Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Water...
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Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Water Sector
Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu, Ph.D Principal Scientist
DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre
Skills Drought in the Water Sector- NSTF Discussion Forum
Emperors Palace, 26 September March 2016
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Global Water Scarcity
• Water distribution – uneven
• Sub-Saharan Africa
Not enough water available
Finding a reliable source of safe water
is time consuming and expensive
2004: Only 16% of people had access
to drinking water through a household
connection (an indoor tap or a tap in
the yard). (WHO)
Population growth: Water use has
been growing at > 2 x of population
growth in the last century
Difficult to control sanitation issues
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Conventional of water treatment • Physical Methods: Sedimentation, screening,
aeration, fitration, flotation and skimming,
degasification, equalization.
• Chemical Methods: Chlorination, ozonation,
neutralization, coagulation, adsorption, ion
exchange.
• Biological Methods:
– Aerobic: Aerobic digestion, activated sludge,
filtration, oxidation ponds, lagoons, etc.
– Anaerobic: Anaerobic digestion, septic tanks,
lagoons, etc.
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Conventional Water Treatment Methods: Challenges
• Flocculation / coagulation, precipitation, bioreactor, chlorination, for removal of heavy metals,
organics and bacteria.
Do not remove low pollutant concentrations
Chlorine added reacts with organic cations to form disinfection by-products
(DBPs) such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) – Carcinogenic
Bacteria: fouling microcystins: therefore degradation is needed
Sludge disposal
• Membrane technology (RO/NF): Physical removal, High energy requirements
• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - low biodegradability
chlorinated organic compounds
emerging pollutants (e.g. hormones, drugs)
•
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Conventional Water Treatment Method Requirements
35% of Population in RSA
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Solution Required
• Improved remediation technologies
Degradation of POPs (vs physical removal)
Cost efficient
Environmentally friendly
Not energy intensive
Easy to operate
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Nanotechnology a viable solution for water treatment?
Nanotechnology: The study, processing and application of structures in the range 1-
100 nm in size
Involves the ability to “see” and to “control” individual molecules and atoms
Higher Surface area on a mass basis
Unique electronic properties allow functionalization – new properties
Functionalization can increase affinity towards target compounds
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Nanotechnology: High Surface Area
2g of nanogold surface area = 100m2
2g of bulk gold surface area= 0.02m2
5000 times!!!
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Nanosorbents
Examples: Carbon Nanotubes, nano alumina,
zeolites, nanoclays,
Mode of Action: Physical Adsorption
Pollutants:
heavy metals ( e.g. As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Th, U)
Pathogens (viruses and bacteria)
Organic Pollutants, e.g. Dyes, pesticides
Regeneration: e.g. Acid treatment
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Nanobiocides
Examples:
n-Ag , n-Au, Mg (OH)2 and MgO NPs
Pollutants: Removal of pathogens (viruses and bacteria)
E.Coli, Cholera, Giardia, Hepatitis, Staph. Aureus
Mode of Action: Deactivation/Destruction
Alternative for disinfectant methods such as chlorination
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Commercial: Nanosorbent for Arsenic and Fluoride Removal
AMRIT – Indian Institute of Technology- Madras, India
Gravity driven, regenerable, affordable
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Nanocatalysts: Photocatalysts
• Activated by visible light or UV radiation
Nanoparticles Target Pollutant
Nanoscale TiO2, Fullerenes Poliovirus 1, hepatitis B,
herpes simplex virus,
bacteriophage. Ammonia,
Organic Pollutants
(pesticides, drugs, dyes,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics)
n-Ag-doped TiO2 E. Coli
Nanoscale ZnO Organic Pollutants
(aromatics, aliphatic,
aromatic chloro compounds)
Disinfection without harmful
byproducts
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Conventional Filtration Membranes
• Set-back: High pressures required for operation
• Not a viable option for rural areas – No access to electricity
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Conventional Filtration Membranes
• Semi-permeable barriers
• Work by blocking/retaining particles
Water molecules
Pollutant
Water Flow
Membrane
x Problem – Fouling:
x ↑energy and operation cost
x ↓production
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Nano-enabled Catalytic Membranes
• Embedded with Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticles - Catalysts/particle reducers
Water Flow NPs-embedded Membrane
Water molecules
Benign molecules
Pollutant
Reactive NPs
Reduced fouling
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Nano-enabled Catalytic Membranes
• Immobilization of catalytic NPs on membranes – Catalytic membranes
• Gravity-driven membranes
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K. Sikhwivhilu and R.M. Moutloali., Materials Today 2 (2015) 4070-4080
Catalytic Membrane: with Fe/Ni NPs on Methyl Orange Degradation
0 min 10 min 50 min 200 min
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Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 6
Contact time (min)
L. Ndlwana, K. Sikhwivhilu, J.C. Ngila, R.M. Moutloali, submitted to Appl. Surf. Sc,
Catalytic Membrane: with Fe/Pd NPs on PCB 77 Dechlorination
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Commercial: Enhanced Membrane Filtration
• Incorporation of hydrophilic nanoparticles to increase water permeation
Low driving force required
• e.g. UCLA/NanoH2O Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Sea Water Desalination
50% more permeable
25% less OPEX
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Enhanced Membrane Filtration + Solar Energy
Solution for energy-driven treatment in South Africa-
Sisukumile Secondary School- Mpumalanga
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Water re-use: Acid Mine Drainage
Raw Permeate
280 NTU 3 NTU
Ultrafiltration NICMembrane TM
SANS 241 = 5NTU
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Antibacterial Action - Coatings
96% reduction
77% reduction
Control (PES)
S. Aureus
E. Coli
PES-Nanocomposite
Disinfection and Biofilm growth retardation
B. Vatsha, P. Tetyana, P. Shumbula, J.C. Ngila, L. Sikhwivhilu, R.M. Moutloali,
J. Biomater Nanotechnol, 4 (2013) 365-373
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Potential: Improvement of existing Technologies
• Coating of interiors of water storage/transport containers
The Hippo roller
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End-Use Possibilities
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Conclusion
Nanomaterials can be substituted for conventional materials that require more raw
material, are energy intensive to produce or are known to be environmentally harmful
Can allow decentralization of water treatment and supply
Can be incorporated to improve existing technologies
Can reduce energy requirements and high costs associated with membrane technology
However, risks of nanomaterials need to be thoroughly evaluated before rolling out for
public consumption !!!!
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Acknowledgements
THE NETWORK/CONSORTIUM
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Thank You
www.mintek.co.za
www.nic.ac.za