IV. ULUSLARARASI AMBALAJ KONGRESIV. ULUSLARARASI AMBALAJ KONGRESİİ VE VE SERGSERGİİSSİİ

08 08 -- 11 ARALIK 2005KONAK11 ARALIK 2005KONAK––İİZMZMİİRR

Recycling of Glass and Paper Wastes

B. BILITEWSKI; E. ERDIN; E. Y. KÜÇÜKGÜL

nn Recycling of Recycling of GlasGlas and Paper Wastesand Paper Wastesnn Prof.Dr. Bernd Prof.Dr. Bernd BilitewskiBilitewski; Prof. Dr. ; Prof. Dr. ErtuErtuğğrulrul ErdinErdin; ;

Yard.DoYard.Doçç.Dr.Dr. Enver . Enver YaserYaser KKüçüüçükgkgüüllnn abfall@rcs.urz.tuabfall@rcs.urz.tu--dresden.dedresden.de ; ;

ertugrul.erdin@deu.edu.trertugrul.erdin@deu.edu.trnn Technische UniversitTechnische Universitäät Dresden Institut ft Dresden Institut füür r

Abfallwirtschaft und AltlastenAbfallwirtschaft und Altlastennn PratzschwitzerPratzschwitzer StraStraßßee 15, 01796 15, 01796 PirnaPirna, Germany, Germanynn Dokuz EylDokuz Eylüül l ÜÜniversitesi niversitesi MMüühendislikhendislik FakFaküültesiltesi

ÇÇevreevre MMüühendislihendisliğğii BBööllüümmüü KaynaklarKaynaklar KampusuKampusu ––BucaBuca /IZMIR , Turkey/IZMIR , Turkey

İİççindekilerindekilernn ÖÖZETZETnn CamlarCamlarıın Geri Kazann Geri Kazanıılmaslmasıınn KaKağığıtt ve ve KartonunKartonun Geri Geri KazanKazanıılmaslmasıınn DSD DSD SistemiSistemi İİlele ToplananToplanan HafifHafif AmbalajAmbalaj AtAtııklarklarıınnıınn Geri Geri

KazanKazanıılmaslmasıınn OptibagOptibag SistemiSistemi İİlele 35 35 µµm den m den DahaDaha İİncence Olan Olan ÇÇeeşşitliitli

RenklerdeRenklerde BulunanBulunan PlastiklarinPlastiklarin EvselEvsel KatKatıı AtAtııklarklarıınnArasArasıındanndan AyrAyrıılmaslmasıı

nn IsIsııll DeDeğğerieri YYüüksekksek EvselEvsel KatKatıı AtAtııklardanklardan KatkKatkıı YakYakııttÜÜretimiretimi

nn SONUSONUÇÇ

nn ÖÖzetzetnn OluOluşşanan dedeğğerlierli atatııklarklarıı, , biyoorganikbiyoorganik atatııklarklarıı ve ve kalkalııntntıı

çöçöpleri/atpleri/atııklarklarıı kaynakaynağığındanda ayrayrıı biriktirmekbiriktirmek ve ve toplamaktoplamak katkatııatatııkk dedeğğerledirilmesierledirilmesi iiççinin en en babaşştata gelengelen şşartlardanartlardan biridirbiridir..

nn AlmanyaAlmanya dada 1992 den 1992 den beriberi camlarcamlarıınn yaygyaygıınn birbir şşekildeekilde ayrayrııtoplanmastoplanmasıınnıınn randrandıımanmanıı %85 e %85 e ulaulaşşmmışışttıırr. . RenklerineRenklerine gore gore ve ve temiztemiz olarakolarak ayrayrıı toplanmastoplanmasıı cam cam sanayindesanayinde geligelişşmeleremeleresebepsebep olmuolmuşşdurdur. .

nn AlmanyaAlmanya dada ambalajambalaj atatııklarklarıınnıınn %75 i, %75 i, grafikgrafik kakağığıttatatııklarklarıınnıınn %85 i %85 i gerigeri kazankazanıılmaktadlmaktadıırr. Bu . Bu oranlaraoranlaraulaulaşşabilmekabilmek ve ve sabitsabit tutabilmektutabilmek iiççinin kakağığıtlartlarıı olbildiolbildiğğinceincetemiztemiz , , kirletilmedenkirletilmeden toplanmastoplanmasıı gerekmektedirgerekmektedir. El . El ileileayayııklamanklamanıınn randrandıımanmanıı kikişşii babaşışınana 0,70,7--1,2 ton/1,2 ton/kikişşii. . saatsaatcivarcivarıındadndadıırr. .

nn ReRennksizksiz camlarcamlarıınn otomatikotomatik olarakolarak ayayıırrıılmaslmasıınnıınnrandrandıımanmanıı 99,799,7--99,8 99,8 oranoranıı civarcivarıındadndadıırr. .

nn OtomatikOtomatik olarakolarak ambalajambalaj atatııklarklarıınnıı , , kakağığıt/kartonut/kartonuayayııranran tesislertesisler AlmanyaAlmanya dada babaşşararııllıı birbir şşekildeekildeççalalışışmaktadmaktadıırr. Bu . Bu tarztarz tesislertesisler ççokok yoyoğğunun sermayesermayegerektirdigerektirdiğğii iiççinin de de ancakancak , , nufusnufus yoyoğğunluunluğğuu ççokokyyüüksekksek olanolan yerlerdeyerlerde , , bbüüyyüükk şşehirlerdeehirlerde ininşşaaaaedilmesiedilmesi tavsiyetavsiye edilmektediredilmektedir. .

nn Elle Elle ayayıırmarma ve ve ayayııklamaklama halahala yaygyaygıınn kullankullanııllıırrdurumdaddurumdadıırr. . FakatFakat ççokok yavayavaşş tempodatempoda yyüürrüümektedirmektedir. . Bu Bu nedenlenedenle de de mekanikmekanik ve ve otomatikotomatik ayayııklmaklmatesisleritesisleri geligelişştirilmitirilmişştir.Elletir.Elle ayayıırmadanrmadan ççokok dahadahaefektifefektif ççalalışışmaktadmaktadıır.Ancakr.Ancak ambalajambalaj atatııklarklarıınnıı, , kakağığıtlartlarıı , , camlarcamlarıı otomatikotomatik ayayııranran tesislertesisler teknolojiteknolojive ve sermayesermaye yoyoğğunun olduolduğğuu iiççinin, , nufusunufusu yoyoğğunun olanolankentlerdekentlerde kurulmalkurulmalııddıırr..

nn OptibagOptibag __SistemiSistemi ileile plastikplastik atatııklarklarıınnıınnrenklerinerenklerine , , fraksiyonlarfraksiyonlarıınana , , kalkalıınlnlııklarklarıınanagore gore ayrayrıılmaslmasıı mmüümkmküündndüürr. . AyAyııklamaklama sistemisistemiambalajambalaj torbalartorbalarıınnıı, , kaplarkaplarıınnıı renklerinerenklerine gore gore ayayıırabilenrabilen renkrenk sensorlarsensorlarıı prensibineprensibinedayanmaktaddayanmaktadıırr. . SisteminSistemin 66--7 7 fraksiyonufraksiyonuayayıırabilmerabilme öözellizelliğğii vardvardıırr..

CamlarCamlarıın Geri Kazann Geri Kazanıılmaslmasıı

nn %85 %85 oranoranıındanda gerigeri toplanantoplanan camlarcamlarıınnsaflsaflııklarklarıınnıı etkileyenetkileyen yabancyabancıı maddelermaddeler iseisepencerepencere camlarcamlarıı, , ampampüüllerller , , öözelzel camlarcamlar ve cam ve cam ddışıışı olanlarolanlar dada : : sermiksermik, , tataşş, , porselenporselen, , ttııpapa, , etiketetiket, , v.bv.b maddelerdirmaddelerdir..

TabloTablo 1 de cam 1 de cam sanayininsanayinin ayrayrıı toplanmtoplanmışış camlardacamlardaistedikleriistedikleri saflsaflııkk oranoranıınnıınn son 25 son 25 yyııldalda nasnasııll

dedeğğiişşdidiğğiniini ggöörmekrmek mmüümkmküündndüürr....

1015

1015

1510

green glassimpurities of brown <impurities of white <

35

35

105

brown glassimpurities of green <impurities of white <

12-

12-

0,0050,01002

white glassimpurities of green <impurities of brown <impurities of colored white <

22-Water content <

[%][%][%]impurities max.

500500500org. matter <

555Ferrous metals

51

51

Aluminum <lead <

15Nonferrous metals <

2550100Ceramic, stones, porcelain <

[g/Mg][g/Mg][g/Mg]impurities max.

199419921977Year

Tab. 1 Impurities and quality demand by glass manufactures over time for container glass

nn ŞŞekilekil 1 de 1 de ççokok yaygyaygıınn uygulananuygulanan yaryarıı otomatikotomatikcam cam ayayıırmarma tesisitesisi ggöörrüülmektedir.Glmektedir.Güünnüümmüüzzüünnstandartstandartıınnıı yakalamakyakalamak iiççinin saflsaflııkk oranoranıı yyüüksekksekddüüzeydezeyde ayayııranran otomatikotomatik ayayıırrııccıı tesisleretesislere ihtiyaihtiyaççvardvardıırr. .

nn BBööyleyle birbir tesistesis şşekilekil 2 de 2 de ggöörrüülmektedirlmektedir. . InfrarujInfrarujışıışıklakla yaya dada optoopto--elektrikselelektriksel sinyallesinyalle faklfaklıırenklerdekirenklerdeki camlarcamlarıı bbüüyyüükk saflsaflııklaklaayayııklamaktadklamaktadıırr. . OtomatikOtomatik““ InfrarujInfraruj ışıışıklakla yaya dadaoptoopto--elektrikselelektriksel sinyalsinyal““ ileile ayayıırmadakirmadaki saflsaflııkkrandmanrandmanıı %99,7 %99,7 ileile %99,8 %99,8 arasarasıındandadedeğğiişşmektedirmektedir..((ŞŞekil 2)ekil 2)

container of diff. colored glass

wheel loaders

conveyer

handpicking conveyer

magnet

impact mill

sieve 25 mm

air hood

magnet

cyclone

> 25 mm

bulky impurities product aluminumplasticspaper

air ferrous metals

waste glass

Fig. 1 Hazemags-separation plant for waste glass

hopper

return conveyor

white glass

qualitycontrol

feeding chute(single file)

feed conveyor

green

brown

ceramic

return from sorting canal cullets unidentified

Fig. 2 schematic picture of an automatic glass sorting machine

KaKağığıtt ve ve KartonunKartonun Geri Geri KazanKazanıılmaslmasıı

nn AlmanyaAlmanya dada 2000 2000 yyııllıındanda 10 921 000 ton 10 921 000 ton ikincilikincilelyafelyaf olarakolarak kakağığıtt üüretilmiretilmişştir.Grafiktir.Grafik kakağığıtlartlarıınnıınn%85 i, %85 i, ambalajambalaj kakağığıtlartlarıınnıınn dada %75 %75 ıı AlmanyaAlmanya dadaayrayrıı toplanmaktadtoplanmaktadıır.Bur.Bu ayrayrıı toplanantoplanan atatııklarklarıınn saflsaflııkkoranoranıınnıınn yyüüksekksek olmasolmasıı ççokok öönemlidirnemlidir..

nn KarKarışıışıkk toplanmtoplanmışış kakağığıtlartlar iiççinin en en iyiiyi ayayıırmarma , , ayayııklamaklama yyööntemintemi elemeeleme ve ve elleelle ayayıırmadrmadıırr..

66,5% 19,5%

2,8% 9,9%

1,3%

magazine

office paper

catalogue

advertising

4,2%

9,7%

7,9%

78,2%

packaging, cardboard

other waste papers

impuritiesbeverage container 0,3 %plastic 0,5 %glass 0,4 %metal 0,1 %dirty papers 0,3 %waste 2,6 %

graphic waste papernews 2,5 %advertising news 0,4 %other advertising news 2,4 %magazines 0,7 %office paper 1,5 %catalogue 0,4 %

feed

ballistic seperator cardboard

shredder

air classifierlight fraction

cyclone

heavy fraction

dust filter

magnetair classifier

shredder

air classifierair classifier

cyclone

deinking

filterinert sorting

mixed paper

residue

feed

Fig. 4 Automatic separation plan for paper in deinking quality

Tab. 4Tab. 4 Separation air velocity of card board particles in an Separation air velocity of card board particles in an

airair--classifierclassifier

3,0063,50,50259,841270,033trapezecarton

2,7025,20,30202,38840,017trapezecardboard with torn side

3,7586,00,50430,231720,074trapezeTetra-Pack

3,70310,50,50407,416210,253multicorner

cardboard from deep frozen food

Separationairvelocity(m/s)

volume(mm³)

thickness(mm)

spec.weight(g/m²)

area(mm²)

Weight(g)

formparticle

DeinkingDeinking Technology for Recovered PaperTechnology for Recovered PaperRecovered Paper for Deinking

Pulping

Coarse CleaningCoarse Screening

1st Flotation

Fine CleaningFine Screening

Dewatering

Disperger Bleaching

2nd Flotation

Post-Bleaching

Substance Recycling, Thermal Utilizationor Final Disposal

PMWhite Water

DIP

WhiteWater

Rejects

DSD DSD SistemiSistemi İİlele ToplananToplanan HafifHafifAmbalajAmbalaj AtAtııklarklarıınnıınn Geri Geri KazanKazanıılmaslmasıı

nn ŞŞuu andaanda 2250 50 ninnin üüzerindezerinde DSDDSD--hafifhafif ambalajambalajatatııklarklarıınnıı ayayııklayanklayan tesistesis vardvardıır.Tamr.Tam otomatikotomatik ççalalışışananSORTEC 3.0 SORTEC 3.0 teknolojisiteknolojisi üçüç aaşşamadanamadan oluoluşşmaktadmaktadıırr. . 1. 1. aaşşamaama : : kurukuru--mekanikmekanik öönaynayııklamaklama, 2. , 2. yayaşşmekanikmekanikhazhazıırlamarlama ,3. plastic ,3. plastic iişşlemlerilemleri ....

nn Bu Bu iişşlemlem ssıırasrasıındanda kakağığıtt, , kartonkarton , , plastikplastik aluminyumaluminyum, , ççelikelik gibigibi anaana malzememalzeme gruplargruplarıı birbirindenbirbirindenayrayrıılmaktadlmaktadıırr..

nn ŞŞekilekil de de ggöörmekrmek mmüümkmküündndüürr::

Bag opening Drum sieve Air separator

Optical sorting Magnet separatorHeavy fraction Lightweight

fraction

Heavy fraction

Lightweightfraction

pulper pulperParallel washing and pulping steps

Eddy currentsepartor

ShreddingRemoval of heavy fraction

Centrifuge

Agglomerator Extruder Extruder

PETBeveragecartons Tinplate

paper fibres

2. Wetmechanicalpreparation

Aluminium

Centrifuge Centrifuge

PO PS PE

3. Plasticsprocessing

fines

1. Dry mechanical presorting

OptibagOptibag SistemiSistemi İİlele 35 35 µµm den m den DahaDaha İİncence Olan Olan ÇÇeeşşitliitli RenklerdeRenklerde BulunanBulunan PlastiklarinPlastiklarin EvselEvsel

KatKatıı AtAtııklarklarıınn ArasArasıındanndan AyrAyrıılmaslmasıı

nn SistemSistem her her rengirengi birbir fraksiyonfraksiyon olarakolarak kabulkabul edereder ve 7 ve 7 fraksiyonfraksiyon kapsitesinekapsitesine sahiptirsahiptir. O . O haldehalde plastiklerplastiklerrenklerinerenklerine gore gore ayrayrııllıırr ve ve konteynerlerdekonteynerlerde toplantoplanıırr, , biriktirilir.Abiriktirilir.Aççıılmamlmamışış paketlerpaketler, , torbalartorbalar dada sisteminsisteminsonunasonuna kadarkadar iletiliriletilir , , iişşlemlem ggöörmedenrmeden yakmayakma tesisinetesisineggöönderileceknderilecek plastiplastikk biriktirmebiriktirme konteynerindekonteynerinde toplantoplanıırr

IsIsııll DeDeğğerieri YYüüksekksek EvselEvsel KatKatııAtAtııklardanklardan KatkKatkıı YakYakııtt ÜÜretimiretimi

nn KatkKatkıı yakyakııtt piyasaspiyasasıı ggüünnüümmüüzdezde geligelişşmimişştirtir. . BununBununpiyasaspiyasasıındanda dada üçüç sasaçç ayaayağığı vardvardıırr: : katkkatkıı yakyakııtt üüretenlerretenler, , katkkatkıı yakyakııttıı kullananlarkullananlar, , denetleyendenetleyen kurumkurum ((otoriteotorite))

nn KatkKatkıı yakyakııttıınn kalitekalite standartstandartıınnıı otoriteotorite kurumkurum ortayaortaya koyarkoyar , , üüretenreten de de kullanankullanan dada bunabuna uyaruyar..

nn ToplumToplum ççııkarkarıınnıı, , ççevreevre ççııkarkarıınn öönn plandaplanda tutantutan otoriteotorite de de onaona gore gore ssıınnıırr dedeğğerlererler ortayaortaya koyarkoyar..

nn TabloTablo dada katkkatkıı yakyakııttıınnıınn öözelliklerinizelliklerini ortayaortaya koyankoyanparametrelerparametreler ve ve ssıınnıırr dedeğğerlerierleri ggöörrüülmektedirlmektedir. . ((Tab. 6 Tab. 6 Survey of quality standards for substitute fuelsSurvey of quality standards for substitute fuels))

n.a.n.a.1 % by weightCl

k.A.168Zn

1,5146,7V

0,150,120,15Tl

0,4k.A.0,04Te

7,550,40,4Sn

0,50,20,2Se

3,020,20,07Sb

12,588k.A.Pb

7,5543,5Ni

0,050,020,02Hg

35,2143,7Cu

15,094,03,7Cr

0,750,81,2Co

0,50,10,3Cd

0,130,20,13Be

0,50,61,9As

mg/MJmg/MJmg/MJ

(13) (Püchel, 1999)(12) (BUWAL, 1998)(11) (LAGA, 1997)

BGS (proposal)German Quality Association for

Secondary FuelsQuality standards for substitute fuels

BUWALFederal Office for Environment,

Forest and LandscapeSwiss guideline of waste disposal in cement kilns

LAGA (proposal)Working Group on Waste by the

German BundesländerCriteria for energetic utilisation in cement kilns

ConclusionConclusion

nn To meet the new standards of color separated glass it is necessaTo meet the new standards of color separated glass it is necessary to use an ry to use an automatic separation unit to segregate glass in different colorsautomatic separation unit to segregate glass in different colors and separate and separate ceramic, porcelain and stones as well. The main separation proceceramic, porcelain and stones as well. The main separation process for ss for collected mixed waste paper is sieving and handpicking. collected mixed waste paper is sieving and handpicking.

nn The economic disposal of the rejects, energy recovery from them The economic disposal of the rejects, energy recovery from them or their or their use for material recycling are preuse for material recycling are pre--requisites for a further DIP application in requisites for a further DIP application in paper productspaper products

nn The sorted bags are delivered to bag openers, and containers or The sorted bags are delivered to bag openers, and containers or directly into directly into an incineration plant, biogas plant, and one or several fractionan incineration plant, biogas plant, and one or several fractions of s of recyclable material to existing sorting plantsrecyclable material to existing sorting plants

nn Up to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed slowlUp to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed slowly. It is y. It is essentially influenced by three participating groups, the producessentially influenced by three participating groups, the producer of er of substitute fuels, the users of substitute fuels and the approvinsubstitute fuels, the users of substitute fuels and the approving authoritiesg authorities

•SONUÇ

SONUSONUÇÇ

nn SaflSaflııkk oranoranıı yyüüksekksek olanolan birbir orandaoranda ççeeşşitliitli renkdekirenkdeki camlarcamlarıı ayayıırmakrmakve ve iiççindekiindeki seramikseramik, , porselenporselen , , tataşş v.sv.s gibigibi yabanyabanıı mddelerdenmddelerden de de ayayııklamakklamak iiççinin otomatikotomatik ayayıırmayarmaya ihtiyaihtiyaçç vardvardıırr..

nn KarKarışıışıkk toplanmtoplanmışış kakağığıtt atatııklarklarıı iiççinin de de eleklemeelekleme ve ve elleelle ayayıırmarma halahalaöönemnem arzetmektedir.arzetmektedir.

nn İşİşlemlem kalkalııntntıılarlarıındanndan dada yararlanarakyararlanarak bertarafbertaraf etmeketmek iiççinin onlaronlarıınn ııssıılldedeğğerindenerinden yararlanyararlanıılaraklarak yakyakııtata ççevrimekevrimek gerekmektedir.Katkgerekmektedir.Katkıı yakyakııtt(BRAM, (BRAM, RDF,etcRDF,etc).).

nn PlastikPlastik kaplarkaplar, , torbalartorbalar 7 7 rengerenge kadarkadar ayrayrıılabilirlabilir, , geriyegeriye kalankalanayrayrıılamayanlamayan ayayııklanamayanlarklanamayanlar dada dodoğğrudanrudan yakmayakma tesisinetesisineggöönderilebilmektedirnderilebilmektedir..

nn KatkKatkıı yakyakııtt piyasaspiyasasıı dada artartııkk geligelişşmektedirmektedir. . KonulanKonulan standartlarastandartlara gore gore üüreticilerinreticilerin üüretmesiretmesi gerekmektedirgerekmektedir..

SummarySummary

nn Since 1992 the start of separate collection of Since 1992 the start of separate collection of glass the recycling quote amounts up to around glass the recycling quote amounts up to around 85 % today. 85 % today.

nn To achieve good glass quality the demand of To achieve good glass quality the demand of low impurities and separate collected colors low impurities and separate collected colors were brought forward by glass factories.were brought forward by glass factories.

nn The purity of an automatic separation unit for The purity of an automatic separation unit for white glass is approx 99,7 % white glass is approx 99,7 % -- 99,8 %99,8 %

IntroductionIntroduction

nn The basic precondition of recycling is the separate The basic precondition of recycling is the separate collection of production wastes, used products and collection of production wastes, used products and organic waste from residual waste. The form of organic waste from residual waste. The form of collection and the used logistics of the collected collection and the used logistics of the collected material have significant effects on the quality of the material have significant effects on the quality of the secondary materials, the economics and the secondary materials, the economics and the environmental burdens.environmental burdens.

impurities from glassimpurities from glassnn glass from windows, lamp and special glass glass from windows, lamp and special glass

productsproductsnn wrong colorswrong colors

impuritiesimpuritiesnn Ceramic, stones, porcelainCeramic, stones, porcelainnn top openings, cork, etiquettestop openings, cork, etiquettesnn containing mattercontaining matter

Ceramic, stones, porcelain are important to be limited Ceramic, stones, porcelain are important to be limited in the melting process. Also ferrous and nonferrous in the melting process. Also ferrous and nonferrous metals are disturbing the melting process and metals are disturbing the melting process and particles can be particles can be capsuledcapsuled in the glass product, which in the glass product, which makes it easy breakable. makes it easy breakable. Table 1Table 1 show the changing show the changing accepted impurities over the last 25 years by glass accepted impurities over the last 25 years by glass manufactures.manufactures.

The particle size distribution of shredded glass has an The particle size distribution of shredded glass has an impact on the heat transfer in the melting process. impact on the heat transfer in the melting process. Table 2Table 2 show the target demand of the glass show the target demand of the glass manufacturing industries and the size distribution of manufacturing industries and the size distribution of two different types of shredder.two different types of shredder.

1015

1015

1510

green glassimpurities of brown <impurities of white <

35

35

105

brown glassimpurities of green <impurities of white <

12-

12-

0,0050,01002

white glassimpurities of green <impurities of brown <impurities of colored white <

22-Water content <

[%][%][%]impurities max.

500500500org. matter <

555Ferrous metals

51

51

Aluminum <lead <

15Nonferrous metals <

2550100Ceramic, stones, porcelain <

[g/Mg][g/Mg][g/Mg]impurities max.

199419921977Year

Tab. 1 Impurities and quality demand by glass manufactures over time for container glass

Tab. 2 Particle size distribution of impact and hammer mill in cTab. 2 Particle size distribution of impact and hammer mill in comparison of the omparison of the

demanded targetdemanded target

3 %7 %23 %16,0 – 25,0

44 %26 %45 %8,0 – 16,0

40 %41 %22 %3,15 – 8,0

10 %21 %7 %1,0 – 3,15

3 %5 %3 %0-1,0

hammer millimpactTargetParticle size

container of diff. colored glass

wheel loaders

conveyer

handpicking conveyer

magnet

impact mill

sieve 25 mm

air hood

magnet

cyclone

> 25 mm

bulky impurities product aluminumplasticspaper

air ferrous metals

waste glass

Fig. 1 Hazemags-separation plant for waste glass

hopper

return conveyor

white glass

qualitycontrol

feeding chute(single file)

feed conveyor

green

brown

ceramic

return from sorting canal cullets unidentified

Fig. 2 schematic picture of an automatic glass sorting machine

nn The efficiency of the automatic glass sorting The efficiency of the automatic glass sorting depend on:depend on:

nn amount impurities to be separated;amount impurities to be separated;nn particle size distribution (very small cullet are particle size distribution (very small cullet are

difficult)difficult)nn an exact feed in single file to the optical sensoran exact feed in single file to the optical sensornn successful collection in dropsuccessful collection in drop--off or curb side off or curb side

system in separate colorssystem in separate colors

2. Recycling of Paper and Card Board2. Recycling of Paper and Card Boardnn In 2000 in Germany approx. 60 % of the input of the In 2000 in Germany approx. 60 % of the input of the

produced paper, a total of 10,921produced paper, a total of 10,921 Mio Mg, are secondary Mio Mg, are secondary fibrefibre. . Table 3 show the development of different recycling quotes of Table 3 show the development of different recycling quotes of the main paper products. Roughly 85 % of the graphical paper the main paper products. Roughly 85 % of the graphical paper and 75 % of the packaging paper used in German households and 75 % of the packaging paper used in German households are separately collected. To achieve these recycling quotes it iare separately collected. To achieve these recycling quotes it is s necessary to collect paper as clean as possible and to improve necessary to collect paper as clean as possible and to improve the separation process.the separation process.

nn The main separation process for collected mixed waste paper The main separation process for collected mixed waste paper is sieving and handpicking. In a normal dropis sieving and handpicking. In a normal drop--off container 35 off container 35 % of the waste paper will be card board 60 % % of the waste paper will be card board 60 % deinkingdeinking quality quality and approx. 5 % impurities. The productivity of handpicking is and approx. 5 % impurities. The productivity of handpicking is 0,7 0,7 –– 1,2 Mg per worker and hour.1,2 Mg per worker and hour.

nn As soon as you collect graphical paper and packaging paper in As soon as you collect graphical paper and packaging paper in separate dropseparate drop--off containers the content changes dramatically off containers the content changes dramatically to better qualities, so that graphical paper can be accepted to better qualities, so that graphical paper can be accepted without any sorting process, as shown in figure 3.without any sorting process, as shown in figure 3.

66,5% 19,5%

2,8% 9,9%

1,3%

magazine

office paper

catalogue

advertising

4,2%

9,7%

7,9%

78,2%

packaging, cardboard

other waste papers

impuritiesbeverage container 0,3 %plastic 0,5 %glass 0,4 %metal 0,1 %dirty papers 0,3 %waste 2,6 %

graphic waste papernews 2,5 %advertising news 0,4 %other advertising news 2,4 %magazines 0,7 %office paper 1,5 %catalogue 0,4 %

feed

ballistic seperator cardboard

shredder

air classifierlight fraction

cyclone

heavy fraction

dust filter

magnetair classifier

shredder

air classifierair classifier

cyclone

deinking

filterinert sorting

mixed paper

residue

feed

Fig. 4 Automatic separation plan for paper in deinking quality

Tab. 4Tab. 4 Separation air velocity of card board particles in an Separation air velocity of card board particles in an

airair--classifierclassifier

3,0063,50,50259,841270,033trapezecarton

2,7025,20,30202,38840,017trapezecardboard with torn side

3,7586,00,50430,231720,074trapezeTetra-Pack

3,70310,50,50407,416210,253multicorner

cardboard from deep frozen food

Separationairvelocity(m/s)

volume(mm³)

thickness(mm)

spec.weight(g/m²)

area(mm²)

Weight(g)

formparticle

DeinkingDeinking Technology for Recovered PaperTechnology for Recovered PaperRecovered Paper for Deinking

Pulping

Coarse CleaningCoarse Screening

1st Flotation

Fine CleaningFine Screening

Dewatering

Disperger Bleaching

2nd Flotation

Post-Bleaching

Substance Recycling, Thermal Utilizationor Final Disposal

PMWhite Water

DIP

WhiteWater

Rejects

Recycling of Light Weight Packaging form the Green Dot Recycling of Light Weight Packaging form the Green Dot SystemSystem

nn At present more then 250 sorting plants in At present more then 250 sorting plants in Germany are involved in sorting lightweight Germany are involved in sorting lightweight packaging collected by the DSD or green dot. packaging collected by the DSD or green dot.

nn The fully automatic SORTEC 3.0 process is The fully automatic SORTEC 3.0 process is divided into three steps: divided into three steps:

1.1. Dry mechanical preDry mechanical pre--sorting, sorting, 2.2. wet mechanical preparation and wet mechanical preparation and

3.3. plastics processingplastics processing

Bag opening Drum sieve Air separator

Optical sorting Magnet separatorHeavy fraction Lightweight

fraction

Heavy fraction

Lightweightfraction

pulper pulperParallel washing and pulping steps

Eddy currentsepartor

ShreddingRemoval of heavy fraction

Centrifuge

Agglomerator Extruder Extruder

PETBeveragecartons Tinplate

paper fibres

2. Wetmechanicalpreparation

Aluminium

Centrifuge Centrifuge

PO PS PE

3. Plasticsprocessing

fines

1. Dry mechanical presorting

Secondary raw material and residue in a material balanceSecondary raw material and residue in a material balance

100.0 %Total:

18.5 %Residue (wood, textiles, stones):

23.0 %PO-Agglomerate:

1.5 %PET:

3.5 %PS granulate:

13.0 %PE granulate:

4.0 %Aluminum:

8.0 %Paper fibres:

5.0 %Beverage cartons:

23.5 %Tinplate

New Optical Sorting of Household Waste with New Optical Sorting of Household Waste with OptibagOptibag

nn The nowadays concept of waste collection is the multi bin, one uThe nowadays concept of waste collection is the multi bin, one used for sed for organic waste, one for paper and cardboard, one for packaging, iorganic waste, one for paper and cardboard, one for packaging, in big n big housing areas three bins are for glasses in different colors andhousing areas three bins are for glasses in different colors and the residual the residual waste bin.waste bin.

nn The The OptibagOptibag--System is using plastic bag with a thickness of al least 35 System is using plastic bag with a thickness of al least 35 µµm m and a different color for each fraction. The sorting system is band a different color for each fraction. The sorting system is based on a ased on a color sensor that recognize the color of the bag. Each color corcolor sensor that recognize the color of the bag. Each color corresponds to responds to a fraction. The system has a capacity to handle up to 6a fraction. The system has a capacity to handle up to 6--7 fractions. The 7 fractions. The bags are dumped into existing waste chutes or containers. One trbags are dumped into existing waste chutes or containers. One truck is uck is collecting the mixture of colored bags.collecting the mixture of colored bags.

nn In the recycling plant the optical system identify the color of In the recycling plant the optical system identify the color of the bag and the bag and push them onto a receiving conveyer. If the bag does not fulfillpush them onto a receiving conveyer. If the bag does not fulfill any of the any of the color criteria, or waste that is unpacked, it will continue on tcolor criteria, or waste that is unpacked, it will continue on to the end of the o the end of the conveyer, this material will be sent to landfill or incinerationconveyer, this material will be sent to landfill or incineration. .

RDFRDF--Production from Household WasteProduction from Household Waste

nn Up to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed Up to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed slowly. It is essentially influenced by three participating slowly. It is essentially influenced by three participating groups, the producer of substitute fuels, the users of substitutgroups, the producer of substitute fuels, the users of substitute e fuels and the approving authorities. fuels and the approving authorities.

nn The existing dissent of interest between these groups is clearlyThe existing dissent of interest between these groups is clearlyreflected in the discussion about quality standards for reflected in the discussion about quality standards for substitute fuels. substitute fuels.

nn While the authority represents primarily ecological interests While the authority represents primarily ecological interests and therefore judges quality standards by the emission and therefore judges quality standards by the emission situation and the transfer into different environmental situation and the transfer into different environmental compartments, the producers of substitute fuels are in the role compartments, the producers of substitute fuels are in the role of waste processorsof waste processors..

n.a.n.a.1 % by weightCl

k.A.168Zn

1,5146,7V

0,150,120,15Tl

0,4k.A.0,04Te

7,550,40,4Sn

0,50,20,2Se

3,020,20,07Sb

12,588k.A.Pb

7,5543,5Ni

0,050,020,02Hg

35,2143,7Cu

15,094,03,7Cr

0,750,81,2Co

0,50,10,3Cd

0,130,20,13Be

0,50,61,9As

mg/MJmg/MJmg/MJ

(13) (Püchel, 1999)(12) (BUWAL, 1998)(11) (LAGA, 1997)

BGS (proposal)German Quality Association for

Secondary FuelsQuality standards for substitute fuels

BUWALFederal Office for Environment,

Forest and LandscapeSwiss guideline of waste disposal in cement kilns

LAGA (proposal)Working Group on Waste by the

German BundesländerCriteria for energetic utilisation in cement kilns

ConclusionConclusion

nn To meet the new standards of color separated glass it is necessaTo meet the new standards of color separated glass it is necessary to use an ry to use an automatic separation unit to segregate glass in different colorsautomatic separation unit to segregate glass in different colors and separate and separate ceramic, porcelain and stones as well. The main separation proceceramic, porcelain and stones as well. The main separation process for ss for collected mixed waste paper is sieving and handpicking. collected mixed waste paper is sieving and handpicking.

nn The economic disposal of the rejects, energy recovery from them The economic disposal of the rejects, energy recovery from them or their or their use for material recycling are preuse for material recycling are pre--requisites for a further DIP application in requisites for a further DIP application in paper productspaper products

nn The sorted bags are delivered to bag openers, and containers or The sorted bags are delivered to bag openers, and containers or directly into directly into an incineration plant, biogas plant, and one or several fractionan incineration plant, biogas plant, and one or several fractions of s of recyclable material to existing sorting plantsrecyclable material to existing sorting plants

nn Up to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed slowlUp to today, the market for substitute fuels has developed slowly. It is y. It is essentially influenced by three participating groups, the producessentially influenced by three participating groups, the producer of er of substitute fuels, the users of substitute fuels and the approvinsubstitute fuels, the users of substitute fuels and the approving authoritiesg authorities