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Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-MechanicalElectricity Storage Technologies

Elmegaard, Brian

Publication date:2013

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):Elmegaard, B. (2013). Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical ElectricityStorage Technologies [Sound/Visual production (digital)]. DTU International Energy Conference 2013, Lyngby,Denmark, 10/09/2013,http://www.natlab.dtu.dk/Energikonferencer/DTU_International_Energy_Conference_2013

http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/recent-advances-in-compressed-air-energy-storage-and-thermomechanical-electricity-storage-technologies(0f5c0456-2e4a-47fb-a97a-a0878b69e51d).html

Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage

and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage

Technologies

Brian Elmegaard

DTU International Energy Conference, 10-12 September 2013

DTU � Technical University of Denmark

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Section Thermal Energy

CAES - operating storage technology

�Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation�(Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) 2001

Potential of electricity storageNew ideas and concepts related to CAES

2/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

CAES - operating storage technology

�Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation�(Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) 2001Potential of electricity storageNew ideas and concepts related to CAES


Danish Energy System

High share of combined heat and power

Wind share 4% of energy consumption (28% of electricity)

Fluctuating wind power is a challenge to power grid and plantcontrol

Demand-responding consumers are needed (electric boilers, heatpumps, freezing houses, storage. . . )


Danish Energy System

136

887

641

46

152

100

42

0

1

209

0

67

36

4326017

0

31

382902

0

37

7

12

31

6

43

12

80

615

117

0

2

37

286

292

312

161

1

1

23

8

26

25

16

58

62

0

7

7

1

64

79

123

7

21

30520

17

822

0

30

0

17

0

2230

129

3

161112

131

4235

37

26

11

265 255

189

72

94

66

25

25

470

312

293 290

19

44

11

14

163

40

1

1

4

0

150 151

42

42

263

130

28

161

754

631

210

12

Danish Energy 2011Supply Transformation Deliveries

Gas Works

Autoproducers

District Heating Units

Small ScaleCentral Heating Units

Large Scale CHP Units

Refineries

Industry and Agriculture

IndigenousProduction

Imports

Stocks

Production Platformsin the North Sea

Stocks

Losses

ExportsIncl. International

Marine Bunkers

FinalConsumption

Transport

Non Energy Use

Commercial and PublicServices 83

Households 190

14

Crude Oil Oil Products Natural Gas Coal and Coke Renewables etc.

Electricity District Heating Gas Works Gas Losses

All figures are in Peta Joule (PJ)

(http://www.ens.dk)


The Electricity Market

‐2000,00

‐1000,00

0,00

1000,00

2000,00

3000,00

4000,00

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Hour

DK West Price [DKK/MWh]

Consumption [MWh/h]

2012 Market data from (http://www.energinet.dk)


Reversible electricity storage

+ -

1 MWh1 MW·1 h 0.5 MW·2 h

Case study:Charging 214 MWStorage 10 h charging100% e�ciency


Potential of Reversible electricity storageCharging 214 MW, Storage 10 h charging, 100% e�ciency

‐2000

‐1500

‐1000

‐500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Level [MWh]

Price[DKK/MWh]

Optimal Net income 77 MDKK


Electricity Storage Technologies

In operation for bulk storagePumped hydro storage (PHS)Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Under considerationBatteriesFlow batteriesFlywheelsSuper conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)Hydrogen/fuel cells

System integration possibilitiesDemand response (Controlling consumption)Heat pumpsElectric vehicles

Fuel storage: e.g., Coal bunkers


Conventional CAES Process (Diabatic)

Consumer part

M

Storage part

Producer part

Fuel

G


Conventional CAES battery analogyConsumer part

M

Storage part

Producer part

Fuel

G

+ -

0.7 MJ1 MW·1 s

0.3 MW·1 s

1.5 MW·2 s

1.8 MW·2 s

0.6 MW·2 s

Conventional CAES is:a battery with signi�cant loss during charging and dischargingand large consumption during production


Existing and proposed CAES plants

Huntorf CAES power station (1978) 290 MW production, app.60 MW charging

Alabama Electric Cooperative's CAES plant (1991) 110 MWproduction, app. 50 MW charging

Norton CAES plant in Ohio (planned) 2700 MW production,�exible charging

Gaelectric CAES plant in Larne, Northern Ireland (planned) 135MW production, 80 MW charging


E�ciency de�nition

Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: Electricity

How should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergyExergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricityOnly exergetic e�ciency is reasonableProduct of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc

Storage ηx ,stor =Estor,out

Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt

Estor,out+EfOther de�nitions should not be used as storage e�ciency:For example Gas turbine cycle e�ciency,Energy output to input ratio



Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: ElectricityHow should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergy

Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricityOnly exergetic e�ciency is reasonableProduct of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc


Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt




Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: ElectricityHow should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergyExergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricity

Only exergetic e�ciency is reasonableProduct of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc


Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt




Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: ElectricityHow should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergyExergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricityOnly exergetic e�ciency is reasonable

Product of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc


Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt




Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: ElectricityHow should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergyExergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricityOnly exergetic e�ciency is reasonableProduct of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc


Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt

Estor,out+Ef

Other de�nitions should not be used as storage e�ciency:For example Gas turbine cycle e�ciency,Energy output to input ratio



Two inputs at di�erent time: Electricity and fuelOne output: ElectricityHow should e�ciency be calculated? � by exergyExergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms includingelectricityOnly exergetic e�ciency is reasonableProduct of component exergetic e�ciency ηsc = ηx ,cηx ,storηx ,tCompressor ηx ,c =

∆EairWc


Estor,in

Turbine ηx ,t =Wt

∆Egas+Ef +Eex= Wt



Alstom CAES ProcessConsumer part

3 intercooledcompressor stages

Aftercooler

Producer part

M

Motor

G

Generator

Storagecavern

Storage

part

Recuperator

Burner

Fuel

Turbine

Burner

Fuel

Turbine


Alstom PerformanceMin. pressure Max. pressure

Storage Pressure [bar] 50 78Compressor Power [MW] 45 50Charging time [h] 42Charging Exergetic E�ciency [%] 72 72Fuel consumption rate [MW] 132 132Combustion Temperature [°C ] 853 853Turbine Power [MW] 116 116Discharging time [h] 26Discharging Exergetic E�ciency [%] 51 49

Gas turbine e�ciency [%] 30Plant energy e�ciency [%] 56Primary energy e�ciency [%] 29Storage E�ciency [%] 36


Alstom Exergy LossesExergy loss [MW] Relative exergy loss [%]

Compressor 1 6.8 2%Intercooler 1 14.3 5%Compressor 2 6.8 2%Intercooler 2 15.4 6%Compressor 3 7.6 3%Aftercooler 20.9 8%Throttling 12.2 4%Recuperator 22.9 8%Air turbine 5.8 2%Combustion 1 124.7 45%Turbine 14.5 5%Combustion 2 25.4 9%


Potential of CAES electricity storage

+ -

0.7 MJ1 MW·1 s

0.3 MW·1 s

1.5 MW·2 s

1.8 MW·2 s

0.6 MW·2 s

Charging Storage E�ciency Income[MW] [h] [%] [MDKK]

Reversible 214 10 100 77Adiabatic 214 10 70 29Conventional 214 10 40 98

Conventional CAES with gas consumption and low e�ciency hasbetter economic potential than adiabatic systemsInvestment: ≈1000 MDKK


Alabama CAES Process

Consumer part

4 intercooledcompressor stages

Aftercooler

Producer part

Clutch Clutch

M/G

Motor/generator

Storagecavern

Storage

part

Recuperator

Burner

Fuel

Turbine

Burner

Fuel

Turbine


Adiabatic CAES

Adele project www.rwe.comNo fuel consumption, compression heat stored


Liquid Piston CAES

Minimal compression heat1: CAEstorage, 2: ALP-CAES project


Isothermal CAES

www.lightsailenergy.com

Liquid (water) used for heat transfer during charging and discharging1: Lightsail, 2: General Compression, 3: SustainX


Liquid Air Electricity Storage

www.highview-power.com

Waste heat integration possible, e�ciency of liquifaction challenging


Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle

leni.epfl.ch

Transcritical CO2 cycle with reversible compressor and expanderWater storage


Summary

Exergetic e�ciency should be used as the measure of e�ciencyof electricity storage

Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-e�ciency storage (

Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and ... · Compressor Power [MW] 45 50 Charging...

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