Recent Renewable Energies

RECENT RENEWABLE ENERGY

A

PAPER

ON

“RECENT RENEWABLE ENERGY ”

MISS.MALI ROHINI

(S.E.MECHANICAL)

ROLL NO-

ADARSH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

RESEARCH CENTER,VITA.


ADARSH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY&

RESEARCH CENTER,VITA.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS.MALI ROHINI (ROLL NO.- ) PRSENTED AND SUBMITTED HIS SEMINAR REPORT ENTITLED “RECENT RENEWABLE ENERGY” UNDER MY SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE IN

SATISFACTORY MANNER FOR PRACTICAL FULFILLMENT OF B.E. (MECHANICAL) PART-1 UNDER SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR FOR

ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014. THIS REPORT PRESENT THE BONAFIDE WORK OF THE

STUDENT.

Date:

PLACE: VITA

PROF.P.P.GAVADE PROF. K.C.BANSODE

(SEMINAR GUIDE) ( H.O.D)

Prof. DR. AVINASH M. POTDAR

(PRINCIPLE)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure that I present my seminar on “RECENT

RENEWABLE ENERGY” ”. At the out set, I would like to pay my respect and

profound gratitude to Prof.P.P.GAVADE for hide timely advice and without whose

motivation and expert council, this seminar would have been devoid of its richness.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide

Prof. for his valuable roll in making this seminar successful.

Lastly I would also like to express my sincere to all my colleagues

and friends who have assuredly helped me a lot without their avail collecting this

matter would have been facile.

MISS.MALI ROHINI

S.E. (MECHANICAL)

AITRC, VITA

ABSTRACT


“RECENT RENEWABLE ENERGY”. Energy is a property or characteristic of

matter that makes things happen. No dought without energy nothing is possible. As

we know that the world is developing day by day. Energy plays very important role

for the development. Today the requirement of energy is full filled by fossil fuels. Oil,

natural gases, coal, these are the main sources of energy but they are limited. Several

datas told that in the coming 10 or 20 years these energy are supposed to be vanish.

Because of that, upto the year 2020 the world is going to face very severe energy

crisis. So it is important to conserve it. Renewable energy sources are one of the

solution for conserving energy. These sources are pollution free and it reduces global

warming also. In this paper we describe that how the world is coming closer to

energy crisis and how the renewable energy sources are capable to handle the

situation of this crisis. So, it is necessary to develop new advance techniques to create

energy from renewable energy sources by 2020 otherwise it is impossible to stop

crisis.

CONTENTS

SR.NO. TOPICS


1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY

3. GEOTHERMAL

4. BIOMASS

5. SOLAR

6. WIND POWER

7. HYDRO POWER

8. TIDAL POWER

9. CONCLUSION

10. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things happen, or, in the

case of stored or potential energy, has the "potential" to make things happen. Energy

provides the driving force of life. Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and

runs machinery in factories. It warms and cools our homes, cooks our food, plays our

music. Understanding energy means understanding resources, their limitations, and


the environmental consequences of their use. Energy makes our bodies grow and allows

our minds to think. One of the basic measuring blocks is called a Btu. This stands for

British thermal unit.

Where does energy come from?

As we know energy is capacity of doing work. with the help of energy we can

perform our work. energy is required for phones and washing machines - just to

mention a few. We also use energy to run cars, planes, trains, buses and motorcycles.

There are two types of energy sources:-

1.RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Energy comes from different sources such as oil, coal, wind, the sun, water, natural

gas and even manner. Why do we need energy?


What is renewable energy?

Renewable energy is a source of energy that can never be exhausted. We can obtain

renewable energy from the sun (solar energy), from the water (hydropower), from the

wind. (windmills), from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs (geothermal) and

even from firewood, animal manure, crop residues and waste.

What is non-renewable energy?Non-renewable energy comes from sources that can’t be replenished in a short period

of time. We get most

of our energy from

nonrenewable

energy sources, which include

fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, coal and from nuclear energy. Fossil fuels are

thought to have been formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived

millions of years ago. Did you know that between 20 to 25 percent of the electricity

generated in Pennsylvania comes from our five nuclear power plants?

OilAlmost all oil and natural gas are found deep underground in tiny holes in rocks.

Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick

http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/justforkids/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=472762









layers. Over time, this organic material changed into coal, oil and natural gas.Oil is a

smelly liquid that is usually found in underground areas called reservoirs. Crude oil

comes in many forms. Usually it is black, but green, red or brown oils are not

uncommon. After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery where

different parts of the crude oil are separated into usable petroleum products. Some

products made from petroleum include gasoline, diesel, crayons, dishwashing liquids,

deodorant, tires, plastics etc.

Natural Gas Almost all oil and natural gas are found deep underground in tiny holes in rocks.

Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick

layers. Over time, this organic material changed into coal, oil and natural gas.Natural

gas is usually found underground near an oil source. It is a mixture of light

hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane. This gas is

lighter than air and is highly flammable. Because natural gas is colorless, odorless

and tasteless, a chemical that has a sulfur-like odor is added before distribution, to

give it a distinct unpleasant odor. This serves as a safety device by allowing it to be

detected in cases where leaks occur. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.


The gas companies collect it in huge storage tanks, or underground, in old gas

wells. The gas remains there until it is added back into the pipeline when people begin

to use more gas, such as in the winter to heat homes.

Coal

Millions of years ago, the

remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick layers. Over time, this

organic material changed into coal, oil and natural gas.Coal is by far the most

abundant fossil fuel on earth. It is mainly used as a combustion fuel. The large-scale

use of coal began with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. As the number of

industries increased, demand for more sources of energy grew. There are three main

types of coal: lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Lignite and bituminous have a lesser

percentage of carbon in them and therefore burn faster. They release a great deal of

pollutants into the atmosphere. Anthracite has about 98 percent carbon and therefore

burns slowly and releases much less smoke.Power plants burn coal to generate

electricity. When coal is baked in hot furnaces, it is used to smelt iron ore into iron

needed for making steel. Coal can also be used to produce plastics, tar, synthetic

fibers, fertilizers and medicine.

Nuclear Energy


Nuclear energy is energy that comes from the nucleus (core) of an atom Atoms are

the particles that make up all objects in the universe. Atoms consist of neutrons,

protons, and electrons. The fuel most widely used by nuclear power plants for

fissioning is uranium. Uranium is the heaviest of the 92 naturally occurring elements

and is classified as a metal. Uranium was formed when the earth was created and is

found in rocks all over the world. Rocks that contain a lot. of uranium are called

uranium ore, or pitch-blende. Uranium, although abundant, is a nonrenewable energy

source.

Why is it important to conserve energy?All of us use energy every day – for entertainment, cooking, transportation, lighting,

heating and cooling homes, manufacturing, etc. We consume a lot of energy. The

United States consumes about one fourth of the world’s energy resources.When

energy is produced from non-renewable fuels, to heat our homes or power our cars for

example, pollutants are released into the air contaminating the air we breathe and

water too. The more energy we use or miles we drive in our cars, the more energy

power plants must produce or gasoline our cars burn, releasing more. pollutants into

the air. By conserving energy we can lower the amount of pollutants we release into

the air and water and thereby help to keep our environment clean. Additionally, if we

use less energy we can save money on our electric bill or reduce the amount of money

we spend on gasoline. So you can help the environment and save money at the same

time!

Additionally, we can use energy sources that are clean and efficient. For example,

wind and solar energy generate electricity without polluting the air. Another example


is soybeans, which we can use to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel can be blended with

regular diesel fuel or used all by itself to fuel tractors, buses and trucks. These types

of energy are friendly to our environment and help us reduce our dependence on fossil

fuels such as oil and coal, which cannot be replenished.

INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY:-This nation is undergoing a severe energy crisis that is only going to increase in the

years to come. The fossil fuels that we have depended on so heavily to fuel our

society, coal, oil, and natural gas are being used up and are not as plentiful as they

were in the past. The fossil fuels are finite energy sources meaning there is only a

limited amount we have available and can gain access to. The fossil fuels are being

depleted at a rate that is 100,000 times faster then they are being formed. Oil will

only be available to the United States for another 6.4 years at the current rate it is

being produced and imported. The cost of petroleum also figures to increase as the

supply increases. Natural Gas is also depleting rapidly as the United States only has

only roughly 7.6 years left of this energy source within its borders. This will put more

of a burden on coal which the US has the highest production of in the world. The US

figures to have about 280 years left of coal but this number figures to decrease as the

demand of coal increases due to the more rapid depletion of the other fossil fuels.

With the fossil fuels decreasing and population increasing the way it is around the

world it is the job of our leaders to find more efficient energy sources that can meet

the needs of people for generations to come. This brings us to renewable sources. The

good thing about renewable sources is that they are infinite, meaning we will never

run out of them. We will always have access to the oceans, sun, wind, water, and heat

from the earth. Renewable sources also do not have the damaging effect on the

environment that the fossil fuels do. Right now renewable energy accounts for about

seven percent of our energy needs. That figures to increase as our dependency on

renewable energy sources grows. One problem that has always plagued renewable

energy sources is that they are not very cost friendly, however the costs for these

energy sources figures to decrease as the supply and demand for them increases.

Some of the renewable sources that we use in this country are hydro power, wind


power, geothermal energy, tidal power, and biomass. All of these energy sources

have their advantages, they are all environmentally friendly, but they also have their

disadvantages and limitations that prevent us from using them to our full potential.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Th

e concept behind geothermal energy is to use earth’s constant temperature beneath the

surface to generate power and transfer heat. Geothermal energy is captured using dry

steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. It can also be produced

independently to heat commercial and residential buildings.

Advantages: the U.S. is currently capable of providing electricity to 3.5 million people

using geothermal power

as much as 80% less expensive then using fossil fuels

generate virtually no pollution

easily and permanently available

can be used to heat and cool large areas

Disadvantages: access to geothermal heat not economically feasible in all areas

higher initial investment to run the system

difficulty of convincing consumers to make the switch

Future OutlookMore and more consumers are switching to binary cycle heat pumps for their home or

business needs as more information becomes available on the convenience of these


systems. The extent to which geothermal power plants will expand is unclear at this

point, however, because only certain areas have access to adequate “hot-spots” of

geothermal energy. If we are able to find an attainable way to use geothermal power

on a large-scale, it will be one of the leading energy sources in the future.

Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal

energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal

energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from

radioactive decay of minerals (80%).[41] The geothermal gradient, which is the

difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a

continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the

surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth,

and thermos, meaning heat.

The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth, all the

way down to Earth’s core – 4,000 miles (6,400 km) down. At the core, temperatures

may reach over 9,000 °F (5,000 °C). Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock.

Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is

commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid

rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 °F

(371 °C).[42]

From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times

and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for

electricity generation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy


BIOMASS:-

Biomass is organic matter that includes agricultural residues, wood waste, municipal

waste, and energy crops that can be burned to produce energy. This energy can be

converted for use as electricity, heat, and to make liquid or other alcohol fuels.

Because biomass is derived from existing materials, it does not deplete resources like

other energy sources.

Advantages: biomass does not add to global warming

350 biomass power plants are

already in operation

high energy crops can be grown quickly for use in biomass

produces ethanol, which may be able to replace gasoline

current available biomass is 100 times the world’s annual energy needs

conversion expenses are very low

Disadvantages: not all areas have biomass available

transportation of biomass is not economically feasible


energy crops do not grow back quickly enough

Future Outlook

There simply aren’t many viable applications that can be powered by biomass today.

With the advancements in energy crop production and waste recycling techniques, it

is only a matter of time before a serious biomass revolution can begin and cure many

of today’s energy problems and shortcomings.

Solar Energy :


Photovoltaic Solar PowerOne of the most promising renewable energy sources in the world.

- Non Polluting

-No moving parts to break down

-No maintenance

-Does not require a large scale installation to operate

Uses of Solar Power-

P

r

a

ct

ic

al

,

especially for remote homes

- Can be virtually self sufficient with solar power.

Recreational vehicles, RV’s, Boats, that want freedom to go to remote locations, do

not need to rely on plug in sources or noisy generators.

Where we can find Solar PowerCall boxes- California standardized use of solar power and cell phones to eliminate

the need for any buried cables. This makes them 100% dependable in life-saving

situations.

- Road Signs- Lighted hi-way signs, took the place of diesel generators

- Telecommunications Installations- used in place of cables.


Wind Power:-

Advantages


Save costs, Wind Powering America is expected to add $60 billion in capital

investment; provide $1.2 billion in new income for farmers, Native Americans, and

rural landowners; and create 80,000 permanent jobs by 2020.

- Most energy sources are harmful to the environment, however, wind power produces

no health risks and no pollution.

Disadvantages- Wind energy is an intermittent resource: we get electricity only when the wind

blows. Although modern wind turbines regulate power well and level off at their rated

capacity, the amount of power they produce varies throughout the day. Wind energy

is also capital intensive. wind power now costs as little as 3¢ per kWh in the U.S.,

down from 50¢ per kWh in 1981.

Hydro Power Description Hydro power is based on the Hydrological Cycle and driven by solar power

Evaporation--Clouds--Participation--Runoff--Ocean and then back to

Evaporation

Stored water in a damn has Potential Energy The Penstook carries water down to the

turbine as Kinetic Energy drives the turbine which activates the generator.“Water

released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn

activates a generator to produce electricity”

Advantages Very efficient at 90% much superior

to wind, tidal, solar, and the fossil fuels


Is a clean, renewable, reliable, and

fairly cheap source or energy

Also is Non-Polluting

Disadvantages Facilities disrupt natural river flows

Can alter riverside habitats by impeding the natural flow of sediments and serving as an obstacle to fish migration

Tidal

PowerDescriptionIt is Caused by gravitational force between Earth and Moon “A barrage (dam) is

typically used to connect tidal energy into electricity by forcing water through

turbines, activating a generator. For wave energy


conversion, there are three basic systems: Channel systems funnel the waves into

reservoirs, float systems drive hydraulic pumps and oscillating water column systems

use waves to compress air within a container.”

Advantages70% of the world is covered by ocean so it is important that we look at tapping into

the possibilities of this vast source.The gravitational force between the Earth and

Moon will always exist.

.DisadvantagesNeed 12 ft tides to function and this is a rarity;Florida’s tides are only 2ft.Not a

constant energy source upto 10hrs a day .

Future Outlook Even with the abundance of the world’s oceans, the outlook of this energy source is.DisadvantagesNeed 12 ft tides to function and this is a rarity;Florida’s tides are only 2ft.Not a

constant energy source upto 10hrs a day .

Future Outlook Even with the abundance of the world’s oceans, the outlook of this energy source is


oceans, the outlook of this energy source is bleak with its many disadvantages and

limited access to people and industries only by the coast

ConclusionWe have looked from the above explanation that energy is very much important key

for the development of any nation. Today the entire world is dependent on the fossil

fuels for their energy requirement. But unfortunately we have very limited amount of

fossil fuels. These are going to full fill the energy requirement upto two or three

decade only. so in the coming future the world is going to face the situation of energy

crisis. The datas provided in this paper are tell us that the energy requirement is going

to increase rapidly upto 2020. Natural gases, oil, coal are supposed to be vanish upto

2020. After that the world is going to face a big energy crisis. So it is necessary to

conserve the energy and to develop the new energy sources. We have looked into in

depth into each of the renewable energy sources. Hydro power is very clean and

efficient; Tidal power is not even an option for the future because of the high tides


needed and the fact that it only benefits people along the coast. We get more then

1,000 times the amount of energy we would ever need from the sun, but this energy

source is not continuous and it also needs to be very concentrated in order to be used.

Wind power has been increasing over the years but it is only 59.6% efficient because

of the Betz limit, also the available area for wind mills is scarce. To of the more

promising renewable energy sources are definitely geothermal energy and biomass.

Despite high initial costs more people are heating their homes with geothermal costs

because it saves consumers in the long run. Biomass is also intriguing source because

of the vast amount we have of it.

So from the above explanation we are able to understand that renewable

energy sources are the only solution to overcome from the problem of energy crisis.

So renewable sources are the vision of future.

REFERENCES

1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM

2. WWW.REDIFF.COM

3. WWW.CENSUS.COM

4. ENERGY AND TRANSPORT IN EUROPE DIGEST

5. WWW.SCOTLAND.GOV.UK

"

http://WWW.SCOTLAND.GOV.UK/

http://WWW.CENSUS.COM/

http://WWW.REDIFF.COM/

http://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/

Recent Renewable Energies

Documents

Transcript of Recent Renewable Energies