Dear Parents and Students,

It is the time of year where complete The Biology Georgia Milestone. I can imagine that the level of anxiety for these test have increased drastically. So to ensure that my students are prepared, I have compiled a comprehensive and detailed study guide that also includes practice questions. The purpose of this packet is to serve as an extensive review of all the material that students will see on the exam. This is not busy work!! The packet is divided into five domains that cover all six GSE Science Standards. Students are to complete the project and submit for 6 grades (one per standard). This will ensure that students are adequately prepared and have enough study material. It is imperative that the packet is submitted on Monday, April 8, 2019. This is a hard deadline as I will need to provide feedback of the packet to each student and to ensure that there are no misconceptions of the content. I will not be able to grade a packet if I do not physically have it on the deadline. Please adhere to the deadline to ensure maximum success.The following are the guidelines to complete the packet:

1. Cannot be TYPED. Must be handwritten. There is a purpose to repetition and imprinting concepts in the brain. This is not the assignment that should be “cut, copied, and pasted”. Do the actual work, it will pay off.

2. You DO NOT have to write in complete sentences. Just answer the question. If it requires one word than use one word, but be sure to answer the question.

3. DO NOT wait until the last minute to complete the packet or you will not retain the information and you will become overwhelmed. The packet is very detailed so divide your time wisely.

4. Attach all answers on separate sheets of paper to the end of the packet.5. The packet will be handed out on Wednesday, April 20, 2019. A copy can

be found on my website: nstrawbridge.weebly.com.6. Again adhere to the deadline Monday, April 8, 2019.7. The packet counts for 6 grades, one per standard, at the discretion of the

teacher. The packet CAN NOT count for a summative assessment grade.8. Must be signed by parent!!!!!!

Do not focus on the number of questions, work diligently, answer each question and practice taking the exams. The Biology Milestone is April 30, 2019 !!!! Which is right around the corner.

Please feel free to contact me should you have any questions. Again work diligently! Have a great Thanksgiving Break!!

In support,

Mrs. Strawbridge

Parent Signature:______________________________________________

GEORGIA Milestone STUDY GUIDE REVIEW QUESTIONS Domain: Cells

1. BIO =2. ENDO =3. EXO =4. LOGY =5. CYTO =6. OSIS 7. Name two types of cells.8. Define Prokaryotes.9. Give two examples of Prokaryotes.10. Define Eukaryotes.11. Give 4 examples of Eukaryotes.12. The cell membrane serves as a what?13. Describe the cell membrane in detail.14. All cells have what in common? (3 things)15. Define cell wall.16. What is the function of the cell wall?17. List living things that contain a cell wall.18. Do animal cells have a cell wall?

19. List function of the Nucleus. 20.List function of Chloroplasts.

21. List function of Golgi bodies.22. List function of Mitochondria.23. List function of ribosomes.24. How do organisms maintain their internal equilibrium?25. Living cells maintain a balance between what?26. Cells ability to maintain this balance is called what?27. Why is it is important for a cell to control internal concentrations?28. One function of the cell membrane is to control?29. Define passive transport.30. Define diffusion.31. Define osmosis.32. Explain how diffusion and osmosis are different.33. Why are diffusion and osmosis important for living things?34. Explain how diffusion and osmosis are related to passive transport.35. Define facilitated transport.36. Define active transport.37. Does active transport require energy?38. Active transport is the process by which?

39. Describe how endocytosis and exocytosis move? 40. Define endocytosis.

41. Define exocytosis.42. What is a monomer? Polymer?43. What is the function of enzymes? How do they do this function?

44. What are the monomers of enzymes?45. List 4 ways that proteins are important.46. Give 5 examples of proteins.47. Define substrates.

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48. Define products.49. Explain the function of the active site.50. Explain lock-and-key mechanism.51. Explain activation energy.52. Enzymes are critical to what?53. Explain the function of RNA polymerase.54. List the four major biomolecules55. Define carbohydrate.

56. List the three classes of carbohydrates. 60.Give 4 examples of carbohydrates.

61. Saccharide means what?62. What is a monosaccharide?63. What is an oligosaccharide?64. What is a polysaccharide?65. Define lipid.66. What are lipids commonly called?

67. Are lipids soluble in water? Why or why not? 68.What is the function of lipid?69. What are the monomers of a lipid?70. Define nucleic acids.71. What are the monomers?72. List the 3 parts of a nucleotide.73. What are two examples of nucleic acids?74. Take the sample Milestone for the cells Domain.

High School Biology GA

Milestone ReviewDomain: Cells (Practice Questions)

1. Cells use different receptors in the cell membrane to receive stimuli from other cells. What ismost likely to happen to an animal's target cells that lack receptors for local regulators?

A.They might undergo mitosis but would not create identical copies of the original cells.

B.They may compensate by receiving nutrients via other pathways.C.They would develop normally based on inherent genetic signals.D.They might not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby

cells.

2.How is a mitochondrion's structure related to its function?

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A.The complex folding pattern of the mitochondrion's membrane provides many sites where reactions can occur.

B.The complex folding pattern of the mitochondrion's membrane does not provide many sites where reactions can occur.

C.The mitochondrion's internal membrane is not folded, which allows more sites for reactions.

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D.Mitochondria have no internal membranes.

3.The two sources of information used to direct the expression of genes during various stages of development are

A. stem cells and homeotic genes.B.tissue-specific proteins and transcription factors.C.cytoplasmic determinants and environmental conditions.D.mutations and mitosis.

4.Lipids and carbohydrates are dissimilar in that

A. carbohydrates are composed of water and ammonia, and lipids are composed of trisaccharides.

B.carbohydrates are composed of monomers, and lipids are composed of polymers.C.carbohydrates are composed of nucleotides, and lipids are composed of sugars.D.carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, and lipids are composed of

glycerol and fatty acids.

5. In 2010, a team of researchers published data from their efforts to map formations of peptides. Peptides are compounds of linked amino acids. The team immersed peptides in water and directed a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) at the mixture. The NMR indicated that the peptides eventually assembled into membranes with two layers. What can be determined from evaluating data produced by the team's research?

A.Amino acids can be stimulated to form tissue-like structures.B.Amino acids can be stimulated to form organelle-like structures.C.Amino acids can be stimulated to form individual organisms.D.Amino acids can be stimulated to form entire cells.

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7.

A.The red blood cells will lose water and decrease in size.B.The red blood cells will absorb water and increase in size.C.The red blood cells will first absorb water, then lose water.D.The red blood cells will first lose water, then absorb water.

8. If the external environment of a living cell has a greater concentration of salt than the cytoplasm within the cell, what will most likely happen to the cell?

A. It will divide.B.It will increase in size.C.It will lose water.D. It will excrete salt.

9.The underside of a leaf is dotted with tiny pores called stomata. Stomata assist in several important life processes of plants. Which of the following is NOT a function of stomata?

A. releasing water during transpirationB.capturing pollen for sexual reproductionC.absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesisD.enabling flow of nutrients from roots to the plant

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10. Plants transport sugars to non-photosynthetic cells via translocation. Translocation is the movement of sugars from the source, energy-producing cells in a leaf, to the sink, regions that need sugars like fruits and roots. Which plant systems may interact during translocation?

A.dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and root tissue systemsB.dermal tissue and vascular tissue systems, onlyC.immune, dermal tissue, and reproductive systemsD. reproductive and vascular tissue systems, only

GEORGIA Milestone STUDY GUIDE REVIEW QUESTIONS

Domain: Genetics I and II

1. Define genetics2. Define traits.3. Define nucleic acid.4. What are the components of a DNA nucleotide? (3 parts)5. What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA?6. Define double helix.7. Why is DNA called a double helix?8. The two strands of nucleotides are held together by what?9. The “sides of the ladder” of DNA consist of what? (2 items should be listed).10. What is the 5 carbon sugar in DNA?11. In DNA Adenine bonds with and Guanine bonds with

.12. What happens during DNA Replication?13. This enzyme “unzips” the double helix?14. Define the semi-conservative model.15. Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?16. Where is DNA in prokaryotic (bacteria) cells?17. RNA, like DNA, is made of what?18. What is the sugar in RNA?19. What nitrogen containing base replaces thymine in RNA?20. Uracil pairs with what base?21. Is RNA single stranded or double stranded?22. What happens in the process of transcription?23. What happens in the process of translation?24. How is transcription similar to the DNA process of replication?25. During transcription DNA is used as a template to make what?26. The mRNA carries what to where?27. What does mRNA stand for?28. Translation is the process of converting what two things?29. tRNA brings what to where and for what reason?30. What does tRNA stand for?

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31. On what organelles are proteins made or synthesized?32. What is a codon?

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33. What is an anticodon?34. Mendel used what type of plant in his experiments?35. Why did he use this type of plant?36. Explain the meaning of dominant and recessive.37. Genes are located where?38. Describe alleles.39. Define genotype.40. Define phenotype.41. Define homozygous.42. Define heterozygous.43. Define monohybrid crosses.44. Define dihybrid crosses.45. Why do we use a Punnett square?46. Define Law of Dominance.47. Define Law of Segregation.48. Define Law of Independent Assortment.49. Define meiosis.50. What are gametes?51. Male gametes are called what?52. Female gametes are called what?53. Meiosis reduces the number of?54. What happens in fertilization?55. What is a zygote?56. What are the two phases of meiosis?57. Meiosis occurs in what type of cells?58. Describe the meaning of diploid.59. Describe the meaning of haploid.60. Are 2n cells diploid or haploid?61. Are 1n cells diploid or haploid?62. Meiosis provides the opportunity for what?63. Explain the different kinds of genetic combination a person can produce.64. Another source of genetic variation during meiosis is what?65. What is crossing over? When does it occur?66. What is genetic recombination and when can it occur?67. Define genetic or gene mutations.68. Some mutations are the result of exposure to what?69. List four examples of mutagens.70. What is a spontaneous mutation?71. Describe what happens in base pair substitutions.72. Give an example of a genetic disorder caused by base pair substitution.73. Describe base insertion.74. Describe base deletion.75. Explain how a frame shift occurs.76. What will a shift in a reading frame cause?

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77. What is mitosis?78. Is mitosis sexual or asexual?79. Does asexual reproduction require a partner?80. Does asexual reproduction produce offspring that are identical or different?81. When is asexual reproduction advantageous?82. What is a benefit of sexual reproduction?83. Why is diversity in sexual reproduction beneficial?84. Advances in DNA technology have resulted in its increased use in what three

things?85. What is DNA fingerprinting and when is it used?86. How do police labs use DNA technology?87. How do researchers use recombinant DNA technology.88. Explain how human insulin is mass produced by DNA technology.89. DNA technology and genetic engineering have a great potential for research

and application in what three things?90. What risks need to be taken into account when considering genetic engineering?91. Complete the practice exam below.

High School Biology GA

Milestone ReviewDomain: Genetics (Practice Questions)

1. During replication, the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule separate from each other when bonds are broken between their

A.5-carbon sugars.B.phosphate groups.C.amino acids.D.nitrogenous bases.

2. In 2009, Tracey Lincoln and Gerald Joyce, two biochemists, published data from their research on pairs of RNA enzymes. Lincoln and Joyce used nucleic acids and developed twelve pairs of RNA enzymes that are able to replicate one another in a cycle. The first RNA enzyme templates the synthesis of the second. Then, the second RNA enzyme templates the synthesis of the first. Occasionally, one of the RNA enzymes makes a mistake in replication, which results in a mutation. The new RNA enzyme template (mutant strand) results in a new RNA enzyme that no longer synthesizes for its pair but for one of the other eleven RNA enzymes. As a result, certain RNA enzymes among the twelve types may dominate in their number and ratio. What can be determined by analyzing data produced by Lincoln and Joyce's research?

A.Systems of simple organic molecules can become more complex, exhibiting behavior similar to biological adaptation.

B.Systems of simple organic molecules lack the potential to become more complex, exhibiting behavior similar to biological adaptation.

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C.Systems of simple organic molecules can become less complex, exhibiting behavior dissimilar to biological adaptation.

D.Systems of simple organic molecules lack the potential to become less complex, exhibiting behavior dissimilar to biological adaptation.

3.Which set of conditions would most likely cause a change in gene frequency in a population that reproduces sexually?

A. random mattings and large populationsB.no mutations and no migrationsC.mutations and small populationsD. large populations and no migrations

4.Ultraviolet radiation causes mutations in the DNA of skin cells that have been exposed to the Sun. Will such mutations have any effect on future offspring?

A.yes, because skin cells play an important role in reproductionB.yes, because DNA is passed on from parent to offspringC.no, because the changes have no effect on the gametes of the parentsD.no, because offspring are immune to changes in parental DNA

5.Scientists are studying the genomes of plants by creating DNA fingerprints of aquatic and terrestrial plants. By evaluating the presence of pollutants, nutrients, and other environmental factors affecting plants, scientists found that the genomes of plants can indicate the health of environmental systems. Which of the following, identified by DNA fingerprinting, would NOT be useful to future studies on the environment?

A. the types of nucleic acids in a plant cellB.how to reverse the negative effectsC.concrete evidence of issuesD. the source of changes

6.What is the most important function of chemical fertilizers?

A. replacing soil nutrients used by plantsB.furnishing extra carbon for rapidly growing plantsC.controlling populations of rapidly growing fungiD.providing food for rapidly growing bacteria

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7.

A.organs.B.tissues.C.genes.D.cells.

8.

A. I-1 and II-1B.I-4 and II-2C.II-1 and II-2D. III-2 and III-3

9. In pea plants, the gene for tallness (T) is dominant over the gene for shortness (t). A homozygous dominant pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous pea plant, and 200 seeds are produced. Approximately how many of these seeds can be expected to produce plants that are homozygous dominant?

A.0

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B.50

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C. 100D. 200

10. In pea plants, the long-stem trait (L) is dominant over the short-stem trait (l). If two pea plants were crossed, and they produced seeds that yielded 165 long-stem plants and 54 short-stem plants, what genotypes did the parent plants most likely have?

A.Ll and LlB.Ll and LLC.LL and llD. ll and ll

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A.Gametes are produced by mitosis.B.Gametes are produced for digestion.C.Gametes are involved in transporting DNA.D.Gametes are involved in transporting only RNA.

12. A student claims that a population that reproduces asexually will be better able to survive in an environment in which a disease has been introduced. Which statement best evaluates the student's claim?

A.The student's claim is incorrect because the population would grow too slowly to replace organisms that have died from the disease due to a genetic vulnerability.

B.The student's claim is correct because the population would be genetically diverse, allowing many of the organisms to create immune defenses against the disease.

C.The student's claim is correct because the population size would be very large, allowing a larger percentage of organisms to establish immunity against the disease.

D.The student's claim is incorrect because the population would be

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genetically identical, increasing vulnerability to the disease to such a degree that they may face extinction.

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GEORGIA Milestone STUDY GUIDE REVIEW QUESTIONS

Domain: Organisms

1. Early classification systems were based on what?2. What has helped to identify relationships between different organisms?3. List the six kingdoms.4. All prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) belong to what two kingdoms?5. Kingdoms Eubacteria contain what?6. Archaebacteria are found mainly where?7. Describe fungi.8. Describe plants.9. Describe animals.10. Define taxonomy.11. Define taxonomist.12. Define Classification.13. List the levels of classification.14. The most specific level is .15. Describe the virus envelope.16. Why are viruses NOT considered living?17. What must a virus do to reproduce?18. Like living organisms, viruses?19. Unlike living organisms, viruses?20. What is the primary source of energy?21. What process supports almost all life on earth?22. What is photosynthesis?23. ATP is an abbreviation for what?24. What is the purpose of ATP?25. What is phosphorylation?26. Define endergonic reaction.27. Endergonic reactions require?28. Cells use energy to make?29. Cells use energy to maintain what?30. How do muscle cells use ATP?31. How do nerve cells use ATP?32. These organisms break down carbohydrates to form what?33. Carbohydrates are usually in the form of a simple sugar, mainly what?34. Define cellular respiration.35. What are autotrophs and what do they do?36. Autotrophs make energy from sunlight by a process known as what?37. The key to the process of photosynthesis is what?38. Write the general equation for photosynthesis.39. What are 2 main reactions that occur in photosynthesis?40.1. Light reactions- What happens here and where does it take place?41. 2. Calvin cycle- What happens here and where does it take place?42. The light reaction is the part of

photosynthesis.43. The Calvin cycle is the part of

photosynthesis.

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44. Light reactions take place where?45. In your own words or in outline format, summarize the Light

Reaction process on the bottom of page 2646. Explain the parts of the chloroplasts (stroma, grans, thylakoids).

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47. What occurs in the thylakoids (that are in the chloroplasts)?48. The Calvin Cycle

reaction takes place in the of the .

49. In your own words or outline format, summarize the Calvin cycle.50. The carbohydrates must first be broken down (for cellular respiration

to begin) by what process?51. Where does glycolysis occur?52. Glucose is broken down into what?53. Glycolysis produces how many molecules of ATP?54. What are the two main reactions of cellular respiration?55. Define Krebs Cycle.56. Define Electron Transport Chain.57. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?58. What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?59. Where does the electron transport chain occur? 60.Electron Transport Chain produces how many ATP?

61. That do cladograms and phylogenic trees suggest?

High School Biology GA

Milestone ReviewDomain: Organisms (Practice Questions)

1.Based on their names, one can tell that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same

A.class.B.genus.C.family.D. species.

2.Which statement about the theory of evolution is correct?

A.All scientists agree on the theory of evolution.B.It was and still is a highly debated topic among scientists.C.It was a fast theory to form, as evidence for it was plentiful.D.All scientists choose to disprove the theory of evolution.

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4.

A.praying mantis and catB.praying mantis and whaleC.whale and water boatmanD.praying mantis and water boatman

5.Kelvin notices itching and redness between his toes, so he goes to the doctor. The doctor determines that the redness between Kelvin's toes is either caused by a fungal or bacterial infection. Which of the following pieces of evidence would identify the infection as a fungal infection instead of a bacterial infection?

A.a microscope sample with threadlike objects that have cells with cell walls and one or more nuclei

B.a microscope sample with multiple round cells that have cell walls but no true nuclei

C.the presence of cytoplasm in the cells of the infectious organismD. the presence of DNA in the cells of the infectious organism

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6.Which of the following best describes why a virus needs a host cell?

A. to form a mutualistic relationship

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B.to create foodC.to reproduce and control growthD. to kill bacteria

GEORGIA Milestone STUDY GUIDE REVIEW QUESTIONS

Domain: Ecology

1. Define ecology.2. Define ecologist.3. Define biosphere.4. Define biotic factors and give examples.5. Define abiotic factors and give examples.6. Ecologists study the interactions of organisms at 5 main levels of

organization. List the 5 main levels.7. Define population.8. Define population density.9. Define community.10.Define growth rate.11.Exponential growth is the shape of a curve.12.Draw the curve for exponential growth.13.Explain what conditions cause exponential growth.14.Logistic growth is a shaped curve.15.Draw the curve for logistic growth.16.Explain the conditions that would cause a logistic growth curve.17.The point at which the population becomes stable is know as what?18.When a population reaches its carrying capacity, a number of factors help

stabilize it at that size. Name these two types of factors.19.What are Density-Dependent Limiting Factors. Give examples of Density-

Dependent Limiting Factors.20.What are Density-Independent Limiting Factors. Give examples of Density-

Independent Limiting Factors.21.Define niche.22.Explain what a niche includes.23.Define habitat.24.Explain what a habitat includes.25.Define ecosystem.26.Define terrestrial ecosystems.27.Define aquatic ecosystems.28.Define biome.29.List the abiotic factors of each terrestrial biome (tundra, tropical rain

forest, desert, grassland, taiga, temperate deciduous forest).30.Aquatic biomes are divided into what?31.Give examples of fresh water biomes.32.Give examples of marine biomes.33.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a tundra biome.34.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a tropical rain forest biome.35.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a desert biome.

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36.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a grassland biome.37.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a taiga biome.

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38.Describe vegetation and animals (biotic factors) in a temperate deciduous forest biome.

39.List biotic and abiotic factors of freshwater biomes.40.The primary source of energy for ecosystems is from what?41.Plants and bacteria are what?42.Define producer.43.What is the equation for photosynthesis?44.What molecule provides all organisms with a source of energy45.Producers are also called autotrophs, meaning .46.What are consumers?47.What are heterotrophs?48.Define decomposers.49.Define trophic levels.50.Define a food chain.51.What does a food chain show?52.Define food web.53.Ecologists use energy pyramids to show what?54.The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about .55.Why isn’t all the food consumed at each trophic level used for growth?56.Why do population sizes decrease through the trophic levels of an energy

pyramid?57.Explain how energy and matter flow differently in an ecosystem.58.Carbon is found in the environment as what?59.Carbon dioxide (CO2) is used in photosynthesis to form what?60.What are 3 ways that carbon returns to the atmosphere?61.Nitrogen makes up of our air.62.What two things are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable

nitrogen-containing compounds?63.Plants use nitrogen compounds to make what?64.How are these converted to animal proteins?65.How is nitrogen returned to the atmosphere?66.Diagram the cycling of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous.

Draw a rough diagram of each of these elements as they cycle through the ecosystem.

67.Define succession.68.What are the two main types of succession that ecologists study?69.Define primary succession.70.Give examples of when primary succession might occur.71.Explain how primary succession begins and develops soil.72.Define climax community.73.Define secondary succession.74.Give examples of when secondary succession might occur.75.Explain a major difference between primary and secondary succession.76.Define renewable resource and give examples.77.Define nonrenewable resource and give examples.78.Is top soil considered renewable or nonrenewable?79.Why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable?80.Define pollution.81.Explain how too much fertilizer being used can cause fish to die.

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82.Define smog.83.Define acid rain.84.Give three examples of the harmful effects of acid rain.85.Explain how acid rain affects soil and water.86.Explain how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.87.Why is excess carbon dioxide a problem?88.Explain the greenhouse effect.89.What would happen to our earth if we did not have the greenhouse effect?90.Explain how the greenhouse effect can lead to global warming.91.What does the ozone layer do?92.The ozone layer is thinning due to the release of what?93.Where do CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) come from?94.What causes water pollution?95.Pollutants that trickle down through the soil make their way where?96.What is groundwater used for?97. Wildlife conservations efforts protects species from what 3 things? 101. List two ways people are making an effort to conserve energy.102. Explain 2 ways alternative forms of energy can be used.103. What are the three R’s of conservation?104. Give examples of applying the “three Rs”.

High School Biology GA

Milestone ReviewDomain: Ecology (Practice Questions)

1.

A.They have the potential to crowd out or kill native fish species.B.They have no natural predators to control the population.C.They are not useful as a food source for humans.D.They are poisonous to the local animal life.

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2.Water from nearby rivers or lakes is usually used to cool down the reactors in nuclear power plants. How would the release of this heated water back into the river or lake most likely affect the stability of the aquatic ecosystems?

A. It would change the number of mutations in plants growing near the water.B.It would cause an increase in the sewage content in the water.C.It would cause a change in the biodiversity in the water.D. It would decrease the amount of sunlight necessary for photosynthesis in the

water.

3.Legumes, a family of plants with fruits or loments, have structures called nodules on their roots. These nodules contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria that convert free nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which is utilized to make proteins within the plant. What would be the long-term effect of the loss of nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the legumes and their ecosystems?

A. It would result in healthy legumes, an increase in free nitrogen in the air, a decrease in legume-eating herbivores, and an increase in consumers that are legume-eating herbivores.

B.It would result in healthy legumes, a decrease in free nitrogen in the air, an increase in legume-eating herbivores, and an increase in consumers that eat legume-eating herbivores.

C.It would result in the death of the legumes, a decrease in free nitrogen in the air, an increase in legume-eating herbivores, and a decrease in consumers that eat legume-eating herbivores.

D. It would result in the death of the legumes, an increase in free nitrogen in the air, a decrease in legume-eating herbivores, and a decrease in consumers that eat legume-eating herbivores.

4.What would happen if the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle on Earth was interrupted and never started again?

A.Plants and animals would not be able to survive.B.Plants would be able to survive, but animals would not.C.Animals would be able to survive, but plants would not.D.Plants and animals would be able to survive.

5.Coral reefs are ecosystems in which there is a high amount of biodiversity. The existence of so many different plant and animal species allows a coral reef to

A. rebuild itself after it has suffered a mild degree of pollution.B.relocate to a new area after it has suffered a mild degree of pollution.C.expand its size after it has suffered a mild degree of pollution.D.destroy itself after it has suffered a mild degree of pollution.

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6.Some species of freshwater algae, which are a food source for many freshwater fish, have spines that tend to catch in the gills of fish. These species of freshwater algae can disrupt an ecosystem

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in a pond. The first step of the disruption is the death of the fish. The second step is

A.no change in the pH of the pond and an increase in the algae population.B.a change in the pH of the pond and no change in the algae population.C.no change in the pH of the pond and a decrease in the algae population.D.a change in the pH of the pond and an increase in the algae population.

7.The water hydrilla is an aquatic plant that grows quickly in warm environments. Amber bought a water hydrilla plant at a pet store for her aquarium. In a few weeks, the plant outgrew the tank. Amber threw the water hydrilla in the pond behind her house. What will most likely happen?

A.The water hydrilla will grow and will help other plants in the pond grow.B.The water hydrilla will grow only if there are no other plants in the pond.C.The water hydrilla will die immediately and will be consumed by other plants.D.The water hydrilla will grow and will use resources needed other plants in the

pond.

8. Kudzu, a plant native to eastern Asia was introduced into America in 1876. In 1935, kudzu was planted along southern roadways to control soil erosion. Adding a foot of vine a day in the spring and summer, kudzu quickly grew out of control. Why can introducing a new species to an existing ecosystem often be a disaster?

A.The new species can rapidly evolve into a dangerous subspecies that cannot be destroyed.

B.The new species can harm native organisms and damage the ecosystem.C.The new species can create excess nutrients in the soil that can damage native

species.D.The new species can eventually become extinct.

9.

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A.gravity

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B.heatC.lightD. touch

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A.Plants B, C, and D would respond to the light.B.Only plant A would respond to the light.C.Plants A and C would bend toward the light.D.Plants B and D would bend away from the light.

GEORGIA Milestone STUDY GUIDE REVIEW QUESTIONS

Domain: Evolution

1. Explain Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s evolutionary theory.2. How does the phrase “inheritance of acquired characteristics” apply to

Lamarck’s theory?3. What animal did Lamarck use to help describe his theory and why did he use it?4. Explain Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology.5. Explain Thomas Malthus’s “An Essay on the Principle of Population.”6. What was Darwin’s most important impact?7. Why was Darwin’s trip on the HMS Beagle life changing for him?8. What was significant about the Galapagos Islands in Darwin’s travels?9. What are adaptations?10. What do successful adaptations do?11. Define natural selection.12. What do we mean by reproductive isolation?13. Explain how reproductive isolation was significant for the Galapagos Islands.14. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace and what did he do?15. Define population genetics.16. Define adaptive radiation.17. Give an example of adaptive radiation.

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18. Define convergent evolution.19. Explain the role of myosin when discussing evolution.

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20. Define biodiversity.21. What are the three different terms researchers use when talking about

biodiversity?22. Define ecosystem diversity.23. Define species diversity.24. Define genetic diversity.25. Define molecular clocks.26. Define speciation.27. Give examples of what might cause geographic isolation.28. Explain how geographic isolation is important to the theory of evolution.29. Define gradualism.30. Define punctuated equilibrium.31. What is radioisotope dating?32. What must scientist know to use radioisotope dating?33. What is the primary isotope used in radioisotope dating?34. Explain how scientists use radioisotope dating? How does it work?35. Explain what is meant by a half-life.36. What are other isotopes that scientists use?37. Explain what is meant by relative dating.38. What is a phylogeny?39. Define extinction.40. Define fitness.41. The fitness of an individual depends on what?42. Explain how fitness, environment, and natural selection play critical roles in

the theory of evolution.43. Explain what happens in stabilizing selection. Draw a picture of what

stabilizing selection looks like on a graph.44. Explain what happens in directional selection. Draw a picture of what

directional selection looks like on a graph.45. Give an example of directional selection.46. Explain what happens in disruptive selection. Draw a picture of what

disruptive selection looks like on a graph.47. Can disruptive selection result in a new species?48. What is comparative morphology?49. How does it support the theory of evolution?50. What is genetic drift?51. What are the main examples of genetic drift?52. How does biological resistance explain the role of natural selection in a

population?

High School Biology GA

Milestone ReviewDomain: Evolution (Practice Questions)

1. The 1952 Miller-Urey experiment involved heating water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen in sealed, interconnected glass vials. The purpose of this experiment was to simulate the conditions and substances on Earth before life. Heating these simple substances led to the formation of 23 simple amino acids in one week.

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What can be determined by analyzing the data

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produced by the Miller-Urey experiment?

A.A mixture of water, ammonia, hydrogen, and heat cannot lead to the production of amino acids on Earth.

B.The early primordial soup led to the creation of all of Earth's simple chemical elements.

C.Amino acids may have been the first organic molecules to form under the harsh conditions of early Earth.

D.Amino acids first developed from long and complex chemical substances that were already present on early Earth.

2.Which of the following is NOT scientifically explained by natural selection and its evolutionary consequences?

A. similar structures in living and dead organismsB.identical DNA sequences in certain mammalsC.the layers of the Earth's interior structureD. the continuity of the fossil record

3.

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A. It developed from years of gradual changes in the genetic code.

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B.It showed very little change from its primitive ancestors.C.It developed through spurts of dramatic changes in the genetic code.D. It is most similar today to its earliest ancestors in the fossil record.

4.

A.The Magellanic penguin has a light-colored beak.B.The Magellanic penguin has a boxy head.C.The Magellanic penguin has a fan of feathers on top of its head.D.The Magellanic penguin has a white ring around its face.

5.American biologist Ivan Wallin proposed in the 1920s that eukaryotic cells were originally prokaryotic cells that engulfed bacteria. Some of these bacteria developed into the organelles that we today call mitochondria. Wallin's scientific explanation of the complexity of the cell is

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A. implausible, considering that mitochondria never reproduce when the cells in which they are contained engage in sexual reproduction.

B. implausible, considering that mitochondria only reproduce at the same time as cells in which they are contained.

C.plausible, considering that mitochondria only reproduce when the cells in which they are contained engage in asexual reproduction.

D.plausible, considering that mitochondria often reproduce at different times than the cells in which they are contained.

6.Which of the following examples of adaptations would allow for the greatest chance of survival of a species?

A.a black bear that does not hibernate in the winterB.a saltwater alligator that is able to live in freshwaterC.a turtle that gives birth to live young instead of eggsD.a bluebird that lays more than one egg each season

7.Speciation, which leads to diversity among species through natural selection, occurs when

A.species experience change within their lineage and develop new characteristics.B.species interact with other species in an ecosystem and develop similar traits to

each other.C.once similar species are no longer able to mate and produce fertile offspring.D.organisms develop characteristics that mimics traits of a completely different

species.

8.

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A.Northeastern states had the most reported cases of tick-borne illness.B.New York had more cases of tick-borne illness than Pennsylvania in 2003.

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C.Lyme disease spread most rapidly in areas west of the Mississippi.D.Northeastern states had the most reported cases of Lyme disease.

9. Which of the following factors was most likely the greatest contributing factor to the 1916 influenza outbreak?

A.The virus was unable to gain access to new hosts because it lacked a membrane.B.The virus was only able to enter the cells of certain hosts that carried flu

receptors.C.The virus passed easily between hosts because immunity had not been

developed.D.The virus was not airborne and was only spread by direct contact or fluid

exchange.