Recent Developments In Refrigerants For · PDF fileRecent Developments In Refrigerants For...

Recent Developments In Recent Developments In Refrigerants For AirRefrigerants For Air--ConditioningConditioningRefrigerants For AirRefrigerants For Air--Conditioning Conditioning And Refrigeration SystemsAnd Refrigeration SystemsRajan RajendranRajan RajendranTopics:

• Refrigerant Proliferation, Global Drivers/Regulation• Life Cycle Climate Performance ApproachLife Cycle Climate Performance Approach• Available Refrigerant Options • AC & Refrigeration Systems Evaluation• Compressor And Electronics To Enable Solutions

The Global Refrigerant LandscapeThe Global Refrigerant Landscape

Markets

g pg p

Markets

CompressionpTechnologies

Refrigerants

NH3R134a

R404A/507R134a R404A

R404A/507R407A, R22

R134a

R404A/507R407A, R22

R134a

R410AR407CR22

R410AR22

2

R404A/507R22, R290

R404A R134aCO2

R134aR290

R22(R32 ‐ Asia)

(R32 – Asia)

Different Refrigerants For Different Regions And Applications – Always The Norm

Ozone Depletion And Montreal Protocol Ozone Depletion And Montreal Protocol Eliminated CFC & HCFC And Gave Rise To HFCEliminated CFC & HCFC And Gave Rise To HFC

Montreal Protocol Agreement For Reducing ODP Refrigerants: R-22 Phase-Out Timeline

100%

1996CAP

100%

65%

Today

32 5% - 2025

90%

65%

50

25%

10%

32.5% 20252.5% - 20300% - 2040

19990

USEU

2004No New

Equipment EU

2010No New

Equipment US 2013“Freeze”

A5 Nations

20202015

* All R f M i l S d F

EU A5 Nations • In January 2012, EPA Announced Reduction Of Allocation For 2012 –

2014, From 11 – 47%• Actual Reduction To Be Finalized, Summer 2012, TBD• Letter To Producers To Reduce By 47% Until Final Decision

3

* All Reference Material Sourced From:

Success Of Montreal Protocol In Reducing ODP Gases Now Being Proposed As A Model For Regulating HFC Gases

Global Warming And Impact Of HFCsGlobal Warming And Impact Of HFCs

What Is The Effect Of HFCs On Global Warming?CO2 Equivalent

HFCs Direct Effect (Emission) Is Small

What Is The Effect Of HFCs On Global Warming?CO2 Equivalent

HFCs Direct Effect (Emission) Is Small

CO2

MethaneN2OHFCs

Land

fills

Other

Indirect Effect Is Large Due To Impact On Energy Efficiency

CO2

MethaneN2OHFCs

Land

fills

Other

Indirect Effect Is Large Due To Impact On Energy Efficiency

HFCs PFCS, & SF6

Less Than 2% Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From HFCs(Adjusting These Gases To CO2Equivalent Warming Impact)

Electricity GenerationTransportation

Emissions

HFCs PFCS, & SF6

Less Than 2% Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From HFCs(Adjusting These Gases To CO2Equivalent Warming Impact)

Electricity GenerationTransportation

Emissions

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Sinks: 1990-2002

10% Of Global Carbon Emissions (And Energy Use) Due To Refrigeration, A/C And Heat Pumps

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Sinks: 1990-2002

10% Of Global Carbon Emissions (And Energy Use) Due To Refrigeration, A/C And Heat Pumps

4Emerson Confidential

Concerns about global warming have drawn attention to HVAC&R applications

Global Warming Potential (GWP)Global Warming Potential (GWP)• Measure Of Estimated Contribution To Global

Warming When Directly Emitted Into The AtmosphereAtmosphere

• Relative Scale, Compares Gas ToSame Mass Of Carbon Dioxide(Whose GWP By Convention Is 1)

• GWP Is Calculated Over A SpecificTime Interval, Typically 100 Years

• Intergovernmental Panel On ClimateChange (IPCC), A UN Body, IssuesReports That, Among Other Things,Update The GWP Values ForVarious Global Warming Gases

Leaking 1 Kg Of R404A = Leaking 3922 kg Of CO2g– Latest Report Is Assessment Report 4

(AR4), 2007

5Emerson ConfidentialReference: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf

GWP – Is important but not the only measure of environmental impact!

Global HFC Regulations In Place TodayGlobal HFC Regulations In Place Todayg yg yEuropean F‐Gas Regulation (2006)

f i C b i

Australian Carbon Eqv. Tax On HFC (July 2012)

Refrigerant Carbon Price Eqv. Aus $/kg

R134a 29.90

R125 64.40

R143a 87.40

R32 14.95

R404A 74.98

R507 75.90

R407C 35 09• General Support Exists In Europe For

• Full And Complete Implementation Of F‐Gas Regulation• Cap And Phase‐Down Of HFCs

R407C 35.09

R410A 39.68


• Cap And Phase‐Down Of HFCs

Containment, Control Of Use And Taxes Are All “Mechanisms” Being Used To Reduce HFC Use

North American Proposal To PhaseNorth American Proposal To Phase--Down High Down High GWP Refrigerant GasesGWP Refrigerant Gasesgg

(Developing Nations)100% ( p g )

80%

70%

90%• Attempts To Include In Montreal Protocol Have Failed So Far• EU Considering As Part Of Revision To F‐Gas R l ti (~D 2012)60%

40%

50%

Regulation (~Dec 2012)• US – Formed New Climate And Clean Air Coalition

15%

30%

Year


Latest Proposal For Global Phase‐down Of “HFC’s GWP” – Applies To All Sectors Including Mobile, Foam And Stationary Applications

Climate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air CoalitionClimate And Clean Air Coalition● CCAC, A Voluntary Coalition Of

Governments, NGOs And Public And Private Organizations, g ,Announced By Secretary Hillary Clinton In February, 2012

● Goal To Reduce “Short-Lived” P ll t t I At hPollutants In Atmosphere Through Voluntary Practices

– Includes HFCs Among OthersOthers

● Canada, EU And Several Countries Have Already Expressed Interest And JoinedExpressed Interest And Joined


Voluntary Mechanisms May Become A Method Used To Reduce And Affect HFC Use As Well

Consumer Goods Forum (CGF)Consumer Goods Forum (CGF)( )( )• Total 433 Companies Are Members Of Paris Based CGF• October 2010, “Pledged To Reduce Deforestation & Start Phase-Out HFCs By 2015”• Worldwide, 144 Retailers Signed Pledge; 17 In The US

– Walmart, Kroger, Supervalu, A&P, HEB, Walgreens, Tesco, Waitrose, Woolworths, etc.

Excerpt From “Consumer Goods Industry Announces Initiatives On Climate Protection”, Nov 29, 2010 Press Release


Consumer Group Organizations Are Also Joining The Effort To Influence HFC Use

Energy Standards Are Increasing In The Energy Standards Are Increasing In The US And ElsewhereUS And Elsewhere

Regional Standard Zones

Residential AC

Size Category(Btu/Hr)

Fed Minimums (Pre 1/1/2010)

Federal Minimums(1/1/2010)

ASHRAE90.1‐2007 (1/1/2010)

Energy Star

(5/1/2010)

CEE Tier 1

(1/6/2012)

CEE Tier 2

(1/6/2012)

ASHRAE189.1‐2010 (1/1/2010)

Commercial AC

North

South

≥65K‐ <135K 10.3 EER11.2 EER 11.2 EER

11.4 IEER

11.7 EER+4%

11.8 IEER+4%

11.7 EER+4%

13.0 IEER+14%

12.2 EER+9%

14.0 IEER+23%

11.5 EER+3%

12.0 IEER+5%

≥135K‐<240K

9.7 EER11.0 EER 11.0 EER

11.2 IEER

11.7 EER+6%

11.8 IEER+5%

11.7 EER+6%

12.5 IEER+12%

12.2 EER+11%

13.2 IEER+18%

11.5 EER+5%

12.0 IEER+7%

≥240K 10 0 EER 10 0 EER10.5 EER+5%

10.8 EER+8%

10.0 EER%

Zones New Federal Minimums (Jan 1, 2015)

≥240K‐<760K

9.5 EER10.0 EER 10.0 EER

10.1 IEERNot Defined

+5%11.3 IEER+12%

+8%12.3 IEER+22%

‐‐%10.5 IEER+4%

≥760K 9.2 EER9.7EER 9.7 EER

9.8 IEERNot Defined

9.9 EER+2%

11.1 IEER+13%

10.4 EER+7%

11.6 IEER+18%

9.7 EER‐‐%

10.2 IEER+4%

Voluntary Standards Driving Increased Efficiency

Air Conditioning Heat Pump

North 13 SEER 14 SEER8.2 HSPF

Application Standard Ruling Start Date

FinalRule Date

Effective Date Notes

Reach-In Performance Jan 2010• Minimum Energy Specified Various Types Of Equipment• Energy Star – Top 25% Performers

Walk-In Prescriptive Jan 2009 • Requires ECM Evap Fan

Test Jan 2010 • AHRI 1250 (AWEF Rating)

• Two Standards One For Box And R f i tiSouth 14 SEER 14 SEER8.2 HSPF

Southwest14 SEER

12.2 /11.7 EER<45K />45K

14 SEER8.2 HSPF

Performance Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2015• Two Standards, One For Box And One For Refrigeration System

Ice Machine Performance Nov 2010 Aug 2013 Jan 2015 • Will Also Cover Flakes And Water Requirements

Test Feb 2011 Jan 2012

CA Title 24: Refr.

WarehousePrescriptive 2008

• ECM VS Evap Fan• Condenser TD• 70°F Floating Head• Screw, Part-Load EER

Prescriptive Late 2011 Jan 2014 • Requirements similar to

Refrigeration

10

Efficiency Standards Continue To Improve – Will Be A Challenge When Designing New Equipment Constrained By HFC Regulations

Prescriptive Late 2011 Jan 2014 Supermarkets

libiscar

Rectangle

libiscar

Stamp

How To Measure Environmental Impact Of How To Measure Environmental Impact Of Systems: Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP)Systems: Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP)

Di t I di t

= +LCCP Direct

GlobalWarming

IndirectGlobal

Warming(Life Cycle Climate Performance)

Refrigerant Leakage

EnergyConsumption

Leak during life Energy used during life

Holistic Approach:• Safety• Performance Leak during life

End of life recovery leak• Leak during production

Energy used during lifeSource of energy

• Embodied energy of all material used for manufacturing of fluid

Performance• Environment• Economics

1. Leak Rate2. Charge Amount3. Refrigerant GWP

4. Energy Consumed

11

Energy Consumption (Annual And Peak) Could Be 90% Or More Of Environmental Impact Of A HVAC&R System – Minimize LCCP And Total Cost Of Ownership

Energy Consumption Plays Major Energy Consumption Plays Major Role In Life Cycle Climate ImpactRole In Life Cycle Climate ImpactRole In Life Cycle Climate ImpactRole In Life Cycle Climate Impact

Life Cycle Performance: Typical Low Charge/Leak HFC Systems (AC And Refrigeration)

2 ‐ 5% Direct Warming Impact g p(Refrigerant Leakage)

Life Cycle Performance: Typical Large And/Or High Leak HFC Systems (Refrigeration)60% Direct Warming 30% Direct Warming 40%

95 ‐ 98%Indirect Warming Impact

(Energy Consumption)

60% Direct Warming Impact (Refrigerant

Leakage)

40%Indirect Warming Impact(Energy Consumption)

Example Analysis For A 3000 lb, R404A System With 20% Annual Leak, Medium & Low Temperature*


Leakage)

40%Indirect Warming Impact(Energy Consumption)

1. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year*

Eliminate 30% Of Global Warming

Impact

* Simple US Based Analysis To Show Relative Impact Only; Not Field Data

For Hermetic Systems, Global Warming Is An Efficiency Issue*(Therefore, Future Refrigerants Must Be Equal Or Higher Efficiency)

20% Annual Leak, Medium & Low Temperature


Leakage)

40% Indirect Warming Impact(Energy Consumption)

Eliminate 45% Of Global Warming Impact 5% Direct Warming Impact

(Refrigerant Leakage)

Eliminate 55% Of Global Warming

Impact

Reduce Direct Impact By 92%

40% Indirect Warming Impact(Energy Consumption)

2. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year & Reduce Refrigerant GWP By 50%*

y %

3. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year, Refrigerant GWP By 50%, And Reduce Charge By 65%*

For Large Systems, Global Warming Becomes An Efficiency Issue If Charge/Leaks Are Reduced(Therefore, Future Refrigerants Must Be Equal Or Higher Efficiency)

* Simple US Based Analysis To Show Relative Impact Only; Not Field Data

12

Refrigerant And System Architecture Choice Is Not A One‐Dimensional Problem!

Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For New And Existing ApplicationsNew And Existing Applications

New “ReplacementRefs”

New LGWP Refs“For OEM Use”Capacity Today’s Refs

PressureOrCurrent

Applications

CO2

Synthetic Refs. ForNew Applications

Qualitative Chart – Not To Scale

g ppg pp

R-410ALike

400-675 R32R410A

DP: DR5HWL: L41

Unitary A/CComm. A/CSmall Chillers(OEM/Service?)

2

Synthetic Refs.For Existing/New

Applications

New Applications

ARK: ARM 70

R404A &R407/22

Like< 1500150 -

300DP: DR7HWL: L40, L20 R407C

R22DP: DR33HWL: N20, N40

R407ARefrigeration(OEM/Service?)AC Service?

R404A

R290

NH3

ARK: ARM 30

R407F

R134aLike

4-6

~600HFO 1234yfHFO 1234ze

,

DP: XP10HWL N13 R134a

Large ChillersRefrigerationMobile

ARK: ARM 32

GWP Level0 500 1000 1500 2000

HWL: N13 R134a(OEM/Service?)DP: DR2; HWL: N12

A1 – Non Flammable

R123-Like(V.Low Pr.)

13

A2L – Mildly FlammableA3 – FlammableB2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

AHRI’s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Will Help Provide Some Answers ; Due 12/2012

AC/HP System Example AC/HP System Example –– DropDrop--In Test Of HFO In Test Of HFO Blends And R32Blends And R32

107%

% R410A EER

Drop-In Test (TXV R i d)

EER vs. Capacity• Drop-In Tests; Only Charge And TXV Adjustment• Most Desirable Zones Are Marked A B & CAC

103%

105%

95° A/C - A82° A/C - B47° H/P - HT17° H/P - LTHFO#2

(TXV Resized)(Charge Adj.)

HFO#3

Marked A, B & C• Drop-In R32 Is Better In Heating Than Cooling• Drop-In Blends Do Better In Cooling Than Heating

AC

99%

101%

90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% 102% 104%% R410A Capacity

HFO#1

R32(675 gwp)

• Use Of Micro-Channel HX And Micro-Groove Tubes Will Impact Performance• Both Refrigerant And Compressor Manufacturers

97%

Compressor Manufacturers Working To Improve Candidates• Compressor Sizing And Isentropic Efficiency Improvements Will Improve

B95% System Performance As Will

Other Enhancements Like Vapor Injection Technology

14

Initial Drop‐In Results Are Positive ‐ Scope Exists For Improvement Of Performance Through Refrigerant, Compressor And System Optimization

AC System Example AC System Example –– DropDrop--In TestIn TestLCCP AnalysisLCCP Analysisyy

• R32 And HFO Blends Will All Result In LCCP Improvement• Low Leak Rate Of AC Systems Will C I di t (E ) C t ib ti

120000DirectIndirect

13.0 SEER / 7.7 HSPF3‐ton H/P

kg CO2

Cause Indirect (Energy) Contribution To Global Warming To Be Larger Compared To Direct (Leak)• Lowest GWP Fluid, HFO1234yf Does Not Necessarily Mean Lowest

80000

100000

yLCCP • Assumed: 4% Annual Leak Rate, 0.65 kg CO2/kWh (0.49 To 1.02 kg CO2/kWh In USA)• Energy Source Varies By Country

40000

60000

• Energy Source Varies By Country And Will Affect Conclusions

R410 HFO#3 R32 HFO#1 HFO#2 1234yf0

20000

Country kg CO2/kWhIndia 1.00Australia 0.92China 0.84Direct 5125 1119 1408 1203 999 12

Indirect 99782 100672 99667 99092 100828 104953

LCCP 100.0% 97.1% 96.3% 95.6% 97.1% 100.1%

China 0.84USA 0.78Germany 0.54Brazil 0.09Sweden 0.05Norway 0.01

15

Low Leak AC Systems – R32 And HFO Blends Will Result In Less Than 5% LCCP Reduction Over R410A; Regulation, Cost And Availability Will Determine Candidate Of Choice By Region




PressureOrCurrent

Applications

CO2



g ppg pp

R-410ALike

400-675 R32R410A

DP: DR5HWL: L41


2


Applications

New Applications

ARK: ARM 70

R404A &R407/22

Like< 1500150 -

300DP: DR7HWL: L40, L20 R407C



R404A

R290

NH3

ARK: ARM 30

R407F

R134aLike

4-6


,



ARK: ARM 32

GWP Level0 500 1000 1500 2000




16



Basic Systems Used In AnalysisBasic Systems Used In Analysisy yy yClimate Zones

1 Boston

Refrigeration System Analysis

a) Centralized DX Rack System

2

3

4

5

Atlanta

St. Louis

Columbus

a) Centralized DX Rack Systemb) Distributed DX System

c) Cascade CO2, CO2 DX LT

d) Secondary – (Glycol) MT & (CO2) LT

e) Transcritical Booster CO2

5 Houston

17

What Is Impact Of System Architecture On Energy And LCCP?What Is Impact Of Refrigerant Choice On Energy And LCCP?

Basic Systems Comparison Basic Systems Comparison –– R404AR404A

Boston

y py p

P / lb CO2/70°F Min Cond

Trans Booster

CO2

+13%/-53%

Power / lbs CO2/yr

15% Leak Rate

CO2Trans Booster

Cascade

Secondary

R404

AR4

04A

LT Indirect

MT Indirect

+7%/-54%

+5%/-54% AnnualEnergy

R404ASub-Critical

CO C d

2% Leak Rate

R404ASecondary

DX Distr

R404

AR MT Indirect

LT Direct

MT Direct

-11%/-51%

Energy

Leak EffectCO2 Cascade

2% Leak Rate

10% Leak Rate

R404ADX Distr

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000

DX

R404

A

lbs CO2/yr

BaselineMT LeakLT LeakMT EnergyLT Energy

15% Leak Rate

R404ADX

18

lbs CO2/yr

All Alternatives To R404A DX Rack Offer Significant Reduction In LCCPDistributed System Offers Reduction In Energy As Well

Basic Systems Comparison Basic Systems Comparison –– R407A/FR407A/F

Boston

y py p


Trans Booster

CO2 +13%/-53%

Power / lbs CO2/yr

15% Leak Rate

CO2Trans Booster

Cascade

Secondary

R407

AR4

07A

LT Indirect

MT Indirect

+3%/-56%

+8%/-54%Sub-CriticalCO2 Cascade

2% Leak Rate

AnnualEnergy

R407ASub-Critical

CO C d

R407ASecondary

DX Distr

R407

AR MT Indirect

LT Direct

MT Direct-15%/-58%

Leak Effect

2

2% Leak Rate

10% Leak RateR407A/F DX Rack Improves

LCCP By 27% (Energy Neutral)

EnergyCO2 Cascade

R407ADX Distr

A <10% Leak Rate Makes This System Quite “LCCP Competitive”

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000

DX

R404

A

lbs CO2/yr


15% Leak Rate

R404ADX

19

lbs CO2/yr

Refrigerants Like R407A And R407F Can Lower Energy And LCCP Compared To R404A Systems

Basic Systems Comparison Basic Systems Comparison –– R410AR410A

Boston

y py p


Trans Booster

CO2 +13%/-53%

Power / lbs CO2/yr

15% Leak Rate

CO2Trans Booster

Cascade

Secondary

R410

AR4

10A

LT Indirect

MT Indirect

+2%/-57%


2% Leak Rate

AnnualEnergy

R410ASub-Critical

CO C d

R410ASecondary

DX Distr

R410

AR MT Indirect

LT Direct

MT Direct-17%/-59%

Leak Effect

2

2% Leak Rate

10% Leak Rate

EnergyCO2 Cascade

R410ADX Distr

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000

DX

R404

A

lbs CO2/yr


15% Leak Rate

R404ADX

20

lbs CO2/yr

R410A Appears To Be A Good Choice In Medium And Low Temperature Supermarket Systems To Lower Energy And LCCP




PressureOrCurrent

Applications

CO2



g ppg pp

R-410ALike

400-675 R32R410A

DP: DR5HWL: L41


2


Applications

New Applications

ARK: ARM 70

R404A &R407/22

Like< 1500150 -

300DP: DR7HWL: L40, L20 R407C



R404A

R290

NH3

ARK: ARM 30

R407F

R134aLike

4-6


,



ARK: ARM 32

GWP Level0 500 1000 1500 2000




21



Basic Systems Comparison Basic Systems Comparison –– N40 Or N40 Or DR33 (Future A1 Candidates)DR33 (Future A1 Candidates)

Boston

( )( )


Trans Booster

0CO

2 +13%/-53%

Power / lbs CO2/yr

15% Leak Rate

CO2Trans Booster

Cascade

Secondary

WP 13

00GWP 13

0

LT Indirect

MT Indirect

+3%/-56%


2% Leak Rate

AnnualEnergy

GWP 1300Sub-Critical

CO C d

GWP 1300Secondary

DX Distr

GWP 13

00GW MT Indirect

LT Direct

MT Direct-15%/-61%

Leak Effect

2

2% Leak Rate

10% Leak RateN40/DR33 DX Rack Improves

LCCP By 41% (Energy Decrease 5%); With Leak R d ti C ld B A G d A1 S l ti

EnergyCO2 Cascade

GWP 1300DX Distr

A <10% Leak Rate Makes This System “LCCP Competitive”

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000

DX

R404

A

lbs CO2/yr


15% Leak Rate

Reduction, Could Be A Good A1 SolutionR404A

DX

22

lbs CO2/yr

Lower GWP A1 Options Being Developed Will Offer Good Alternatives To R404A To Lower Energy And LCCP; Could These Be Long Term Minimum LCCP Solutions?

Basic Systems Comparison Basic Systems Comparison –– L40 Or L40 Or DR7 (Future A2L Candidates)DR7 (Future A2L Candidates)

Boston

( )( )


Trans Booster

0CO

2 +13%/-53%

Power / lbs CO2/yr

15% Leak Rate

CO2Trans Booster

Cascade

Secondary

WP 30

0GWP 30

0

LT Indirect

MT Indirect

+3%/-57%


2% Leak Rate

AnnualEnergy

GWP 300Sub-Critical

CO C d

GWP 300Secondary

DX Distr

GWP 30

0GW MT Indirect

LT Direct

MT Direct-15%/-64%

Leak Effect

2

2% Leak Rate

10% Leak Rate

EnergyCO2 Cascade

GWP 300DX Distr

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000

DX

R404

A

lbs CO2/yr


15% Leak Rate

R404ADX

23

lbs CO2/yr

Future Lower GWP A2L Options Offer Lower GWP Without Much Change In LCCP ‐ Good For GWP Regulated Regions

[Low Charge And Low Leak => GWP Impact On LCCP Is Low]

Basic Systems Comparison Of Peak Power Basic Systems Comparison Of Peak Power ––Important For Demand Charge ConsiderationsImportant For Demand Charge Considerationsp gp g

Peak Power Bin = 90°F & 7 HoursCO

R404A Secondary

CO2 Trans Booster

+10%

+41%

R404ASecondary

CO2Trans

Booster

R404A Cascade LT Peak Power

MT P k P

+6%R404ASub-Critical

CO2 Cascade

Secondary

R404A DX Distr

MT Peak Power

-5%R404ADX Distr

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

R404A DX

KW

MT PeakPower

LT PeakPower BaselineR404A

DX

24

KW

Basic Transcritical CO2 System Consumes More Power On Hot Days (In Transcritical Region)System Enhancements Needed To Improve High Ambient Efficiency




PressureOrCurrent

Applications

CO2



g ppg pp

R-410ALike

400-675 R32R410A

DP: DR5HWL: L41


2


Applications

New Applications

ARK: ARM 70

R404A &R407/22

Like< 1500150 -

300DP: DR7HWL: L40, L20 R407C



R404A

R290

NH3

ARK: ARM 30

R407F

R134aLike

4-6


,



ARK: ARM 32

GWP Level0 500 1000 1500 2000




25



Existing And New Equipment Existing And New Equipment –– Lower GWP Lower GWP Candidates Summary *Candidates Summary *yy

Application HFCs GWP (AR4)

Aftermarket Replacement For GWP Impact Energy Impact

Mobile AC HFC‐134a 1430 HFC‐134a Neutral ‐

RefrigerationR‐407A 2107

R‐404A HCFC‐22

PositiveNeutral

NeutralNeutral

R‐407F 1820R‐404A HCFC‐22

PositiveNeutral

NeutralNeutral

h l dN20 ~1000

Research Fluid;Replace R22 In AC/Ref

Positive Neutral

DR33 ~1500Research Fluid;

Replace R404A In RefPositive Positive

Research FluidN40 ~1500

Research FluidReplace R404A In Ref

Positive Positive

Stat. AC/HP R‐407C 1774 HCFC‐22 Neutral ~Neutral

R‐410A 2088 R‐410A Neutral ‐

A2L Fl id C B U d I

R l I R f i i R404A Will Off L GWP & L

R‐410A Has No A1 Replacement Candidate With Lower GWP!

R‐32 675A2L Fluid – Cannot Be Used In

A1 Equipment‐

26

Replacements In Refrigeration R404A Will Offer Lower GWP & Lower Energy; R22 Replacements Will Be Neutral

* Important To Check With Component And System Manufacturer Before Attempting Any Retrofit

New Equipment New Equipment –– Lower GWP Candidates Lower GWP Candidates Summary Summary yy

Application Today’s Refrigerant

Lower GWP Options LCCP ImpactEnergy* LCCP

Comments

Mobile AC R‐134aHFO1234yf(GWP 4)

Neutral PositiveCommercialization –

In Progress

Stat. AC/HP R‐410ADR5, L41, R32

(GWP 500 T 675)Neutral to P i i

PositiveR&D In Progress

Is GWP Low Enough?Stat. AC/HP R 410A(GWP ~500 To 675) Positive

Positive Is GWP Low Enough?Timing?

Stationary Refrigeration

R‐404ADR7, L40, L20(GWP 200‐300)

Neutral to Positive

PositiveR&D In Progress

Timing?

Small Charge SystemsR‐290(GWP 3)

Neutral PositiveSmall Charge Systems

Flammability Concerns

CO2 Neutral to Positive

Energy Efficiency Concerns*

(GWP 1) NegativePositive Concerns

Trials In US

NH3(GWP 0)

Neutral PositiveIndustrial

Refrigeration

27

Lower GWP And Lower LCCP Synthetic Options Developing In AC/HP And Refrigeration For New Systems

* Annual And Peak Demand

Need Faster Standards Development Need Faster Standards Development -- New Low GWP New Low GWP Refrigerants Are Rated A2L For FlammabilityRefrigerants Are Rated A2L For Flammabilityg yg y

Reference: UL White Paper “Revisiting Flammable Refrigerants”, 2011

Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) And Lower Flame Limit (LFL)

Reference: Low GWP Refrigerant Options For Unitary AC & Heat Pumps – Mark Spatz, ASHRAE Jan 2011

Difficult To Ignite

• Globally, IEC 60335‐40 And ISO 5149 Lead In Development Of A2L Rules

– Current Development Based On Duct‐Free SystemsUS D l ti W ki O E di T I l d D t d

Easy To Ignite Small

Leak Can Ignite

Large Leak To Ignite

Burning Velocity – Basis For 2 & 2L– US Delegation Working On Expanding To Include Ducted And Other Systems

– US Applications Are Diverse – Eg., In Residential, There Are Closet, Attic, Basement, Crawl Space Locations For Units

• In US, UL Has Three Working Groups Engaged In Standards Development As Is ASHRAE Standard 15

Burning Velocity Basis For 2 & 2L Classification

High Energy Release

Standards Development, As Is ASHRAE Standard 15• In China, Committee Working On R32 A2L Rules,

Mirroring Activity In Europe/US• Past Deadlines For 2012 IMC And UMC Adoption; Next

Cycle Is 2018

Low Energy Release

Unstable Flame, Low

Pressure Rise

Stable Flame, High Pressure

Rise

28

Industry Experts From Around The World Are Working Diligently To Develop Rules For Safely Applying A2L Refrigerants In All Types Of Applications – Timing Will Affect Adoption

Pressure Rise Rise

SummarySummaryyy• Many Options That Can Reduce Total Cost Of Ownership And Place Us On

A Sustainable Path, Can Be Had Now With Existing State Of The Art Technologygy

– Maintenance• Energy Efficiency – Set Point Control, Low Condensing Operation,

EXVs, Retrofit Old With New,…R f i t C t i t O ti A d E d Of Lif• Refrigerant Containment – Operation And End Of Life

– R404A Alternatives• R407A /R407F - Good Performance With Lower GWP And LCCP• R410A Good Option In MT And Acceptable In LT (System Redesign)R410A Good Option In MT And Acceptable In LT (System Redesign)• New Stores In A5 Countries – Recommend Transition From R22 To

R407A /R407F Instead Of R404A– Options Also Available For R22 Stores Needing Conversion – R407A,

R407F R407C R438A t *R407F, R407C, R438A, etc.*– Revisit Architecture – Central Rack, Secondary, Distributed, Cascade CO2

• System Architecture Has Most Impact On Energy, Maintenance, Total Cost And The Environment (LCCP)

29

Cost And The Environment (LCCP)– In AC, R410A Offers Best Efficiency & Lowest LCCP Among A1 Options

* Check With Compressor And Component Manufacturers For Compatibility

Summary (Contd.)Summary (Contd.)y ( )y ( )• Minimize LCCP With Available Options To Meet Your Needs; Many A1

Lower GWP Synthetic Candidates Could Be Commercially Available In A Few Years

– N40 (Honeywell), DR33 (DuPont) With ~1300 GWP As R404A Replacement; N20 (Honeywell) As R22 Replacement; All A1 And Useful For Retrofit And New In Refrigeration

– In AC Applications R410A Does Not Have An A1 Alternative With Lower– In AC Applications, R410A Does Not Have An A1 Alternative With Lower GWP

• Even Lower GWP, A2L Fluids Being Developed To Enable Large GWP Reductions Along With Only A Small Reduction In LCCP

– DR7 (DuPont), L40 (Honeywell) With ~300 GWP As R404A Replacement In New (A2L) Refrigeration Applications

– Substitutes Like R32, DR5 And L41 Lower GWP With Little Impact On LCCP For ACLCCP For AC

• Natural Refrigerants Like NH3, CO2 And R290 Should Be Considered When They Make Sense

– Regulations, Safety, Economics And Performance Have To Favor

30

g yChoice Over All Alternatives

* Check With Compressor And Component Manufacturers For Compatibility

Compressor And Electronic Compressor And Electronic Products That Enable SolutionsProducts That Enable SolutionsProducts That Enable Solutions Products That Enable Solutions To Reduce Cost Of OwnershipTo Reduce Cost Of Ownership

R410A Discus LT & MT Offers A Single R410A Discus LT & MT Offers A Single High Efficiency Refrigerant For Ref & ACHigh Efficiency Refrigerant For Ref & AC

Energy Efficiency

EnvironmentMaintenance Costs

g y gg y gDigital Technology10-100% Capacity Modulation

Discus ValvingReduced Re-expansion Volume Maximizes Efficiency

CoreSense ProtectionAdvanced Motor & Oil Protection

Volume Maximizes Efficiency

June 2012

Advanced Motor & Oil Protection Extend Compressor Life

Vs. R407A Vs. Competition

Capacity MT 19% 6%

MT Efficiency 10% 7-10%Superior Reliability20+ Yrs Copeland MT Efficiency 10% 7 10%

System Efficiency + +

Capacity LT 30%

20+ Yrs. Copeland Discus Experience

Aftermarket Support850+ Authorized


LT Efficiency 4%850+ Authorized Wholesalers

Copeland DigitalCopeland Digital™™-- Revolutionary Revolutionary Technology For New & Existing SystemsTechnology For New & Existing Systems

Maintenance CostsEnergy Efficiency

EnvironmentTechnology For New & Existing SystemsTechnology For New & Existing SystemsPrecise Temperature & Pressure Control

– Minimal Food Temperature Fluctuation Equals Longer Shelf Life & Less Food Shrink

Precise Temperature & Pressure Control– Minimal Food Temperature Fluctuation Equals

Longer Shelf Life & Less Food ShrinkLonger Shelf Life & Less Food Shrink– More Consistent TXV Operation– Minimized Formation Of Frost On Evaporator

Longer Shelf Life & Less Food Shrink– More Consistent TXV Operation– Minimized Formation Of Frost On Evaporator

Energy Efficiency– 3-10% Energy Reduction– Reduces Inrush Current / Power Usage

Energy Efficiency– 3-10% Energy Reduction– Reduces Inrush Current / Power Usage– Allows Increasing Suction Pressure Set Point– Reduced Defrost Time– Allows Increasing Suction Pressure Set Point– Reduced Defrost Time

C cling Red ctionC cling Red ctionCycling Reduction– Increased Compressor Reliability– Extends Life Of Compressor– Reduction In Contactor Maintenance

Cycling Reduction– Increased Compressor Reliability– Extends Life Of Compressor– Reduction In Contactor Maintenance– Reduction In Contactor Maintenance– Reduces Tube Stress Due To Comp Start/Stop – Reduction In Contactor Maintenance– Reduces Tube Stress Due To Comp Start/Stop

Ideal Solution For Optimizing New & Existing Systems 33

Next Gen 7Next Gen 7--15HP Scroll Delivers Unmatched 15HP Scroll Delivers Unmatched Energy Efficiency & ReliabilityEnergy Efficiency & Reliability

Maintenance CostsEnergy Efficiency

Environment

Next Gen Scroll

Current Scroll Delta

LT Effi i 7 8 6 9 13%

Optimized Running Gear & Variable Volume Technology

Minimizes Annual Energy Jan

gy y ygy y y

Low Sound & VibrationOptimal For Distributed

LT Efficiency 7.8 6.9 13%MT Efficiency 16.1 13.9 16%Sound (dBA) 80 86 6Weight (lb) 135 221 86

ConsumptionJan2012

SystemsWeight (lb) 135 221 86

Superior ReliabilityCompliant Scroll Design $60K

Total Store Energy Cost

+ Lower Oil Circulation

Lightweight$50K

$55Kne

rgy

Cos

t 0/

kWh

+$3,830

‐$1,654Baseline

CoreSense Diagnostics

g gMinimizes Installation &

Replacement Costs$40K

$45K

Ann

ual E

n@

$0.

1


gCurrent Based Diagnostics Provide Superior

Compressor Protection

$35K

Discus Competitor Recip.

K5 Scroll

Innovative CoreSense Technology Innovative CoreSense Technology Addresses Maintenance ChallengesAddresses Maintenance Challenges

Maintenance Costs

Current On & Off Algorithms

ON

OFF

1Setup & Control

gg

Current Vs. Time Algorithms

0

20

40

60

80

100

Time (sec)

109.4A

34.3A

Current

Current

OFF

43

2 Analog Data

•Lower Maintenance Costs

Benefits:

Temperature Vs. Time100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time

5 DLT

CoreSense Algorithms

Alarm

•Less System Downtime

•Faster Troubleshooting•More Accurate Diagnosis

Current + Voltage AlgorithmsTime

Remote Troubleshooting

Notificationg

•Reduced Contractor Callbacks

1

2

Discharge Temp Sensor

3 Voltage Sensor

Liquid Line Temperature

g

Response Actions


Current Sensor4

Ambient Temperature5

Time

Utilizes Compressor As A Sensor To Predict & Diagnose System Health

35

CoreSense Technology Lowers CoreSense Technology Lowers End User Maintenance CostsEnd User Maintenance Costs

Maintenance Costs

Integrated Integrated

IntegratedI/O BoardIntegratedI/O Board• Electronic Protection & Control

– Improves System Reliability & Visibility gHPCO / LPCO

gHPCO / LPCO

Demand Cooling Demand Cooling

p y y y

• Predictive Diagnostics– Early Detection Avoids Major Repairs

R t & O B d C i tiDigital ControlDigital Control

• Remote & On-Board Communications– Off-site & Faster Troubleshooting

• Simplified Rack Wiring Power Measurement

Power Measurement

Optional DLT P t ti

Optional DLT P t ti DLT ProtectionDLT Protection

Advanced Motor Protection


– Reduces System Start-Up Issues

DLT ProtectionDLT Protection

MeasurementMeasurement

Oil P t tiOil P t ti

Communication & Diagnostics


DLT ProtectionDLT Protection DLT ProtectionDLT Protection

Oil P t tiOil P t ti





DLT ProtectionDLT Protection

Ad d M tAd d M t

Motor ProtectionMotor Protection

Oil ProtectionOil Protection

Discus ‐ CoreSense Protection Discus ‐ CoreSense Diagnostics 36

Motor ProtectionMotor Protection

Oil ProtectionOil ProtectionAdvanced Motor Protection


Scroll ‐ CoreSense Diagnostics

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