RECENT RESEARCHES NORTHWEST WEST PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT

The korfhwesr par1 of West Pakisran has seen derailed geological . investigdwn in several areas during the past ten years. In this paper, on

attempt has been made to give a brief account of the re.~eurcIl work (much of which has already been published) carried oul in Pesliawar and Malakand Divisions, and in Gilgit Agency since 1947. A summary of economic inwsti- galions is given and a detailed account of the bibliograpity has been presen- ted in the end to provide an easy source of references fbr future workers.

The important conclusion that the authors have reached from this work is that many of the more or less regionalfy meiamorphosed rocks, pre- viously considered Precambrian, are mainly Siluro- De vortiun and, r o a lesser extent, Carboniferous in age, with a relative abundance of reef complexes. Many of these rocks were intruded by various tjl/les of igneous rocks (mainly granitrs), mostly during the Late Creraceous and Early Tertiary periods.

Northwestern West Pakistan, largely a mountain terrain, is comprised mainly of the northwestern Himalayas and Karakoram, and thc eastern Hindukush. It has always attracted earth scientists and mountaineers because of i ts interesting but comp- Icx geology and challenging mountains. The region has seen detailed work in several areas during thc past decade, mainly carried out by the Universities of the Panjab and

Peshawar, and the GeoIogical Survey of Pakistan. This work builds on the more general geology of the country given by Krishnan (1956), Mehdiratta (1 962), Pmoe ,(1950), Wadia (1966) and Gansser (1964), and has taken place principally in Haara, including the granitic areas of Mansebra and Amb ; Swat, including Kohistan ; and the surrounding areas of the Peshawar plain. The W.P.I.D.C. and the P.C.S.I.R. have carried out detailed work on some of the economic minerals of the region; and a number of foreign expeditions have worked in Gilgit Agency.

* Department of Mineralogy, British Musturn (Natural History), London, S.W. 7.

paper is intended to present a brief account of the published research work ~arr icd out in the Pcshawar and Malakand Divisions and in Gilgit Agency. In this ireview, the stratigraphy .of Hazara, Swat and Peshawar areas (much of which mnccrns rocks affected by the Himalayan regional metamorphic will be ,considerd together, -followed by a discussion-of the igacoud rocks to be ,found .in

them. This is followed by accounts of the general stratigraphy of the Kohat a W Gilgit Agency; and the economic mincrals of the whole region. I n c~nclusion, the authors have tried to present a detailed bibliography of reccnt

work much of which Kas appeared ,in print since 1947. A large .num&r of papen haling with the geology of the region are awa$ing publication by the Geolofical Survey of Pakistan, but they arc not included bere. Many of the rcfercnces given

Me cited i n rhc text ; some, however, could not be used for various reasons, mainly thc unavailability of the papers.

The need for a detailed bibliography arises from the fact that most of the north- western rcgion, particularly the tribal belt, is geologically the least studied portion of

Pakistan, and the various agencies concerned in the search for minerals will probably

concentrate on this region in the future.

HAZARA, SWAT AND PESHAWAR REGION The Hazara region is a metascdimentary area intruded by granitic rocks. The

oldest formation is the Hazara Slate, considered to be Precambrian and shown a6 such on the G~ological Map of Pakistan (Bakr and Jackson, 1964). The stratigraphic succession of the region is:

4. The

3. The 2, Thc I . Thc

Marks and Ali considered that the

Triassic Systcm I nfra-Trias Group Tanol Formation Hazara Slate Formation

(1 961 ) described tbe stratigraphy and structure .of tht area and age of the Hazara Slnte Formation must be at least Palwozoic,

whilst the Ttlnnl Formation mky be the Mime age or even older. The Infra-Trias i s

thought possibly to be Uppcr Palaeozoic whilst, an fossil evidence. the Triassic Systcm i s tentatively assigned a Jurassic-Triassic age. Ali (1962) has re-examined the Infra-

Trias Group i n the southwestern Tanol area and after comparing the rocks with the Abbottabad I nfra-Trius and the Swabi-Chamla Sdimcn tary Group (see Martin, Siddiqui and King, 19621, designated both sets of Hazaran rocks as the Abbottbad Formation. Furthcr notes (Ahmad, 1961 ; 1962; Marks and Ahmad, 1%2; Marks

and Ali, 1962; and Latif, 1962) on the stratigraphy and palaeontolagy of Hazara confirm the Jurassic age of part at least of the uppermost ('Triassic System') forma- tion and tlaburatc on other aspccts.

+urther work on the Swabi-Chamla Sedimentary Group, especiailg the Kala

Limestone in which orthoconic nautiloids have h e n found (Davies and Ahmad, 1963a; Davies, 1964b ;) suggests that the upper part of the Swabi Group may be Siluro-Devonian in age, whilst the underlying Swabi Quartzite, and therfore, by correlation,the Quartzite Meinber of the Abbottabad Formation, may bc Silurian or Devonian also.

Work on Hazaran stratigraphy continues (see Davies and Ahmad, 1963b; Butt, 1970; Davies, 1963; Ahmad, 1963; Davies and Gardezi, 1965a; Davies et id., 1967; Gardezi, 1968 ; 1970; Gardezi and Ghazanfar, 1965; Davies and Gardezi, 196%; Cheema, ibid., and Latif, 1963; 1964; 1968; 1970a; 1970b; 1 9 7 0 ~ ) and t o quote Davies and Ahrnad (1963a, p. 5): "In the meantime, it becomes essential to search carefully for fossils in the Abbottabad Formation and its possible equivalents with a view to clarifying thc whole problem".

More recently, detailed investigations by Latif (1969) have shown that the rocks \

of the Hazara district can be divided into seven major groups ranging from Eocambrian to Recont in age. Five of the groups are furthcr subdivided into various formations. The sequence is shown in Table I ; for comparison, rocks from other regions have also been presented. Structural and related studies in Nazara have been carried out by Shams (1 964c), Khan ( 1 952), Abdullah and Calkins (1 968), and Ofield et al.,(in press).

In the adjoining region of Swat, the stratigraphy of the Swahi area (Martin et ale, 1962; Davies and Ahmad, 1963a) has already been mentioned. This district has been correlated with that of Hazat-a and systematic mapping continued to the north and east by Jan and Tahirkheli (1969; see also King, 1961). As in H ~ z a r a , thc ngc of many of the sedimentary rocks is tentatively considered to be Siluro-Devonian. This age is also becoming widely accepted as applying to much of the area surrounding the Peshawar plain, where strata previously assigned t o the Precambrian are now thought coeval with rocks always considered to be Siluro-Devonian. This is especially true of the Attock Slates, a formation firmly regarded as consisting of undifferentiated argillaceous Precambrian rocks for many years. Work by Tahirkhcli (l965b; 1967a; 1968b; -1968~; i n press, a; 1970c and 1970b) has shown that the Altmk Slates may be differentiated into at b a s t thirteen mappable units, of which five are placed in the

Palaeozoic, four in the Mesozoic and five in the Tertiary. Concerning the Piilaeozoic units, recent fossil discoveries suggest, again, a Siluro-Devonian and Carboniferous

age (Tahirkheli, 1970~). The pattern of joints and other structures in the Altock Slates have been described by Ashfak and Waki1(1969), and some associated Tertiary rocks by Davies (1964a). Alongside this work has been the r e a n t discovery of four fossiliferous Palaeozoic (Siluro-Devonian) reef complexes: two at Nowsbera(Teichert and Stauffcr, 196%; 1965b; Stauffer, 1967; 1968; Barn

dnwar, 1969); one at Tangi CTahirkheli, 1969) ; and one . a t lamrud (Khan et aI., $978; M. A. Khan, 1969; 1930). Latif (1 970) refers a part of the P i r Sabak Oheri reef a t Nowshera to the Lower Carbonjfcrous on the basis of a specimen of &nplexus s p found ic dolomitic limestone.

The rocks of the .Landikotal area, Khybcr Agency, have been divided into three major pans by-Stauffer (i.p review). Two of them, ic. the lower h d i k i t a l Slate and

&e upper Shahgai Limestme-including coralline limestone+have bcen .assigned a Siluro-Devonian age, whereas the topmost Ali Masjid Formation has bcea tentatively

-placed in the Carbonif'erous. More recent work (StauRer, i n review) in the Khyber Pass shows that the oldest two of the three (slate and limestone) may~range from Ordovician to Carboniferous and the third (Ali Masjid Formation) from Devonian to Permian. This is overlain by the Khyber Limestone (Carboniferous t o ? Jurassic) which underlies undivided Palaeocene sedimentary rocks, the Eoccne Kohat Forrna-

tion, and the Oligo-Miocene Murree Formation. Shah (1969) hasreporttd tbe presence of .uppermost Devonian ammonoid Platyclimenia stufie in the limestone from the

.upper part of the Ali Masjid Formation. Jan (1969) published a brief note on the .geology of the Shilman area. Recent work near Jamrud (Khan, 1970) has shown that t h e rocks range from Ordovician/Lower Silurian t o Car,boniferous; many units have very similar 1 ithologies to those of the Nowshera reef area, and can be direc~iy corre- lated (see Table I). In the adjoining Warsak area, Ahmad et al. (I 969) have tenatively placed the rocks in the Siluro-Devonian, Carboniferous, and Upper Palaeozoic. The eastern portion of Mohmand Agency and the csntral part of Malakand Agency isshown by Stauffer (1967) topbe at least partly of Devonian age. In the light of the above information, the writers consider that the metamorphic belt covering most of the two agencies probably ranges in age from Siluro-Devonian to Carboniferous.

Thus the outstanding feature i n stratigraphical research in the Hazare-Swat- Peshawar region has been the realisation, based on recent fossil finds, that many of the more or less regionally m:tamorphosed rocks previously considered to be Precambrian are of Siluro-Devonian and Carboniferous age, forming a major belt of strata (mainly limestones and dolomites above, and slates, phylJitcs and quartzitcsbclow). They include massive reef complexes, suggesting that much of northern Pakistan was covered during the Devonian by warm, shallow seas (Stauffer, 1967).

Stratigraphic and related studies outside the main areas include those o n tbe Potwar Basin and sub-Himalayan area (Gill, 1951a; I951 b; Wadia, 1951 ; Eiahi and Martin, 1920: Martinr1962a+ Akn, 496+ Be and Samad-, 1966); Cherat (Jan, - -

1 968b) ; and Kalam (Porter, 1970). Notes on the Khewra Trap,'the iinlyigneoumxik found within the Salt Range. are given bv Martin 41955: 4962b). .

'

L \ r b l + L i ~ L ~ ~ L U m e . i g ~ ~ e o u s rocks ~f the Hazara region has been centrtd on the Mansehra and Am5 granitic complex. Shams (1 961) gave a preliminary accovni of the geoIogy of the Mansehra area which was followed -by detailed work on t h e geology of the Mansehra and Amb areas (Offield el ul., in press; Shams, 1968b). &tailed work on the mineralogy, pttrology, chemistry and other aspects of the granitic rocks of the ~ansehra -Amb .area has been carried out (Rahman, 1 96 1 ; Shams and IWmsn, 1966; 1967b: Shams, 1964b; 1965~; 1965d; 1967~ ; 1968a; 1969; SSam and Shakoor, 1967; .Rehman, 1968a; 1968b; 1969). Shams and Rehman (1966) divided the granitic complex into an older group of &ranitic gneisses and grani- toid granites, and a younger group of tourmaline-bearing granites, with associated

a?!itic and porphyry bodies. The series shows progressive enrichment in soda- Radiomztric agt determinations on micas from three granite types give tentative ages, subject to ccrtain reservations, ranging from 79 to 165 million years,IJlacing them in th: Jurassic-Cretactous (Shams, 1967b). Offield ef a/. (in press) consider thern

to be eal'l~ Te~inry. D.hri:ic intrusions from thc area havc also been invcstigatcd (Khan, 1965; Shams, 1957; Shams and Ahmad, 1968). Acpects of the metamorphic rocks from Mansehra-Amb area have been studied ; kyanite pseudomorphing andah- site (Shams, 1964a; 1965b), chloritoid-staurolite schists (Shams, 1967a); minerd differentiation in crenulated schisis (Shams, l965a): and other topics (Shams, 1963b; 1963e).

TIE igneous and mrtamorphic rocks of Swat, a hitherto i~nrnapped region, were describzd i n part. as far north a t the red and green l a v a of Kitlam by Martin el d. (1962). They divided the rocks of Lower Swat into six groups (two o f which, viz. t he Swabi-Chamla Sedimentary and the Lower Swat-Buner Schistose Groups, haw already been referred to), which have formed a framework for sl~bsequent work:

6 . The S h w a Formation 5. The Amb: n Granite 4. The Swabi-Chamla Sedimentary Group 3. The Swat Granitic Gneisscs 2. The Lower Swat-Buncr Schistose Group I . The Upper Swat Hornblendic Group

The U p p a Swat Hornblendic Group, part igneous und part metasedimentary,

and including noritcs, diorites, ,erani~es and syenitcs, haq, bezn worked on further by Davjes (1965), Rehman and Zcb (1970), and Jan and Tahirkheii (1969). who have extended the mapping of Swat to the north and east. into Kohistan, adding a further two divisions, above and below the Swat Granitic Gneisscs:

- b. (3. The Swat Gramtlc bnelscs) , ,

a. The Jijal Ultramafics 3

Jan and ~ahirkhheli (1969) show that the ~ i l u r o : ~ e ~ o n i a n rocks of the Lower Swat- B u n e r Schistose ~ r o u ~ were intruded during the Himalayan orogcny firstly (? Cretaceous) by pyroxenites, dunites and serpentinites (the Jijal Ultramafics), and l a t e r (1 Tertiary) by the abundant Swat Granites and Granite Gneisses, and lesser S h a n g Gneissic Granodioritcs. These events were followed by the thrusting of the Uppe r Swat Hornblendic-Group over the Schistose Group. Gravityand magnetic

surveys have been carried out in Swat by Saleem (1963.1. +

"The relationship of the Swabi-Chamla Group to t'he rocks east of the Karora ' gneiss is unknown, and the answer probably lies in the unmapped area to the east o f the Indus Rivcr in northern Hazara tribal territory" (Martin et a!., 1962, p. 10). The metamorphic rocks of the Mansehra quadrangle are those of the Tanawal and Abbottabad Formations of Palacozoic age (Offreld er al., in press). Stauffer (1967) considered these rocks t o be in part Devonian. Jan and Tahirkheli (1969) tentatively

placed the metamorphic rocks east of Karora and ~ c s t of the Jndus River i n the Lower Swat-Buner Schistvse Group. 11 may be pointed out here that they reported the occurrence of a mela-conglomerate "with boulders of igneous and metamorphic rocks in a phyllitic matrix" ncar Shang and Bhcsham Qala in Kohistan. Although dose attention was not paid to correlate these rocks nlith others, i t is possible that they may be the equivalent of thc Silurian Tanaki Boulder Bed.

Shams (1963a) de~cribcd the production of skarns by reaction between a cal- careous xenolith and the granite-gneiss of Manglaur, in the Lower Swat-Buner Schistose Group. The Kalam volcanics h a w been bricfly described by Sultan (1970). who correlates then1 with thc Panjnl volcanics. T h e granitc of Mnlakand has bcen describcd by W. M. Khan (1965), Ahmad (1967), and Clmudhri and Shams (1970), An occurrence of rd ingi te ncar Dargai, Malakand, has been recently rcportcd by Qaiser PI a!. (1970). King (1964) studied the igneous and mclarnorphic racks of part of Lower Swat and considered that thc granitic material was "injected largely as a crystal mush, syntectonicall y from the south during some period in I he Mesozoic which atas later than the Triassic". Stauffer (1967). however, considered thc granites to be

A

mainly Enrly Tertiary. Within the Ambcla granile, ncphcline sycnites wcre subsc- qucntly discovered at Koga, Chamla (Siddiqui, 1965) and within them, intrusive veins of carbonatitc (Siddiqui, 1967; Deans and Powell, 1968; Siddiqui ct a!., 1968), ---------------

Considered t o be related to r t 5Sen i t e sa re t t r e afMkpo*yitic microgr8nj tes-oL - the Shewa Formation (Martin et al., 1962) Tarbda and Warsak, and the alkaline

Warsak granite (Ahmad el ol., 1969; Kempe and Jan, 1970), forming an alkaline .

igneous province, 100 miles 10% possibly of Tertiary age. The nepheline sycnitcs,

carbonatites and alkali granites are the first of th&.Gnd be found in West Pakis- tan and are of cons~derable interest. AssociaM with the Warsak granites are .

intruded metagabbros and metadolerites (Ahmad et. al., 1969).

GHXOOICAL RESEARCHES IN KOHAT

. Q Fatmi and W ~ a n (1966) gave a detailed account =of the stratigraphy of western Kohat in Sarnana, Darsamand, and Thal sections. Their work mainly confirms and adds to the sequence established by Davies (1930). The sequence established by

. them, f om bottom to top, is: Shinwari Formation, and Samana Suk Limestone (Jurassic); Chichali, Lurnshiwal, and Darsamand Formations .( Late Jurassic to ~ r ~ t i c e o u s ) ; Hangu Formation, Lockhart Limestone, Patala Shale, and Thal For- mation @alaeoccnc). The rocks consist "of shale, sandstone and limestone with sub- ordinate marls, conglomerates, and breccias indicative of environments which vary from shallow agitated marine waters (glauconite, aolites, phosphatic nodules, corals, and other marine benthonic fauna, current bzdding, ripple marks etc.) to quiet marine waters (fine muddy limestonz, shaie, absence or paucity of benthonic fauna, graded bedding etc.)," (Fatmi and Khan (1966, p. 8). Red and greyish green sandstones and shales (probably of thc Murrec Formation) also occur in minor quantities i n the valley between Raisan and Kohat.

The eastern Kohat region on the other hand is characterised by abundant Tertiary and less abundant Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The stratigraphic sequence, worked out by Rashid el al. (1 965), is: Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones; Palaeocene shales, limestone, and sandstone; Eocene Bahadur Khel Rock Salt, Panoba Shale, Sheikhan Formation (limestone with minor gypsum), and Chharat Group (Mamikhel Clay and Kohat Limestone) ; Miocene Rnwalpi ndi Group (Murree and Kamlial Formations, mostly of sandstones); and the Pliocene Siwalik Group of Chingi, Nagri, and Dhok Pathan Formations. Recent sediments occur in various parts of the district; some of the most spectacular of these are probably the megaconglomcrates and the underlying clays occurring in the valley between Raisan and Chikarkot (M.Q.J., personal

+ -' observation). The succession at the southern slope of the Handyside Fort, KohW is

comprised of limestones, sandstones, and shales ,ranging from Late Jurassic to

~nlaco&nc (Khnn, 1968).

Jurassic and,EarJy Cretaceous megnfossils from Mazri Tang (Fatmi, 19668 ; 1968), dimorphism in some Jurassic ammonites from western Kohat (Fatmi, 1969), and Assilim in the Lower Eocene Laki Series of the Kohat-Potwar basin(Gil1, 1953) have ban described. The study ofthe geology and fauna (lamellibmnchia, cephafopoda,

Wtropoda, ttc.) of the Eocene of Kohat (Esmes, 1950; 1951a; 1951b;.1952a ; 1952b)

' . b Y

3s one of the most outstanding contributions t o the st~a~ig~aphicgeology of nortb'c~~s West Pakistan. . .

It is interesting to note that apart from the miiior metamorphic rocks in +lortheastern and northwestern parts of the district, zk area is surprisingly fie a n y igneous and metamorphic rocks.

THE GILGIT AGENCY

The Karakoram and Hindukush Ranges, covering most of Gil@t Agency Chitral, have been investigated in some detail b j many European and Jape

and a number of papers have been published. The reader is refec* '

t o Gansser (1 964) who has summarised the work of the main contributors (panic&% those of Dasio, Schneider, and others, which are nm available to the authors of& paper), along with a detailed bibliography on the gology of the Karakoranl

Himalayan Ranges-

The NW Karakoram has been subivided, litbologically and structud!~.

into five zones by Schneider (1957). Gattinger (196l)subdivided the whole range seven units, including the various zones of Schneider (see Table 11). A more gene- ed subdivision of the entire range has been proposed b~ Gansser (1964) as follow:

A northern sedimentary zone (Tethys Karakoram)-Uppcr Carboniferou- m Upper Cretaceous with younger intrusive.

A central metamorphic zone with a plutonic core-Palaeozoic.

A southern volcanic schist zone-Upper Palafozoic to Cretaceous (latter '

eastern Hindukush).

All the three units are separated by steep thrust zoneswith marked pnrallclisrn tc ah regional strike (Gansscr, 1964, p. 31).

A team of Australian geologists (ivanac, T r a m aod King, 1956) investigated xk geology and mineral resources of thc northwest I>afi of Gilgit Agency. Later, Bak (1965) confirmed and added to their work. The scqumceestnblished by them is:

Ladakh Granodiorite Karakoram Granodiorite 1 Tertiary

Darkot Pass Granodinrite 1 - - b i n Group - - - - Lou~erGetac~m~s

Greenstone C-omplcx ? Triassic Dark01 Group h w e r Permian and/or Upper

~ ~ n i f e r o u s The Darkot Group, according to Stauffer (1967, p. 552, may in part be in age.

Comparison of Zonal Arrangements of rhc Rock Formorions in the Western Karakoram ($rum north to south) by various authors Modified and enhged @er Matsushita and Huzita ( 1966).

I * 1 Between Gilgit and Batura district (Schneider, 1 957)

IV Axial Zonc (Bat 11 ra-Mustagh hornblcnde gra- nite)

111 Kristnl!inschicTcr (Older schists

. and gncisscs)

I1 Chalt Schiefcr- serie (schist zone)

1 Raknpashi Rangr

(H) Hornbtcndc- gneics

Bttween Skarciu and Shaksgam (Gattigngcr, ! 961)

Tethys-thrust zone (stranger metamorphos- ed Tetliys sediments thrust southwards)

Achsen-zone (Tertiary granitic intrusions)

- -

Zer~tral Kristallin (Palaeozoic metamor- pkics and youngcr Variscan granites)

__--_------- Sch uppen-zone

Sudrand Kristallin

In t rusive-Ligament

I Darkot Pass Granodiorite (Tertiary) 1

Western Karakoram (Matsushita and Huzita, 1966)

Northwestern portion of Gifgit rl Agency and Baltistan (Ivanac el ol., f 1956; Bakr, 1965) 1 fl

(D) Axial zone (Tertiary granite of Baltoro)

(E) Tethys zone (Marine Permo- Carboniferous and Lower Triassic formations)

- ---.-.-

(C) Central Schist-gneiss zone (Mica-schists and gneisses- dcrived from marine Middle Palaeozoic and Carboniferous, younger Variscan granite)

t.

Darkot Group ( ~ o w e i ~ k r m i a n and /or Upper Carboniferuits)

I

(B) Green phyllite-limestone zone (limestone, dolomite, phyl lite-derivcd from Lower Cretaceous marine sediments and volcanics)

(A) Gilgit gneiss zone (hornblende gneiss-deri~rcd From Lower Cretaccovs green rocks and Creto-Palaeogene granite)

H- Harantosh Invader (schists and gneisses derived from Palaeozoic sediments ; Tertiary Granite)

-- I I I

Karakoram Granodiorite I

I

Darkot Group (slates, limestones, quartzites, conglomerates, schists, marbles, gneisses, volcanics, Lower Permian and/or Upper Carbonifer- ous) ?i-4

-

yasin Group-Lower Cretaceous, and Greenstone Complex-(?) Triassic (lavas, tuffs, agglomerates, lime- stones, sandstones, quartzites, gneisses)

Ladakh Granodiorite (Tertiary)

More recently, the publications of the Japanese expedition (Matsushita and Huzita, 1964; 1965; 1960) have substantially added to the geology of the western Karakoram. Table $1 shows the zonal arrangement of rocks in the region asiiong various authors. The last column in this table is derived from the geological map of the northwestern portion of Gilgit Agency by lvanac et 41, (1956).

i It may be pointed out here that the above-mentioned authors have not recodcd

many pre-Palaeozoic rocks in the region. Sokolov and Shah (1966, p. 191), on the other hand, think that the Karakoram median mass "is made of pre-Palaeozoicgranites of various types, gneisses, crystalline schists and other highly metamorphosed rocks. AIong the northern and southern margins of the median mass the narrow (limited by faults) strings of outcrops of Upper Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and even younger rocks

3 9 appear. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The granitic rocks of the Nanga Parbar area (imrthwestern Himalayas of the

southern part of Gilgit Agency) are considered to be a product of syntectonic meta- sonlaticgranitization (Misch, 1947). These granites-The intrusive ligament of Gattin- ger - missing from NW Karakoram are supposed to have welded the Karakoram to the Himalayan orogene. West of Nnnga Parbat in Gilgit Agency, and Hazara and

'

Swat Kohistan occur abunclan t norites, diorites, amphibolites, minor granites and ultramafic rocks. Jan (]bid-) has presented the petrography of these rocks (belonging to the Upper Swat Hornblendic Group of Martin el ol*, 1962) and considered that the group extends from Chilas (Gilgit Agency) to, at least. western Dir. The rocks are thought to be mostly magmatic in origin and older than the Nanga Parbat granites. Dunitcs, occurring near Chilas, were first reported by Shams (1956).

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF NORTHWEST WEST PAKISTAN

Economic minerals from different parts of the region have been describrd. Lend mineralisation (Shams, 1963d; Rahman, 1964), mangancse (Quraishi and . Imam, 196p; Quraishi and Abdullah, 1960) and tungsten-molybdtnum (Shams and Rehrnan, 1967a) from Haturn; leed-zinc h n - ~ U S ~ U , Swat (Tahirkhrli, 19598); stibnite from Chitral (Ali, 1959); chi-oniite from Tangi-Malakand srca (Bogue, 1962; Ali and Amin, 1963) and copper from Dir (Ahmad, 19620; 1962b) I~t~ve bccn invcsti- gafccl. Iron ores of Dammen Nissar, Chitral (Kidwai and Imam, 1958); Langrial, Hazara (Khan and Ahmad, 1966); Shah Dhcri, Swat (Ashraf, 1969) and Khybcr Azency (Bukhsh ct a/.? 1961); iron-bcaring beds in Smana Rangc (Fatmi, 1966b), --*m ~ ~ ~ ~ a * ~ d ~ ~ , ~ 4 5 @ n d D e v a n i a n l a t e n C t e from ChitralLSf~~.~'&r, ----- 1969) have been discussed. A magnetic survey of the Pirkhel iron ore, Malakand (Rahman and Choudhuri, 1966); benificiation of the low grade lead-ores of Hazara, Swat, and ; Chitral (Bhatti er a/., 1967); chemical and other studies of rion ores from northwest ,

West Pakistan (Nowsbzrviand Khan, 1966; see also Bhuiya eta!., 1963;and Chowdri, in press, 1970) have also been carried out. Occurrence of asbestos, niokel, sulphur, pyrite, talc, clay, 1ead;:fluorite and ruby garnet from NE Baltistan ~fridi ; in 'prws, 1970) and galena, stibnite, copper, gold and mercury from Chitral (Bhuiyan, in press, 1970) have been recently reported.

Pegmatities near Rajdhawari, Hazara (Khan, 1964); Talash, Dir (Nabi, 1968) and Sarok Gal, Chitral (Ala udd in, 1 969) were studied for mica, feldspar, beryl, Ac. Kktailed studies have (been made of feldspars, mainly from Bazara (Mahmocd

e t a!., 1964; Qureshi et a!., 1965 ; Faruqi et al., 1968)and kaolinite from Shah Dheri, Swat and Ahl, Hazara (Shah et al., 1964 ; Faruqi and Qurcshi, 1965; Faruqi end Ahmad, 1967; Naz ct ul., 1964; Moosvi el al., 1966). Faruqi and others (1 970a; 1970b) have compared the china clay from Swat with those of importcd days and found that the former can succ:ssfuIly replace the latter after washing and thus can be used i n ceramic industries. The Government has decided to set u p a small factory to process this clay in the N.W.F.P., and the deposit is under extensive investigation by the W.P.I.D.C.

Reports have been presented on rock salt (Rashid et al., 19651, gypsum and anhydrite (Gauhar, 1966)and on the development potentialities of the Trans-Indus Salt Range (Tahitkheli and Khan, 1970) of Kohat. Diamond core drilling in the salt anticline at Bahadurkhel (Rashid and Wussain, 1967) shows that the salt is 1950 feet thick. ' Phosphate deposits of Nizampur (Meissner, 1965) and of western Kohat (Stanin and Hasan, 1966)in the Chichali Formation have been studied. Investigations on the talc deposits of Jamrud (Abbas el al., E967), soapstone of Shcrwan (Anwar, 1964), dolomite of Ghundi Tarako (Ak htar el al., 1969) and othcr areas (Ashraf el a/., in press), vermiculite (Javaid and Amin, I967), barytes from Hazara (Safdar and Hassan, 1965), kyanite from Swat (Tahirkheli, 1959b), the benificiation of Hazra glass sand (Faruqi el a!., 1966) and the mineraIogy of asbcstos from the northwest (Qaiser et ol., 1967; Qaiser and Khan, 1969) have also bcen carried out. Qaiaiser and others (1968) also conducted DTA studies on some Iocal minerals. Attention has been paid to the decorative and building material (Coulson, 1937; Asrarullah, 1962; Ahmad, 1965 ; Mian, in prcss, 1970) and limestone resourccs(Saif, in press, 1970) of the N.W.F.P.

Emerald and other bcryls from Swat (Davies, 1962 ; Shams, 1963~; Jan, 11 968a) and Mobmand Agxcy ( Ahmad, 1966; Jan, 1968a; Hayat, in preparation ); Cr-tourmaline from Swat ( Jan, Kampe band ISpes, in greparation) and ruby- corundum(Jan et a!., 1969; 1971) from.Dir have been dikusstd. The Upper Swat

Hornblendic Group bas been shown by Jan et al. (1969) Yo exturd into Dir,

where related rocks contain corundum. (The ruby-corundum has also been investi- gated by W.P.I.D.C. and G.S.P.). Butler (1963) collected nephrite jade pebbles, possibly derived from the Siwaliks, in Teri Toi, Kohat. Hayat (in press, 1970) reported beryl, silica sand, ctc. from Mohamnd Agency, and Jan (in press, 1970)

dcscribcd emerald, Cr-tourmaline, Cr-spinel, litharge, scapolite and other interesting minerals recently reported from Peshawar region and pointed out their potential ecanom ic importance. Ali (1 9 67) has reported most of the gemstones found in the northwest, and Mian (1970) surnmariscs all the Cr-bearing minerals discovered in the region. . .

Detailed investigation has been carried out for gold, radioactive and other heavy minerals in the sands of the fndus and other rivers. The economic potentialities and

other aspects of the sands of the Indus River have been discussed in detail by Tahir- kheli (1960; 1965a; 1968a; and in press, 1970b) and Davidson (1962); and of the Indus, Gilgit, Nagar, and Hazara Rivers by Danilchik and Tahirkheli (1959). Tahir- kheli (1967b) also carried out a rcconaissance survey for radioactive minerals in the Dardistan, Baitistan and Haramosh areas of the Gilgit Agcncy, and Ahmad (1957) has reported radioactive minerals from parts of Hazara. A reconnaissance radio- metric survey of the Kaghan valley (Khan and Sabri, 1966) and a radioactivity study of the Hunza River (Ahmad, 1962) have also been conducted. Akhtar and Siddiqui 0965) studied the Kabul River sand near Charsadda tor heavy minerals. Khan (in press, 1970) gives a summary of the search for radioactive minerals in Pakisan.

In addition to these, it will also be of intercst to mention about the occurrenu of a number of interesting mintr4s on which literature, if a t all any, is not available. These include duorite from Char: Pat, Dir, ruby-spinel, marble, copper and baryte from Mohmand Agency, talc from Kurram, ruby-corundum from Tirah, deep pinkish corundum in association with carbonate from Hunza, lapis lazuli from Chitral and Tirah, baryte and glass sand from Khyber, aquamarine form Swat and Gilgit, and green beryl end spodumene from Bajaur, Dir. I n addition, a number of localities in Mohmand Agency have rodingitcs of greenish cblour which are sold as "Jade". A partially serpentinized dunite of green colour from Mohmand is' sold i n Hong Kong as decoratic stone under the name of Pakan?te (Arif Khanzada, personal communi- cation).

General id accounts of the economic minerals of the region have blcn given by Coulson(l940), Gee (194T), Heron (1954), Brown and Dty (1959, Ali (1959), Ali eta!., (1964), Ahmad (1969), and Tahirkheli (1970a). ^industrial rocks and minerals of the =@on have also b n n discussed in CENT0 Sympo~vm, Lahore (1962).

74 . . f .

., + > ... . ACKNOWLE~GEMENTS * -

. I r 1 .

he authbrs are gatefui to dl the teaching &aff members of thi Geology Dew - nl&, Univeisity df Peshawar, f i r their hdlp id the pr&&atidn of this manuscrm? Dr. B. .R. Hussain ef-l<a&hi . - *.. kJ&~er~itjr'&d'~r.;s': M. Akhtar of the P.C.

I . . 4 ,

+boratories brought ce&n iefe'renceiio t he Aitdtice qf the authors. Dr. k. A - . . .of the Panjab University .not only prchGded' &me references but also allowed 5 % -

quthors to make use of certain charts and 6orr;lation tables in his Ph.D. thesis 3-

offered useful suggestions. M ~ . ' M : A. ~ h a n of the University of Peshawr also ofire, many suggestions and critically read the manuscript. All of tbzse are detply thanke for their help. 1

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1 r , '

ABDULLAH, S.K.M. and C ~ L K I N S , J.A., 1968-A new hypothesis for 'the devel~b?- mmt of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis.(abs.)ZOth All P8ak.Sci. Conf.,DacL-9

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ALI;S.M. and AMIN, M., 1963-Checminal co&osiiion of chromitesfrorn Peshawar Region. Pak. Jour. Sci. & Ind. Res.? vol. 6, no. 4,pp. 227-32.

A~l,S.T.;1959--Mineral deposits and showings in the northern *art of ~ e s t ~ ~ a l i i s t a n . ~ n f . Rel., Geol. Surv. Pakistan, no. 2, 36 pp. 1967--Gtmsrones in Pakistan. Pre-pub. Issue, Geol. Surv. ~akis ton , no.

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-- --, CALKINS, J.A. and ,O~~ l6LD, T.w., 1964-Mineral deposits ofthe s&uthern part of the Hazara District. Rec., Geo~. Surv. Pakistan, vol. 13, pt. j , 38 pp.

ALLEN, J.E., 1964-Quaternary stratigraphic sequence .in the Potwar Basin and adjacent northwest Pakistan. Geol. Bull.,Univ. Peshawar, vol, .1, pp. 2-5, (., 1964-Soapstone dcposits of Sherwan, Djstrict Hazara. Sci. and Ind.,

vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 19-24. . i s q

M. and WAKIL, A.(edited by Ghauri, A.A.K.), 1969-The rtudy or thc , joint pailern5 and the olher structures of the Manki Slate and the Attock Shale. Gcol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, uol. 4, pp. 24-32. ..: , , .

ASHRAT, M., 1969-~a~neti&-bea;ing arnpbibolites near Mari Banda, swat. I l ih Annl, Qmf,Sd- Soc Pakip-Mul lan . Geol. M s . p. 22,011 Urdu). .

_ - - - I -

ASHRAP, M.,QURESHI, M.W. and FARUQI, F-A-) in press-Geological .and qhemical characteristics 01 dolomite from Hazqa and Mardan Djsviqts. Pak. Jour. . '. 4 - 4 . . . - - . c . , . * ! ' A ; r : . . r . - I

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~vrua , 1962-Some decorative building stones of West Pakistan. Nat . Resr. . Mag., Karachi, vol, 1, no. 8, pp. 21 -34.

, *M.A., 1965-Geology ofparts of Trans-Eimejayan region in Gilgit and *

a Baltistan, West Pakistan. Rcc., Gcol. Surv. Pakistan, vol. I I , pt. 3, 17 pp. -.- and JACKSON, R. O., 1954 - Gtotogical Map of Pakistan. Geol. Surv.

Pakistan. trr, S.O.,Koaur, J.J., RUST, C.C. .ad S W E E T , ~ . ~ . , 1966--Conodonts from

Nowshera reef limestones (upprmost Silurian or lowermost Devonian), West Pakistan. Jour. PaIaegnt,, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 435-8.

.I.R. and SAYAD, A., 3966--Thermometric analyses of some samples from ,:Potwar area. Pak. Jour. Sci. & Ind. Re., vol, 9, no. 2, pp. 150-4.

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rpi, M.I., R A S H I D , A X . ~ ~ ~ QURESHI, A-A, 1967--&nification of low grade lead ore. Pak. Jour. Sci. & Ind. Res., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1 12-5.

YA, A.K., SUA ~ E H E E N , M. and QURESHI, M.M., 1963-A brief report on the current status of collaborative investigations on some important iron ore deposits of Pakistan. Sci. and Ind., vol. 1, p, 87.

YAN, K., in press, 1970-Mineral potential of Chitral Digtrict. Proc. Nat. Sem. Min. Development, Lahore,

INDEL,F. and MARVIER, L., 1952--Note on iron ores in Pakistan. Int . Geol. Cong., 19th, Algeria, Symp. Sur IS gisements de fer, tome 1, p. 581.

UE, R.G., 1962-Chromite deposits near Hari Chand, Peshawar Division, West Pakistan. Min. Inf. Cir., Gcol. Surv. Pakistan, no. 20.

;H, M., NABI, A. and MAHMOOD~F., 1961-Preliminary survey and chemical in- vestigations on iron ores of Khyber Agency. Pak. Jour. Sci. & Ind. Rcs., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 21.

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T, A.A., 1970--The'Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Hatara. (abs.) 21st/22nd .All Pak. Sci. Conf., Rajsbahi, p. H 3.

UDHRI, M.N. and SHAMS, F.A., 197Wctrology of the MaTakand Granite and its environments, Malakand Agcncy. Ibid., p. H 5.

To S Y K P o s w , 1962-Industrial r& and minerals. Lahore. ~ Y M P O S E U M , 1961-4hromite ore. Ankara.

C ~ E M A , M. R., 19 70-SeGimentology of MLanjani Algal Limest one Member, Nathiagali. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, vol. 5, PP. 57-61.

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*C[TA, M.B. and Rusce LLI, M.A., 1959--Cretaceous mkofacies from Westcrn Pakistan and Afghanistan. Riv. Ztd. Pal., vol. 65, pt. 3.6., pp. 231 -41 ,

I WON, A.L., 1937-Marble of the North-West Frontier Province. Re?, && ,

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Surv. India, vol. 75, prof. paper 2, .pp. 15-22. I

D A ~ ~ I I I K , W. and TAAHIR ERE LI, R.A.K., 1959-An investigation of alluvial sands for uranium and minerals of economic importance; the Indus, Gilgit, Nagar, and Hunza Rivers, Gilgit Agency, West Pakistan. Inf. Re] ., Gee],

Surv. f akistan, no. 11, 12 pp. D~vr~soN, C.F., 1962-uraninite-scheefite placers of the River Indus. Ernn.

Geology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 456-7.

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* 1950-Foraminifera and the stratigraphy of thc Indo-Afghan border.

Int. Geol- Cong., 18th, Great Britain, pt. 15, pp. 73-5.

D*vr~s, R.G., 1962-A green beryl (emerald) near Mingora, Swat State. &a], Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 2, pp. 51-2. 1963-Some preliminary observations on thc geologicnl structure of the Hazara Slate Formation in the area of the bra-Maqsud road. Ibid., no. 3, pp. 32-5. 1964a-Some anomalous formations lying within the Attock Slates in the area immediately south of Attack, Peshawar Division, West Pakistan.

Ibid., no. 49 pp. 101-2. 1964b.-The orthoconic nautiloids of the Kala Limestone-a correction, Ibid., p. 105. 1965-The nature of the Upper Swat Hornbkndic Group of Martin pr a/. (1962). Ibid., no. 5, pp. 51-2.

-- and AH MAD, R., 1963a-The orthoconic nautiloids of the Kala Kimestone

and the probable age of the Swabi Formations. Ibid,, no. 3, pp. 1-5. and 1963b-Fossils from the Hazara SIatc Formation at Bara- gali, Hazara, West Pakistan. Ibid., pp. 29-30. and GARDEZ~, A.H., 1965%-The presence of BouIeiceras in Hazara and its geological implications. Ibid., no. 5, pp. 23-30.

-4 "and ;. . :: - . : 1965b-The' problem of the Trias in &lainra, West Pakistan. !

. & . - , Jour. Sci. Res., Panjab Univ., vol. 1, pp. 3-3 1. ,r - ' ' " ' 1 A " ---- 9 and GHA ZANPAR, M., 1967-A rivisidn of the stratigraphy of' the formations lying b t l o t the""Spiti Shales" in. .Hazara. (abs.) 18thf 19th

A . . - . . . > * . All ~ a k . s&. Conf., Jarnshoro, pp. F 5-6.- ; .:.

" 1 -

:. 'an;d POWELL , S.L., 196~- -~race elements and rtrontium isotopes in car- *boriatites, fluorites rnd limestones from India and Pakistan.-Nature, Load., vol. '218, pp. 750-2. - , .

. ,a.

'.~.,"1950-~he position oT the Laki Limestone in the Eocene succession of Western Pakistan. Geol. ~ a k , vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 214-6.

- 1951a-A contribution to the study of Eocene i n ~ e s t e ' m Pakistan and .

Westera India, Part A.-The geology of standard sections in the Kohat District'. Quart. Jour.,Geol. Soc. Lond., ~01,107, pt. 2, no. 426, pp. 159-7 1 .

- 1951b-A contribution to the study of Eocene i n Westcrn Pakistan and Western Tndia.Part B.-The description of the Lamellibranchia from stand- - ard sections in the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir areas of the Western Punjab and in the Kohat District. Royal Soc. Lond., Philos. Trans. Ser. 8, vol. ; 235, no. 627, pp. 31 1-476.

- 1952a-A contribution to the study of Eocene in Western Pakistan alld

Western India. Part C.-The dcscription of the Gphalopoda and Gastro- poda from standard sections in the Rakhi Nala and Zindapir areas of the Western Panjab and in the Kohat District. Royal. Soc. Lond., Philos.

-

Trans. Ser. B, vol, 236, no. 631. pp. 1-1 62. - 1952b-A contribtion to the study of Eocene in Westcrn Pakistan and

Wcstern India. Part D.-The discussions of the faunas of certain standard sections and their bearing on thc classificaiion and correlation of the Eocene in Westcrn Pakistan and Western India. Quart. Jour. Gcol. So=. Land., vol. 107, pt. 2; no. 426, pp. 173-200.

M.K. and MARTIN,N.R., 1961-The physiography of the Potwar, West Pakis- tan. Geol. Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 1, pp. 5-14.

3RI, M.Z. and BAIG,M.A., 1970-Geological Bibliography or the Salt Range, Sulairnan Range, Potwar and H ~ z r a areas. Pub. Dept. Geol., Univ. Sind, Jamshoro, 40 pp.

, F.A., ASLAM M. and AYUB, M., 19M-An investigation of benificiation of glass sand from Hazara and Syihet Districts. Sci. & Ind. vo1.,4, pp. 2 17-24.

- and QURESHI, H., 1965-Mineralogy of Ah1 Kaolinite. Pak, Jour. Sci. Res., vol. 17, p. 4.

- and AAMAD, M., 1967-Mineralogy of Swat kaolinite. Pak. Jour. Sci. & fnd. Res., vol. 10, pp. S8-67. . - . + -

/ Y

r a , .CHOWN, N.A. and As~~~~,M.,1968-Mineralogy and ceramic propeqies . I . . -- of West Pakistan feldspars. Ibid., vol. 1 I., PP. 325-9-

, HAQ, A., AHMAD, M. and ASLAM, M., 1970-Ceramic properties of Swat : b w * clay. Part [-Physical characteristics. Ibid ., vol. 12, no. 4, PP- 466-730

I . -- . , s ~ & ~ ~ , M,, HAQ, A. and AHMAD, M., !970--~eramic properties of h a t

clay. Part 11 --Chemical characteristics. I bid.,' pp. 474-8. ? '

F ~ M I , A:N., 1966a-A short note ,on the Jurassic and Early cretaceous megafossils

- . from . . Mazri Tang Section, District Kohat, * . west ~akis tan. Pre-pub. Issue, Geol. Surv.-Pakistan, no. 3, 7 pp. .

: 1966b-A note on the ironstone bed in the ~umshiwal .~or&tion of Samana Range, Kohat District, West ~akistan. piepub. Issue, Geol. Surv. Pakistan, no. 33, 6 pp.

I

* 1968-The Palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Mesozoic rocks of

Western Kohat, Kala Chitta, Hazara and the Trans Indus Salt Rangc, West Pakistan. Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wales, England. 1969-Dimorphism in some Jurassic and Lowr Cretaceous ammonit ies from West Pakistan. Geonews, voI. I , no. 2, pp. 6-13.

-- and KHAN, M.R., 1966-~ t~a t i~ rnph~ of parts of Western Kohat, West

Pakistan (Samana-Darsamand-Thal Sections). Prc-pub. Issue, Geol. Surv. #

Pakistan, no. 20, 65 pp.

'FUCHS, G., 1970. The significance of Hazara to Himalayan geology. Jherb. Geol. Bund. Austria, Sd bd. 15, pp. 2 1-3.

I

GANSSER, A., 1964--Geo~ogj~ of Himalayas. New York, Wilcy.

GARDEZI, A.H.. 1968-A note on the geology of area around Nathiagnli, District Hazara, West Pakistan. GeoL Bull. Panjab Uoiv., no. 7, -pp.

1970-Stromatoljte (algal reefs) in Dierict H w r a , West Pakistan. (abs.) : . 21st/22nd A11 Pal. Sci. Conf,, Rajshahi, p, H 4. .

-- and GHAZAN FAR, M.,J 965-A change of facies at $he base of the Jurassic

in District Hazara, West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Panjab Univ.,mo. 5, pp. 53-4. . u

GATTI N G ~ , T.E., 1961 -Geologiscber -Qureschnjtt des Karakopm vom InJus zum

Shaksgam. Jb. Geol. Bundesanst., Wicn, Sd bd. 6,J 18 pp.

G AUHAR, S. H ., 1966--Ccmen t resources of Pakistan. Pre-pub. Issue, Gcol. Sun. Pakistan, no. 11, 44 pp.

GEE, E.R., 1947-The mineral resources of North Western India. Rec., Gcol. Sun. Pakistan, vol. 1, pt. I , , 25 pp. ,-! .;

* 1957-Principal mineral resources -of certain tegions of West Pa k kt ;i n , (summarised), with note on importadt mineral deposits in* E a s t Pakistn n .

. "Geol. Surv; Pakistan, 20 pp. ." : . * I - . ' +

i - - - - . . * 1 9 6 L ~ o t e s ' o n ~ k & o i ~ / T ' e r t i & ~ stratigraphy of the (fo;mer:! Ezr Wab N.W.F.P., ~&;zit&n region. The Gedlogist, vol. 1, no. I , pp. 2-5. G

r - ~"doc.,Univ.Karac~:' ' ' - - . =QI,

. . - - - G ~ L , ' W.D., 1951a- he" stratkraphy - . of the . Siwalik Series in the northern Potb

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375-94. ' Dn* ? 1)w ---- 195lb- he, tectonics 'of the Sub-Himalayan fault zone in the northern

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*GLENNIE,E.A., 1955-Gravity data and crustal warping in northwest Pakistan a m d adjacent parts of India. Royal Astron. Soc., Monthly Notices, Geoph ys - Supp., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 162-75.

*H*QuE,A. F.M.M., 1962-Some Late Cretaceous smaller Forminifera from West Pakistan. Mem., Geol. Surv. Pakistan, vol. 2, pt. 3, 35 pp.

HAYAT, A.M.S., In press, 1970-Some rock and mineral showings of the M o h m a n d Agency. Proc. Nat. Sem. Min. Development, Lahore.

*HAYLAND,F.D., 1957-Mineral resources of Pakistan. Mineral Trad Notes {U - s , Bur. Mines), vol. 45, no. 6, Spec. Supp., pp. 49-50.

HERON, A.M., 1954-Directory of Economic Minerals of Pakistan. Rcc., Gd. S u w . Pakistan, vol. 7, pt. 2, 146 pp.

*HussAIN,M.I., 1961 --Engineering geology and some pertinent problems at the Warsak dnmsite. (abs.) 13th All Pak. Sci. Conf., Dacca, p. F 7.

* 1962a--~eolcqgical report on Panjrnan weir damsi te, Mardm District - ~ e o l . Surv. Pakistan, Eng. Geol. Site Eval. Rept. 9 (processed).

*, 1962b-&ological note on &ha1 'damsite, Hazara District. Geol. S u m - ~akistan,' Eng- Site Eval. Rept. 1 3 (processtd)b

IVANAC, J-F-, Traves, D.M. and King, D., 1956-The geology of the N.W. @om of the Gilgit Agency Rec., Gml. Surv. Pakistan, vol, 8, pt. 2, pp. 1-27,

JAN, M.Q., 1968a-Petrography of the emerald-bearing rocks of Mingom(Swat state)

and Prang Ghar (Mohmand Agency), West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Un iv - Peshawar, vol. 3, pp. 10-1.

--- 1968&-Pleistocene sandstone. Ibid ., p. 34. --- 1969-Preliminary geology of the Shilman area, Khyber Agency, w i t h n o t c ~ -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - on a wqjq%ir~r in i jabb;o . ~bid.,vd.bT 66.92-3. 197ePetrograpny of tbe upper part of Kohistan and so~thwtstern Agency along the Indus and Kandia Rivers. Ibid., YO!. 5, pp. 27-48,

A

KIDWA~, AH. and JMAM, S.A., 1958-Magnetite depositqof D a q e n Nissar,-Chltral Stat: (West Pakistan). Inf. ~el.;GeoI,.~orv, Pakistan, no;?, d3.p~. .

KING, I B . ~ . , 1961-A mewfosdf locality En :Swat, +Wes"tePakis'tan: Ge~L~Bull. Panjab . ; , . .' ? .! Univ;, no. --J;. p. $5. ' . , - ; .... , . F t i : - - r , y . , .

1964-The structure and petrology of phrt ofZoweiSwat, -West Pakistan, - : ,with special reference to t h e origin of the .granitic gnkisses. Unpub. P h D .

thesis., L b ~ d o n ~ n i v . , England. . Z ' , . . ! I . .

*KLOMPE, Th. H.F., 19Sb-The geological irnpbnanui of; the ~ e t h e r l h d b Himalayan ' Bxpediti dn'. ~h '&ica at&&; 'deb1 106, 'pp, 144-54. ' ~rganization Sci.

- 7 , s . ., Rescarch'iadonksia,~~ubl.8,~l~f pp. -. '

KRISHNAN, M.S., 1956-Geol~gy of ln& and d ~ u h ~ . ' Madras, Gigginbotham.

LATIP, MA., 1962-An pper Cretaceous Iirndtone in the Hazara bistrict. Geol. Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 2, p. 57.

'

1

1963-~ t ra t i~ ra ih~ 'of the ~ a & a District, West Pakistan. (abs.) 15th AH Pak. Sci. Conf., Lhorc , p. F 5.

1964-Criteria used in the identification of various limestones in Hazara. (abs.) 16th Al! Pak. Sci. Conf., Lyallpur. , ,

-- 1968-Contribution .to geology and micropalaeontoloty of Hazara, West

Pakistan. Sond. Verh. G x l . Bund. Austria, Heft 3, pp. 92-4.

1969-Geology. of Hazara (exact title not known). Unpub. Ph.D. thcsis, London Univ., England.

--- 1970a-Explanatory notes on the geology of S.E. Hazara to occonlpany

the revised geological map. Jharb. G ~ O I . ~ k d . Austria, Sd bd. 15, pp. 5-20.

--- 1970b-Micropalaeontoiopy of the Chanali limestone, Upper Cretaceous,

of Hazara, West Pakistan. Ibid., pp. 25-61. --- 1970c-Micropalaeontology of the Galis Group, Hazara, West Pakistan.

, I bid., pp. 63-6. . , I

-- 1970d-lower Carboniferous rocks near Nowshera, West Pakistan. Bull.

Gecrl. Soc. America, vol. 8 1, pp. 1585-8.

MAHMWD, J., HAQ? A. and FARUQI, F.A., 1964-Investigation of Wcst Pakistan icldspars. Sci. and Ind., vol. 2,no. 1, pp. 27-36.

MARKS, P. and AH MAD, A., 1962-The Guimal Sandstone transgression in the Hazara . .

mountains, West Pakistan. ~ e 6 1 . Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 2, pp. 5 6 5 , -- and ALI, C.M., 1961--The geology of the Abbottabad area, with special

'reference to the ~nfra-~rias. Ibid., no. I , pp. 47-52. - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - ----- - - - - - - - - , :and .- ., . 1962-The Abbottabad , .. ., Formation: a new namcT6 MidafG --- AS; ~ n f ~ ~ < r i a s . ~ b ~ d ~ , no. 2, p*5b+ -

&~RT:S,?N,"R., MS&The petrography of +the u t w r a Trap rock, Salt Range, ~ W ~ s t ,. . . - - Fakistan,;Rec.; Geol. Surv. Pakistan, vol,. 8, ,pt. 2, pp. 45-8. ,,

1962a-Tectonic style .in i$e Batwar, .W&it Pakistan. Ge01. Bull. P anjab - Univ., no.& pp. 3960., .. . ' . A '; . I I ; 3 J q , - ' 3

-- 1962b--Mosebach on the Khewra Trap. Ihid ., pp. '57-8. ---, LDDIQUI, S.F.A. and KING, B.H.,.1962-A geok%ical ~efonnaissancc of the

region between the Lower Swat mid Indus Rivers of Pakistadbid ., pp.1-13. ~ M ~ S U S H I T A , .S. and HUZITA, K., 1964--Geological structure ~f the Western Xata-

1 : .*.*oram and eastern Hindukush. h t . ;.1Geol. h n g . 22nd, New Delhi. .

and (ed .), 1965-4eology of the Karakoram and SIindukush, . ,Results of theKyoto University Scieatific Expeditiondo the Karakoram and

Hindukush, 1955, vol. 7. . 1

and -- 1966.-Geological research in the western Knrakoram . Jbid ., a

additional reports, vol. 8, pp. 1-7. . MEHDIR~TTA, .KC., 1j962-Geology of India, Pak isran and Burma, 2nd ed. Delhi,

Atina Ram. " t

" I ,

M E ~ ~ N E R , C.R., 196SPhosphatic rocks in the Nizampur area of the X a l a Chitta Hills. 'MROP, U.S. AIDIGeol. Surv. Pakistan, no. 1 11, 5 pp.

9-----,'MASTBR, J.M., RASHID, M.A. and HUSSAIN, M., 1968-Stratigraphy of the Kohat Quadrangle, West Pakistan. U.S.G.S. Project Rep. Pak. -Invest., (ER) Pk-20.

MI AN,.^., la press, 497CbBuilding and decorative material of the North West Frontier Province. froc. Nat. Sem. Min. Development, Lahore. 197O-Chromium-bearing minerals of the N.W.F,P. Gcol. Bull. Univ.

Peshawar, vol. 5. MISCH, P., 1949-Metasomatic granitization of batholithicdimensions. Am. Jour.

Sci,, vol. 247, pp. 209-45, 372-406 and 673-705. Moos'vr, A.T., HAQUE, S.M. and MUSLIM, M.,..1966--Geology of Shah Dheri china

clay. Prepub. Issue, Geol. Sum. Pakistan, no. 21. NABI, S.M., 1968-Preliminary investigation of muscovite pegmatites of Khadanp 8

Bands, near Talash, air State, .West Pakistan, @,eel. Bull. Univ. Pcshawr, V O ~ . 3, pp, -3 2-4. 4 " '

*NAOAPPA, Y ., 1959-Foraminifera1 biostratigraphy of a Crctaccous-Eacenc succession in the India-Pakistan-Burma region, Amer, Mus. Hat, Hist. .Micropal., vol. 5, pp. 145-77,

NAZ, M.A., NAQW, A.A. and SAFDAR, M., 1964--Evaluation of some West Pakistan clays: Pak. Jour. Sci. .t Tnd .?Res., wol. 7, no. 3, qp. l74-8 1 .

~N~HSHERVI, A.R. .and KHAN, I.H., 1966Cbemical stiidics of iron ms of north western region ofPakistan.PaL Jour. Sci.'Res,tol. 18,110.2 & 3, pp . lS8-

-- I-:. -- - u ~BIELD, d W., ABDULLAH, S.S.M. and .&PAR, .S.M., in-prtss- Reconai-

geology of the Mansehra quadrangle, Hazara District, West- Pa& -ce ;-. L f - I . _ ' . .

- . Rec.; Geol. S u m Pakistan, xol. '10, pt. 1. . . StaQ

PASCQE, EX, 195%-A Manual o/ the GtoIqgy of h&u and Burmu. (3rd ed.)= I, 2 and -3. Gove-nt of h d i a Press, .Calcutta. .. ., : #' " , ' .

-%

SORTER, S.C., "d 97O-@atemary glacial record i n Swat Kobistm, West Pakistaa . ' - #: .bBull;Ciedl.'Soc. Amcr., vol. 81, pp. 142146. . : :.-; .. . -

J ." I ,

QAISER, M.A.; Mr;M.K. and KHAN, AS., 1967-Mineralogy D•’ same asbestos f re-

- North-West' Pakistan. Pak. Jour. Sd. .& Pnd. Res., vo). 1,0, no_ '. Gjq,. 216-20. .. 1 - 9 . = - P , ' - s , .... .... . - _ . =L

3 , ,and ,4968-Study d ' wmc jndigenous "minerals b . .

Y DTA. Ibid., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23-5. - . - "

and KHAN, A.H., 1969-Mineralogy of asbestos from Kurram Age a cy _ P,

Ibid., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 163-4. I ' . - . , A w n & .S;M. and KHAN, A.H., 1970-Rodingite from Naranji s,,

Dargai ultramafic complex, Malakand, West Pakistan. Min. Mag., v o l - = pp. 735-8. , . $ .

c

QURAISHI, A.A.and IMAM, SA.,196&Report on the manganese showings of Gald a- nisn. Hazara District, West Pakistan. Inf. Re1 ., Geol. Surv. Pakistan, n,-

I

15, 8 PP- and ABDU,LLAH,S.K.M.,I 960-Report on manganese4ron deposits of Chu re

- Gali, Hazara District, West Pakistan. Inf. Rel., Geol. Surv. Rakistan, no. 19, 6 pp.

QURESH~, MA., 'HAQ, A. and FARUQI, F.A., 196SFusion study of R a j d h a w a r i feldspar. Psk- Jour. Sci. Res., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 71-5.

RAHMAN, A., 1961-A gravity study of the ~ranites in the Mansehra area, West Pakistan. Gtol. Bull. Panjab Univ., no. I , pp. 15-20. 1964-A preliminary investigation by the iclf-ptential mctbod of a known galena deposit at Sobrah, Hazara Distict, WcsttPakistan. Ibid., vol. 4, pp- 1034. t

RANMAN, M.A. and CHOWDHURI, N.A.,-1966-A noti on magnetic survcy for i r o n near Pirkhel, Malahnd Agency, West Pakistan. Pre-pub. Issue, G c d - Sum. 'Pakistan, DO. 27, 4 pp.

RASHID, M.A. and 'HUSSAIN, M., 1967--Diemod corn drilling at the Bahdurkhcl salt anticline, Kohat District, West Pakistan. Pre-pub. .Issue, Geol. Sum- Pakistan, no. 30, 8 pp. ? I . . -

-- a , MWREII, 1. M. and MEUSNIX, C.R., 1965-Mineral d e p o s i t s

of the castern JCohat region, West Pakistan. Rec., Geol. Sum Pakista:=* I - ,, Vo1. 13, pt- 16 pp.. ~.

i R E ~ A N , F., 1968ahTh~ study of Akdi ~ptetasomatirm acrDss ,a granite contact,

- : near Batrasi, Manshera a:;a, District Hazara, , ..northern > m a . y e s t . . Pakistan. '

(abs.) 20th AU ~ a k . ~ci.. CO?~., p'cca, p: ~ 4 . -, .; . . , . ' . f -

I 1968b-The study of geochemistry of alteration products of the Susalgali

I granite gneiss, near Ah!, ~ i ' s t r i ~ t Razari. ~bid.;p. G4. : - '-" " ' - w

- * 1969-keochemistiy of the granitic rocks of ~ a n & h r a area, Hazara I District (exact title not known). Unpub.'Ph.D. thesis, -Panjdb Univ., W~S(+

* * . . . 3 . n ; $ - , ) + , . , ; . " :Pakistan, .- .A& ' .- . 6 . *., .

*REHMAN,B. and MEISSNER, C.R.; 3 966The distrihticri; thickness dnd lithology of . - the Paleocene series in West Pakistan. Prc:pub. Issue, Geol.Surv. Pakistan,

. : no. 9. q s I , . , . . , " ' ; ;

REHMAN, 3. and ZEB, A., 1970-The geology of the Shah Dheri4Cabal area, Swat. -. .Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, VOI. 5.

i

.Rossr RONCHETTI, C. and MIRELLI, AX., 1959-Rudistids and n e r d s of north-west Pakistan Cretaceous. Riv. Jtal. Pal., vol. 65, pp. 91 -6.

SAFDAR, M. and HASSAN, R., 1964-4 study of barytc deposits of Hazara. Pak. Jour. ScLRes., vol. 17, pp. 1 1 1-7.

SAW, S.J., In press, 1970-limeitone 'resouices of ;he ~rdntier rigion. Proc. Nat. A

Sem. Min. Development, Lahore.

SALEEM, Z.A., 1963--Gravity and magnetic studies in Swat Stntc of Pakistan (abs.) 15th All Pak. Sci. Conf., Lahore, pp. F 9-10.

SCHNEIQER, H.J., 1957-Tektonik und magmatismus in NW-Karakorum. Geol. Rdsch., vol. 46, pp- 426-76.

SHAH, I., 1969-Discovery of Palaeozoic -.._.. Agency. Gconews, vol. 1, pp. 31-4.

SHAH, R.A., NAZ, M.A., NAQVI, A.A. and S A F ~ A R , M., 1964- A ,511 dy of a Swat I w

kaolinite. Pak. Jour. Sci. & Ind. Res., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 183-7.

SHAMS, F.A., 1956-Dunitc occurrence b a r Chilas, Gilgit ~ i e n c ~ . (a bs.) 81 h All Pak. Sci. Conf., Dacca. (p8, section o n geology). 1957-The petrography of a dolerite-dyke, near Mansehra, Hazara District, West Pakistan. (abs.) 9th All Pak. Sci. Conr., Peshawar, p. 117. 1961-A preliminary account of the geb~ogy d t h e Mansehra area, District Hazara, West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Panjab Univ., nd. I , pp. 57-67. 1963a-Reactions i n %nd aiound a calchrcous xenolith lying within the

granite-gneiss of Manglaur, Swat State, West Pakistan.'Ibid.,no.'f, pp. 7-1 8. -- 1963b-The'cfI'e~t of thermal metamorphism upon calcareous nodules in the

*. - quartz-mica schists df the Mansebra aea;Hamra ~ i s t r i k , ,West Pakistan. Ibid., pp. 25-8. . . X

. " 1 :

. . !963d-~ead mineraliz8t& in the ~bbottibad-area, - + Hazaia District, West

. r * i , ' b X

Pakistan. Econ. Gea., vol: 58, pp. 605-8. ' ' a

L

" 1 - . . -1 963e-~ht! mecbnixns . ofquartz ''qatte&g'; and ' orientation in some .

. : . ,. dchists of the Manshra qea. Hazara Dist@ct. (abs.) 15th All Pak. Sci. - .. .- . - - . . : Qnf., Lahore, p. F 6 . , . . . < . r . . * . . ..

1964a-Kyanite qseudomorphing andalusite i n hornfelsed pelitic schists .. . of Amb State, West Pakistan.Geo1.Bull.Panjab Univ,mo. 4, pp. 21-8. . i . -- 1964b-The p1utobi~:hi~tory of the Mansehra arra, ~a~azara'Districi, West

Pakistan, in relation to the Himalayan orogeny. (abs.) 16th All Pak. Sci. ' - donf.;-'~yallpur, pp. F6-7.

1964~-Somc structures in the rocks of the-~azara District,-West Pakistan. . Tbid., p. F 8.

1965a-Mineral difkrentiation in crenulated schists. Geol. ~ d l . Panjab Univ., no. 5, pp. 48-50.

1965b-An occurrence of kyanite pseudomorphs after andalusite from Amb State, West Pakistan. Min. Mag., vol, 35, pp. 669-70.

1965c-Magmatic granitization of batholithic dimensions as exemplified in the Mansehra area, Hazara District, West Pakistan . tabs.) 17th All Pak. Sci. Conf., Karachi, p. F5. 1965d-Temperatures of formation of some potash feldspars from granitic rocks of the Mansehra area, and their triclinicities. (abs.) Jbid., p. F5. 1967a-The petrology of some chloritoid and staurolite-bearing schists from the Mansehra-Amb State area, northern West Pakistan. GeoI. Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 6, pp. 1-9.

1967b-A note on radiometric ages of micas from some granites of Man- sehra-Amb State area, northern West Pakistan. Ibid., pp. 88-9.

1967c-Chess-board albite in the Mansehra-Amb State area, northern West Pakistan. Pak. Jour. Sci. Res., vol. 19, pp. 79-82.

1968a--The role of granitic bodies in the syntaxis of fhc northwest Hima- layas. (abs.) 2 n d All Pak. Sci. Conf., Dacca.

1968b-The geology of Mansebra-Amb State arca northern West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Panjab Univ., no. 7, pp.

1969-The Granites and the associated metamorphic .rocks of the Mansehra-Amb State ana, West Pakistan. Uopub. Ph.D. thesis, Panjab Univ., West Pakistan.

87 I k

i - and REHMAN, F., 1966-The petrochemistry of thegranitic complex of the - - .

~ a n s e h r a - ~ r n b State . area, . west :Pakistan. . . . * . I . . . Joyr. SG. , Res., Panjab Univ., 3 vol, 1, pp. 47-55, : . ,:- 2 . .

1 :

, ,

and --- 1967a-Tungsten-molybdenum . mineralization north of

. Oghi, H ~ r a District, West Pakistan. &d, vol, 2,ppp. 41-6. . . , *&

and 1967bAn estimation of temperatures of formation of some - granitic rocks of the Mansehra-AmbS!ate area, northern West Pakistan,

and its bearing on their petrogenesis. Geol. Bull. Panjab .Univ., vol. 6, pp. 38-42. . . . v , ;

and SHAKOOR, A ., 1967-TheHakale trournaline grqnite.of the Mansehra- Amb area, northern West Pakistan. .(abs.) 18thj19th All Pak. Sci. Conf., lamshoro, p. F5.

and AHMAD, Z., 1968-Petrology of the basic intrusives of the Mansehra- Amb State area, northern West Pakistan. Part l , The dolerites. Gee].

Bull. Panjab Univ, no. 7, pp.

SIDDIQUI, S.F-A., 1965-Alkaline rocksof Swat, Chamla. Ibid., no. 5, p. 52.

I 1967-Note on the discovery of carbonatite rocks in the Chamla area, Swat State,'West Pakistan. Ibid., no. 6, pp. 84-7. , NAWAZ, M. and SHAKOOR, A., 196Weology and petrolo~y of the felds- pathoidal syenites and the associated rocks of the Koga area, Chamla Valley, Swat, West Pakistan. Ibid., no. 7, pp.

SOKOLOV, B.A. and SHAH, S.H.A., 1966-Major tectonic fcatures of Pakistan.

Part I , Western Province. Sci. and Ind., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 175-99.

STANIN, S.A. and HASAN, M.S., 1966-Reconnaissance for phosphate in West Pakistan. Inf. Rel., Geol. Surv. Pakistan, no. 32,17 pp.

*STAUPFER, K. W., 1964-Stratigraphy of northern Pakistan and north-western Kashmir. Int. Geol. Cong. 22nd., New Delbi, India. 1967-Devonian in India and Pakistan. Int. Symposium Devonian System, Calgary, Canada, pp. 545-56. 1968-Silurian-Devonian reef complex near Nowbera, West Pakistan.

Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 79, pp. 1331-50. 1969-~evon'jan laterite in Chitral State, West Pakistan. &on. Geol.,vol. 64, no, 4, pp, 252-4. I

I

In review-Geology of the Khyber Pass, Kbyber Agency, West Pakistan. I

SULTAN, M, 1970-Volcanic rocks from Kalam, Upper Swat. Gol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, vol. 5. . ( . I

TNUIFLI, R.A.K., 1959a-Report on kad-zinc deposits near Usbu, Swat &a@, 1 West Pakistan. hf. Re].. Geol. Surv. Pakistanao. 9.7 DD.. . - I

83 - s 'C. -.,

- 1 ' 9 9 b ~ ~ e ~ d h ; . . t + w & k ja&e &owings nea;' la&ikai,'~wat 'State, West Pakis- . .

- ia~.hf.~~l.,~eol~brv.-~akiS&n;n~;'2,4pp. '

-- 196tbInvestj,g~tion of gold and other placer minerals in ~ n d & alluvium. 8 .

"1nf. ~el.,~e0l.'~uh.'~aki~t~a,:~~.'~4,'9 p i . . " - # . i , - -

- 1965a-&060rnics' of ~n~~s%iver'iandb. G e d . '%dl. - &iv: -Peshawar, - I I

- to!.'?, pp: 1 Id. - , o : j : : 1 : : - 7 * : , : ;,: . ,- - . . . ... . _ _ ? - 1 9 6 5 ~ ~ e c i h t 'o%sirviiiiods h' thi 'Lndifferentiatcd Attack 'group. Ibid..

* ! ,jol. 3, *p,p. 10-23, .' . .-.. . . G .

-- 1967a-Present status of the Attock Slate Series. Jour. Sci. 'Res., Sind * 3 - . i . * - A ~niv . ; (sp. no. *geol. symposium), $p.f 51-8.

- 1967b-~&nnais&.nce for radioasv; hiiiinerals i n Dardistan, Baltistan and Haromosh in Gilgit Agency, West Pakistan. Inf. ~el.,GeoI. Surv. f akistm, no. 33, 17 pp. , - r . ;

- 1968a-Size analysis of the Indus River sands, West Pakistan:Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, vol, 3, pp. 1-9.

- 1968b-Stratigraphy of the outcrops exposed along the eastern bank of the . lndus at Attock, West Pakistan. Ibid., pp. 19-25. - 1968c-A new look at the Attock Slate Series. Jbid ., pp. 3 1-2. - 1969-Another Palaeozoicreef discovery in Tangi Ghar, Peshawar District.

Jbid-,vol.4,pp.91-2. --I 970a - Mineral and Mining. Resource Base and Econ. Progr. of the

Peshawar Valley. A study conduckd by Dept. Econ. Uniu. Peshawar for the P. O., Reg. Devel. Plan Peshawar, pp. 53-79.

- 1970b--Descrip tive geological notes on Uch Khaltak and Hissartang sections in the ~ t t o c k Range. Geozine, Univ. Peshawar, vol. I, pp. 20-3.

- 1970~--The geology of the Attock-Chc rat Range, West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, vol. 5, pp. 1-26.

- In press,a, 1970-411 A.B. Wynne's Attock Slate Series. Proc. Nat. Scm. Min. Development, Lahore. '

- In press, b, 1970-Economic evaluation of lndus placers. Ibid. - and KHAN, M.A., In press, 1970-Development potentialitics of Trans-

lndus Salt Range, District Kohat, West Pakistan. Proc. Bat. Sem. Min. Development, Lahore.

ERT, C. and STAUPFER, K.W., 1965a-~alae~zoic reef in Pakistan. Science, voi. 150, no. 3701, pp. 1287-8.

- and - 1965b--Palaeozoic reef discovery in Pakistan. Rcc., Geol. Surv. Pakistan, voi. 14, pt. 3, 2 pp.

u, M., 1959-On the mineral resources in West Pakistan. Mining Ged. k c . 11 i Japan, vol. 9, pp. 249-60. : , .

*Rcfcrcnce not citcd in the text.

TABLE 1

Carretation of rock wfts in var

Jamrud and Khyber Pass Modified after Khan, 1970, S tauffer (in review)

-------- -. -..

Nowshera S tau ffer, 1968

Swabi-Lower Swat Martin et al., I962

Hazara Latif, 1969 1

.----,

Havelian Group ,

(Lowcr Pleistocene 1 Recent)

Alluvium (Quaternary)

RawaIpindi Grou] (Miocene) ---I. - .--L

Galis Group (Cr. Paleocene to UI Eocene)

Mutree Formation (Oligo-Miocene)

Kohat Format ion (Eocene) Uncl ividcd Palaeoccnc sed- rocks (like those of western Kohst)

Hothla Group (Up. Jurassic to Up. Cre taccous)

-- . -.- Thmdiani Grorr

(Er. to Mid.jUp. Juri - Hazara Formatior (Permo-Triassic) GaIdanian Format (Permo-C&bonifcx

Khyber Limestone (Carboniferous to ? Jurassic)

Metasedimen tary Forma- tion &r.to Mid. Carboni- fcrous) u

2 Sirban ~onnaiioo' 3 (Devonian to Lr. 5 Carbonifero~s) ,

. 1

-

Mkri Banda Quarrzi- te (? Carboniferous)

Misri-Banda Quartzite (D-vonian to Lr. Carbo- n~ fcrous)

-

qowshera Famadon (Reef Gmpiex)

$ l ~ a ! n Limcaronc Q qnd dolomite pIWeief dcbrisl) - -

Ghundai Sar Reef (Vcrwrfl:ra Fm, Up.

S : . l u r i a h t & D w n i a m ) -

'~wnbi Quartzite Swnbi PebbIy Shale

-

Kandar Phylli tc (Up. Silurian)

Kandar Phyllite

I LC L

Tanawal . Fomatio (Cambrian and /dr Oq vician to Silurian) ;

-

Quartzi tc Format ion

-1_- --**-

Chnmta Quart- I uro- zite (5'1

Devonian)

? Not c n g d

Lower Swat-Buner Schis tose Group

a Shahmi Limcslane (Lr. to Mid. Silurittn)

-F -'F ------ Landikotal Slate (Ordovician to Silurian)