REDUCING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES: USING DATA TO PROMOTE REFORM Dana Shoenberg, Deputy...
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Transcript of REDUCING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES: USING DATA TO PROMOTE REFORM Dana Shoenberg, Deputy...
REDUCING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES: USING DATA TO PROMOTE REFORM
Dana Shoenberg, Deputy Director, CCLP
Tiana Davis, DMC Policy Director, CCLP
NJJN Webinar, February 12, 2014
Leads a national movement State-based juvenile justice
coalitions and organizations (43 members in 33 states)
Laws, policies and practices that are fair, equitable and developmentally appropriate for all children, youth and families
Photo: Moriza
Brought to You By …
Mental health/substance abuse Community-based alternatives Juvenile indigent defense Racial/ethnic disparities – live
Feb. 26
www.jjie.org/hub
Juvenile Justice Resource Hub
Our Speakers
Dana ShoenbergDeputy Director of the Center for Children’s Law and Policy
Tiana DavisDMC Policy Director at the Center for Children's Law and Policy
Agenda
Goals and strategies of RED reduction Importance of local, data-driven change The Relative Rate Index: Uses and
Limitations Examples of decision point data and
what they can be used for Opportunities for advocates
Goals and Strategies
© Tu Multimedia
Goals in addressing racial and ethnic disparities
1. Reducing over-representation2. Reducing disparate treatment3. Reducing unnecessary entry and
moving deeper into the juvenile justice system
We want to address all three goals.
The Juvenile Justice Process: Key Decision Points and Pathways Out
Arrest: Law
enforcement Schools Probation
Child welfare
Referral: Intake staff
Detention: Judge
Transfer to adult
court
Petition: Prosecuto
r
Adjudication: Judge
Disposition : Judge
DiversionCommunityserviceYouth court
DiversionInformal processConsent decree
DiversionRelease homeAlternativeto detention
DiversionInformal processDismissal
DiversionPost-adjudATDDismissal
ProbationNon-secure placementNon-residentialtreatment
9
Collaboration and Cross System Collaboration
• Improve collaboration and communication among agencies within the juvenile justice and with other child-serving systems
Data Practices
• Establish a structure and process for regular use of data in system management
Culture and Community
• Improve cultural competence and responsiveness of juvenile justice services and engaging community in those efforts
Policy and Practice
• Structure policies, protocols and tools to facilitate objective and consistent decision-making
Program Access
• Increase capacity and improve access to programs and services that prevent deeper involvement or enhance diversionary pathways out of the juvenile justice system
Strategic Approaches for Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Local, Data-Driven Change
Effective RED change
Like politics, effective RED change happens at the local level.
Efforts should be led by county/parish-based collaboratives that include all stakeholders -- family members, child-serving agencies and community representatives as well as those who work inside the juvenile justice system.
Diverse perspectives lead to healthy conversations and opportunities for change in more realms
Clergy Community Service
Providers
Commu
nity
Activist
s
Defense
Attorneys
Youth
Judges
Juvenile Probation Officers
Pare
nts
Police
Prosecutors
School
System
s
Diverse Governing
Body for RED Reduction
Data-driven Decision Making Activities chosen and informed by
decision point data New policies and programs assessed for
effectiveness Continuous use of data to inform court
and probation operations
Why lead with data?
Avoids getting lost in anecdote
Supports honest conversations about real differences
Provides structure for digging deeper and understanding the problem (peeling layers of the onion)
Key data: Decision Points
Arrest Referral to
Juvenile Court Diversion Secure
Detention Petition Delinquent
findings
Probation, Probation Violations
Out of Home Placement
Secure Confinement
Aftercare, Revocations
Transfer
Key data for each decision point
Race Ethnicity Gender Geography Offense
For programs and placements: Length of stay Whether
successful completion
If unsuccessful, reasons why
Demographics and Characteristics
Experience of youth by group
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Sometimes the numbers (quantitative data) aren’t enough.
To learn more, need to ask stakeholders about their experience (qualitative data)
Formulate questions, conduct interviews
Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Ex: Youth of color are overrepresented among school referrals Examine quantitative data on types of
offenses, ages, times of day, particular schools Interview SROs, youth, families, teachers,
principals to understand how things work in practice
When are SROs called What is their understanding about their role How much training do teachers have in classroom
discipline What alternatives to arrest are available What message does the administration send about
appropriate use of SROs Level of interest in new options
Race and Ethnicity Disaggregation Hispanic/Latino is an ethnicity U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) recommends collecting information about race separate from ethnicity
Two questions: Are you Hispanic/Latino or
Non-Hispanic/Latino What race do you identify with?
Race and Ethnicity Reporting Two-question format allows for reporting both:
White Non-Hispanic, White Hispanic, Black Non-Hispanic, Black Hispanic, Asian Non-Hispanic, Asian Hispanic, Native American Hispanic, Native American Non-Hispanic
Be careful of data reports that separate the reporting, for example: Non-Hispanic/Latino 45%, Hispanic-Latino 55% White 50%, Black 30%, Asian 5%, Native
American 15% Be careful of data reports that only capture race –
erases the Latino population and creates a white overcount, masking disparities
The RRI: Uses and Limitations
© Tu Multimedia
Relative Rate Index (RRI)
Rate = number of youth in that group at decision point
number of youth in that group at prev. dec. pt.
Relative rate = rate
rate
• RRI compares rate of youth of color to rate
of white youth at particular decision point
• Calculates the rate at specific decision point using information from the immediately previous decision point
Relative Rate Index -- Example
Youth population: 1,000White population: 800Black population: 200
Total arrests: 100White arrests: 20Black arrests: 80
Relative Rate Index -- Example
Relative Rate Index calculation:
# of Black youth arrested 80 = .400
# of Black in population 200
____________________________ (÷)
# of White youth arrested 20 = .025
# of White youth in pop. 800
.400 = 16 RRI
.025
Uses and Limitations of RRI
If the relative rate is significant, it shows an obvious point where you could focus attention
Where most of the youth in the jurisdiction are youth of color, RRI won’t mean much
Low RRI may mask potential opportunity to impact many youth
Doesn’t explain reasons for disproportionality – still need to dig deeper
Some RRI data resources don’t capture ethnicity
Uses Limitations
RRI example
Decision Point
African American
Hispanic/Latino
Native American
Asian/Pacific Islander
All Youth of Color
Arrests 3.99 1.78 .35 .54 2.92
Referral 1.22 1.35 .79 1.11 1.32
Diversion .76 .98 .91 1.42 .84
Secure Det.
2.71 1.94 1.86 .38 2.41
Petition 1.18 1.04 1.06 .66 1.12
Delinquent Findings
.89 1.03 .99 1.62 .95
Probation .73 .84 .61 .44 .73
Placement
1.04 1.22 1.14 .67 1.05
Secure Conf.
1.93 2.41 * .96 1.97
Transfer 1.17 1.1 * * 1.03
Using Data at Key Decision Points: Examples
© Tu Multimedia
White Black Latino0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Arrest Rates for Property Offenses 2005 - 2008
2005 2006 2007 2008
2005 2006 2007 2008
2005 2006 2007 2008
A Case Study in Peeling the Onion at Arrest: Sedgwick County, Kansas
Top 3 Arrest Offenses in 2008for African-American Youth
58%
42%
Theft <$1,000 Sample
FemaleMale
23%
77%
All Offenses
FemaleMale
Comparison: 2007 – 2008 Arrests by Gender
.
Arrests for Theft <$1,000 – Analysis by Geography
Not surprisingly, a majority of Theft <$1,000 arrests occurred at the two large malls in Sedgwick County
The Response
Collaborative and Data Driven The county’s stakeholder group developed a work
plan and goals based on data collected Interventions
An anti-Shoplifting Campaign emphasized theft deterrence and controlling peer influence using local girls as ambassadors
Enhanced diversion policies targeted youth charged with theft <$1000 offenses
Realigned and enhanced diversion programs (Girl Empowerment Program) incorporated research-supported shoplifting interventions
Sedgwick County Results: Arrests for Theft <$1,000
2009 20100
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1006
737
448
307337251
191 157
TotalWhiteAfrican AmericanHispanic/Latino
Data reflect a 31% drop in arrest for White youth, 26% drop for African American youth and an 18% drop for Hispanic youth.
Havenhurst Court Family Domestic Violence Referrals by Race and Offense
Black Hispanic White Grand Total
ASSAULT 1ST DEG 1 0 0 1
ASSAULT 2ND DEG 0 1 0 1
ASSAULT 3RD DEG 4 2 2 8
BREACH OF PEACE 2ND DEG 3 0 3 6CRIMINAL MISCHIEF 2ND
DEG 0 1 0 1CRIMINAL MISCHIEF 3RD
DEG 3 0 0 3
DISORDERLY CONDUCT 5 6 2 13INTERFERE WITH OFFCR/RESISTING 1 0 0 1
RECKLESS BURNING 0 0 1 1STRANGULATION SECOND
DEGREE 2 0 0 2
THREATENING 2ND DEG 2 2 0 4
Grand Total 21 12 8 41
Family Domestic Violence Referrals to Havenhurst Court by Resident City and Race*
BLOOMINGTON E. HAVENHURST MAYBURY ROCKINGHAM W. HAVENHURST WINSTON0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
5
2
5 55
6
1
2
5
1
BlackHispanicWhite
*Total number of Havenhurst referrals =41.
Domestic Violence Referrals to Juvenile Court
Rate of Judicial Handling for Top 3 DV Offenses* by Race
Rate per 10 Referrals Relative Rate Index
White 4.3 1
Black 8.3 1.93
Hispanic 3.8 .88
*Top 3 DV Offenses include Disorderly Conduct, Assault 3rd and Breach of Peace 2nd.
Black youth are almost twice as likely to receive Judicial
Handling .
Possible Next Steps: Havenhurst Domestic Violence Referrals
Learn about intake practices How are handling decisions made? Judicial vs.
Non-Judicial What diversion opportunities are available for
youth referred to court for domestic violence offenses?
Collect additional data to inform understanding of the domestic violence referral population What are the characteristics of cases excluded
from non-judicial handling eligibility? Are there differences by race, ethnicity, gender,
geography, or offense?
Possible Next Steps: Havenhurst Domestic Violence Referrals
Learn about experiences of youth and families referred to court for domestic violence offenses. What led to the referral? What could have helped to avoid the referral
Interventions could include: An objective tool to assess risk of re-offense
and identify service needs. A clear and concise diversion policy for
domestic violence related offenses. Domestic violence diversion programming that
is culturally appropriate and responsive to the needs of key populations.
Buttercup County Detention Data
New A
rres
t
War
rant
Pend
ing
Plac
emen
t
Prob
atio
n Vi
olat
ion
0
10
20
Average Daily Population
White Hispanic White Non-HispanicBlack Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic
Observations for Buttercup County 35% of detentions are probation
violations, mostly youth of color Compared with new arrests, Hispanic
youth are overrepresented among warrants
Possible Next Steps: Buttercup VOP
Learn about probation practice – graduated responses? Alternatives to detention?
Learn about youth and family experiences on probation – cultural and linguistic competence? Adequate programming and attention?
Collect data on kinds of probation violations Interventions could include: institution of
graduated responses, increase skills of probation staff, increase staffing levels, reform case planning, establish new ATDs, find new linguistically competent partners
Possible Next Steps: Warrants Collect data on reasons for warrants and
offenses of youth who have warrants If warrants for Failure to Appear,
interview families, judges, probation about reasons for Failures to Appear
Interventions could include tiered warrants, call reminder/notification, rapid processing of warrants
Osage County Placements
Race/ethnicity Length of Stay
Caucasian 85
Hispanic/Latino 98
Native American 125
African-American 90
Asian 102
Osage County – Learning More Second level data analysis:
Individual programs’ length of stay Numbers of youth represented in length of
stay data – are these anomalies or significant numbers?
Qualitative data: Discipline structure in programs – does it
affect length of stay? What input do courts have into length of
stay and how frequently do they review cases
Determinate sentences or “when she completes her program?”
Opportunities for Advocates
© Zach Herring
How to Connect with Existing RED/DMC Reduction Efforts OJJDP State Contacts
State and Local DMC Coordinators and DMC Subcommittee Chairs
http://www.ojjdp.gov/dmc/resourcelist.asp 3-Year Juvenile Juvenile Justice Plans
State Advisory Groups (SAGs) Many available online Outline the key activities to address
DMC/RED in your state.
How to Connect with Existing RED/DMC Efforts Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative
(JDAI) More than 200 jurisdictions in 39 states
nationwide JDAI sites focus on RED as Core Strategy for
Detention Reform http://www.jdaihelpdesk.org/SitePages/jdai-
sites.aspx Models for Change Initiative
Center for Children’s Law and Policy http://www.modelsforchange.net/about/Stat
es-for-change.html
What if there isn’t an RED reduction effort yet in your area? Start a collaborative – to engage
stakeholders, think about what their interests and points of view might be
Access to data can be hard – both because it isn’t available and because of lack of trust. Consider: Information-sharing agreements and
protocols Engaging a university that can help develop
and analyze the data if the court doesn’t have expertise or time in-house
Offering to do the analysis if they’ll just provide the numbers
State-level support for local work
Funding structures that require race and ethnicity analysis in order to get state grants
Improvements to state-level juvenile justice databases, opportunity for data analysis support
© Tu Multimedia
State-level support for local work, cont.
Grants for specific RED reduction projects (ex: new alternatives to detention) with data analysis required as part of application
Racial impact analysis requirements for new legislation
© Tu Multimedia
State-level support for local work, cont. Cultural competence standards for
service providers Training and support for localities to
begin data-driven efforts
© Jason Salazar
Gather a team
Georgetown Center for Juvenile Justice Reform
Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities Certificate Program
July 28-August 1, 2014Applications available at:http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/certprogs/racialdisparities/racialdisparities.html
Contact Information
Dana ShoenbergDeputy Director
202-637-0377 [email protected]
Tiana DavisDMC Policy Director202-637-0377 x103
53
www.cclp.org
www.njjn.org