• Red blood cells removed and stored

• Reinjected a few days before an athletic event

• Shown to improve endurance events (more oxygen to body)

• Dangerous practice as heart load increased (thicker blood)

• One or more bypass grafts are implanted between the aorta and the coronary blood vessel

• Saphenous veins (from the leg) or arteries (like the IMA = internal mammary artery) are commonly used as grafts

• Tetralogy of Fallot- four different heart defects:– Ventricular septal defect

(VSD)- hole between ventricles of the heart.

– Pulmonary Stenosis- narrowing at or just below the pulmonary valve

– Aorta positioned over the ventricular septal defect instead of in the left ventricle

– Right ventricle is more muscular than normal

• Ductus arteriosus- temporary vessel between aorta and pulmonary trunk

• Normally closes shortly after birth

• Remains open increasing pressure and overworks both ventricles

• Interatrial- between atria

• Interventricular- between ventricles

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• Heart block: beat “blocked”- different degrees– Dimished blood flow

• Flutter- Rapid atrial contractions followed by AV block

• Tachycardia- rapid heart rate

(over 100)• Brachycardia- slow heart rate

(under 60)

• Fibrillation- asynchronous contraction of atrial (reduces effectiveness 20-30%) or ventricular muscle (very serious)