Fate

of l

ow m

olec

ular

wei

ght

diss

olve

d or

gani

c m

atte

rs

in re

clai

med

wat

er tr

eatm

ent s

yste

ms

Futo

shiK

uris

uan

d Ik

uro

Kas

uga

Res

earc

h C

ente

r for

Wat

er E

nviro

nmen

t Tec

hnol

ogy,

an

d D

epar

tmen

t of U

rban

Eng

inee

ring,

The

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tok

yo

Nov

embe

r 26,

201

5 R

EC

WE

T S

ympo

sium

2

Rec

laim

ed W

ater

in U

rban

Reg

ion

Tach

ikaw

a-ci

ty, T

okyo

Par

king

Are

a on

a H

ighw

ay

3

Dis

solv

ed O

rgan

ic M

atte

r (D

OM

) in

Rec

laim

ed W

ater

Pro

blem

s/co

ncer

ns re

late

d to

DO

M in

recl

aim

ed w

ater

M

embr

ane

foul

ing(

1)

E

OP

s(2)

Wat

er R

ecla

mat

ion

Pla

ntW

ater

Env

ironm

ents

Poi

nts

of u

se

P

atho

gen?

(4)

Dis

tribu

tion

pipe

s

M

icro

bial

re

grow

th&

bi

ofilm

(3)

(1) X

u et

al.,

201

0; ,(

2)Ya

ng e

t al.,

201

1; (3

) Tha

yanu

kul e

t al.,

2013

; (4)

Jjem

baet

al.,

2010

Fa

te o

f DB

Ps

Hig

h C

l 2 do

sage

Fo

rmat

ion

of

Dis

infe

ctio

n by

prod

ucts

(D

BP

s)

4

Gui

delin

e of

Rec

laim

ed W

ater

Qua

lity

Toile

t Fl

ushi

ngW

ater

Sp

rinkl

ing

Land

scap

e Irr

igat

ion

Rec

reat

iona

lU

seTu

rbid

ity

(deg

ree)

<2

pH5.

8-8.

6A

ppea

ranc

e &

Odo

rpl

easa

nt

Col

or

(deg

ree)

--

4010

E. c

oli

(CFU

/100

mL)

ND

ND

(T. c

oli,

1000

)N

D

Res

idua

l ch

lorin

e(m

g/L)

Free

: 0.1

< or

Com

bine

d:0.

4<

Free

: 0.1

< or

Com

bine

d:0.

4<(O

ptio

nal)

-Fr

ee: 0

.1<

orC

ombi

ned:

0.4<

(Opt

iona

l)

Min

istry

of L

and,

Infra

stru

ctur

e, T

rans

port,

and

Tou

rism

, 200

5

To e

xpan

d re

clai

med

wat

er a

pplic

atio

n, m

ore

com

preh

ensi

ve w

ater

qua

lity

info

rmat

ion

is n

eces

sary

.

5

Obj

ectiv

es

•C

hara

cter

ize

DO

M in

Rec

laim

ed W

ater

–D

BP

s an

d th

eir p

recu

rsor

s

•E

valu

ate

BO

M re

mov

al/p

rodu

ctio

n in

R

ecla

imed

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Pro

cess

es–

ozon

atio

n, a

ctiv

ated

car

bon,

san

d fil

tratio

n,

chlo

rinat

ion

•Id

entif

y th

e B

OM

mol

ecul

es a

nd th

e fa

te in

th

e pr

oces

ses

6

-R

ecei

ving

sec

onda

ry e

fflue

nt(A

ctiv

ated

slu

dge

proc

ess)

from

mun

icip

al

was

tew

ater

trea

tmen

t pla

nt-

Aver

age

recl

aim

ed w

ater

pro

duct

ion:

800

m3 /d

Sam

plin

gat

Wat

er R

ecla

mat

ion

Pla

nt

Chl

orin

atio

n-D

isin

fect

ion

-NaO

Cl(

6 m

g/L

as C

l2) to

ach

ieve

1 m

g/L

of to

tal c

hlor

ine

Ozo

natio

n -R

emov

al o

f col

or a

nd o

dor

-4.5

g O

3/m3

wat

er

Bio

filtr

atio

n- R

emov

al o

f rem

aini

ng b

iode

grad

able

org

anic

mat

ters

Seco

ndar

y ef

fluen

t Sam

plin

g P

oint

S

Rec

laim

ed w

ater

S S S

7

Orb

itrap

Mas

s S

pect

rom

eter

“Exa

ctiv

e” (T

herm

o S

cien

tific

)

H

igh

Res

olvi

ng P

ower

: ~ 1

00,0

00

Res

olut

ion

in c

ompl

ex s

ampl

es

M

ass

accu

racy

:<

2 pp

m

Ena

bles

mol

ecul

ar fo

rmul

a id

entif

icat

ion

Ioni

zatio

n: E

lect

ron

Spr

ay Io

niza

tion

(ES

I)

Sof

t Ion

izat

ion

resu

lts in

pro

duci

ng m

olec

ule-

rela

ted

ions

[M+H

]+, [

M-H

]-

8

Unk

now

n S

cree

ning

Ana

lysi

s of

DO

M

Filtr

atio

n

SP

E

Orb

itrap

-MS

Pos

t ana

lysi

s

~500

mL

0.7 μm

+ 0

.45μm

Gla

ss-fi

ber f

ilter

Bon

d E

lutP

PL

(Var

ian)

Pol

arity

: Neg

ativ

e io

n m

ode

m/z

rang

e: 1

00-1

,000

Mol

ecul

ar fo

rmul

a id

entif

icat

ion

(“X

calib

ur”,

Ther

mo

Sci

entif

ic)

Low

MW

Org

anic

mat

ters

Hyd

roph

ilic

~ H

ydro

phob

icS

tyle

ne-D

ivin

ylbe

nzen

epo

lym

er

9

13C

isot

ope

peak

=M+1

.003

334

S is

otop

e pe

ak=M

+1.9

958

m/z

=284

.139

3

M=2

84.1

393

Com

pute

mol

ecul

ar fo

rmul

aw

ithin

M±

5 pp

m

Nar

row

dow

n m

ass

erro

r dow

n to

1.5

ppm

Ref

er to

13C

/12C

ratio

, 34

S Is

otop

e pe

ak

C16

H18

O2N

3Mol

ecul

arfo

rmul

a de

term

inat

ion

mon

o va

lenc

e

Set

mas

s ac

cura

cy =

5 p

pm

Det

erm

inat

ion

10

Mas

s S

pect

ra

DO

C re

cove

ry b

y P

PL

SP

E c

artri

dge

was

55

%on

ave

rage

In

tens

e pe

aks

–ob

serv

ed in

m/z

100

-50

0 (o

r 100

-500

Da)

Relative Abundance

Sec

onda

ry E

fflue

nt

Bio

filtra

tion

efflu

ent

Ozo

natio

n ef

fluen

t

Rec

laim

ed w

ater

(=

Chl

orin

ated

)

100

500

m/z

11

Clu

ster

ana

lysi

s of

mas

s sp

ectra

Rec

laim

ed

wat

er-2

014

Rec

laim

ed

wat

er-2

015

Ozo

natio

n ef

fluen

t-201

4

Ozo

natio

n ef

fluen

t-201

5

Bio

filtra

tion

efflu

ent-2

014

Bio

filtra

tion

efflu

ent-2

015

Seco

ndar

yef

fluen

t-201

4

Seco

ndar

yef

fluen

t-201

5

2520

1510

50

Res

cale

d di

stan

ce

12

Ele

men

tal C

ompo

sitio

ns

E

lem

enta

l com

posi

tions

of w

aste

wat

er –

mor

e co

mpl

ex c

ompa

red

to ri

ver

NO

M

(11)

Ura

iet a

l.,20

14

CH

O

CH

OS

CH

ON

CH

ON

S

Cl-

cont

aini

ng

0

250

500

750

1000

Raw

wa

ter

Biof

iltra

tion

Ozo

natio

nRe

cla

imed

wa

ter

No. of formulaeS

econ

dary

efflu

ent

050100

150

200

250

300

Riv

erW

ater

Oth

er

CH

ON

S

CH

ON

CH

OS

CH

O

Bio

filtra

tion

efflu

ent

Ozo

natio

nef

fluen

t R

ecla

imed

w

ater

In

tota

l, 2,

078

form

ulae

wer

e id

entif

ied

A

fter c

hlor

inat

ion,

133

chlo

rine-

cont

aini

ng fo

rmul

ae –

addi

tiona

lly d

etec

ted

13

Van

Kre

vele

n D

iagr

am o

f CH

O fo

rmul

ae in

Sec

onda

ry E

fflue

nt

M

ost o

f CH

O fo

rmul

ae fo

und

in re

gion

s of

lign

in o

r tan

nin(

13-1

4)an

d co

nden

sed

arom

atic

stru

ctur

e co

mpo

unds

oO

rigin

ated

from

NO

M

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 0.

000.

200.

400.

600.

801.

001.

20

H/C

O/C

C9H

14O

9, H

/C=1

.56,

O/C

=1.

00Li

gnin

or t

anni

n

Car

bohy

drat

eLi

pid

Con

dens

ed A

rom

atic

Str

uctu

re a

nd

Bla

ck c

arbo

n

Uns

atu

rat

ed

Hyd

roc

arb

on

(13)

Ohn

oet

al.,

201

0 an

d (1

4)K

im e

t al.,

200

614

Chl

orin

ated

DB

Ps

in R

ecla

imed

Wat

er

K

now

n D

BP,

incl

udin

g di

chlo

roac

etic

aci

d (C

2H2O

2Cl 2)

and

Tric

hlor

oace

tic a

cid

(C2H

O2C

l 3) –

dete

cted

N

o co

mpo

unds

for 3

9/13

3 fo

rmul

ae w

ere

liste

d on

Che

mSp

ider

Dat

abas

es

(con

tain

s >3

0,00

0,00

0co

mpo

unds

)

0102030405060

CH

OC

lC

HO

SC

lC

HO

NC

lC

HO

NS

Cl

Number of formulae

Prev

ious

ly re

porte

dN

ot-re

porte

d

15

Trac

king

Pre

curs

ors

of C

hlor

inat

ed D

BP

s

Ele

ctro

philic

sub

stitu

tion

Th

e re

actio

n re

sults

in m

olec

ule

with

+1

Cl a

nd -1

H

OH

HO

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

Cl

HO

Cl

Chl

orin

ated

and

al

ipha

tic

com

poun

ds

(16)

Deb

orde

et a

l., 2

008

C6H

6OC

6H5O

Cl

C6H

3OC

l 3

M

ost p

redo

min

ant r

eact

ion

at w

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent c

ondi

tion(

16)

We

may

trac

k th

eir p

utat

ive

prec

urso

rs fr

om c

hlor

inat

ed fo

rmul

ae16

Put

ativ

e P

recu

rsor

s an

d D

BP

s af

ter C

hlor

inat

ion

Puta

tive

prec

urso

rC

hlor

inat

ed D

BPs

m/z

(e

rror

in p

pm)

Che

mic

al

form

ula

Pres

ent i

nm

/z

(err

or in

ppm

)C

hem

ical

fo

rmul

a16

1.02

39 (2

.95)

C9H

6O3

All

proc

esse

s19

4.98

57 (1

.31)

C9H

5O3C

l19

5.06

60 (1

.24)

C10

H12

O4

All

proc

esse

s22

9.02

71 (0

.92)

C10

H11

O4C

l22

9.07

17 (0

.92)

C10

H14

O6

All

proc

esse

s29

6.99

38 (0

.05)

C10

H12

O6C

l 224

1.07

18 (0

.18)

C11

H14

O6

All

proc

esse

s30

8.99

42 (1

.23)

C11

H12

O6C

l 217

9.07

10 (2

.05)

C10

H12

O3

Raw

, Bf a

nd O

z21

3.03

23 (0

.44)

C10

H11

O3C

l21

3.04

03 (0

.56)

C9H

10O

6B

f,Oz

and

Rm

280.

9626

(0.3

4)C

9H8O

6Cl 2

207.

0660

(1.1

7)C

11H

12O

4O

z an

d R

m24

1.02

75 (0

.89)

C11

H11

O4C

l24

3.05

12 (0

.61)

C10

H12

O7

Oz

and

Rm

310.

9734

(1.2

7)C

10H

10O

7Cl 2

8

DB

P pr

ecur

sors

wer

e id

entif

ied

by a

ssum

ing

elec

troph

ilic

subs

titut

ion

P

utat

ive

prec

urso

rs o

rigin

ate

not o

nly

in s

econ

dary

effl

uent

but

als

o tre

atm

ent p

roce

sses

17

Bio

degr

adab

le O

rgan

ic M

atte

r in

RW

To s

uppr

ess

the

regr

owth

,

In

crea

se c

hlor

ine

dose

R

educ

e bi

odeg

rada

ble

orga

nic

mat

ters

(BO

M)

disi

nfec

tant

biof

ilm

clog

ging

path

ogen

s

Bac

teria

l Reg

row

th a

fter c

hlor

inat

ion

Gro

wth

of c

hlor

ine-

tole

rant

mic

roor

gani

sms

by u

sing

thei

r gro

wth

sub

stra

tes

Dev

elop

met

hods

to c

hara

cter

ize

BO

M in

RW

18

Met

hod

deve

lope

d to

eva

luat

e B

OM

Rec

laim

ed W

ater

, Pro

cess

w

ater

from

7 R

WTP

s

R2A

med

ia25

ºC, 7

day

s

Isol

ate

mor

phol

ogic

ally

diff

eren

t co

loni

es (1

98 s

train

s ob

tain

ed)

34 p

hylo

gene

tical

ly d

istin

ctiv

e st

rain

s

rRN

Age

ne

sequ

enci

ng

BIO

LOG

GN

2 M

icro

plat

e™

1. Is

olat

e ba

cter

ial s

train

s2.

Eva

luat

e su

bstra

te s

pect

ra

34is

olat

es

Test

95

orga

nic

mat

ters

Clu

ster

ana

lysi

s of

the

patte

rns

Ext

end

Ass

imila

ble

Org

anic

Car

bon

(AO

C) m

etho

d

(Tha

yanu

kule

t al.,

201

3b)

19

Met

hod

deve

lope

d to

eva

luat

e B

OM

(con

td)

3. G

row

th p

atte

rn in

RW

Gro

wn

in a

ll R

W

(Tha

yanu

kule

t al.,

201

3b)

No

Gro

wth

in A

Gro

wn

only

in C

Thro

ugh

step

s 1-

3, w

e sc

reen

ed 9

bac

teria

l stra

ins

to

be u

sed

for B

OM

eva

luat

ion

20

Bac

teria

l Gro

wth

Fin

gerp

rint （

BG

F）

Inoc

ulat

e10

3 ce

lls/m

L of

the

isol

ates

indi

vidu

ally

Iso-

1S

tep1

Inoc

ulat

ion

Iso-

2N

OX

Ste

p2In

cuba

tion,

enu

mer

atio

nS

tep3

Max

Gro

wth

Incu

bate

at 2

0 ºC

for 1

0 da

ys

Tota

l cel

l cou

nts

by s

tain

ing

with

SY

BR®

Gre

en I

Iso-

1

Tim

e

Cell Conc.

Iso-

2

Iso-1

Iso-2

NOX

Max cell conc.

Flow

Cyt

omet

er

Nam

eP

hylo

geny

Iso-

1S

phin

gom

onas

yabu

uchi

aest

rain

W21

1Is

o-2

Aci

dovo

rax

sp. C

NE

29Is

o-3

Her

min

iimon

assa

xobs

iden

sst

rain

AA

Iso-

4P

seud

omon

as s

p. ly

h1B

Iso-

5N

evsk

iara

mos

eIs

o-6

Myc

obac

teriu

m s

p. 1

8GU

WIs

o-7

Mic

roba

cter

ium

sp. 5

BC

O-S

1.1

Iso-

8P

edob

acte

rsp.

BR

-9Is

o-9

Rie

mer

ella

sp. I

PD

H98

/90

P17

Pse

udom

onas

fluo

resc

ens

P17

NO

XA

quas

piril

lum

sp. N

OX

9 is

olat

es

from

RW

TP

Stra

ins

used

fo

r AO

C

(Tha

yanu

kule

t al.,

sub

mitt

ed.)

21

Rec

laim

ed w

ater

sam

ples

Sec

onda

ry

Efflu

ent

San

d Fi

ltrat

ion

Ozo

natio

nChl

orin

ati

on

Sec

onda

ry

Efflu

ent

Bio

logi

cal

Filtr

atio

nO

zona

tion

Chl

orin

ati

on

Plan

t A

Plan

t B

Plan

t CRe

clai

med

wat

er t

reat

men

t fa

cilit

ies

in d

omes

tic

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

plan

ts n

ear

Toky

o, J

apan

.

Sec

onda

ry

Efflu

ent

San

d Fi

ltrat

ion

Act

ivat

ed

Car

bon

Chl

orin

ati

on

UV

disi

nfec

tion

22

Gro

wth

of B

GF

stra

ins

in p

roce

ss w

ater

Ex.

1 Is

o-2

in P

lant

A P

roce

ss w

ater

050

100

150

200

250

Cell conc. (cells/mL)

Tim

e (h

)

102

104

103

105

106

107

108

2nd

eff.

San

d fil

tere

d

Act

ivat

ed C

arbo

n

Chl

orin

ated

050

100

150

200

250

Cell conc. (cells/mL)

Tim

e (h

)

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

2nd

eff.

San

d fil

tere

d

Ozo

nate

dC

hlor

inat

ed

2ndeff.

Sand filtration

Activated Carbon

Chlorination

2ndeff.

Sand Filtration

Chorination

Ozonation

rem

oved

Ex.

2 Is

o-3

in P

lant

C P

roce

ss w

ater

prod

uced

23

Pro

cess

Eva

luat

ion

by B

GF

012345

Maximum cell conc.（×106cells/mL)

活性

炭処

理前

活性

炭処

理後

012345

Maximum cell conc. (×106cells/mL)

オゾ

ン処

理前

オゾ

ン処

理後

Bef

ore

Afte

r

Act

ivat

ed c

arbo

n re

mov

ed

subs

trate

for a

ll 11

stra

ins

Ozo

natio

npr

oduc

ed s

ubst

rate

for

all e

xcep

t for

Iso-

9

Pla

nt A

, A

ctiv

ated

Car

bon

Trea

tmen

tP

lant

B ,

Ozo

natio

nTr

eatm

ent

Bef

ore

Afte

r

BG

F su

cces

sful

ly e

valu

ated

the

BO

M c

hang

e in

the

recl

aim

ed w

ater

tre

atm

ent p

roce

sses

Wha

t are

the

BO

Ms

utili

zed

by th

e st

rain

s?24

Whi

ch O

M is

use

d fo

r the

gro

wth

?

15

01

60

17

01

80

19

02

00

21

02

20

23

02

40

25

0m

/z

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

0

Relative Abundance

15

9.0

65

7

24

1.1

44

4

19

9.1

69

91

71

.06

57

17

7.0

91

6

18

7.8

97

71

57

.05

00

19

0.9

07

02

21

.08

17

20

1.0

76

41

85

.08

14

16

5.0

18

82

13

.07

65

22

9.0

71

52

39

.12

87

24

3.0

87

32

03

.05

57

23

1.0

87

22

11

.06

08

24

5.1

03

1

{}

p[

]

15

01

60

17

01

80

19

02

00

21

02

20

23

02

40

25

0m

/z

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

0

Relative Abundance

15

9.0

65

7

19

9.1

70

0

17

1.0

65

7

24

1.1

44

51

73

.08

14

15

7.0

50

01

87

.89

77

18

5.0

81

51

65

.01

88

20

1.0

76

52

13

.07

65

22

1.0

81

72

29

.07

15

18

9.8

94

82

43

.08

73

20

3.0

55

72

39

.12

88

21

1.0

97

22

31

.08

72

24

5.0

66

6

Mas

s sp

ectru

m

befo

re th

e gr

owth

Mas

s sp

ectru

m

afte

rthe

gr

owth

(Orb

itrap

MS

ana

lysi

s, m

/z =

150

-250

)

25

BO

M c

onsu

med

by

BG

Fst

rain

s

MW

Form

ula

Isol

ates

(Iso-

1~9)

AO

C1

23

45

67

89

P17

NO

X11

9.03

63

C7

H5

O N

○

123.

0313

C

6H

5O

2N

○

123.

0676

C

7H

9O

N○

○○

○○

○○

○○

○

131.

0939

C

6H

13O

2N

○

147.

0314

C

8H

5O

2N

○

165.

0420

C

8H

7O

3N

○

191.

0578

C

10H

9O

3N

○○

○○

○○

○○

○○

211.

9422

C

8H

4O

S3

○

214.

0507

C8

H11

O3

N2

P○

237.

0634

C

11H

11O

5N

○○

○○

○

259.

0426

C12

H9

O2

N3

S○

○○

○○

○○

○○

○○

264.

1725

C

16H

24O

3○

278.

0283

C

10H

14O

5S 2

○

282.

0926

C

14H

18O

4S

○○

○○

327.

2775

C

19H

37O

3N

○○

○○

○○

○○

○○

515.

2910

C26

H45

O7

N S

○○

○○

○○

○○

○

7 co

mpo

unds

ou

t of 1

6 w

ere

not u

tiliz

ed b

y co

nven

tiona

l A

OC

stra

ins

⇒B

GF

met

hod

can

capt

ure

wid

e va

riety

of

BO

M

26

Fate

of B

OM

sub

stan

ces

in th

e pr

oces

s

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

2nd eff.sand filt.activated Cchlorination

2nd eff.biofiltrationozonationchlorination

2nd eff.sand filt.ozonationchlorination

Arbitrary unit

C6H

5O2N

(util

ized

by

Iso-

5)

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

2nd eff.sand filt.activated Cchlorination

2nd eff.biofiltrationozonationchlorination

2nd eff.sand filt.ozonationchlorination

Arbitrary unit

Plan

t AP

lant

BP

lant

C

(util

ized

by

Iso-

1~9,

NO

X)

Rem

oved

by

activ

ated

car

bon,

Prod

uced

by

ozon

atio

nM

ay c

ause

reg

row

th

?

?(N

iaci

n)

C10

H9N

O3

(5-H

ydro

xyin

doly

lace

tic a

cid)

Plan

t AP

lant

BP

lant

C

Rem

oved

by

ozon

atio

nan

d ac

tivat

ed c

arbo

n

27

Sum

mar

y

•O

zona

tion

subs

tant

ially

alte

red

DO

M c

ompo

sitio

n

•Y

et to

be

know

n D

BP

and

thei

r pre

curs

ors

can

be

foun

d by

the

unkn

own

scre

enin

g an

alys

is

•B

OM

rem

oval

/pro

duct

ion

in R

ecla

imed

Wat

er

Trea

tmen

t Pro

cess

es c

an b

e de

scrib

ed b

y B

acte

rial G

row

th F

inge

rprin

t (B

GF)

met

hod

•B

OM

mol

ecul

es w

ere

iden

tifie

d an

d th

e fa

te in

the

proc

esse

s w

ere

illus

trate

d28

Ref

eren

ce

•U

rai,

M.,

Kas

uga,

I., K

uris

u, F

. and

Fur

umai

, H. (

2014

) Mol

ecul

ar C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

Dis

solv

ed O

rgan

ic M

atte

r in

Var

ious

Urb

an W

ater

by

Usi

ng O

rbitr

apFo

urie

r Tr

ansf

orm

Mas

s S

pect

rom

etry

. Wat

er S

cien

ce &

Tec

hnol

ogy:

Wat

er S

uppl

y14

(4),

547-

553.

•Fu

kush

ima,

T.,

Har

a-Y

amam

ura,

H.,

Ura

i, M

., K

asug

a, I.

, Kur

isu,

F.,

Miy

oshi

, T.,

Kim

ura,

K.,

Wat

anab

e, Y

. and

Oka

be, S

. (20

14) T

oxic

ity A

sses

smen

t of C

hlor

inat

ed

Was

tew

ater

Effl

uent

s by

Usi

ng T

rans

crip

tom

e-B

ased

Bio

assa

ys a

nd F

ourie

r Tr

ansf

orm

Mas

s S

pect

rom

etry

(FT-

MS

) Ana

lysi

s. W

ater

Res

earc

h52

, 73-

82.

•Th

ayan

ukul

, P.,

Kur

isu,

F.,

Kas

uga,

I. a

nd F

urum

ai, H

. (20

13) C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

Bac

teria

l Iso

late

s fro

m W

ater

Rec

lam

atio

n S

yste

ms

on th

e B

asis

of S

ubst

rate

U

tiliz

atio

n P

atte

rns

and

Reg

row

th P

oten

tial i

n R

ecla

imed

Wat

er. W

ater

Sci

ence

and

Te

chno

logy

68(7

), 15

56-1

565.

•

Thay

anuk

ul, P

., K

uris

u, F

., K

asug

a, I.

and

Fur

umai

, H. (

2013

) Eva

luat

ion

of M

icro

bial

R

egro

wth

Pot

entia

l by

Ass

imila

ble

Org

anic

Car

bon

in V

ario

us R

ecla

imed

Wat

er a

nd

Dis

tribu

tion

Sys

tem

s. W

ater

Res

earc

h47

(1),

225-

232.