Recycling of Some Sugar Recycling of Some Sugar Industry Wastes to Produce Industry Wastes to Produce

Organic FertilizersOrganic Fertilizers

ByByHassanein, H.G.;Hassanein, H.G.; Ragheb, H.M. Ragheb, H.M.

and Ahmed, M.M.and Ahmed, M.M.Assiut University, EgyptAssiut University, Egypt..

•The present investigation was carried out in the The present investigation was carried out in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti; Assiut Governorate, desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti; Assiut Governorate, during the period 1997-2000. Many objectives were during the period 1997-2000. Many objectives were aimed at through the course of this study.aimed at through the course of this study.Objectives:Objectives: 1- The main objective was to evaluate the 1- The main objective was to evaluate the response olive (Manzanello cv.) seedlings when response olive (Manzanello cv.) seedlings when transplanted in the desert oils of Wadi El-Assiuti to transplanted in the desert oils of Wadi El-Assiuti to different seedbed materials added in different different seedbed materials added in different rates and methods of application. rates and methods of application. 2- Testing the possibilities of recycling some 2- Testing the possibilities of recycling some sugar industry by products (filter mud cake and sugar industry by products (filter mud cake and vinasse in different rates) when used as seedbed vinasse in different rates) when used as seedbed materials in the desert soils compared with Nile materials in the desert soils compared with Nile sediments. sediments. 3-To evaluate soil salinity under the drippers as 3-To evaluate soil salinity under the drippers as influenced by the seedbed materials and methods influenced by the seedbed materials and methods of its applicationof its application..

An infrastructure that can process An infrastructure that can process sugarcane wastes (filter mud cake and sugarcane wastes (filter mud cake and vinasse) into value-added products vinasse) into value-added products that are economical to transport, easy that are economical to transport, easy to apply, and adaptable to a wider to apply, and adaptable to a wider variety of cropping system is likely to variety of cropping system is likely to evolve.evolve. An example might include the An example might include the production of fertilizer blocks that has production of fertilizer blocks that has been enriched with commercial been enriched with commercial fertilizers, giving a higher analysis fertilizers, giving a higher analysis material suitable for use in fruit material suitable for use in fruit cultivation as a seedbed amendments cultivation as a seedbed amendments in newly reclaimed desert soilsin newly reclaimed desert soils..

More than 12 million tons of sugar cane More than 12 million tons of sugar cane are milled annually through eight sugar are milled annually through eight sugar factories extend along four Governorates in factories extend along four Governorates in Upper Egypt. Upper Egypt. Beside sugar, which is the main product of Beside sugar, which is the main product of this industry, some other by-products are this industry, some other by-products are produced in a huge quantities. Between produced in a huge quantities. Between these by-products Bagasse and Molasses these by-products Bagasse and Molasses are used as raw materials for some other are used as raw materials for some other industries.industries. On the other hand, Filter mud cake, On the other hand, Filter mud cake, vinasse and bagasse ash are final by-vinasse and bagasse ash are final by-product which if not wisely used, will exert product which if not wisely used, will exert many hazardous effects on the many hazardous effects on the environmentenvironment..

MaterialsMaterials

This experiment was conducted in wadi-El-This experiment was conducted in wadi-El-Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on a site Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on a site irrigated using drip irrigation system during irrigated using drip irrigation system during the period 1997-2000. the period 1997-2000. The drip irrigation system was established The drip irrigation system was established so that laterals were put at 4 m apart and so that laterals were put at 4 m apart and drippers on each lateral were fixed at 8 m of drippers on each lateral were fixed at 8 m of each other. Two self-compensated drippers each other. Two self-compensated drippers (4 L/h discharge) per tree were used(4 L/h discharge) per tree were used..

In this experiment, three formulas In this experiment, three formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer of different of Tcamolia fertilizer of different vinasse content (50, 25 and vinasse content (50, 25 and 12.5%) were prepared by mixing 12.5%) were prepared by mixing the dry filer mud cake (FMC) with the dry filer mud cake (FMC) with the corresponding amount of the corresponding amount of vinassevinasse

The aforementioned organo-mineral fertilizers were compressed after preparation in blocks of 20x20x12.5 cm.

Each block has a weight of approximately 3 kg.

Table (1):Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the experiment.

Soil depth

Mechanical analysisTextur

e grade

pH(1:1)

Ec (mmhos) (1:1)

CaCO3 % Clay

%Salt%

Sand %

(0-40 cm)

2.205.1092.70Sandy7.79.618.15

Table (2):Chemical analysis of irrigation water used to irrigate olive experiment.

pH

ECSoluble cation meq/LSoluble anions

meq/LSAR

dSm-1ppmK+Na+Ca++Mg++CO3-HCO3

-Cl-

8.131.911222

0.205

10.65

3.843.361.04

2.86135.61

•The seedbed material treatments The seedbed material treatments could be summarized as followscould be summarized as follows::

•11 - -Filter mud cake. Filter mud cake. 2- Tacamolia 12.5% vinasse2- Tacamolia 12.5% vinasse

•33 - -Tacamolia 25% vinasse..Tacamolia 25% vinasse..4- Tacamolia 50% vinasse.4- Tacamolia 50% vinasse.5- Nile sediments (control).5- Nile sediments (control).Chemical composition of the Chemical composition of the Tacamolia fertilizers is presented in Tacamolia fertilizers is presented in Table (3). Some chemical analysis of Table (3). Some chemical analysis of Nile sediments is presented in Table Nile sediments is presented in Table (4)(4)..

Table (3): Composition of the experimental materials.

Treatments

pH(1:10)

EC(1:10

)

Macro-nutrients %

Micro-nutrients ppm

NP2O5K2OFeMnZnCu

Filter mud cake (FMC)

6.273.322.504.580.421186326158

165

Tcamolia,12.5% V

7.405.622.475.611.691240451161

187

Tcamolia, 25% V7.325.872.677.551.931260456185

192

Tcamolia, 50% V6.506.372.808.012.651280499190

200

V: Vinasse pH = 4.5 Ec = 40 mmhos/cmContains 1.02% N, 0.30% P2O5 and 2.10% K2O

1129 ppm Fe, 51 ppm Mn, 65 ppm Zn and 13 ppm Cu.

Table (4):Chemical analysis of Nile sediments.

Treatment

pH (1:1

)

ECe (1:1

)

Total N%

Available ppm

DTPA-extractable

ppm

PKFeMnZnCu

Nile sediments

7.881.980.611227711180.80.2

Table (5):Amounts of irrigation water (L/day) applied to olive trees during three successive years.

Month

Growth year

199719981999

January-2025

February-2025

March-3040

April-4050

May-4050

June-4050

July-4050

August304050

September204050

October203025

November102040

December102020

Total amounts m3/tree/year2.711.414.25

Total amounts m3/fed./year (131 tree)

353.71493.41866.75

Seed Seed ––bed materials were bed materials were applied in two rates; 6 and 9 kg applied in two rates; 6 and 9 kg per hole (2 or 3 blocks per hole, per hole (2 or 3 blocks per hole, respectively). respectively). Two methods of application Two methods of application were followed. The blocks were were followed. The blocks were witted and the material was witted and the material was either covered directly with either covered directly with sand coming out from the hole sand coming out from the hole (without mixing), or it was (without mixing), or it was mixed with this sand completely mixed with this sand completely in the hole before planting (with in the hole before planting (with mixing).mixing).

The relative increase in plant The relative increase in plant growth was calculated depending growth was calculated depending on the difference between 1997 on the difference between 1997 and 1998 seasons.and 1998 seasons. After pruning in 1998, data After pruning in 1998, data measurements were repeated in measurements were repeated in 1999 growth season.1999 growth season. The relative increase in growth The relative increase in growth parameters were calculated using parameters were calculated using the values of 1998 as an initial the values of 1998 as an initial datadata..

In this experiment three different In this experiment three different formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer were formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer were prepared differed only in vinasse ratio prepared differed only in vinasse ratio to filter mud cake as follows: 50, 25 to filter mud cake as follows: 50, 25 and 12.5% and enriched with 50 and 12.5% and enriched with 50 kg/ton each from superphosphate, kg/ton each from superphosphate, potassium sulfate and sulfur.potassium sulfate and sulfur. These three formulas were compared These three formulas were compared with filter mud and Nile sediments, as with filter mud and Nile sediments, as seedbeds for olive seedlings. seedbeds for olive seedlings. The Tcamolia fertilizers were The Tcamolia fertilizers were prepared as compressed blocks of prepared as compressed blocks of three kilograms eachthree kilograms each..

Another objective of this Another objective of this experiment was to evaluate the experiment was to evaluate the effect of two rates (2 and 3 effect of two rates (2 and 3 blocks) and two methods of blocks) and two methods of application mixed with soil and application mixed with soil and non-mixed of the different non-mixed of the different seedbed amendments used to seedbed amendments used to raise olive trees in the desert area raise olive trees in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti using drip of Wadi El-Assiuti using drip irrigation systemsirrigation systems..

Table (6):The separate effect of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of some growth parameters of olive young trees.

Treatments

Relative increase (%) in growth season

1997/981998/99

Branch height

Branch diamet

er

No. of lateral

branches

Branch height

Branch diamet

er

No. of lateral

branches

1- Filter-Mud Cake

718181234362

2-Tcamolia,12.5%

V

728279234363

3- Tcamolia, 25% V

768285244268

4- Tcamolia, 50% V

758585244367

5- Nile Sediments687471193756

F-test*******-*

LSD 0.054554ns8

V : Vinasse.

Table (7):Separate effect of the rate and methods of application of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of some growth parameters of olive young

trees.

Treatments

Relative increase (%) in growth season

1997/981998/99

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branches

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branches

Rate of application

-2 Blocks application (6 kg)

708181234162

-3 Blocks application (9 kg)

758079234365

F-test**-----

LSD 0.052nsnsnsnsns

Methods of application

- Mixed748081213961

- Not-mixed718179244465

F-test**--*--

LSD 0.052nsns3nsns

The role of seedbed amendments in The role of seedbed amendments in supplying plant nutrients and water supplying plant nutrients and water conservation will be more noticeable conservation will be more noticeable as the root system grow more and as the root system grow more and explore more area in the soil. The explore more area in the soil. The relative increase in growth relative increase in growth parameters were more than 70% in parameters were more than 70% in the first season of 97/98, while it the first season of 97/98, while it was far below this value in the was far below this value in the second growth season 98/99. This second growth season 98/99. This holds true either for rates or holds true either for rates or methods of application of the methods of application of the different seedbed amendmentsdifferent seedbed amendments..

Mixing filter mud cake with the soil Mixing filter mud cake with the soil reduces salinity in the soil profile either reduces salinity in the soil profile either vertically or horizontally to reach a vertically or horizontally to reach a minimum of 1.0 mmhos/cm at 40 cm of minimum of 1.0 mmhos/cm at 40 cm of both directions. Maximum salinity did both directions. Maximum salinity did not exceed 4.0 mmhos/cm at the surface not exceed 4.0 mmhos/cm at the surface and 30 cm away from the dripper.and 30 cm away from the dripper. In comparison with adding filter mud in In comparison with adding filter mud in blocks without mixing with the soil, it blocks without mixing with the soil, it could be observed that a minimum of could be observed that a minimum of 0.5-mmhos/cm salinity was observed in 0.5-mmhos/cm salinity was observed in the deep layers 30-40 cm away from the the deep layers 30-40 cm away from the dripper. Maximum salinity reached 9.5 dripper. Maximum salinity reached 9.5 mmhos/cm at the surface 10 cm and mmhos/cm at the surface 10 cm and extended laterally up to 40 cm away extended laterally up to 40 cm away

from the dripperfrom the dripper..

Generally, it was observed that Generally, it was observed that maximum salt concentration was maximum salt concentration was more lower under all types of more lower under all types of seedbed amendments either seedbed amendments either mixed or not with the soil mixed or not with the soil compared with the first year compared with the first year 1997.1997. It seems that continuous It seems that continuous irrigation for two years helped in irrigation for two years helped in moving the salts out of the root-moving the salts out of the root-zone area to give the following zone area to give the following figuresfigures..

MixedNot-mixe

d

Filter mud cake0.7-2.4

1.0-7.0mmhos/cm

Tcamolia, 12.5% vainasse

0.8-2.6

0.8-5.8mmhos/cm

Tcamolia, 25% vinasse

1.0-2.4

2.5-15.7

mmhos/cm

Tcamolia, 50% vinasse

1.2-6.7

1.0-6.3mmhos/cm

Nile sediments0.8-7.2

0.8-3.6mmhos/cm

Salt distribution in soil profile in the second year 1998

The aforementioned discussions means that The aforementioned discussions means that mixing the seedbed amendments with the mixing the seedbed amendments with the soil before planting olive seedlings is soil before planting olive seedlings is preferable compared with the application preferable compared with the application without mixing from the standpoint of salt without mixing from the standpoint of salt accumulation. Increasing the duration of accumulation. Increasing the duration of the experiments up to 3 years diluted the experiments up to 3 years diluted salinity in the root zone area which means salinity in the root zone area which means that salts might moved down and or out this that salts might moved down and or out this area (40x50 cm) through irrigation water. area (40x50 cm) through irrigation water. As irrigation water was delivered to the soil As irrigation water was delivered to the soil through the drip system, the movement of through the drip system, the movement of salts will not be far enough with increasing salts will not be far enough with increasing the age of the orchards. The point needs the age of the orchards. The point needs further investigationfurther investigation..

•Thank youThank you