Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century &...
-
Upload
scott-freeman -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
1
Transcript of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century &...
![Page 1: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Aquaculture’s Role in the
21st Century & Associated Issues
Michael B. Timmons, PhD
Biological & Environmental Engineering
Cornell University
![Page 2: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Current US Seafood
Consumptionlb/capita
2003 1995 1990Species
Rank lbs lbs lbs Rank
Shrimp
1 4.00 2.50 2.20 2
Tuna 2 3.40 3.40 3.70 1
Salmon
3 2.22 1.19 0.73 5
Pollock 4 1.71 1.52 1.27 4
Catfish
5 1.14 0.86 0.70 6
Cod 6 0.64 0.98 1.38 3
Crabs 7 0.61 0.32 0.29 10
Tilapia
8 0.54 0.00 0.00 NR
Clams 9 0.53 0.57 0.61 7
Scallops
10 0.33 0.24 0.30 9
Flatfish
11 0.32 0.30 0.57 8
RED => Aquaculture
![Page 3: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
World Market Needs
Challenges for the Future* where will the fish come from?
![Page 4: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
World Food Fish Supply(million tonnes)
1994 1997 1999 2010 estimated
Capture fisheries 91.4 93.6 92.3 93.0Aquaculture 20.8 28.8 32.9 49.1
Total 112.3 122.4 125.2 142.1
% Aquaculture 18.5% 23.5% 26.3% 34.6%
World Population (billions) 5.605 5.844 6.002 6.812
Per Capita Food Fish
Supply, kg 14.3 16.1 15.4 15.4
![Page 5: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Where are the fish going to be produced?
90% of our fish is imported Low-income countries will dominate supply What are the environmental concerns? Why can’t the USA compete?
![Page 6: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
What we think of …
![Page 7: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Conventional Aquaculture Production(opposite of Urban Aquaculture)
![Page 8: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
My background…Fingerlakes Aquaculture
1.0 million lbs per year of tilapia productionlocated in upstate NY
![Page 9: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Why Reuse Water ? Stricter effluent regulations Competition for water resources Disease and biosecurity issues Cost effectiveness:
• optimized feeding & temperatures; stocking density Minimize water use
• Conserve heat, reduce discharge and water source needs Maximize bio-security Flexibility in where farm is located (near market-Urban applications)
![Page 10: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Species and System Production Intensity
Water required Ratio = Land or Water Use to RAS Use
(kg/ha/y) (Liter/kg) Land Water
O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) ponds
17,400 21,000 77 210
I. punctatus (Channel catfish) ponds
3,000 3,000 - 5,000 448 400
S. gairdneri (Rainbow trout) raceways
150,000 210,000 9 2,100
Panaeid shrimp pond (Taiwan)
4,200 - 11,000 11,000 - 21,340 177 160
O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) RAS
1,340,000 100 1 1
Water and Land Use Issues:Ratio of Land and Water Use for Various Systems versus
Indoor Recirculating Tilapia Production
![Page 11: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Design of a Water
Recirculation System
Waste Solids Removal
SedimentationSwirl SeparatorsScreen FiltersBead FiltersDouble Drain
Aeration orOxygenation
Air Stone DiffuserPacked ColumnDown-flow ContactorLow Head OxygenatorU-tube
Fine & DissolvedSolids Removal
Foam Fractionation
Carbon DioxideRemoval
Air Stone DiffuserPacked Column
Fish Culture Tank
Round, OctagonalRectangular or D-ended
Biological Filtration(Nitrification)Fluidized Bed FiltersMixed Bed FiltersTrickling FiltersRotating Bio-Contactors
Disinfection
Ultraviolet LightOzone Contact
![Page 12: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
All design parameters are proportional to feeding rate
0.25 - 0.5 kgWaste Solids
0.25 - 1.0 kgOxygen
0.25 - 1 kg CO2
0.02 - 0.04 kg NH3 & NH4
0.18 - 0.4 kgAlkalinity
1 kg Feed
![Page 13: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
![Page 14: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Recirculating Tank System
Lab
OfficeQ1
Q2
Growout 4 Growout 3 Growout 2 Growout 1
North Carolina State Fish Barn Layout
![Page 15: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Aquaculture Success will depend upon:
Low cost production
Environmental sustainability
Appropriate technology (country specific)
Matching production to appropriate markets
![Page 16: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Growth of Meat Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Ton
nes
(th
ou
san
ds)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Ton
nes
(th
ou
san
ds)
po
ult
ry
Salmonids Tilapia Catfish Broiler Turkey
![Page 17: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Consumers are looking for
Quality
Value VALUE VALUE Convenience
• Ready to eat salad mixes• Bottled water
Do you care where your food comes from?
![Page 18: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
QUIZ
Rank the following for concentration of PCB’s
1. Chicken Breast
2. Butter (w/ salt)
3. Farmed Salmon
4. Corn Bread
![Page 19: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Answers
Rank the following for concentration of PCB’s
1. Butter (w/ salt) (70 ppb)
2. Farmed Salmon (37 ppb)
3. Chicken Breast (32 ppb)
4. Corn Bread (11 ppb)
![Page 20: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
QUIZ
What is the allowable FDA level of pcb’s in our food?
10 ppb 100 ppb 1000 ppb 2000 ppb (2 mg per kg or 2 ppm)
![Page 21: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Farmed Salmon vs Wild? Salted butter (70 ppb); chicken breast (32 ppb);
popcorn (17 ppb); cornbread (11 ppb) Science reported (Cornell authors, no less)
• PCB’s of 17 to 50 ppb in farmed (36.6 avg)• PCB’s of wild were 5 ppb
FDA allowed level is 2000 ppb !! Heart disease reduced by 25% by eating one
meal a week of “fatty” fish
![Page 22: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Challenges to Producing a Fillet for $3.50/lb
30% yield
Assume Farmer produces product for $1.00 per lb DIRECT cost
WHAT is the retail cost to the consumer?
![Page 23: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Farm Cost (whole fish), $/lb 1.00$ Farmer margin 20.0%Processor yield on fillet 30.0% margin 35.0%Wholesaler margin 35.0%Distributor margin 10.0%Retailer Margin 35.0%Retail Price, $/lb $7.22
Farm to Market
![Page 24: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Farmed Salmon GrowthFarmed Salmon Growth
Year million Growth % lb per year last 5 years
1980 44 1985 110 20.1% 1990 550 38.0% 1995 1,210 17.1% 2000 2,420 14.9%
![Page 25: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
US Seafood Per Capita Consumption
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Per
Cap
ita,
lb/y
r
![Page 26: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Why has US Seafood consumption stayed flat?
Why can’t we mimic the explosive growth of the
Poultry Industry?
![Page 27: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Marketing &
Scale of Operation
![Page 28: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
1943
Jesse Jewell (Gainesville, GA) started the beginning of the commercial broiler industry
JJ owned a feed mill and a processing plant This initiated a period of 20% growth Will it happen for indoor aquaculture?
![Page 29: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
US Broiler Industry Growth and % Growth
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Years from 1930 to 2000
Mill
ion
lb/y
ea
r R
TC
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
Gro
wth
% la
st
10
ye
ars
lb/year RTC
Growth %
![Page 30: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
How USA Broiler Meat Is Marketed
Year Whole Cut-upFurther
Processed1962 83 15 21965 78 19 31970 70 26 41975 61 32 71980 50 40 101985 29 53 171990 18 56 261995 11 53 362000 9 46 45
![Page 31: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
RAS Tilapia Production Costs (scale effects)
Small Farms
Medium Scale
Integrated Farms
===================== ===================== =====================
Lbs/yr 250K 1.5 million 12 million
Labor $0.65/lb $0.25/lb $0.11/lb
Feed $0.39/lb $0.25/lb $0.15/lb
Utilities $0.36/lb $0.15/lb $0.10/lb
Total Direct Cost
$1.51/lb $0.75/lb $0.50/lb
![Page 32: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
World Tilapia Production Costs
Cost of ProductionCOUNTRY
$/ lb $/ kgBrasil, Ecuador, Cuba $0.50 $1.10/ kgCosta Rica, J amaica $0.55 $1.20/ kgColombia, México $0.68 $1.50/ kgUSA $0.91 $2.00/ kg
![Page 33: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Relative Costs of Animal Feed
Component Cost $/ton Hog Broiler Tilapia SalmonProtein 16% 21% 36% 55%ME of diet, Kcal/kg 3,465 3,300 2,800 4,400Fat (bulk) $ 260 6% 6%Corn $ 112 70% 62% 15%Soy (48% ) $ 187 23% 21% 40% 20%Wheat $ 153 20%Fish Meal (62% Protein) $ 550 2.5% 10% 50%Fish Oil $ 508 2% 12%Blended Ingredient Cost $/Kcal
$ 0.044 $ 0.046 $ 0.074 $ 0.093
Blended Ingredient Cost $/ton
$ 137 $ 138 $ 187 $ 373
![Page 34: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Can RAS produced fish compete?
Reminders-- Catfish farm side @ $0.70/lb and 45% fillet yield
=> tilapia farm gate at $0.51/lb (33% yield) Broiler production
• 1,000,000 kg/yr per person (vs. 100,000 kg for fish)
• $0.10/kg for broiler labor, capital costs, utilities
• twice feed requirements per unit of broiler meat produced
• productivity per unit space only 50% indoor fish
![Page 35: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Issues & Applications to Developing Countries
Issue: in LDC’s, Environmental protection, sustainability, job creation & economic growth
China: selenium deficiency for 2/3 country• Plants and Animals are deficient => human deficiency
(cancer, poor neural development)• Use a cultured fish tank to deliver selenium enriched
feed; people eat fish etc etc.
![Page 36: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
New Book
by M.B. Timmons, J.M. Ebeling, F.W. Wheaton,
S.T. Summerfelt, & B.J. Vinci
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
•760 pages + CD Rom of Software Programs• Available through: Amazon; Aquatic Eco Systems, WAS;
Cornell Book Store
![Page 37: Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Aquaculture’s Role in the 21 st Century & Associated Issues Michael B. Timmons, PhD Biological & Environmental.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649dbc5503460f94aadf80/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Closing thoughts?
QUESTIONS ?