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Transcript of Reconciling Hayek's and Keynes' views of recessions · PDF fileReconciling Hayek’s and...
Reconciling Hayek’s and Keynes’ views ofrecessions
Paul Beaudry, Dana Galizia & Franck Portier
Vancouver School of Economics, VSE & Toulouse School of Economics
BIS ConferenceMarch 10-11, 2015
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0. IntroductionRecessions
I Recessions often come after periods of rapid accumulation ofassets (productive capital, houses, durable goods)
I Two opposite views of economic policy in those recessions
× Hayek× Keynes
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0. IntroductionRecessions
I Recessions often come after periods of rapid accumulation ofassets (productive capital, houses, durable goods)
I Two opposite views of economic policy in those recessions
× Hayek× Keynes
2 / 55
0. IntroductionRecessions
I Recessions often come after periods of rapid accumulation ofassets (productive capital, houses, durable goods)
I Two opposite views of economic policy in those recessions
× Hayek× Keynes
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0. IntroductionRecessions
I Recessions often come after periods of rapid accumulation ofassets (productive capital, houses, durable goods)
I Two opposite views of economic policy in those recessions
× Hayek× Keynes
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0. IntroductionThe Liquidationist View (Friedrich Hayek)
I Recessions are needed to cleanse the economy.
I Gvt spendings, aggregate demand management only delaysnecessary adjustment
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0. IntroductionThe Liquidationist View (Friedrich Hayek)
I Recessions are needed to cleanse the economy.
I Gvt spendings, aggregate demand management only delaysnecessary adjustment
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0. IntroductionThe Aggregate Demand View (John Maynard Keynes)
I Recessions are periods of insufficient demand
I Activist fiscal policy is needed
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0. IntroductionThe Aggregate Demand View (John Maynard Keynes)
I Recessions are periods of insufficient demand
I Activist fiscal policy is needed
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0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
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0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
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0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
5 / 55
0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
5 / 55
0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
5 / 55
0. IntroductionThis Paper
I Show that the two views are not mutually exclusive
I “Over-” (“mal-”) accumulation of physical assets creates theneed liquidation recession
I Liquidation can produce periods where the economy functionsparticularly inefficiently.
I Many socially desirable trades between individuals may remainunexploited.
I In this sense, a need for liquidation can cause recessionscharacterized by deficient aggregate demand.
I Some stimulative policies may remain desirable even if theypostpone a recovery.
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0. IntroductionMain Ingredients
I Environment with decentralized markets & flexible prices .I Two imperfections:
× Labor market matching friction in the spirit ofDiamond-Mortensen-Pissarides umeployment risk
× Adverse selection in the insurance market : unemployment riskis not insurable.
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0. IntroductionMain Ingredients
I Environment with decentralized markets & flexible prices .I Two imperfections:
× Labor market matching friction in the spirit ofDiamond-Mortensen-Pissarides umeployment risk
× Adverse selection in the insurance market : unemployment riskis not insurable.
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0. IntroductionMain Ingredients
I Environment with decentralized markets & flexible prices .I Two imperfections:
× Labor market matching friction in the spirit ofDiamond-Mortensen-Pissarides umeployment risk
× Adverse selection in the insurance market : unemployment riskis not insurable.
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0. IntroductionMain Ingredients
I Environment with decentralized markets & flexible prices .I Two imperfections:
× Labor market matching friction in the spirit ofDiamond-Mortensen-Pissarides umeployment risk
× Adverse selection in the insurance market : unemployment riskis not insurable.
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionMain Mechanism
I If the economy finds itself with an excess of accumulatedgoods (houses, durables and/or capital goods):
× Consumers and firms will spend less because they already havea lot, (Hayek view, this is the efficient thing to do)
× Firms will hire less as demand is low× Consumers will consume less by fear of being unemployed,× Spendings will therefore be low (Keynes view, a (negative)
multiplier shows up)× etc...
I There will be socially excessive precautionary savings
I Government spending can boost mutually beneficial trades ...
I ... but it will postpone the recovery by slowing down theliquidation process (in the dynamic version of the model)
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0. IntroductionWhat we do not do
I We do not propose a theory of why the economy might finditself with a (too) large stock of capital.
× Noisy news× Lax monetary policy× Exhuberance
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0. IntroductionWhat we do not do
I We do not propose a theory of why the economy might finditself with a (too) large stock of capital.
× Noisy news× Lax monetary policy× Exhuberance
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0. IntroductionWhat we do not do
I We do not propose a theory of why the economy might finditself with a (too) large stock of capital.
× Noisy news× Lax monetary policy× Exhuberance
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0. IntroductionWhat we do not do
I We do not propose a theory of why the economy might finditself with a (too) large stock of capital.
× Noisy news× Lax monetary policy× Exhuberance
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0. IntroductionWhat I will present
I I will spend much of my time on a static version of model.
I I will also work with a model in which ”capital” is indeed”durable goods”
I More general version in the paper
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0. IntroductionWhat I will present
I I will spend much of my time on a static version of model.
I I will also work with a model in which ”capital” is indeed”durable goods”
I More general version in the paper
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0. IntroductionWhat I will present
I I will spend much of my time on a static version of model.
I I will also work with a model in which ”capital” is indeed”durable goods”
I More general version in the paper
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0. IntroductionReferences
I Lucas [1990]
I Lagos and Wright [2005]
I Angeletos and La’O [2013]
I Carroll [1992]
I Guerrieri and Lorenzoni [2009]
I Ravn and Sterk [2012]
I Chamley [2014], Kaplan and Menzio [2013], Heathcote andPerri [2012]
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0. IntroductionRoadmap
1. Static model setup
2. Equilibrium
3. Interesting Properties of the Static Equilibrium
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
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0. IntroductionRoadmap
1. Static model setup
2. Equilibrium
3. Interesting Properties of the Static Equilibrium
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
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1. Static model setup
Figure 1: Overview: timeline
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1. Static model setup
Figure 2: Overview: Initial goods
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1. Static model setup
Figure 3: Overview: markets
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1. Static model setup
Figure 4: Overview: markets
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1. Static model setup
Figure 5: Overview: markets
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1. Static model setup
Figure 6: Overview: firms
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1. Static model setup
Figure 7: Overview: firms
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1. Static model setup
Figure 8: Overview: households
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1. Static model setup
Figure 9: Overview: households
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1. Static model setup
Figure 10: Overview: households
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1. Static model setup
Figure 11: Overview: households
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupChecklist
I X : exogenous amount of good that is already in householdshands
I Mass L of households always looking for jobs
I Sub-period two is centralized, all the action is in sub-period 1
I Frictions on the labor market
I Unemployment risk that is not insured
I No coordination between firms, buyers and workers
I Buyers and workers credit/debit a bank account that they willclear in sub-period 2.
I Good 2 serves as the numeraire.
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1. Static model setupPreferences
I
U(Xj + ej︸ ︷︷ ︸cj
)− ν(`j) + V (−pej + Ijw`j︸ ︷︷ ︸aj
).
I Initial endowment of Xj units of good 1.
I Continuation value V (aj) given (in this talk)
I Ij =
{1 if employed0 if unemployed
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1. Static model setupFirms
I Vacancy posting cost Φ.
I Decreasing-returns-to-scale production function F (`).
I Net production of a firm hiring ` hours of labor from oneworker is F (`)− Φ.
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1. Static model setupFirms
I Vacancy posting cost Φ.
I Decreasing-returns-to-scale production function F (`).
I Net production of a firm hiring ` hours of labor from oneworker is F (`)− Φ.
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1. Static model setupFirms
I Vacancy posting cost Φ.
I Decreasing-returns-to-scale production function F (`).
I Net production of a firm hiring ` hours of labor from oneworker is F (`)− Φ.
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1. Static model setupMatching
I N = number firms who decide to search for workers.
I M(N, L) = number of matches (CRS).
I Upon a match, a Walrasian auctioneer equilibrates thedemand and supply of labor among the two parties in thematch:
pF ′(`) = w
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1. Static model setupMatching
I N = number firms who decide to search for workers.
I M(N, L) = number of matches (CRS).
I Upon a match, a Walrasian auctioneer equilibrates thedemand and supply of labor among the two parties in thematch:
pF ′(`) = w
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1. Static model setupMatching
I N = number firms who decide to search for workers.
I M(N, L) = number of matches (CRS).
I Upon a match, a Walrasian auctioneer equilibrates thedemand and supply of labor among the two parties in thematch:
pF ′(`) = w
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1. Static model setupHousehold first sub-period decisions
I Normalization: L = 1
I Symmetry: Xj = X
I Worker problem:
max`j−ν(`j) + V (−pej − Ijw`j︸ ︷︷ ︸
aj
)
I Buyer problem:
maxcj
U (cj) + µV (w`j − pej) + (1− µ)V (−pej)
where µ ≡ M(N, L)/L is the probability that a worker finds ajob.
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1. Static model setupHousehold first sub-period decisions
I Normalization: L = 1
I Symmetry: Xj = X
I Worker problem:
max`j−ν(`j) + V (−pej − Ijw`j︸ ︷︷ ︸
aj
)
I Buyer problem:
maxcj
U (cj) + µV (w`j − pej) + (1− µ)V (−pej)
where µ ≡ M(N, L)/L is the probability that a worker finds ajob.
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1. Static model setupHousehold first sub-period decisions
I Normalization: L = 1
I Symmetry: Xj = X
I Worker problem:
max`j−ν(`j) + V (−pej − Ijw`j︸ ︷︷ ︸
aj
)
I Buyer problem:
maxcj
U (cj) + µV (w`j − pej) + (1− µ)V (−pej)
where µ ≡ M(N, L)/L is the probability that a worker finds ajob.
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1. Static model setupHousehold first sub-period decisions
I Normalization: L = 1
I Symmetry: Xj = X
I Worker problem:
max`j−ν(`j) + V (−pej − Ijw`j︸ ︷︷ ︸
aj
)
I Buyer problem:
maxcj
U (cj) + µV (w`j − pej) + (1− µ)V (−pej)
where µ ≡ M(N, L)/L is the probability that a worker finds ajob.
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1. Static model setupDeriving the value function V (a)
I Not here...
I V (a) is strictly concave, with the key property thatV ′(a1) > V ′(a2) if a1 < 0 < a2
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1. Static model setupDeriving the value function V (a)
I Not here...
I V (a) is strictly concave, with the key property thatV ′(a1) > V ′(a2) if a1 < 0 < a2
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0 a2 > 0
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0
V′ (a
1)
a2 > 0
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Figure 12: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0
V′ (a
1)
a2 > 0
V ′(a2)
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0. IntroductionRoadmap
1. Static model setup
2. Equilibrium
3. Interesting Properties of the Static Equilibrium
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
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2. Equilibrium
I Second sub-period: accounts are balanced.
I First sub-period: markets clear and agents optimize
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2. Equilibrium
I Second sub-period: accounts are balanced.
I First sub-period: markets clear and agents optimize
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumFirst sub-period
I The equilibrium is given by the following equationsI
1
pU ′(c) =
M(N, L)
LV ′ (w`− p (c − X ))
+
[1− M(N, L)
L
]V ′ (−p (c − X ))
I
ν ′(`) = V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))w
I
pF ′(`) = w
IM(N, L)
N[pF (`)− w`] = pΦ
I
M(N, L)F (`) = L(c − X ) + NΦ
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2. EquilibriumA labor market wedge
I
ν ′(`)
U ′(c)
{1 + (1− µ)
[V ′ (−p (c − X ))
V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))− 1
]}︸ ︷︷ ︸
1+ labor wedge
= F ′(`)
I The labor wedge is caused by precautionary savings andabsent insurance market.
I The level of this wedge is influenced by X .
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2. EquilibriumA labor market wedge
I
ν ′(`)
U ′(c)
{1 + (1− µ)
[V ′ (−p (c − X ))
V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))− 1
]}︸ ︷︷ ︸
1+ labor wedge
= F ′(`)
I The labor wedge is caused by precautionary savings andabsent insurance market.
I The level of this wedge is influenced by X .
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2. EquilibriumA labor market wedge
I
ν ′(`)
U ′(c)
{1 + (1− µ)
[V ′ (−p (c − X ))
V ′ (w`− p (c − X ))− 1
]}︸ ︷︷ ︸
1+ labor wedge
= F ′(`)
I The labor wedge is caused by precautionary savings andabsent insurance market.
I The level of this wedge is influenced by X .
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0. IntroductionRoadmap
1. Static model setup
2. Equilibrium
3. Interesting Properties of the Static Equilibrium
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
36 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
36 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
36 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
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Figure 13: The Matching Function M(N, L)
N
L
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Figure 13: The Matching Function M(N, L)
N
L
M(N, L)
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Figure 13: The Matching Function M(N, L)
N
L
M(N, L)
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Figure 13: The Matching Function M(N, L)
N
L
M(N, L)
37 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
× V (a) =
{(1 + τ) · v · a if a < 0v · a if a ≥ 0
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumGoal and parametric restrictions
I Our main goal now is to explore the effects of changes in Xon equilibrium outcomes.
I Why and when an increase in X can actually lead to areduction in consumption and/or welfare?
I Can liquidation periods be socially painful?I We restrict the analysis to
× M(N, L) = min{N, L}
× V (a) =
{(1 + τ) · v · a if a < 0v · a if a ≥ 0
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Figure 14: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
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Figure 14: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
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Figure 14: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0
slope(1 + τ)v
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Figure 14: The Value Function V (a)
a
V (a)
a1 < 0
slope(1 + τ)v
a2 > 0
slope v
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Figure 15: Proposition 1: Existence and Uniqueness
ττ0
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Figure 15: Proposition 1: Existence and Uniqueness
ττ0
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Figure 15: Proposition 1: Existence and Uniqueness
ττ0
Uniqueequilibrium
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Figure 15: Proposition 1: Existence and Uniqueness
ττ0
Uniqueequilibrium
Multipleequilibria
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ?
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
Full em-ployment
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
Full em-ployment
No employment
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Figure 16: Proposition 2: The three regimes
X0 X ? X ??
Full em-ployment
Unemployment No employment
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumConsumption as a function of X
I How does vary equilibrium consumption when X increases?
I In the full employment regime (which corresponds to nofrictions):
× Marginal utility of spendings decrease with X lessproduction
× But less than proportional to the increase in X× Overall, c increases with X
I In the no employment regime :
× c = X× c increases one to one with X
I In the unemployment regime
× “Multiplier > 1”× Spendings decrease more than one to one with X× Therefore c decreases with X
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumFigure 17: Proposition 3, Consumption as function of X .
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
X⋆
X⋆⋆
X
c
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumMultiple equilibria
I We are ruling out cases with multiple equilibria in the analysis
I Meaning that τ is not too large (Proposition 1)
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumMultiple equilibria
I We are ruling out cases with multiple equilibria in the analysis
I Meaning that τ is not too large (Proposition 1)
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIs there deficient demand in the unemployment regime?
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIs there deficient demand in the unemployment regime?
Proposition 4 (Aggregate Demand)
I When the economy is in the unemployment regime(X ? < X < X ??),
I if all but one households coordinate to increase purchases ofthe first sub-period consumption good,
I then it is optimal for the last household to also increase itsspendings.
I Furthermore, this increases the expected utility of allhouseholds.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumEffects of changes in X on welfare
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumEffects of changes in X on welfare
Proposition 5 (Welfare)
I If the economy is the unemployment regime and if τ is largeenough (close enough to τ),
I then an increase in X leads to a fall in expected welfare.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
47 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
47 / 55
3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending
I Add a government to the first sub-period.
I It buys goods, and it taxes employed individuals (lump-sum).
I We assume that the government runs a balanced budgetI Two types of government purchases: wasteful, and
non-wasteful:
× Wasteful government purchases, denoted Gw , are not valuedby households.
× Non-wasteful purchases, denoted Gn, are perfect substitute toprivate consumption.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending (continued)
Proposition 6 (Fiscal Mulitpliers)
I An increase in non-wasteful government purchases has noeffect on economic activity.
I An increase in wasteful government purchases leads to anincrease in economic activity.
I If the economy is in the unemployment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isgreater than one.
I If the economy is in the full-employment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isless than one.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending (continued)
Proposition 6 (Fiscal Mulitpliers)
I An increase in non-wasteful government purchases has noeffect on economic activity.
I An increase in wasteful government purchases leads to anincrease in economic activity.
I If the economy is in the unemployment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isgreater than one.
I If the economy is in the full-employment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isless than one.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending (continued)
Proposition 6 (Fiscal Mulitpliers)
I An increase in non-wasteful government purchases has noeffect on economic activity.
I An increase in wasteful government purchases leads to anincrease in economic activity.
I If the economy is in the unemployment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isgreater than one.
I If the economy is in the full-employment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isless than one.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending (continued)
Proposition 6 (Fiscal Mulitpliers)
I An increase in non-wasteful government purchases has noeffect on economic activity.
I An increase in wasteful government purchases leads to anincrease in economic activity.
I If the economy is in the unemployment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isgreater than one.
I If the economy is in the full-employment regime, wastefulgovernment purchases are associated with a multiplier that isless than one.
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3. Interesting Properties of the Static EquilibriumIntroducing government spending (continued)
Proposition 7 (Fiscal polict and welfare)
I If the economy is in the unemployment regime
I if X is in the range such that a fall in X would increasewelfare,
I then an increase in wasteful government purchases willincrease welfare.
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0. IntroductionRoadmap
1. Static model setup
2. Equilibrium
3. Interesting Properties of the Static Equilibrium
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
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4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
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4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsRelaxing functional-form assumptions
I Results are robust to:
× Relaxing functionnal assumptions× Other ways of splitting the surplus× Introduction of productive capital× Addition of another good
I Simple characterization is not possible any more
I but main results hold.
51 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsDynamic Setup
I An infinite number of periods t,
I Each period consists of the two previous sub-periods
I The only financial trade is between sub-periods by assumption
I
Xt+1 = (1− δ)Xt + γet
I
U =∞∑t=0
βt(U(ct)− ν(`t) + V (at)
)
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4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsDynamic Setup
I An infinite number of periods t,
I Each period consists of the two previous sub-periods
I The only financial trade is between sub-periods by assumption
I
Xt+1 = (1− δ)Xt + γet
I
U =∞∑t=0
βt(U(ct)− ν(`t) + V (at)
)
52 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsDynamic Setup
I An infinite number of periods t,
I Each period consists of the two previous sub-periods
I The only financial trade is between sub-periods by assumption
I
Xt+1 = (1− δ)Xt + γet
I
U =∞∑t=0
βt(U(ct)− ν(`t) + V (at)
)
52 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsDynamic Setup
I An infinite number of periods t,
I Each period consists of the two previous sub-periods
I The only financial trade is between sub-periods by assumption
I
Xt+1 = (1− δ)Xt + γet
I
U =∞∑t=0
βt(U(ct)− ν(`t) + V (at)
)
52 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsDynamic Setup
I An infinite number of periods t,
I Each period consists of the two previous sub-periods
I The only financial trade is between sub-periods by assumption
I
Xt+1 = (1− δ)Xt + γet
I
U =∞∑t=0
βt(U(ct)− ν(`t) + V (at)
)
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4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsPolicy Trade-off
I When X is high, the economy will converge with the SS withinefficiently low demand on the way.
I Welfare today would be increased by stimulating demandtoday.
I But this would imply higher X tomorrow,
I And therefore lower consumption in all subsequent periodsuntil the liquidation is complete.
I This tradeoff is aimed at capturing the tension between theKeynesian and Hayekian prescriptions in recession.
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4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsPolicy Trade-off
I When X is high, the economy will converge with the SS withinefficiently low demand on the way.
I Welfare today would be increased by stimulating demandtoday.
I But this would imply higher X tomorrow,
I And therefore lower consumption in all subsequent periodsuntil the liquidation is complete.
I This tradeoff is aimed at capturing the tension between theKeynesian and Hayekian prescriptions in recession.
53 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsPolicy Trade-off
I When X is high, the economy will converge with the SS withinefficiently low demand on the way.
I Welfare today would be increased by stimulating demandtoday.
I But this would imply higher X tomorrow,
I And therefore lower consumption in all subsequent periodsuntil the liquidation is complete.
I This tradeoff is aimed at capturing the tension between theKeynesian and Hayekian prescriptions in recession.
53 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsPolicy Trade-off
I When X is high, the economy will converge with the SS withinefficiently low demand on the way.
I Welfare today would be increased by stimulating demandtoday.
I But this would imply higher X tomorrow,
I And therefore lower consumption in all subsequent periodsuntil the liquidation is complete.
I This tradeoff is aimed at capturing the tension between theKeynesian and Hayekian prescriptions in recession.
53 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offsPolicy Trade-off
I When X is high, the economy will converge with the SS withinefficiently low demand on the way.
I Welfare today would be increased by stimulating demandtoday.
I But this would imply higher X tomorrow,
I And therefore lower consumption in all subsequent periodsuntil the liquidation is complete.
I This tradeoff is aimed at capturing the tension between theKeynesian and Hayekian prescriptions in recession.
53 / 55
4. Extensions / Dynamics / Policy Trade-offs
Proposition 8 (Aggregate demand management is desirable )
I Suppose the economy is in steady state in the unemploymentregime.
I Then, to a first-order approximation, a (feasible) change inthe path of expenditures from this steady state equilibriumwill increase the present discounted value of expected welfare
I if and only if it increases the presented discounted sum of theresulting expenditure path,
∑∞i=0 β
iet+i .
I Aggregate demand management is therefore desirable.
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