNA_>¸Z M�9=HOH�x�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?ÚVD_GÄ9=M�K·MNU[rCBFWCHNAQU[?_r�KNAC>dGÚ[M�KOBEZ)DE>rCBEH�GCDwUVZ > y�> ?LK 4 å;:T| þN. ú :0AXå 4 � ï¶l=ðÃzP¸KNA_>{GÚ[M�KNBFZ DE>�rCBFHOGCDEU[Z >)y$>)?LK 4 å;:ÙU[GCGCM�9LU[ZÂC>)H5KNA_>{9=M�rC> M59[PJKOAC>{GÄ9=M�K5MNUVrCBEWCH@A´k·B¶47>V4ªBFP þ/. BFH59[PKNAC>u9=M�rC> MQiu9=M:HOy$U[DEDF> M kXKNAC>)?ÀKOAC> M�>uÍ:BFDED~�Ä>(UV?ÀWC?_H�KN> U[r_`hHO>)GÚ[MOUVKNBF9=?¬9[P·KOAC>(UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZQÅC9�ÍÙUVK:KNAC>GÆ9[M�K¤> ?CrtkXs[9=M�KOBEZ >)HJUVHOHO9XZ BEUVKN>)r$Í:B«KNA�KNAC>THO>)GÚ[MNU¾KNBE9[?$9[PÆKNAC>:Å´9fÍËÍ:BFDEDCPR9=M�yÀk�U[?_r*O�>vKNHdÍ:BFDED_PR9[MOy ïRHO> >È ifg¾É ð�4Ã�?ÖÕC\=WCMO>¬áCk�KNA_>hG_A�`XH�BEZ&UVDGCAC> ?_9=y$>)?Ú 9;Z)Z WCM�MOBE?_\�r_WCMOBF?C\�BE?_ÅC9�ÍØU[?CrÖ9=W_K�Å´9fÍ U[M�>ªHOÇ[>vKNZÂC>)rËPR9=MDE9fÍP#�KNMO9[WCAÚ[DÔ?�WCy��Ä> M�H 4RQ[>)KTPR9=MOy$UVKOBE9=?,9XZ Z)WCMOH�UVKT9=W_K�Å´9fÍQk´Í:ACBEDF>QU�H�BE?CÇ=x�DFBEÇV>'Å´9fÍ�KÛVÇ[> H�GCDwUVZ >QUVKBE?_ÅC9�Í ïRPR9[MGÆ9=M�KNHÍ:BFKOA¬MO9=WC?_rC> rÀ> ?CrCHNðv4Ã�?{KÛV�CDE>0guKNA_>0Z M�BFKOBEZ&UVD�s[> DF9;Z)BFK�`�9[P~KOAC>'U[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZTÅ´9fÍãBE?$KOAC>0GÄ9=M�KU[?Cr$KNAC>�Z MOB«KNBFZ&U[D�HO9[WC?Cr,GCM�> H�HOWCM�>DE>vs=> D0UVKªU#rCBEH�KÛ[?CZ)>�9[P�i�y BE?ÖPRMO>)>-Õ´> DFrÏPR9=M$9;Z)Z WCM�MO> ?_Z >�9[PQWC?_H�KN> U[r_`ÎÅ´9fÍ�H�> GÚVMNUVKOBE9=?Ë9VP�KNAC>U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ'Å´9fÍ UVKKOAC>QGÆ9[M�K:> ?_rÀBFH\=BFs[> ?¬PR9=M:U¯HOGÄ> Z B«Õ´ZuHOBFKOWÚVKOBE9=?~4

á

é´9=M¯HOy$U[DEDd�Ú[H�H�x�M�>)Å´>�eÖGÆ9[M�KNHÀïRGÆ9=M�K�Z M�9=HOH�x�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?ÚVDMNU[rCBFWCHSA ú iÀZ)y,ð(B«K¯Z&U[?Ö�Ä>hZ)9=?CZ)DEWCrC>)rÖKOAÚVKWC?CH�KN>&UVr_`¬HO>)GÚ[MNU¾KNBE9[?h9VPaKOAC>uU[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ�Å´9fÍÙU[?Cr¬KNA_>5UVHOHO9XZ BEUVKN>)rªPRMO> >RO�>vKTPR9[MOy$UVKNBF9=?{Í:BEDFDt�Ä>QMNUVKOAC> MZ 9=y�y�9=?~4Ë6dMO9LU[r_�Ú[?CrTO�>)K�KNWCM��CWCDE>)?CZ >À9=M��Æ9[WC?CrÚ[M�`ÖDwU&`=>)M�KOWCMO�CW_DE> ?_Z >hBEH�>ve;GÆ>)Z)KO> rËKN9��Ä> Z 9[y$>MO>)DE>)sVU[?LK:9=?_DF`¬UVKs[> M�`¬ACBE\=A¬GCM�> H�HOWCM�>5DF>)s=>)DEH)4U V &��(%& /T�5�� ,+ . �'�� è��2�� W¬�J2�% �� . ��2��¬�]AC>uWC?CH�KO>&U[r;`¬HO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=?¬9[PaKNAC>uU[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZuU[BFMJÅ´9fÍ ÍJU[H:s;BFHOWÚVDEBE<)> rhUVK:ACBF\=AhU[BEMH�GÆ>)> rCHT�L`¬y$> U[?CH9[P·KOAC>(#;ZÂCDEBF> M�> ?-y�>)KOAC9Xr¿È�ifÚVÉ¶4¸]AC>5GÆ9=M�KTWCHO>)r-PR9=MKNACBFH�>�e;GÆ>)MOBEy�> ?LKTÍ¸UVH0U�Z)`XDEBF?CrCMOBFZ&U[DtGÆ9=M�K�Í:B«KNAMO9=W_?CrC> rÓ>)rC\=> H)4 I¸U[M��Æ9=?Xx�rCBF9fe;BFrC>-\LUVH,Í¸U[HªBF?�O�> ZvKN>)rÓKOACMO9[WC\=AÌGÄ9=MO9=W_H,Í¸U[DFDEH,y$U[rC>ÀPRMO9=y HOBF?�KO> M�CMO9[?C< >(U[MO9=W_?Cr-KNA_>(GÄ9=M�K�>ve;BFK 4TÒÓB«KNAhKNAC>(U[BErÀ9[P�U$H�KNM�9=�Æ9[HOZ 9[GÆ>�B«K:Í¸U[H0GÆ9=H�HOBF�CDE>QKN9�KÛ[ÇV>�GCBEZvKNWCM�> HUVK0Õ;e_>)r�y$9[y$>)?�KOH09[P�KOAC>(9[HOZ BFDEDEUVKNBF?C\�GÆ>)MOBE9Xr~4 ì HOÇV>)KOZÂ#9[P·KNAC>(KO> H�K�HO>vK�x�W_G�BEH0H�AC9fÍ:?�BE?-ÕC\=WCMO>�g;4]AC>QMO>)HOWCD«KNHTU[MO>QGCM�> H�> ?LKN>)r�BE?ªÕ´\=W_MO>uÚ_4ì H5Z&U[?¿�Ä>�HO> >)?æBE?�Õ´\=WCM�>,Ú_k�KNAC>�s=9=M�KN>ve�HOA_> rCrCBF?C\-KNU[Ç[>)H(GCDEU[Z >{UVK5KOAC>$KOMNU[?_HOBFKOBE9=?CU[D�U[M�>&U-9[PJKNAC>U[BEM�Å´9fÍ:BF?C\(9=W;KJ9[PtKNAC>�GÆ9=M�K¸UV?Cr$KOAC>0H�KÛ[\=?CU[?LKJH�WCMOM�9=WC?CrCBF?C\�UVBEM 4·]AC>0y�W_HOACM�9;9=y¯x�H�AÚ[GÄ> r�s=9=M�KNBFZ > HU[MO>¯G_MO9XrCWCZ >)r >&U[ZÂ KNBFy$>uKNAC>�U[BFM�Å´9fÍ:HQ9=W_KQ9[P�KOAC>¯GÆ9[M�K&4uÒÓAC> ? KNA_>¯DE9=WCr_HOGÄ>&U[ÇV> M�BEH�r_MOBFs[> ?�UVKQUPRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZv`,9[P~PR9[MJBE?_H�KÛV?CZ >�á�l5ÑT<[kCUus=9=M�KN>ve$Í:BEDFD��Æ>�\=> ?C>)MNUVKO> rªá�l�KNBFy$>)HdGÄ> MdHO> Z)9=?Cr¬UVKJ9=?C>�> ?Crª9[PKNAC>�GÆ9[M�KJU[?Cr,á�l�KNBFy$>)HdGÄ> MdHO> Z)9=?Cr¬UVK¤KNA_>09[KOAC> Md> ?Crª9[PtKNAC>�GÆ9=M�K&4�ÃzKJZ&U[?{�Æ>�HO> >)?ªBE?�Õ´\=WCM�>'ÚuKOAÚVKU�s[9=M�KO>veÀBEH:\=>)?C> MOUVKN>)r�rCWCM�BE?C\�9=W;KOÅ´9fÍqU[?Cr¬KNACUVK�KOACBEHs[9=M�KO>veÀy$9fs[> H�UfÍJU&`¬PRMO9=y KOAC>uGÆ9=M�K&4d]AC> H�>y�WCH�ACMO9X9=y¯x�HOACU[GÆ>)rªs=9=M�KNBEZ)> H:\=B«s=>QMOBFHO>'KN9��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\�HO9[WC?CrCH)4X Y ��'�·��:��]AC>��CDE9fÍ:BF?C\HO9=W_?CrCH¨Z 9=?_HOBEH�K�9[PCU¸?�WCy(�Æ>)M�9VP_?C9[BEHO>�K�`XGÄ> H)4�6J>)HOBEr_> H¨�CMO9=U[rC�Ú[?_r5?C9[BEHO>�\[> ?C>)MNUVKOBE9=?��L`KNAC>:s=9[M�KNBFZ >)H k�BFK�ÍJU[H¤PR9[WC?Cr�KNAÚVK�KOAC>�GÄ> M�BE9XrCBEZds=9=M�KN>ve$H�AC> rCr_BE?C\u\=BFs[> H¤MOBFHO>KN95UuGÄ> M�BE9XrCBEZJ>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?9[P�UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZuGÄ9=M�K�M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)> H)4¸]AC>5U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ5GÄ9=M�K:MO> H�9=?Ú[?_Z > H'U[MO>Q>ve;Z)BFKN>)r-BFy$GCW_DEHOB«s=>)DF`$>&U[ZÂ-KOBEy�>U�s=9=M�KN>vehBFH�Æ>)BE?C\�\=>)?C> MOUVKN>)r~4]AC>Õ´MOH�K¤U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ¸M�> HO9[?Ú[?CZ)>TZ)9=MOM�> H�GÆ9=?_rCH�KN9'KNA_>[ZF ä�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ¸ÍJUfs[>:BE?�KNA_>DE9=?C\[BFKNW_rCBE?ÚVDXr_BEMO>)Z)KOBE9=?9[P�KNAC>GÄ9=M�K&4·]A_>TM�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>PRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)` ñ Z 9[P�KNACBFH·PRWC?CrÚVy$>)?�KNU[DÚ[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZJy$9XrC>U[?_r�B«KNH�ACU[MOy�9=?CBFZ Hï ñ F Ê ñ ! Ê\�]�^�»ðJZ U[?h>&U[H�BEDF`{�Æ>�Z U[DEZ)WCDwU¾KN> rªÍ:B«KNAªKNAC>�PR9=M�y�WCDEUñ`_@a b ûg[à ó�� ïYmLðÍ:AC> M�> b BFH�U[?�BE?LKN>)\=> M,ï b ú i=kcg;k7Ú_k«4F4«4»ð�4�Sh>&U[H�WCMO>)y$>)?�KOH¯9=?æU-Zv`XDEBE?_rCMOBFZ&U[D��Ú[H�H�xzMO>)ÅC>ve�GÆ9=M�K(Í:B«KNA¿UGCAL`XHOBEZ U[D¨DE>)?C\[KNAhà ú n_4«ifÚ¯y U[?CrÀU�Z)MO9=H�H�xzHO> ZvKNBF9=?Ú[DÔMOU[rCBEW_HcA ú n_47n_iQy U[M�>uH�AC9fÍ:?-BF?¬ÕC\=WCMO>5l;4�]AC>MO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >{PRM�> Ð�WC>)?CZ)` ñ Z PR9[MuKOACBEH5GÆ9=M�K�UVGCGÆ> U[MOHQKN9-�Æ>$U[�Ä9=W_K$i=ifn=nÀÑ�<[kaÍ:ACBEZÂæUV\=MO>)> H5Íd> DFD¤Í:B«KNA> Ð�WÚVKOBE9=?�m;k[Í:BFKOA¯rCWC>:U[DFDE9fÍ¸UV?CZ >¤PR9=M·KNA_>¸GÆ9[M�K,d�H�>)?Cr�>)×Æ> Z)KOH 4�]AC>ACU[MOy�9=?CBFZ H·9VPÄKOAC>:äÄå=g0MO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >ÍJ>)MO>5U[DEH�9¯>ve;Z B«KN>)r~k��CW_KTDE>)HOH:H�KOMO9=?C\[DF`{KOAÚ[?ªKNA_>QPRW_?CrÚ[y�> ?LKÛVDÔ�Ú[HOH�x�M�>)Å´>�ehGÆ9=M�K:y$9XrC>QUVKui=i&n=n¯Ñ�<V4ì D«KNAC9=W_\=AªKNAC>uDE9=W_rCHOGÄ>&U[ÇV> MÍJU[H�r_MOBFs[> ?À��`hUV?À>)DE> ZvKNM�BEZ&UVD~HOBF\=?Ú[D~Í:B«KNAhU�PRM�> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`h9[P·á�l¯Ñ�<u9=?CDF`[kAÚ[M�y$9=?_BEZ H¨9[PCá�l�ÑT<dÍd> MO>¸U[DEH�9�GCM�> H�> ?LK&4�]AC>)HO>¸ACU[MOy�9=?CBFZ H k�Í:ACBFZÂ¯U[MO>JU[DED�U¾K·DF>&U[H�K�g[nTr´6#�Ä> DF9fÍæKNAC>á�l�Ñ�<:HOBF\=?Ú[D¶k�U[MO>Z U[WCH�> r{�L`�AÚVMOy�9=?CBEZJrCBEH�KN9=M�KNBE9[?�9VPÆKOAC>:DE9=WCr_HOGÄ>&U[ÇV> M¤BFKNH�> D«P�4a]ACBFH�Í¸U[H¤Z 9[?_Õ´MOy�> r�L`ªHO>)GÚ[MNU¾KN>uy$> U[HOWCM�> y�> ?LKNH:9[P�KNA_>uDF9=WCrCH�GÆ> U[Ç[>)M�M�> H�GÆ9=?_HO>[4

l

]AC>0M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>0GÄ>&U[Ç�UVK�i=ifn[n5ÑT<�BFHdMOUVKNAC>)M¤Í:BFrC>[k�Í:ACBFZÂ,BE?Cr_BEZ&U¾KN> H�KOAÚVK¤KNAC>TMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >'BFHdH�KNM�9=?C\=D«`rÚ[y�GÆ>)r~4 ì KDF9�ÍÌs[> DF9;Z)BFK�`{U[y$G_DEBFKOWCrC>)H¤KOAC>'rÚ[y�GCBF?C\(9[P¨KOAC>�i=ifn[n�Ñ�<'M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>�BEHdy{U[BF?CDF`�r_WC>0KN9U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ:MNU[r_BwUVKOBE9=?�BF?LKN9Q9=GÄ> ?�HOGÚ[Z)>[4�o�U[y�GCBF?C\'BE?_Z MO> U[HO>)HJU¾K�ACBE\=A_> M�U[y�GCDEB«KNWCr_> H��Ä> Z U[WCHO>�U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ> ?C>)MO\[`¬BFHrCBEH�HOBFGÚVKN>)r¬��`,Z 9=?Ls=>)Z)KOBFs=>5>)×Æ> ZvKNH(È7l¾É¶4]a9¯BFDEDFWCH�KOMNUVKO>TKOAC>�GÆ>)MOBF9;rCBFZ0?Ú¾KNWCM�>'9[P¨KNAC>uäÄå=g5GÄ9=M�KMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >Q>ve;Z)BFKÛ¾KNBE9[?~kXKOAC>��CDF9�Í:BF?C\�H�9=WC?CrCH:9[PU(�Ú[H�H�xzMO>)ÅC>veªH�`XH�KN>)y rCM�BFs[> ?¬UVKJáLn(ÑT<0ÍJ>)MO>'y�>&UVHOWCM�> rªBE?$KNAC>TKNBEy�>TrC9=y$U[BE?~4a]AC>'H�9=WC?CrªGCM�> H�HOWCM�>HOBF\=?Ú[D·ÍJU[H�Õ´D«KN> M�> r�WCHOBF?C\hUªACBE\=AXx�GÚ[H�H'Õ´DFKO> M)4�6J> DF9�Í l[n=n¬ÑT<�KOAC>¯Õ´DFKO> M�M�> rCWCZ)> HQKNAC>�DF>)s=>)D�9[P¤KNAC>HOBF\=?Ú[DÆ��`,y$9=M�>0KNACU[?hÚ=n�r´604C]A_>uH�9=WC?CrhGCM�> HOH�WCMO>QÍJU[Hy$> U[HOW_MO> rÀUVK:U¯rCBFH�KNU[?CZ >�9VPdiQyîPRMO9=yîKNAC>GÆ9[M�K�BF?°UÀPRMO>)>vx}Õ´> DFræZ 9=?Cr_BFKNBF9=?ÓïRBE?æU[?°UV?C> ZÂC9[BEZ,M�9;9=y{ð'PR9=M��Ä9[KNA°U-GÄ9=M�K�Í:BFKOA¿HOAÚVMOG°> rC\[> H�U[?CrU�\=MNU[r_WÚ[DED«`�Z)9=?Ls=>)MO\=BF?C\Vx�r_BFs=>)MO\=BF?C\ GÆ9[M�K&4°3T9�KNBEy�>vx�U&s=> MOU[\=BF?C\�Í¸UVH�>)y$G_DE9f`=>)r~4°]AC>¬MO> H�WCDFKOH�U[MO>HOAC9fÍ:?ÀBE?ªÕ´\=WCM�>e2_4]AC>�ACBF\=A;x}PRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`ÏZ 9=y�GÄ9=?C> ?LKOH,9[P�KNA_>�HO9=W_?CrÌMNU[r_BwUVKO> rÏPRM�9=yÝKNAC>�GÄ9=M�K{Í:BFKOAËHOACU[MOGÌ>)?CrCH¬U[HHOAC9fÍ:?ÎBE?æÕ´\=WCM�>f2 Z)DE> U[MOD«`¿rC>)y$9=?_H�KNMOUVKN>)H�KOAC>¬GCWCDFHNUVKOBEDE>{�Æ>)AÚ&s;BF9=M¯9[PTKNAC>¬GÄ9=M�K 4Öp¤UVZÂÖKOBEy�>,KNAC>U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZQMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >5BEH:>ve;Z B«KN>)r~k´KNAC>uACBE\[A;xzPRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`#ï�iuÇXÑ�<&ðTZ 9[y$GÄ9=?C>)?�KTBF?CZ M�>&U[H�> HTHOAÚ[M�GCDF`[4J]AC>PRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZv`ªÍ:BFKNA,Í:A_BEZÂ¬KNAC>QU[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ�M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>QBEH¸>�e_Z)BFKO> rh> Ð�WÚ[DFH¸K�Í:BEZ >'KOAC>�rCM�BFsXBE?C\�PRM�> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`¬9[Pá�l�ÑT<[4 ì P KN>)MaKOACBEHa>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?5U[?�>�e_GÄ9=?C>)?LKNBwUVD;rC>)Z&U&`5BEH·9[�CHO>)M�s=>)r~4�3T9[KN>¤KNAÚVK�U�GCW_DEHNU¾KNBEDF>�>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?KÛ[ÇV> H:GCDEU[Z >��Ä9[KNA¬rCW_MOBE?_\�Å´9fÍ 9[P·U[BEMJ9=W_K9[P�KNA_>u�Ä9&e¬U[?_rhr_WCMOBF?C\¯Å´9fÍ�9[P·U[BFM¸BE?LKN9�KOAC>Q�Æ9&eÆ4�]A�WCH kBFK�Z U[? �Æ>¯Z)9=?CZ)DEWCrC>)r�KOAÚVK�KOAC>¯ACBE\[A;xzPRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\ªH�9=WC?CrCHQAÚ&s[>$UªrC>vKN>)MOy�BE?CBFH�KNBFZ(ZÂÚVMNU[ZvKN> MMNUVKOAC> MKOAÚ[?hU�H�KN9XZÂÚ[H�KNBEZ�ZÂCU[MNU[ZvKN>)M 4g Y ��T��,�� 1��0�$. ��+p·e_GÄ> M�BEy�> ?LKÛVDÆBF?�s[> H�KNBE\=UVKNBF9=?CHdÍd> M�>�GÆ>)M�PR9=M�y$>)r$PR9=M¤KNAC>0GÆ9=M�KNHJU[H¸HOA_9�Í:?ªBF?{Õ´\=W_MO>�m_4 ì rCrCB«KNBF9=?Ú[DFDF`=kU'Z)`XDEBF?CrCM�BEZ&UVD;GÄ9=M�K·Í:BFKNA¯H�AÚ[M�G�>)rC\=>)H�ÍJU[H�>�eCUVy$BF?C> r~4a]ACBEH�GÄ9=M�K�Í:BEDFD;�Ä>rC> ?_9[KN>)r��L`(h=GÆ9[M�K�n�h_4�é´9=MU�PYU[BFMZ 9=y�GÚ[M�BEH�9=?À�Ä>)K�Íd> >)?�KNAC>5GÆ9[M�KNH)k��Æ9[KOAÀKOAC>5G_A�`XH�BEZ&UVDaDF> ?C\[KOA-9[PaKNAC>5GÆ9[M�KNH�U[?CrhKNAC>5U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZy{UVHOHQÞªß¯9[PJKOAC>�GÆ9=M�KNHuU[M�>�ÇV> G_K5KNAC>�HNUVy$>V4$]AC>�DwU¾KOKN>)MQy$> U[?CH�KNAÚ¾KuKOAC>$Ñ�> DFy$A_9=DFKO<�MO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)H9[P�KNAC>u�Æ9&e�x�GÄ9=M�K:Z 9=y��_BE?ÚVKOBE9=?_HU[MO>�KOAC>5HOU[y�>[4�Ã�?À9[MOrC>)M:KO9$9[�_KÛ[BF?¬GÆ9=M�KNHÍ:BFKOAªKNAC>QHNUVy$>uU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZy{UVHOHJÞªßPR9=MdU(\=B«s=>)?,Z 9=?LKO9=WCMJH�AÚ[GÄ>'U[?_rªUuÕ_e;>)rªGÆ9=M�K¸DF> ?C\[KOA~kLKNAC>0HOy$U[DEDF> H�K¤rCBEU[y�>)KN>)M�9[PÔKNAC>�GÆ9[M�KBEH¤s[UVMOBE>)r~k;KOAC>�U[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ�y{UVHOH¸9[PÔKOAC>'GÄ9=M�K¸BEHJZ U[DEZ)WCDwU¾KN> r$Í:BFKNA,U(rC> r_BEZ&U¾KN> r¬H�9[P K�Í¸UVMO>'GCM�9=\=MOU[yÀk;U[?CrKNAC>¯M�> Ð�WCBFMO> r H�y{U[DFDE>)H�K'r_BwU[y�>)KO> M'9[P�KOAC>¯GÆ9[M�K�BFH'Z&U[DFZ WCDEUVKN>)r�BFKO> MNU¾KNBFs[> D«`=4Q]AC> M�>)PR9=M�>�U,GÆ9=M�K�Í:ACBEZÂAÚ[HQU,MOUVKNAC>)M'DwUVMO\=>�9[W_KN>)M'rCBwUVy$>vKN> M¯ïYHOW_ZÂ#UVH'KNAC>¯GÚVMNU[�Ä9=DEBFZ5H�AÚ[GÄ> r GÄ9=M�K kÔ@a9=M�Kuo�ktH�> >¯Õ´\=WCM�>¯mLðÍ:BEDFDtAÚ&s=>5U¯MNUVKOAC> M:H�y{U[DFDtrCBEU[y�>)KN>)M:UVK:BFKOHZ >)?�KO> MTBE?¬9=M�rC> M¸KO9$\=>vKKNAC>QHOU[y$>uU[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ�y$U[H�H 4Ã�?�U{M�>)s=>)MO�Ä> MOU[?LKQMO9X9=y 9[P¤g=g[ç$yG!TKNAC>(�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\$H�9=WC?CrCH�Í:ACBEZÂ U[M�>(GCM�9;r_WCZ >)r��`hKNA_>(GÄ9=M�KOH�Íd> MO>y$> U[HOW_MO> rt4 ì �CU[?CrCGÚVHOH�DE9=WCr_HOGÄ>&U[ÇV> M�H�`XH�KO> yÝÍJU[H�WCHO>)rÎPR9=M�KOACBEH¯GCW_MOGÄ9=HO>Vk¸U[H¯H�AC9fÍ:?ÏBE?æÕ´\[WCMO>ç;4(ÒÓB«KNA�KNA_BEH�y�>&U[H�WCMO>)y$>)?�KuH�>)K�xzWCG~kÔKNA_>¯HO9=WC?_rCHuÍ:A_BEZÂ�U[MO>�GCM�9;r_WCZ >)r#�L`�KOAC>¯GÆ9[M�KQ9=?CD«`�Z U[? �Æ>y$> U[HOW_MO> r�Íd> DFD}4T]AC>�DF9=WCrCH�GÆ> U[Ç[>)M'Z&U[?_?C9[K'> U[HOBFDF`¬MOU[rCBwU¾KN>(H�9=WC?Cr-rCBEM�> Z)KODF`hBE?LKO9$KNA_>�y$> U[HOW_MO> y�> ?LKMO9X9=yh4]AC>5U[y$9[WC?LK�9VP·�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\�HO9[WC?CrÀÍJU[H�y$> U[HOWCM�> rhBE?¬KNAC>�PRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`ÀMNU[?C\[>u�Ä>)K�Íd> >)?¿ifn=n�Ñ�<uU[?_r�ifnÇXÑ�<�PR9=M¸rCB«×t>)MO>)?�K¸rCMOB«s;BF?C\�PRMO>)Ð�WC> ?CZ)BE>)H�UV?Cr¬rCBF×Æ> M�> ?LK:DE>vs=> DFH 4�]AC>QH�9=WC?Cr¬GÄ9�Íd> M:DF>)s=>)DEH¸Z)9=MOM�> H�GÆ9=?_rKN9�jLl;ki2=n�U[?Cr 2Ll�r´6]AC> ì xzÍd> BE\[A�KO> r�H�9=WC?Cr-GÆ9fÍd> M'9[P·KNAC>5�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\{HO9[WC?CrCH�ïRBE?CZ)DEWCr_BE?C\¯KNA_>(AÚ[M�y$9[?CBEZurCBEH�KN9=M�KNBF9=?�ðJPR9=MrCMOB«sXBE?C\,DF>)s[> DEH�Z)9=MOM�> H�GÆ9=?_rCBE?C\,KO9¬U,HO9=W_?Cr#GÄ9fÍJ>)M�DE>vs=> D�UVK'KNA_>¯rCMOB«s;BF?C\{PRM�> Ð�WC> ?_Z)`ÎïYáLl,Ñ�<fð09VPJj=l;k

m

2=n�U[?Cr 2Ll�r´6ãU[MO>�H�AC9fÍ:?-BE?ªÕ´\[WCMO>uj_4]AC> U[y�9=WC?LKª9[Pu�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\¿H�9=WC?Cr_H¬Í:A_BEZÂÓU[M�>�GCMO9XrCWCZ)> rÓ�L`ÏKNA_>�GÆ9=M�KNHªUVGCGÆ> U[MOH,KO9æ�Æ>�H�KNM�9=?C\=D«`rC> GÄ> ?_rC> ?LKQWCGÄ9=?�KNA_>�DE>vs=> Da9[P¤>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?t4�b'�Ls;BF9=WCH�DF`=kÆKNAC>¯UVy$9=W_?�K09[P��CDF9�Í:BF?C\{H�9=WC?Cr_H�BE?CZ)MO>&UVHO> HUVKQACBF\=AC> M�DF>)s[> DEH)4$SÀ9=MO>�H�WC�_KNDF>[kÄC9fÍd>)s=>)M kaBEH�KNAÚ¾KuUVKQDE9fÍ¼DE>)s[> DFH5UªZv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[D�GÄ9=M�K�Í:B«KNA�UªDwU[M�\=>Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>QMNU[rCBFWCHGCM�9;rCW_Z > HTDE>)HOH:�CDF9�Í:BF?C\¯HO9[WC?CrÀKOAÚ[?hU�Z)`XDEBF?CrCMOBFZ&U[DÆGÆ9[M�KÍ:BFKOAhU�H�y{UVDEDtZ)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>MNU[r_BEWCH)k_Í:ACBEDF>QUVK:ACBF\=AC> MDF>)s[> DEH:B«KBEHKNA_>u9VKNAC>)M¸Í¸U&`hU[M�9=WC?Cr~4JÔ>)K�WCH0Z)9=?CHOBFrC> M:KNA_>5Zv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[DÔGÄ9=M�KOHTÕ´M�H�K 4:@a9=M�K�n�BEH�U�Zv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[DÔGÄ9=M�KTÍ:BFKOA-U�HOAÚ[M�G->)?Cr�U[?CrGÆ9[M�KNH ì k�60k�U[?Cr-IèUVMO>�Z)`XDFBE?CrCM�BEZ U[DtGÄ9=M�KOHÍ:BFKNAhU¯Z W_M�sVUVKNW_MO>uMNU[rCBFWCH9[P·8 ú l�y�yÀk_8 ú ifn¯y�yØU[?Cr8 ú g[n�y$yhk´MO>)HOGÄ> ZvKNBFs[> D«`=4�é�M�9=yØÕ´\=W_MO>�j�BFK�Z&U[?À�Æ>5HO>)> ?�KNACUVK'U¾K0DF9�Í DE>)s[> DFH¯ï�Jkj ú jLl�r´6 UVK�á�lÑ�<&ð¸U�GÄ9=M�KÍ:BFKNA¬U¯DEU[MO\=>0Z WCM�s[U¾KNWCM�>uMOU[rCBFWCHQïYGÄ9=M�K�I0k_PR9=MBE?_H�KÛV?CZ >&ðJGCMO9XrCWCZ)> H:DE>)HOH�CDF9�Í:BF?C\¯HO9[WC?Cr~kÍ:ACBEDF>�UVKuACBE\=A�DE>vs=>)DEH{ï�Jkj ú 2Llªr´6 UVKuá�l¬Ñ�<&ð5U¬GÆ9[M�KQÍ:BFKOA¿U¬HOy$U[DED�Z)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>�MNU[r_BEWCH{ïYGÄ9=M�K ì9=M'>vs=> ?�KNAC>¯GÄ9=M�K�Í:BFKNA UªH�AÚ[MOG >)rC\=>[k¨GÄ9=M�K�nLð0GCMO9XrCWCZ)> HQDE>)HOH��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\ªH�9=WC?Cr~4 ì KQ9[KNAC>)M�rCMOB«sXBE?C\PRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZ)BE> H:KNA_>uHOU[y�>'KN> ?_rC> ?CZv`¬Í¸U[H:PR9=WC?_r~4ì K¯DE9fÍ DF>)s[> DEHªï�Jkj ú j=lhr´6 UVK(á�l-ÑT<fð5UÀGÆ9=M�K(Í:B«KNAæU-DEU[MO\[> MuZ WCM�s[U¾KNWCM�>,MNU[r_BEWCH5GCMO9XrCWCZ)> H¯DE>)HOH�CDE9fÍ:BF?C\{H�9=WC?Cr��Ä> Z U[WCHO>5KNAC>(ÅC9�ÍqH�> GÚ[MOUVKN>)H�UVK'U{DwU[M�\=> M:GÄ9=M�K0MNU[r_BEWCH)ktMO>)HOWCD«KNBF?C\{BF?�U{DF> HOH�BE?LKN>)?CHO>s=9=M�KN>�et4TÃ�?-9[MOrC>)M�KN9$WC?CrC>)MOH�KÛ[?CrÀÍ:AÚVK'BFH�ACU[GCGÄ> ?CBF?C\,UVKTACBF\=AÀs[> DF9;Z)BFKNBF> H)kÄB«KTy�WCH�K��Ä>(WC?Cr_> MOH�KN9X9;rKNAÚ¾K0KNA_>(GCM�9;rCW_Z)KNBF9=?-9VP��CDE9fÍ:BE?_\$H�9=WC?CrCH�r_> GÄ> ?CrCH0?C9[K'9[?CDF`¬WCGÄ9=?-KOAC>(s[9=M�KO>ve-BE?LKN>)?CHOB«K�`À�_W_K�U[DFHO9WCGÄ9=?ÌKNAC>�Ð�WÚ[DFBFK�`ÖPYU[Z)KO9=M,9[PQKOAC>�GÆ9[M�K&kTB}4�>[4qKNAC> UVy$9=W_?�K,9[PurÚ[y�GCBE?C\�9[PQKNAC>�GÄ9=M�K¬M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>[4é´9=MQDE9fÍ s=>)DE9XZ B«K�`�U[y$G_DEBFKOWCrC>)HQKOAC>�ÐXWCU[DEB«K�`�PYU[Z)KO9=Mu9[P¸KNA_>$GÄ9=M�K5BEHurC>vKN> M�y$BF?C> r#�L`�KOAC>$U[y$9[WC?LK(9[PU[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ(MOU[rCBEUVKNBF9=?#ïRÍ:ACBFZÂ�BE?hKNWCM�?�BEHTrC>)KO> M�y$BF?C> r��L`¬KNA_>�U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ5BEy�GÆ>)rÚ[?CZ)>59[P·KNAC>�GÄ9=M�K�ðv4 ì KDE9fÍÏs[> DF9;Z)BFK�`�U[y�GCDEB«KNWCr_> H k=KOAC>TÐXWCU[DEB«K�`�PYU[Z)KO9=M�BEHdU[GCGCM�9&e_BFy{U¾KN> D«`(KOAC>�HOU[y�>TPR9=M¤U[DFDCGÄ9=M�KOH 4 ì KdACBE\=A_> MDE>vs=> DFH·>)?C> M�\[`(BFH�KOMNU[?_H�PR> M�> r�PRM�9=y KNAC>JU[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZJ9[HOZ BFDEDEUVKNBF9=?�9[P´KNA_>JGÄ9=M�K¸ï¶UVK�U[�Ä9=W_KdiJÇXÑ�<&ð�KN90KOAC>dPRM�> >O�>)K5PR9=MOy�> r#rCWCMOBF?C\ÀKOAC>$s[9=M�KO>ve�HOAC>)rCrCBF?C\�UVKuKNAC>$rCMOB«sXBE?C\hPRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`[k�Í:ACBEZÂ�MO> r_WCZ >)H�KNAC>$ÐXWCU[DEB«K�`PYU[Z)KO9=M¯HOBF\=?CB«Õ´Z&U[?LKODF`=4æ]A_BEH¯KNMOU[?CH�PR>)M�9[P0>)?C> M�\[`°BEH¯H�KNM�9=?C\=>)H�K�Í:AC> ?ÖKNAC>hU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ¬9=H�Z BEDFDwUVKOBE9=?#Z&U[?BE?LKN>)MNU[ZvK:Í:BFKNAhKNAC>QPRMO>)>lO�>vK&4¸Ã�?hÕ´MOH�K09[MOrC>)M�UVGCGCMO9&e;BEy$UVKOBE9=?ªKNA_>5>)?C> M�\[`hDE9=H�HO> H�U[M�>5GCM�9=GÄ9=M�KOBE9=?ÚVDÆKN9KNAC>�Å´9fÍès=> DF9;Z)BFK�`ª9[?¬KOAC>RO�>)K(È�i�g�É¶4ÃzK�U[GCGÄ>&U[M�H�KNAÚ¾K�KNACBFH�K�`XGÆ>ª9[PTBF?�KO> MOU[Z)KOBE9=?æBFH�H�KOMO9=?C\[DF`¿M�> rCW_Z > r°PR9=M�GÄ9=M�KNH�Í:BFKOAæDwU[M�\=>{Z)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>MNU[r_BEB}4qÃ�?ÓHO9=y�>�Z&UVHO> H¬9=?_>�Z U[?Ó>)s[> ?èÕC?CrãU°?_>)K¬> ?_> MO\V`ÓGCMO9XrCWCZvKNBE9[?qïRÍ:ACBFH�KNDFBE?C\Lð�MNU¾KNAC>)M,KNAÚ[?U[�CH�9=MOG_KOBE9=?ËÈ ifg�É¶4 ì K(ACBE\=A�U[BEM�s[> DE9XZ B«KNBF> H k¨KNA_>{Ð�WÚ[DFBFK�`�PYU[ZvKN9=Mu9[P:U-GÄ9=M�K5Í:B«KNA¿UhHOy$U[DED�Z)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>MNU[r_BEWCH�9=M�>)s[> ?ªUQGÄ9=M�K�Í:B«KNA�HOAÚ[M�G{>)?CrCH¤BEH�HOBF\=?CBFÕCZ&U[?LKND«`�H�y{U[DFDE>)M�KNAÚ[?�KNA_>�Ð�WÚ[DFBFK�`5PYU[Z)KO9=M�9[PÔUQGÆ9[M�KÍ:BFKOA{UuDwU[M�\=>Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>�MOU[rCBFWCH 4 ì rCrCB«KNBE9[?Ú[DCy�>&U[H�WCMO>)y$>)?LKNHJZ)9=?_Õ´M�y$>)r,UQMO>)rCWCZ)KOBE9=?$9[PtKOAC>TÐXWCU[DEB«K�`PYU[Z)KO9=M5UVK�ACBF\=AC>)M5rCM�BFsXBE?_\-DE>vs=>)DEH 4 ì G_GÚ[MO>)?LKNDF`[k�UVK(ACBE\=A�U[BEMQs=>)DE9XZ B«KNBE>)H(UhZ)`XDEBF?CrCM�BEZ&UVD¤GÄ9=M�K5Í:B«KNA¿UDwU[M�\=>�Z WCM�s[U¾KNWCM�>{MNUVrCBEWCH5GCMO9XrCWCZ)> H�y�9=M�>$�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\ÀHO9=WC?_rCH(KNACU[?æUÀZv`XDEBE?_rCMOBFZ&U[D�GÄ9=M�KuÍ:BFKOAæUÀH�y{U[DFDZ WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>�MNU[rCBFWCH kt>)s=>)?�B«P¤KOAC>¯HO9[WCMOZ)>�9VPdH�9=WC?Cr�BEH'Íd>&UVÇ[> M)4¯]ACBEH�BF?CrCBFZ&UVKO> H0KOAÚVK�KNA_>¯BE?CZ)MO>&UVHO>�BE?Ð�WÚ[DEB«K�`5PYUVZ)KN9[M·Í:BFKOA¯Z WCM�s[U¾KNWCM�>MNU[rCBFWCH�Z)9=y$GÄ> ?_HNUVKO> H�KNAC>JMO> r_WCZ)KOBE9=?�9[PÄHO9[WC?Cr�HO9=W_MOZ >TU[?_r¯MNU[rCBEUVKNBF9=?>)í�Z BF> ?CZv`hUVK:ACBF\=AhU[y$G_DEBFKOWCrC>)H 4m¤U[?CrC>)MOÇV9;9f`°È�i�lfÉ�U[DFHO9{PR9=W_?Cr�KNAÚ¾K�U{Zv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[D�GÆ9=M�K0Í:B«KNA�U{DEU[MO\[>(Z W_M�sVUVKNW_MO>�MOU[rCBEW_H�ïYZ)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>MNU[r_BEWCHn'ËU[�Ä9=W_K¨K�Í:BEZ)>dKOAC>dGÄ9=M�K·Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[DXMNU[rCBFWCHoAXð¨Z U[?�GCM�9;rCW_Z >¤y$9=M�>d�_DE9fÍ:BE?C\THO9[WC?CrCH�KNAÚ[?U�Zv`XDEBE?_rCMOBFZ&U[DÔGÄ9=M�K:Í:B«KNAhHOAÚ[M�G-GÄ9=M�KT>)?CrCH 4:ÑT>5>�e;GCDwU[BF?C> rhKNACBFH:�Æ>)AÚ&s;BF9=M:�L`ÀM�>&U[H�9=?CBF?C\�KOAÚVK:KNA_> MO>U[MO>�DF> HOHQDF9=HOH�> HuUVK�KNA_>�>)rC\=>)HuPR9=MQUªGÄ9=M�KQÍ:B«KNA�UªDwU[M�\=>¯Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>�MNU[rCBFWCH 4 ì �Ä>)K�KN> MQ>�e_G_DwU[?Ú¾KNBE9[?~kAC9fÍJ>vs=>)M k�BEHJKOAÚVKKOAC>�rÚ[y�GCBE?_\�9[P¨KNAC>uäÄå=g(GÄ9=M�K¸MO> H�9=?Ú[?_Z >QBEH¸H�KNM�9=?C\=D«`{BF?CZ M�>&U[H�> rªPR9=MU�GÄ9=M�KÍ:B«KNAHOAÚVMOGh> rC\=>)H0UVH:U�M�> HOW_DFK:9[P·U�r_BEHOH�BEGÚ¾KNBE9[?ª9[P�UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZ�> ?C>)MO\[`¬�L`ªZ)9=?Ls=> ZvKNB«s=>(>v×t>)Z)KOH 43�9fÍ KNAÚ¾K�KOAC>�>)×Æ> ZvK�9[P�r_BF×Æ> MO>)?LK�Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>�MNUVrCBEBÔPR9=MTZ)`XDEBF?CrCM�BEZ&UVD�GÄ9=M�KNH0ACU[H0�Ä> >)?�rCBEH�Z WCH�HO> rtk~KNAC>

ç

>)×Æ> ZvK·9[PCUT?_9=?;x�Zv`XDEBE?_rCMOBFZ&U[D=GÄ9=M�Ka\[> 9=y�>)KOM�`=k¾HOW_ZÂ¯U[H¨KNAÚVK�9[P_GÆ9[M�KaoÏU[?_r(GÄ9=M�K�pkfÍ:BEDFDL�Æ>�Z 9[?CHOBFrC> M�> r~4ÃzKZ&UV?h�Ä>'H�> > ?¬PRMO9[yîÕ´\[WCMO>�j(KOAÚVKGÄ9=M�K:o�k;Í:ACBFZÂªBEH¸H�KNM�9=?C\=D«`{GÚVMNU[�Ä9=DEBFZ[kXGCMO9XrCWCZ)> HACBF\=A,DF>)s=>)DEH9[P�CDE9fÍ:BF?C\{H�9=WC?CrCH)4�]ACBEH�BEH��Æ>)Z&U[WCH�>�PR9=M0H�WCZÂ U{GÄ9=M�K0Z 9=?LKO9=WCM0KOAC>(s=9[M�KNBFZ >)H�U[MO>5Z M�>&UVKO> r ��qpr�s�Dt KNAC>GÆ9[M�K&k;U[H¤Í¸U[HJZ 9=?CZ)DEWCr_> r{PRM�9=y ?XW_y$>)MOBEZ U[D�HOBFy�WCDwU¾KNBE9[?CH�9[P~KNA_>�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ:Å´9fÍèBF?$KOAC>0GÄ9=M�K�È i áVÉ¶4�]ACBEHBEH¤ACBE\[ACDF`¯W_?CrC> H�BEMOU[�CDE>T�Ä> Z&UVWCHO>�BE?{H�WCZÂªUuHOBFKOWÚVKOBE9=?�KNAC>Ts=9=M�KNBFZ > H¤Í:BEDFD�U[Z Z)WCy�WCDEUVKN>:BE?_HOBEr_>TKOAC>0GÄ9=M�K kMO>)HOWCD«KNBE?_\�BF?ªH�KOMO9=?C\��CM�9LU[rC�ÚV?CrhKOWCMO�_WCDE>)?�KTH�9=WC?CrhGCMO9XrCWCZvKNBF9=?~46d`,H�DE9fÍ:DF`{Z 9=?Ls[> MO\[BE?C\�U[?Cr¬rCB«s=>)MO\=BF?C\�KNAC>�GÄ9=M�K\=> 9[y$>vKNM�`[kCDEBFÇ[>0KOAC>Q\=> 9[y$>vKNM�`$9[PaGÆ9[M�K:pk_KOAC>'Å´9fÍBEH(U[�CDE>�KN9 U[r_AC> M�>,KN9-KOAC>,GÄ9=M�K�ÍJU[DFD}4�]ACBFH�GCM�>)s=>)?LKNH�HO>)GÚ[MNU¾KNBE9[? ��qpr�s�Dt KOAC>ªGÄ9=M�K k·Í:ACBEDF>,UVK(KNAC>HNU[y�>5KOBEy�>uKOAC>�Z)MO9=H�H�x�H�> ZvKNBE9[?Ú[D�UVMO>&U$9[P�KNAC>(GÆ9=M�K0KO9�ÍJU[M�rCH0KNA_>�GÆ9[M�K'>)?CrCH'BFH0BF?CZ M�>&U[H�> r�Z 9[y$GÚVMO> rKN9�U�Z)`XDFBE?CrCM�BEZ U[DJGÄ9=M�K¯Í:B«KNA¿KOAC>¬HNU[y�>¬U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZªy$U[HOH¯Þªß¾4¿]AC>¬BE?_Z MO> U[HO>)rÎZ)MO9=H�H�xzHO> ZvKNBF9=?Ú[DUVMO>&UMO>)rCWCZ >)HaKOAC>dDF9;Z U[DLU[BFM~s=>)DE9XZ BFK�`�U[?CrQKNAC>)MO>)PR9[MO>dU[DEH�9TM�> rCW_Z > H�KNAC>�s=9[M�KN>�e5BE?LKN>)?CHOB«K�`QU[?CruKNAC>¤U[H�HO9XZ BwU¾KN> rGCMO9XrCWCZvKNBF9=?{9[P~�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\(HO9[WC?CrCH)4dé´WCM�KNAC>)MOy�9=MO>Vk_UVDEHO95UVKJACBE\=A{U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ0DF>)s[> DEH¤GÄ9=M�K¸p°G_MO9XrCWCZ >)H¸DE>)HOH�CDE9fÍ:BF?C\¯HO9=W_?Cr-Z)9=y$GCU[MO>)r¬KO9¯KNAC>Q9[KOAC> M:GÄ9=M�KOH 4ì H:Z&UV?h�Ä>QHO>)> ?ÀPRM�9=y ÕC\=WCMO>uj_k;KNAC>Q�CDF9�Í:BF?C\¯HO9[WC?CrCH:9[PaGÆ9[M�KTpËU[M�>'KNAC>QDF9�Íd> H�KT9[P�UVDEDtGÄ9=M�KNH¸PR9=M:U[DFDDE>vs=> DFHKN> H�KN>)r~4IJ9=y�GÚ[M�> r¬KN9�U�Z)`XDEBF?CrCMOBFZ&U[DtGÆ9=M�KÍ:BFKOAhKOAC>QHNU[y�>QZ WCM�s[U¾KNWCM�>5MOU[rCBEW_HuïYGÄ9=M�K ì ð�k´GÆ9[M�KpÏGCM�9;rCW_Z > H5iQr´60k�á$rC6èU[?_r�l;4cl¯r´6ãDF> H�H��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\�HO9[WC?CrÀPR9[M:U�H�9=WC?CrÀGÆ9fÍd> MTDE>)s[> D¨9[P�jLl;ku2=n�U[?Cr2Ll�r´60k´M�> HOGÄ> ZvKNB«s=> D«`=4v Y ��"��=��5��)�$��Ã�?�HO>)Z)KOBE9=?�á$BFKTÍ¸UVH0HOA_9�Í:?�KOAÚVK�KNAC>5WC?CH�KO>&U[r;`-H�> GÚ[MOUVKNBF9=?-9VP�KNAC>(U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ5ÅC9�ÍqU¾K�KOAC>(GÄ9=M�K�> ?_rMO>)HOWCD«KNH�BE? UV?�BEy�GCWCDEH�BFs[>(>ve;Z)BFKÛ¾KNBE9[?�9[P�KNAC>�äÄå=g�xzy$9XrC>(BF?-KNA_>¯DE9=?C\[BFKNW_rCBE?ÚVD�r_BEMO>)Z)KOBE9=?�9[P�KOAC>¯GÆ9[M�KU[?Cr�BFKOH�AÚ[MOy�9=?CBFZ H)4�é´MO9=y¼Õ´\=WCM�>0l'B«K�Z&U[?��Æ>:H�> > ?$KNAÚVK�KOAC>T�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\�?C9=BEH�> H¤U[M�>Tr_9=y$BF?ÚVKO> r��L`¯KNAC>U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�GÄ9=M�K:M�> HO9[?Ú[?CZ)> H 41#;9CkÚ�HOBF\=?CB«Õ´Z&U[?LK:M�> rCWCZvKNBF9=?¬9[PaKOAC>QGÆ>)MOZ)> BFs[> rÀ�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\¯HO9=WC?_rCH�Z U[?h�Æ>>ve;GÄ> Z)KO> rÀBFPÔKNA_> HO>uMO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >)HTU[MO>�rÚVy$GÄ> ?C>)r¬rC9fÍ:?~4Jo�UVy$GÄ> ?CBF?C\(r_9�Í:?¬KNA_>5UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZ'MO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)HZ&U[?¬�Ä>QMO>&UVDEBE<)> rª>v×t>)Z)KNB«s=>)DF`,�L`ªGÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KNBE?_\�KNAC>�GÄ9=M�KTU¾K:GÆ9=H�BFKOBE9=?CHdZ 9=M�MO>)HOGÄ9=?CrCBF?C\¯KN9¯KNAC>�y$U¾e;BEy$U9[PÄKNAC>TU[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ:H�KNU[?CrCBF?C\�Í¸U&s[> H¸UV?Cr�Í:MOU[GCGCBF?C\�PR9LU[y UVMO9=WC?_r�KOAC>TGÆ9=M�K&4a]AC>�G_WCMOGÄ9=HO>:9[PÄKNA_>TPR9LUVyU[MO9[WC?Cr KNAC>�GÆ9[M�K&k¨Í:ACBFZÂ�BEHQBF?#Z)9=?LKÛ[ZvK5Í:B«KNA KNAC>�BE?CH�BErC>�9[PdKNAC>�GÄ9=M�KQsXBwUªKNAC>�GÄ> M�PR9=MNUVKOBE9=?_H k¨BEH�KN9U[�CH�9=MO� KNAC>�UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZ�>)?C> M�\[`�9[P¤KNA_>�GÄ9=M�KQMO> H�9=?Ú[?_Z > H)4$]A_>�PRW_?CrÚ[y�> ?LKÛVD�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�MO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >Àï¶UäÆå[g�x�M�> HO9[?Ú[?CZ)>fð�Z&U[?,>v×t>)Z)KOBFs=>)DF`��Ä>�rCU[y$GÄ> ?_> r,rC9fÍ:?,�L`�GÄ> M�PR9=MNUVKOBE?C\QKNA_>�GÄ9=M�KJUVKw� ú àdå[g;kXÍ:A_> MO>��r_> ?C9[KO> H�KNA_>¯DE9=?C\[BFKNW_rCBE?ÚVD�r_BEMO>)Z)KOBE9=?�9[P�KOAC>�GÆ9=M�K&kÔàãrC> ?_9[KN>)HQKOAC>¯GCAL`XHOBFZ&U[D�DF> ?C\[KOA�9[P�KNAC>�GÄ9=M�K kU[?Cr¬KNAC>uBE?_DE>)KTUV?CrÀ9[W_KNDF>)K:HOBFrC> H:KNA_>uGÄ9=M�K0UVMO>QDE9XZ&UVKO> rhUVK7� ú n�U[?CrÀUVK7� ú àk�MO>)HOGÄ> Z)KOBFs[> DF`[4J]AC>Õ´MOH�KTAÚ[MOy�9=?CBFZ�ï¶U�ä_x�M�> HO9[?Ú[?CZ)>fð¸Z&U[?h�Ä>urCU[y$GÄ> ?_> rhrC9fÍ:?À>v×t>)Z)KNB«s=>)DF`ª�L`¬GÄ> M�PR9[MNUVKOBE?C\�KOAC>�GÆ9[M�KTUVK� ú à¤åVá�U[?_rx�V9=M:UVKl� ú Ú=à¤åVáC4SÀ>&UVHOWCM�> y�> ?LKNH�ACUfs[>{�Ä> >)?¿GÆ>)M�PR9=M�y$>)r�9=?�UÀZv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[D�GÄ9=M�KuÍ:BFKOA�H�AÚ[MOG#> ?Cr_H¬ïsh=GÄ9=M�K(n�h�ð�Í:B«KNAU[?CrhÍ:BFKNA_9=W_K�GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF9=?CH 4J]AC>(GÄ9=M�KTÍJU[H�Í:MOU[GCGÄ> r-Í:B«KNAÀPR9=U[yÀk´Z)9fs=> M�BE?C\$KNAC>5GÆ9=M�KTGÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF9=?CH9=?ÀKOAC>(9[W_KN>)M0HOBFrC>u9[P�KNA_>(GÄ9=M�K kÆUVH0HOA_9�Í:?-BE?ÀÕC\=WCMO>$ifn_4]AC>5y$> U[HOW_MO> y�> ?LK0MO> H�WCDFKOH'U[M�>5H�AC9fÍ:?�BE?Õ´\=WCM�>ªi=i�PR9=MQU,Zv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[D�HOAÚ[M�G#>)?CrC>)r#GÄ9=M�K0Í:BFKNA_9=W_K�GÄ> M�PR9=MNUVKOBE9=?_H ktÍ:B«KNA GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF9=?CH�9=?CDF`-UVK� ú à¤å=gXk=U[?Cr�Í:B«KNA�GÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KNBE9[?CH·U¾K/� ú àdå[g0U[?Cr�UVKn� ú Ú=à¤åVáC4�@�> M�PR9=MNUVKOBE?C\�KNAC>¸GÄ9=M�K�UVKn� ú à¤å=gU[?Cr�Í:MNUVGCGCBE?_\,PR9LU[y�U[MO9=W_?Cr�KNAC>¯GÄ9=M�KQM�> rCW_Z > H�KOAC>�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ¯GÄ9=M�K�M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>�UVKuU[�Ä9=W_K¯i=i&n=nªÑ�<Í:BFKOA�g[n{r´6zyt]A_>�U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ�GÄ9=M�K�M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>�UVKQU[�Ä9=W_KQg=g[n=n,ÑT<¯BEH�UVDEHO9{HO9=y�>)Í:AÚ¾K�MO>)rCWCZ >)r~k¨�CW_K?C9[Ks[> M�`¬y(WCZÂÀ�Ä> Z U[WCH�>uKOAC>QGCMO>)HOHOW_MO>Qs[UVMOBwU¾KNBE9[?CHJ9[P�KNA_BEH:U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZQMO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >�sVU[?CBFHOAhUVK7� ú à¤å=g;kÍ:ACBEZÂ�y$U[Ç[>)H�KOAC>:GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF9=?�BE?C>v×t>)Z)KOBFs=>V4�]AC>:9fs=>)MNU[DFD´MO> r_WCZ)KOBE9=?�9[PÄKNAC>:�CDF9�Í:BF?C\Q?C9=BFHO> H�BFHi�l'r´604

j

@a>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\¯KNAC>uGÆ9[M�KTUVK7� ú à¤å=g�U[?CrÀUVK7� ú Ú[àdå¾á�M�> rCW_Z > HTKNAC>uMO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >5UVKui=ifn[n�ÑT<�Í:BFKNA�i�lr´6 U[?_rÀKNA_>(MO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >�UVK�g[g[n=n{ÑT<�U[DFHO9�Í:BFKNA#i�l�rC6 È�ç¾É}4T]AC>59�s[> MOU[DED�MO>)rCWCZ)KOBE9=?À9[P�KOAC>(�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\?C9=BFHO> H:BFH�ifm¯r´604é´MO9=y�U[rCrCB«KNBE9[?Ú[D[y�>&UVHOWCM�> y�> ?LKNH¨BFKÔÍJU[HÔPR9=WC?_ruKOAÚVK¨KNAC>�GÄ9=M�K¨GÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KNBE9[?CH~rCBFru?_9[K�AÚ&s=>dU[?uU[r_s=>)MOH�>>)×Æ> ZvKQ9=?�KNAC>(HO9=WC?_r�M�> GCM�9;r_WCZ)KOBE9=? UVK'DE9fÍÙPRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZ)BE> H$ïRB}4�>[4QUVK'KOAC>�Ñ�>)DEy�AC9=D«KN<QPRMO> Ð�WC>)?CZ)`�9[P�KNAC>GÆ9[M�K�ð�4@a>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\uKOAC>TGÆ9=M�KdU[?Cr�Í:MNU[GCG_BE?C\QPR9LU[y UVMO9=WC?_r$KNA_>�GÄ9=M�K¤Z U[?$s[> M�`�Íd> DFDÄ�Ä>:Z 9=y(�CBE?C>)r$Í:B«KNA�KNAC>U[GCGCDFBEZ UVKNBF9=?�9[PUhy$9[MO>�9=G_KOBEy$U[D·GÄ9=M�Ku\=>)9=y�>)KNM�`�U[HurCBEH�Z WCH�HO> r�BE? KNAC>�GCMO>vsXBE9=WCHuHO>)Z)KOBE9=?~4{Ã�?#PYU[ZvK&kKNAC>$rCBEHOU[r_sVU[?LKÛV\=>{9[P:H�9=y�>{GÄ9=M�KOH(BE?�KNAÚ¾K(KNA_>{Ð�WÚ[DFBFK�` PYU[Z)KO9=MuBEH(M�> DEUVKNB«s=> D«` ACBE\[A�Z 9[y$GÚVMO> r#KN9�UHOAÚVMOG > ?Cr_> r�GÆ9=M�KQUVKQACBF\=A�rCM�BFsXBE?C\{DE>)s[> DFH�Z&U[? �Ä>¯> DE>vsVUVKN>)r��L`-GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\,KNAC>¯GÄ9=M�K&4u]AXW_H k¨KNAC>�CBE\(U[r_sVU[?LKÛV\=>�9VPÜ(Z 9[?�s[> M�\=BE?C\¾x�rCB«s=> M�\=BE?_\(GÄ9=M�Kd\=> 9[y$>vKNM�`�U¾K¸DE9fÍÌr_MOBFsXBF?C\5DF>)s[> DEHdZ&U[?{�Æ>�> ?CAÚV?CZ >)rUVK:ACBF\=AC> Mr_MOBFsXBF?C\�DE>)s[> DFH��`¬GÄ> M�PR9=MNU¾KNBE?_\�KNAC>QGÄ9=M�KTU[?_r¬Í:MOU[GCGCBF?C\�PR9LU[yØUVMO9=WC?_r¬KOAC>QGÆ9[M�K&4

2

{ | ��% �� ÃzK$ÍJU[H�PR9=WC?CrÖKNAÚVK�KNA_> MO>-U[MO>¬K�Íd9¿Ç�BE?CrCH$9[P'�_DE9fÍ:BE?C\�HO9[WC?CrCH{Í:A_BEZÂËZ U[?Ï�Ä>-U¾KOKNM�BE�CW;KN> rÖKN9�KNAC>WC?CH�KN>&UVr_`-H�> GÚVMNUVKOBE9=?À9[P�KNA_>�U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZuÅ´9fÍqUVK�KOAC>(GÄ9=M�K0>)?Cr~ktB¶47>V4:�CMO9LUVrC�Ú[?Cr-?C9=BEH�>�U[?_r�U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)H5rCW_>�KO9hH�KÛ[?_rCBE?C\ªÍJU&s=> H5BE?�KNA_>�DF9=?C\=B«KNWCr_BE?Ú[D�rCBFMO> ZvKNBF9=? 9[PdKOAC>�GÆ9[M�K&4¯]A_> HO>$U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)H0U[M�>QBEy�GCWCDEH�BFs[> DF`$>ve;Z)BFKN>)rÀ�L`,KOAC>QGÆ>)MOBF9;rCBFZ'HO>)GÚ[MOUVKNBF9=?¬9[PaKOAC>uU[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�Å´9fÍQ4]AC>��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\,H�9=WC?Cr_H'Z&U[?��Ä>�M�> rCWCZ)> r �L`-r_> HOBF\=?CBF?C\{KNA_>�GÆ9[M�K'\[> 9=y�>)KOM�`hHOWCZÂ�KOAÚVK0KOAC>�H�KNMO>)?C\[KOA9[P�KOAC>us[9=M�KOBEZ)> H0Z U[WCH�> r��L`¬Å´9fÍ HO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=?ÀU[?CrSO�>)KTPR9=MOy�BE?C\�UVKTKNA_>(> ?_r-9[P�KOAC>(GÄ9=M�K0BFHTy�BE?_BEy$U[D}48T>)rCWCZ)BE?C\QKNAC>:s=9[M�KN>�e�H�KOMO> ?_\[KNACH¤MO>)rCWCZ)> HdKOAC>TGCMO9XrCWCZvKNBE9[?�9VP~�CDF9�Í:BF?C\QHO9=W_?CrCH kXZ&UVWCHO>)HJDE>)HOH¤U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ> ?C>)MO\[`ÀKN9,�Ä>�rCBFHOH�BEGÚVKO> r��L`ÀKNAC>(s[9=M�KOBEZ)> H�U[?_r�KNAC>)MO>)PR9[MO>�U[DFHO9{BFy$G_MO9fs=>)H0KNAC>(MO> G_MO9XrCWCZ)KOBE9=?�9VP�KNAC>GCMOBFy{UVM�`$?C9=BEH�> H)4é´MO9=y >ve;GÆ>)MOBFy$>)?�KNU[DÔBE?Ls[> H�KOBE\LU¾KNBE9[?CHBFKÍJU[HPR9=WC?Cr¬KNACUVKT?C9[K:9=?CD«`{KOAC>us[9=M�KO>vehH�KNMO>)?C\[KOA-U[?_rhs[9=M�KO>veDE9XZ&UVKOBE9=?hU[M�>5BFy$GÄ9=M�KÛ[?LK&k��CW;K'U[DFHO9�KNAC>5HO9=WC?_r�MNU[r_BwUVKOBE9=?¬>)í�Z)BE> ?_Z)`-U[?CrÀKOAC>(Ð�WÚVDEBFK�`ªPYUVZ)KN9[M�9[P·KNAC>äÆå[gªGÄ9=M�K5M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>�ïYU[?Cr�BFKNH�ACU[MOy�9=?CBFZ H^ð�4�ÃzK(UVGCGÆ> U[MOHQKNACUVKQPR9=MQUhH�AÚ[M�G�> r_\=> r#GÆ9=M�KuU[HQÍJ>)DED�U[HPR9=M'U,GÄ9=M�K'Í:BFKOA�U,HOy$U[DED�Z W_M�sVUVKNW_MO>�MOU[rCBEW_H0KNAC>(ÐXWCU[DEB«K�`ÀPYU[ZvKN9=M�9[P�KNAC>¯äÆå=g{GÄ9=M�K'MO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >�rCM�9=GCHHOBF\=?CBFÕCZ&U[?LKND«`�Í:BFKOA{BF?CZ M�>&U[H�BE?C\urCMOB«sXBE?C\uDE>vs=> DFH 4�]A_>0Ð�WÚ[DFBFK�`�PYU[ZvKN9=M¤9[PÆKNAC>�GÆ9=M�K¤�Æ>)Z 9=y�> HdHOy$U[DEDF> M�U[HU0MO>)HOWCD«K�9[P_KNAC>JKOMNU[?_H�PR> Ma9[P�> ?_> MO\V`5PRM�9=yÙKNAC>UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZJ9=H�Z BEDFDwUVKOBE9=?�9VP´KNAC>dGÆ9=M�K·KO90KNAC>¤PRMO>)>oO�>)KaPR9=MOy�> rrCWCM�BE?C\-KOAC>$s[9=M�KO>ve¿HOAC>)rCrCBE?_\ UVK(KOAC>,rCM�BFsXBE?C\hPRMO>)ÐXW_> ?CZv`=4�é´9=MuKOACBEH5MO> U[HO9=?tk��Æ9[KOAæU-H�AÚ[MOGæ>)rC\=>)rZ)`XDEBF?CrCM�BEZ&UVD¤GÄ9=M�K�U[?CræU�Zv`XDEBE?_rCMOBFZ&U[D�GÄ9=M�K�Í:B«KNAæUÀHOy$U[DED¤Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>,MNUVrCBEWCH(GCMO9XrCWCZ)>,DE>)HOH��CDF9fÍ:BE?C\HO9=W_?CrÏU¾K�ACBE\=A_> M�rCM�BFsXBE?_\�DE>)s[> DFH�KNAÚ[?ÎU�Z)`XDFBE?CrCM�BEZ U[DJGÄ9=M�K¯Í:B«KNAÖU�DwU[M�\=>,Z)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>ªMOU[rCBEW_H 4¿]AC>Z WCM�sVUVKNWCM�>QMNU[rCBFWCHHOA_9=WCDEr¬KNA_> MO>vPR9=MO>Q?C9VK:�Æ>Qy$U[rC>'KN9X9�DwU[M�\=>[4ì GÆ9=M�KTZ 9=?LKN9[WCMTÍ:A_BEZÂ-Z)9=y��CBF?C> H�U�MO> r_WCZ)KOBE9=?h9[P·KOAC>Qs=9=M�KN>veÀH�KNMO>)?C\[KOAÀÍ:BFKOA-U�DE9fÍ�ÐXWCU[DEB«K�`,PYU[Z)KO9=MUVK:ACBF\=AªrCMOB«sXBE?C\¯DF>)s=>)DEH:BEH¸U�GÄ9=M�K:Z 9=?LKN9[WCMÍ:ACBEZÂ¬HODF9fÍ:DF`,r_BFs=>)MO\=>)HKN9fÍ¸UVMOrCHT�Æ9VKNAªGÄ9=M�K:>)?CrCH:Í:BFKNA¬Uy{U�e_BFy�WCy¼U[?C\=DF>9[PÆmur_> \=M�> > H�ïRy$> U[HOWCM�> r�PRMO9=y¼GÆ9[M�K�Z 9[?�KO9=WCM�KN9QGÄ9=M�K¤U�e_BFH^ð�U[?_r�Í:ACBFZÂ�BEH�MO9[WC?CrC>)rÍ:BFKOA�MO> DEUVKNB«s=>)DF`hHOy$U[DED�Z W_M�sVUVKNW_MO>¯MNUVrCBEBaUVK��Ä9[KNA�GÄ9=M�K�> ?Cr_H{ïRHO>)>�Õ´\=WCM�>�m_k~GÄ9=M�KQp¤ð�4ÔIJ9=y�GÚ[M�> r�KN9U$Zv`;DFBE?Cr_MOBEZ U[D~GÄ9=M�KTÍ:BFKOAÀKOAC>5HOU[y�>5Z)WCM�sVUVKOWCMO>5MNU[rCBFWCH k´KOACBEH}h=9=G_KOBEy$U[D~h(GÆ9=M�K0G_MO9XrCWCZ >)H(i5r´60k�á{r´6U[?Cr-l;4cl¯rC6ãDF> HOH:�CDF9fÍ:BE?C\¯H�9=WC?Cr¬PR9=M:U�HO9=WC?_rÀGÄ9fÍJ>)MTDF>)s[> D¨9[P·jLl;ku2=n�U[?_r�2Ll�r´6�k´MO> H�GÆ>)Z)KOBFs=>)DF`[4ì ?C9VKNAC>)MuÍJU&`�KN9hMO> r_WCZ >�KNAC>��CDF9�Í:BF?C\¬?C9=BFHO> HQBFHQKO9ÀrCU[y$GÄ> ?�rC9fÍ:?#KOAC>�U[Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ�MO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)H(rCWC>KN9¬H�KNU[?CrCBF?C\¬Í¸U&s=>)H(BF? KOAC>�DE9=?_\=BFKOWCrCBE?CU[Dar_BEMO>)Z)KOBE9=? 9[PdKNAC>�GÄ9=M�K 4�o�U[y$GÄ> ?_BE?C\ªrC9fÍ:?�KNAC>�U[Z)9=WCH�KOBEZMO>)HO9=?ÚV?CZ >)H5Z U[? �Æ>¯M�>&U[DFBEHO>)r >)×Æ> Z)KOBFs[> DF`-�L`�GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\,KNA_>¯GÆ9=M�KuUVKQGÄ9=HOB«KNBE9[?CH'Z 9[MOMO>)HOGÄ9=?CrCBF?C\,KN9KNAC>$y{U�e_BFy{U¬9[P¸KOAC>,UVZ 9=WCH�KNBFZ{H�KNU[?CrCBF?C\-ÍJU&s=> H)4�]AC>,�_DE9fÍ:BE?C\À?C9=BFHO> H(U[MO>$MO>)rCWCZ >)ræ�L`Ïi�l¬r´6 �L`GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\0KOAC>:GÆ9=M�K�BE?¯KOAC>y$BFrCrCDF>¸U[?Cr¯Í:MOU[GCGCBF?C\�PR9LU[y UVMO9=WC?_r�KOAC>GÄ9=M�K 4�Ñ�9fÍd>)s[> M k;GÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\KNAC>JGÆ9=M�K�BF?(KNAC>Jy$BFrCrCDE>¤MO>)rCWCZ)> H�KNAC>0i=ifn=n'ÑT<¸MO>)HO9=?CU[?CZ >9[?CDF`[4�@a>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\0KOAC>¸GÄ9=M�K·BE?(KOAC>¸y�BErCrCDF>U[?CrªU¾KJKNA_MO> >�Ð�WÚ[M�KO> M¸9VPÔBFKOHdDF> ?C\[KOAªUV×Æ> ZvKNH¸�Ä9[KNA�KNAC>'U[Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ�M�> H�9=?Ú[?CZ)>QUVK�i=ifn=n5Ñ�<�U[?_rªUVK¸g=g[n=nÑ�<Vk�U[?CrhMO> r_WCZ >)HTKOAC>Q9�s[> MOU[DEDÜ[Z)9=WCH�KNBEZ�GÄ9fÍJ>)M�9VPaKOAC>Q�CDE9fÍ:BE?_\¯?C9=BEH�> H:�L` ifm¯r´604@a>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\uKOAC>TGÆ9=M�KdU[?Cr�Í:MNU[GCG_BE?C\QPR9LU[y UVMO9=WC?_r$KNA_>�GÄ9=M�K¤Z U[?$s[> M�`�Íd> DFDÄ�Ä>:Z 9=y(�CBE?C>)r$Í:B«KNA�KNAC>U[GCGCDFBEZ UVKNBF9=?�9[P�U(y�9=MO>T9=G_KOBEy$U[D´GÆ9[M�Kd\=> 9=y�>)KOM�`[4�Ã�?{PYU[Z)K k;KOAC>0rCBFHNU[r;s[UV?�KNU[\=>�9[PÔHO9[y$>�GÆ9=M�KNHdBE?$KOAÚVKKNAC>$Ð�WÚ[DEB«K�`�PYU[ZvKN9=MuBEHuMO>)DwUVKOBFs=>)DF`�A_BE\=A#Z 9=y�GÚ[M�> r#KO9�UhHOAÚ[M�G¿> ?_rC> ræGÄ9=M�K5UVK5ACBF\=A�rCM�BFsXBE?_\ÀDF>)s=>)DEHZ&U[?-�Æ>�>)DE>vs[U¾KN> r-��`ÀGÄ> M�PR9[MNUVKOBE?C\�KNAC>�GÄ9=M�K&40]A�WCH)ktKNA_>��CBE\{U[r_sVU[?LKÛV\=>(9[P¤U$Z 9=?Ls=>)MO\=BF?C\VxzrCBFs[> MO\[BE?C\GÆ9[M�K�\=> 9=y�>)KOM�`ÀUVK0DE9fÍ rCMOB«sXBE?C\�DE>vs=> DFH'Z&UV?��Æ>5> ?CACU[?CZ >)r�UVK0A_BE\=AC>)M0rCM�BFsXBE?_\{DE>vs=>)DEH0�L`ÀGÆ>)M�PR9=MOUVKNBF?C\KNAC>QGÄ9=M�KTUV?CrhÍ:MOU[GCGCBF?C\¯PR9LU[y U[MO9=W_?CrhKOAC>QGÆ9[M�K&4

i&n

��'�=��:��È�i É(Q_4ÄSÀ> M�AÚ[W_K k1�I� t��r�[��(tr�~t��r�s�H�\�D�� pr�s��p ï}SÀZ,�QMOU&Í¸x�Ñ�BFDED¶kti`2=j;i�ðv4È�g¾É@J�4�J�4�6J> MOU[?C>)ÇÄk�� pr��p ï}ShZ`��MNU&Í¸x�ÑTBEDED¶kti`2=lVá�ðv4ÈÛÚVÉ(Q_4�6JU[Z^Ç�y{U[?tk�h=]AC>�?C9=?CDFBE?C> U[Mª�Ä> AÚ&sXBE9=W_MÀ9[P(MO>vÅ´>veãGÄ9=M�KOH�hCk�G_MO> H�> ?LKN>)rÙUVK 2=jVKOA ì p0#IJ9=?Ls=> ?LKOBE9=?~kÄ@aU[MOBFH kÔi`2�2=l�é�>)�CMOWCU[M�`hg[l�x�g[j;k_GCM�> GCM�BE?LK��Ú�2�2�2_4Èâá[É5p�W_MO9=GÄ>&U[?hGÚVKO> ?LK&k�p�@ÌU[G_GCDE?~4_?CM 4u2=ç=g[nLg[Ú=l[j_4�áCkM�#�GÚVKO> ?LKeM�#ClVj�2Lg;ifj[Ú_k�h�JÔ9=W_rCHOGÄ>&U[ÇV> MQH�`XH�KN> y ACUfsXBF?C\¬Uª�Ú[HOH�x�M�>)Å´>�e GÆ9[M�KHh_ktÕ´MOH�K�Õ´DEBF?C\rÚVKN>�i`2�2Lç;kxQ[WCD«`¬g[m;4È�l¾É53547604´8:9;9=<)> ?~k´S#4�6J9XZ^ÇXA_9=DFKOH k´@�4_sVU[?hp�Z^Ç�k�U[?_r ì 4´Ñ�BFMOH�ZÂX�Ä> M�\Ckuh�m�9=M�KN>�eªHO9[WC?CrhBE?ª�Ú[H�H�xMO>)ÅC>ve¬GÄ9=M�KOH9[P�DE9=W_rCHOGÄ>&U[ÇV> M�H k�@·UVM�K:Ã^|�b'�CH�> M�sVUVKOBE9=?ª9VP·M�> HOGÄ9=?CH�>�KN9¯AÚ[M�y$9[?CBEZ�>ve;Z B«KÛVKOBE9=?U[?Cr�MO>)y$>)rCBwU[D;y$> U[HOW_MO> H)4�h@#;W_�Cy$B«KOKO> r�KN9'KOAC>}Q[9=WCM�?Ú[DC9VP ì Z 9=W_H�KNBFZ&U[Du#;9;Z)BE>vK�`�9[P ì y�> M�BEZ U_4ÈÛmVÉ53547604´8:9;9=<)> ?~k´S#4�6J9XZ^ÇXA_9=DFKOH k´@�4_sVU[?hp�Z^Ç�k�U[?_r ì 4´Ñ�BFMOH�ZÂX�Ä> M�\Ckuh�m�9=M�KN>�eªHO9[WC?CrhBE?ª�Ú[H�H�xMO>)ÅC>ve$GÆ9[M�KNH¤9[PtDE9=WCr_HOGÄ>&U[ÇV> MOH)kC@aU[M�KdÃOÃ^4 ì y$>vKNAC9Xr�KN9(>)H�KOBEy$UVKN>KNA_>�GÄ9=BE?LK¤9[PtHO> GCU[MNUVKOBE9=?t4�h#;WC�Cy�BFK�KN> rªKO9�KOAC>@Q[9=WCM�?Ú[DÔ9[P ì Z)9=WCH�KOBEZ U[Do#;9XZ BE>vK�`,9[P ì y�> M�BEZ U_4È�ç¾É5o'W_KNZÂhGÚVKO> ?LK�@¤Ñ�35ifm;4�2Lg[l[p�@�x�@|xJ¨W_BErCH�GCMO>)Ç[> MTH�`XH�KN> >)y y$>vK:�Ú[H�xzMO>vÅ´>vehGÄ9;9[M�K&4ÈÛjVÉ ì 4aIJWCy�y$BF?C\=H k�h ì Z 9[WCH�KOBEZ Hu9[P¸UhÍ:BE?_>��Ä9[K�KNDE>�hCknQ[9=WCM�?Ú[D�9[Pl#;9=WC?Cr�U[?Cr�m'BE�_MNUVKOBE9=?~ko��´kÚ=Ú_i)x�Ú[áLÚ¬ï�i,2Lç[ÚLð�4È�2VÉ5Ñ54�#;ZÂCDFBEZÂLKNBF?C\Ck�� <��tr� �I� t�� k�ï¶SÀZ`��MNU&Í¸x�Ñ�BEDFD}kÄi`2Lç�2;ku#;>vs=> ?LKOA�p�rCBFKOBE9=?�ðÈ ifn¾Éu@a4ªSh> MOÇ�DFB}kTh=]AC>)9=MO>vKNBFHOZÂC> WC?Cr >�e;GÆ>)MOBEy�> ?LKO> DEDF>�KNA_> MOy�9LU[Ç�WCH�KNBFHOZÂC>PMT?�KO> M�HOWCZÂ�WC?C\[> ?U[y ��9=DE�Ä> ?_\=>)KOMOBE>)�Æ>)?C> ? 8:> H�9=?Ú[?C<)MO9=A_M�hCkÏ@�ACo KNA_> HOBFH kÌp�BFrC\=> ?_9=HOH�BEHOZÂ_> ]�> ZÂC?_BEHOZÂ_>Ñ�9XZÂCHOZÂ�WCDF>��tWCM�BEZÂ#ï�i,2Lç[ÚLð�4È i=i)Éu@a4TSÀ>)MOÇ�DEBuU[?CrèÑ54]A_9=y{UV?C?~k�h=]�MNUV?CHOB«KNBE9[?ÓKO9æKNWCM��CWCDE>)?CZ >�BE?Ó9=H�Z BFDEDwU¾KNBE?_\¿GCBEGÄ>�Å´9fÍ7hCkQ_4cé·DFWCBErhSh> ZÂ~4«k��ï¶ÚLð�k�l[mLç�x�l=ç=lªï�i`2Lç=l=ð�4È i�g�É5S#4»I04 ì 4cS#4_@a>)KO> M�H k ì 4;ÑTBEM�HOZÂ��Æ>)MO\Ck ì 4�Q_4_8:> B O�?C> ?{U[?Cr ì 47@a4�Q_4XÒÓB O�?Ú[?CrCH)k<h=o�U[y$G_BE?C\uU[?CrMO>)ÅC> Z)KOBE9=?�Z 9X>)í�Z)BE> ?LK¤y�>&U[H�WCMO>)y$>)?�KOH¤PR9[M�U[?$9[GÆ>)?$GCBFGÆ>:U¾KdDF9fÍÌS-UVZÂ,U[?Cr�DE9fÍÏÑ�>)DEy�AC9=DFKO<?XW_y��Æ>)MOH¡hCk�Q_4céaDEWCBFrhSÀ> ZÂ~4«k�¢�£x�~kCá�2�2¾x�l[ÚVáhï�i`2�2[ÚLðv4È ifÚ¾É�Ò 4ÄSÀ> M�< Ç�BEM�ZÂ~kI¤ �~��¥§¦`�~pr�q��^¨`�� ï ì Z U[rC> y�BEZQ@�M�> HOH)k�Ã�?CZ[4«kÄ354 ©¯4«kÔi`2LçVá�ð�4È i&áVÉu3547604~8:9;9[< > ?tk�Q_47p:4cS#4�m¤U[> D·U[?CrªQ_4 ì 4cS#4Ô3TBE> WLÍd> ?Cr_B�O�Ç�kIhL8:> rCW_Z)KNBF9=?�9[P��CU[HOH�x�MO>vÅ´>ve�GÆ9[M�K?C9=?;xzDEBE?_>&U[M�BFKNBF> HT�L`�9=G_KOBEy�BE< BF?C\�KNAC>¯GÄ9=M�K'\=> 9=y�>)KOM�`[k�h ì pw#¿ifn[áVKNA�IJ9=?Ls=>)?LKNBE9[?~k ì y$H�KN>)M�xrÚ[yhk~i`2�2=j;kCGCMO>)GCMOBF?LKc�¯á=m=m_i=4È i�l�É@Q_4em¤U[?_rC> M�Ç[9X9�`[kLh�JÔ9=WCr_HOGÄ>&U[ÇV> MæGÄ9=M�KOH�hCk ì pw# ifn=ÚVMOr IJ9=?Ls[> ?LKNBF9=?~kª3T>)Í«©¤9=MOÇ�kÀi`2�2Lç#;> G_KO> y��Ä> M�g[m�x�g�2_k_GCMO>)GCMOBF?�Kc��á�l[g[Ú_4

i[i

102

103

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Frequency (Hz)

Sou

nd P

ress

ure

Leve

l (dB

)

Sealed cabinet Bass−Reflex cabinet

Sealed cabinet Bass-Reflex cabinet

éaBE\=WCM�>�i=|¬P®r¯�°�±s¯�² ³�°i´�µ]¶�¯;·l¸`¯�¹�®\º�®*°»´�°�®�®H¼s¹r¯H½�¯�¾ª³r°q´�µ~¶�¯`·�¿

ifg

TVlightsource

knife

lens lens

bass reflex portand boxCO2

é·BF\=WCMO>�g;|ÁÀ/µ~®\º�°�±]µ~Â`°<·�µsÃ`¶$·�¯H®,·®r¯`·�¼¡º,ÄN¿

i&Ú

portbox portbox

ïYULð ïY��ð

portbox portbox

ïRZfð ïYr�ðé·BE\[WCMO>{Ú_|L#XZÂCDEBF> MO>)?æs;BFHOWÚVDEBE< UVKNBF9=?�9[P:KNAC>{s[9=M�KO>ve°H�AC> r_rCBE?C\�PR9[M�HOWCZ)Z >)HOHOB«s=>hBE?CH�KÛ[?LKOH�9[P:KNAC>{AÚ[DFPGÆ>)MOBF9;r#9[PKNAC>$AÚ[M�y$9=?_BEZ�Z)`XZ DF>[Ü¤ULðQKOAC>{s[9=M�KO>ve�rC>)s[> DE9[GCH k��ð�k7Z&ð(U[?Cr�r�ðQKOAC>{s=9[M�KN>�e¿y�9fs=>)H¯U&Í¸U&`PRMO9=yîKNAC>QGÄ9=M�K 4

i á

é·BF\=WCMO>�á_|wÅ<µ~¶iÆD¼s±~µ~Æ ¯7µ~¶q½�Ã�ÇÉÈËÊ�Ì Í�Î¡Ï}°�¶�²�Ð\¯;·�¼s±~µ]ÆD¯�ÃDºq·�½�Ã�ÇÑÈ]Ò�Ó�ÔIÕKÎ¡Ï`¿

ifl

100 1000 10000

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency band (1/24 octave) [Hz]

Sou

nd P

ower

[dB

ref

. 1 p

W]

LW

= 80 dBL

W = 85 dB

LW

= 90 dBL

W = 95 dB

é·BE\[WCMO>�l;|cÅxÃDº�¶�²GÄNÃ�ÇK¯H¹(Ã;Ö}´�±Ã�Çµ]¶q×[®�ÃDº�¶�² ®(Ã`Öw°»³¡Øq±~µ]¶�² ¹¡µs³r°�±1´�°�®�®H¼s¹r¯H½�¯�¾[ÄÃ;¹\·cÇµ�·�ÙT®�Ùu°�¹�ÄÚ¯�²�×q¯�®ÈÛÄNÃ;¹,·7Ü�Ï�Ö�Ã;¹@·�Ù�¯�®rÃDº�¶�²GÄÃ�Ç¯�¹�±¯;¸`¯�±~®ÁÝ Ü�ÞoÝ�ß�Þoà�Ü�°�¶�²Tà�ß"²Dáâ°q·}·�Ù�¯(² ¹¡µ�¸`µ~¶q×�Ö�¹r¯�ãiº ¯�¶�³äØD¿�åÙ�Øq®�µ³r°�±ÄÃ`¹,·7±s¯�¶<×x·�Ù�àlæeÜ�¿^ç�èLé�¿SÄNÃ;¹,·*³�¹rÃ`®�®H¼s®r¯�³;·�µÃ;¶x°�±w¹�°�² µ�º�®@AiæeÜ�¿^Ü�ç�ê[é[ÞKë/ÃDºD²�®�ÄN¯r°�Æ ¯�¹G² ¹¡µ�¸`¯�¶§Çµ�·�Ùì°®�µ]¶q×�±s¯lÖ�¹r¯\ãqºD¯H¶�³¡Ø�Ã;Öê�ß@ícÂ�¿

i&m

î1ï�ð`ñ»ò R=5 [mm]

a=1.059 cm

î1ï�ð`ñTó R=10 [mm]

a=1.059 cm

î1ï�ð`ñTô R=2 cm

a=1.004 cm

î1ï�ð`ñTõ R=5[mm]

a=0.801 cm

î1ï�ð`ñTö R=5 [mm]

a=0.947 cm

é·BF\=WCM�>Qm_|�@a9=M�KT\=> 9=y�>)KOMOBF> H 4ifç

Back volume

Front volume

Driver

Port

é·BE\[WCMO>uç;|Ká1°�¶�²D¼]Ä�°�®�®7±ÃDºD² ®�Ä¯�°�ÆD¯H¹c®÷Øi®\·�¯Hé�¿i&j

85 dB

90 dB

95 dB

(Sharp) port 0

(R=5mm) port A

(R=10mm) port B

(R=20mm) port C

port D

port E

30

40

50

60

70

Lw

at 45 Hz

Sou

nd P

ower

LW

[dB

(A),

ref

. 1 p

W]

85 dB

90 dB

95 dB

(Sharp) port 0

(R=5mm) port A

(R=10mm) port B

(R=20mm) port C

port D

port E

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Lw

at 45 Hz

Sou

nd P

ower

LW

, re

l. [d

B(A

), r

ef. 1

pW

]

ø ù ú û ü R=5 [mm]

a=1.059 cm

ø ù ú û ý R=10 [mm]

a=1.059 cm

ø ù ú û þR=2 cm

a=1.004 cm

ø ù ú û ÿ R=5[mm]

a=0.801 cm

ø ù ú û � R=5 [mm]

a=0.947 cm

é·BE\[WCMO>Qj_|0ÅxÃ º�¶�²SÄNÃ�ÇK¯H¹ÁÃ`ÖR·sÙ�¯S´�±sÃ�Çµ~¶q×"®�ÃDº�¶�² ®}Ö�Ã;¹KÄNÃ;¹,·lÜ�Þ�¬ÁÞ�á}Þ��wÞ��É°�¶�²��RÞ�Ö�Ã;¹�¯�ãiº�°�±k®rÃDº�¶�²Ä�¹r¯H®�®\º�¹r¯"±¯;¸;¯H±~®�°q·(·sÙ�¯L² ¹¡µ�¸`µ~¶q×�Ö�¹r¯�ãiº ¯�¶�³äØÚ°q·@ç�é ²�µ~®,·�°�¶�³�¯ µ~¶ì°�¶ °�¶�¯�³äÙ�Ã;µ³ ¹rÃDÃ;é[Þ��f°i´�®rÃ;±�ºi·�¯®rÃDº�¶�² ÄNÃ�ÇK¯H¹rÞ�� @®rÃDº�¶�² ÄNÃ�ÇK¯H¹c¹�¯�±Ë°q·�µ�¸;¯e·÷Ã*ÄNÃ;¹,·��7¿

��

� �

i,2

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06−5

−2.5

0

2.5

5x 10

−3

Time (s)

Hig

h fr

eque

ncy

soun

d pr

essu

re c

ompo

nent

(P

a)

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06−800

−400

0

400

800

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

insi

de b

ox (

Pa)

é·BE\[WCMO>S2_|Áí}µ]×�Ùi¼~Ä�°�®¡®��i±�·÷¯�¹*¹r¯H®,º�±�·�®@°q·*·sÙ�¯@®�°�é[¯@®rÃDº�¶�²»Ä�¹�¯�®�®\º�¹r¯(±s¯`¸;¯H±~®Áµ~¶ ·�Ù�¯(±ÃDºD² ®�Ä¯�°�ÆD¯H¹L´qÃ�¾°q·1ê Ü�í}Â °�¶�²f°q·c·sÙ�¯*®H°�é[¯@¯��k¯�³;·�µ�¸;¯}ÄNÃ;¹\·w±¯�¶q×x·sÙi®�à ó�� ¿��¹¡µ�¸`µ~¶q×GÖ�¹r¯�ãqºD¯�¶�³äØ ê Ü(ícÂ�¿��kØq±]µ~¶�² ¹¡µs³�°�±ÄÃ`¹,·×q¯\Ã;é[¯;·s¹�Ø Çµ�·sÙ�®¡Ùx°�¹�Ä ¯�¶�² ®\¿�åÙ�Øq®�µs³�°�±�ÄÃ;¹\·w±¯�¶q×u·�Ù�à1æeÜ�¿^ç�ß�é[ÞqÄÃ;¹\·l³H¹rÃ;®¡®H¼s®r¯\³`·�µÃ;¶x°�±n¹�° ² µ�º�®Aiæ@Ü�¿^Ü�ç[é ¿ ÅxÃ;±]µs²�±~µ]¶�¯��GÙiµ]×�Ùi¼�Ö�¹r¯�ãqºD¯�¶�³äØ ®rÃ º�¶�²ªÄ�¹r¯�®¡®,º�¹�¯L®¡µ]×�¶u°�±7°q· ç[é ² µ]®,·�°�¶�³\¯»ÃDºq·�®�µ²i¯$´iÃ�¾�¿�Á°�®�Ù�¯\²�±~µ~¶�¯��/®�ÃDº�¶�² Ä�¹r¯H®�®,º�¹r¯�µ~¶i®¡µs²i¯(´qÃ�¾I¿

gVn

� � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �� ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �� ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �

� � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �� ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �� ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ � � � � � ! " # $ �

% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '

% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '% & ' ( ) * + , - . % & '

/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 // 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 // 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;

/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 // 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 // 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;

9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;

9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;9 : ; < = > ? @ A B 9 : ;

é·BE\[WCMO>�ifn_|ªå¯�¹�Ö�Ã`¹�°q·÷¯\² ³¡Øq±]µ~¶�² ¹¡µs³�°�±l®�Ùx°�¹�Ä9¯�¶�²i¯\² ÄNÃ;¹,·"Çµ�·sÙ§Ö�Ã�°�é Ç¹H°\ÄiÄN¯\² °�¹�ÃDº�¶�² ·sÙ�¯"ÄNÃ;¹,·¡¿C�ÄiÄN¯�¹(®,ºu´�¼D�q×xº�¹�¯��@Ä¯H¹�Ö�Ã;¹H°q·�µÃ;¶i® °�¶�²�Ö�Ã�°�é °q·}� ú à¤å=g<¿TëNÃ�Ç¯�¹ ®\ºu´�¼E�<×xº�¹r¯F�(ÄN¯�¹¡Ö�Ã;¹�°q·sµsÃ;¶q® °�¶�²Ö�Ã�°�é °q·/� ú à¤å=gS°�¶�²»°q·/� ú Ú=à¤åVáu¿

gXi

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000−10

0

10

20

30

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000−10

0

10

20

30

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

(dB

ref

. 20

µ P

a)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000−10

0

10

20

30

Frequency (Hz)

é·BE\[WCMO>¬i=i=| ÅxÃDº�¶�²[Ä�¹r¯H®�®\º�¹r¯�°q·c°T²�µ~®,·�°�¶�³�¯GÃ;Ö�çGé Ö�¹rÃ;é °$³¡Øq±~µ]¶�² ¹¡µs³r°�±®�Ùx°�¹�Ä ¯H¶�²i¯\² ÄNÃ;¹\·�ÞlÇµ�·�Ù°�¶�² Çµ�·sÙ�ÃDºi·KÄN¯�¹�Ö�Ã`¹�°q·sµsÃ;¶i®e°�¶�²$Ö�Ã�°�é�¿GC�ÄiÄN¯�¹e®,ºu´�¼D�q×xº�¹�¯��Á¶�Ã�Ä¯H¹�Ö�Ã;¹H°q·�µÃ;¶i®,¿IH µ²i² ±¯e®,ºu´�¼D�q×xº�¹�¯��Ä¯H¹�Ö�Ã;¹H°q·�µÃ;¶i®7°�¶�²LÖ�Ã�°�é °q·/� ú à¤å=gq¿Kë/Ã�ÇK¯H¹7®,ºu´�¼D�q×xº�¹�¯��kÄN¯�¹�Ö�Ã`¹�°q·sµsÃ;¶i®}°�¶�²GÖ�Ã�°�é °<·/� ú à¤å=gS°�¶�²°q·/� ú Ú=à¤åVáu¿

g[g

Reduction of bass-reflex port nonlinearities by optimizing the port geometry

Documents

Transcript of Reduction of bass-reflex port nonlinearities by optimizing the port geometry