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RECONSTRUCTIORECONSTRUCTIONN
Chapter 3Chapter 3
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Reconstruction was….Reconstruction was….The federal government’s The federal government’s
controversialcontroversial effort to effort to 1. repair the damage to the1. repair the damage to the South and South and 2. to restore southern states2. to restore southern states to the Union to the Union
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Timing of ReconstructionTiming of Reconstruction
Lasted from 1865-1877Lasted from 1865-1877
That would be That would be 12 years12 years and involved four and involved four presidents!presidents!
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Physical DamageFarmland, machinery, work
animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed
9,000 miles of railroads2/3 of all shipping
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Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA
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Ruins of a papermill and machinery – Richmond, VA
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Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA
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Ruins of a paper mill w/ waterwheel - Richmond, VA
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Charleston, SCApril 1865
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Charleston, SCApril 1865
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Charleston, SCApril 1865
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Atlanta, GAApril 1865
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Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864
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Physical Damage, cont.Roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure)
Miscellaneous buildings and factories
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Civil War AftermathCivil War Aftermath1.1.Devastating physical toll to the SouthDevastating physical toll to the South2.2.Total human casualties- over 1 millionTotal human casualties- over 1 million3.3.Southern Hardships affectedSouthern Hardships affected
a. Black southernersa. Black southernersb. Plantation ownersb. Plantation ownersc. Poor white southernersc. Poor white southerners
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Death Tolls Northern Death Toll
364,000 deaths
(38,000 were African Americans)
Southern Death Toll
260,000 deaths
1/5th of all adult white males were dead
1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded
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Consider This . . . Consider This . . . Who are the workers in Who are the workers in
the economy?the economy?
What now happens to the What now happens to the women and children?women and children?
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Southern HardshipsFreed Slaves (Freedmen)New life in poor economic areaHomelessHungryUnemployed
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Southern Hardships, cont.Plantation OwnersLoss of slave laborLand was often seized by the
government
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Southern Hardships, cont.Poor White SouthernersCompeting against former slaves
(freedmen) for jobsMany migrated to Mississippi and
Texas for jobs
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Plantation Life ChangesPlantation Life ChangesFreedman now have choice – to Freedman now have choice – to
stay or to leavestay or to leave
Plantation owners now have to Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for laborpay salaries for labor
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Changes in FarmingChanges in Farming Plantations divided up land & Plantations divided up land &
hired people to work ithired people to work it1.1. SharecroppingSharecropping – farmer – farmer
receives a share of the crop @ receives a share of the crop @ harvest time as paymentharvest time as payment
2.2. Tenant FarmingTenant Farming – farmer rents – farmer rents land from planter/land ownerland from planter/land owner
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Effects on the SouthEffects on the South1.1. Changes in Labor Force Changes in Labor Force 2.2. Focus on Cash CropsFocus on Cash Crops3.3. Cycle of DebtCycle of Debt4.4. Rise of MerchantsRise of Merchants
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Reintegrating the South
Problem #1
Determine the role of the freedmen
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Problem #2
Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation
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Problem #3
Determine which branch of government would be
responsible for overseeing reconstruction
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Vocabulary Terms
Pardon – forgiveness of a crime
Amnesty – pardons for a group of people
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Two Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan)
Johnson’s Plan (Presidential
Reconstruction)
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Lincoln’s Plan
1.10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union & free slaves were then given a pardon
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Lincoln’s Plan2.Former Confederates can
run local governments3.10% agreement allowed
full participation in the Union
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Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS
• No role for
freed men
identified
• No guarantee of rights or future
rights
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Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill1.1. Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans in Congress in Congress
disagreed with Lincoln’s plan and disagreed with Lincoln’s plan and created the Wade-Davis Billcreated the Wade-Davis Bill
Primary Concerns with Lincoln’s PlanPrimary Concerns with Lincoln’s Plan
HE DID NOT PUNISH THE HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS!REBELS!
FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY ON SOUTHON SOUTH
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April 1865•Lincoln is assassinated
•13th amendment officially ends slavery in all of the United States
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Lincoln Assassination
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John Wilkes Booth•Famous Actor •Most Handsome Man in the America
•Hated Lincoln & worked as a spy for the south
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April 14, 1865•Booth enters box & shoots Lincoln in the head
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Andrew Johnson, (southern democrat, former slave owner) administered his own new policy
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The Johnson Plan
1.Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath
2.Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands
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Johnson’s Plan
3. Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment
4. Cancelled war debts
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Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS
More generous to the south!
1. Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners
2. Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)
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Consider This . . . Consider This . . . WhoWho are not considered in the are not considered in the
two plans?two plans?
What will the What will the freedmen freedmen do?do?
How did the How did the freedmen’sfreedmen’s lives lives change?change?
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FreedomThe joys of freedom…
Freedom of movement, land ownership, education, etc.
The realities of life…
Food, Clothing and Shelter?
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Freedmen’s BureauDeveloped to help former slavesProvided food, schools, legal help, etcUnpopular with many white southerners
Vetoed by Johnson
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Anger at being forced to submit to the acts of Reconstruction leads to defiance
Fear of loss of power leads to…
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Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes:
The Black CodesNow that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area.1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro.2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area.3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government.4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law.5) Negroes may not serve on juries.6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law.7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person.8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer.9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer.10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.
Black Code Sample
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BLACK CODESset limits on the rights and
opportunities of African Americanshelped planters find workers to replace
freed slavesbarred freedmen from any job but farm
work and unskilled laborSet curfews Punishments for vagrancy (not
working)Radical Republicans in congress see the codes as a way for white southerners to get around the efforts of congress so…
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Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867-passed by radical republicans-state governments declared illegal
-south divided into 5 military districts except Tenn.
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Radical Reconstruction
To rejoin the Union:1. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens the right to vote
2. Elect a new government3. No white southern who served as conf.
soldier/official could vote on new constitution
4. Ratify the 14th Amendment
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Radical Reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1866 – outlawed Black Codes
Johnson vetoed bill BUT…
Congress overrode the veto!
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15th Amendment Grants African Am.
Right to vote Election of 1870 –
many angry white southerners refused to vote
More than 600 African Americans were elected to southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to congress
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Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans passed two laws to
reduce Presidential Power1. The Command of the Army Act
(limits presidential power over the army)2. The Tenure of Office Act (removes
presidential power to fire without Senate approval)
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Impeachment!- Congressional power growing
- Johnson fires Sec. of War
-The House votes to “impeach” Johnson(to accuse of
wrongdoing and bring to trial)
-President escapes removal by only 1 vote
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Impeachment Process1. House of Rep votes for
Impeachment2. Trial held in the Senate w/
Senators as Jury3. Trial run by Chief Justice of
Supreme Court
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Southern Republicans
1. Scalawags – White southern Republicans; most were poor farmers who were against leaving the Union
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2. CarpetbaggersNorthern
Republicans who moved south. Seen as greedy men seeking power and a quick dollar. Most were honest and educated.
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Election of 1868
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Election of 1868Rep – Ulysses GrantDem – Horatio SeymourGrant wins by a narrow victoryWins by “Waving the Bloody
Shirt”
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Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction
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The goal of denying African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive
laborers
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Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate
soldiers Members wore robes and masks to look like
the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.
Popular in the mountain and Piedmont areas of the south
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Ku Klux KlanGradually absorbed other smaller
organizations over timeName from the Greek word kuklos, meaning “circle”
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A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868)
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The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction
By 1870 all Southern States were By 1870 all Southern States were back in the Unionback in the Union
Reconstruction was a dying issueReconstruction was a dying issue
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The End of ReconstructionThe End of ReconstructionWhy did Reconstruction end?Why did Reconstruction end? Heavy taxesHeavy taxes CorruptionCorruption Lack of northern support for racial Lack of northern support for racial
equality equality The Solid South –The Solid South – Southern Southern
Democrats reversed many of the Democrats reversed many of the reformsreforms
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Election of 1876
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Election of 1876Rep – Rutherford B. HayesDem – Samuel Tilden
Tilden wins popular vote BUT a dispute over electoral votes
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Election of 1876The votes for FL, LA, & SC
were in question
Congress chose Hayes!Democrats Outraged!
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The Compromise of 1877
The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops from the Southern States
Hayes’ removal of troops from the south is regarded as
the end of reconstruction!
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Reconstruction Successes
1. Rebuilt Union & Repaired South2. Economic Growth in South3. 13th, 14th, & 15th, Amendments4. Freedmen’s Bureau5. Public Schools - South
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Reconstruction Failures1. African Am Lacked pol. power2. Racism in North & South3. Left Southern Bitterness4. South still focus on Agriculture5. Didn’t address women’s rights &
safe working conditions (north)