1 Selective attention: SSVEP Herrmann et al, Exp. Brain Research 2001.
Recent Advances in an SSVEP-based BCIdesa/SSVEP-Masaki.pdf · 2020. 2. 27. · Outline. UCSD, COGS...
Transcript of Recent Advances in an SSVEP-based BCIdesa/SSVEP-Masaki.pdf · 2020. 2. 27. · Outline. UCSD, COGS...
Recent Advances in an SSVEP- based BCI
Masaki Nakanishi, PhDSwartz Center for Computational Neuroscience,
Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego
COGS 189; February 28, 2020
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
1. Introduction- Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)- An SSVEP-based BCI- Current status
2. Our contributions to the field- Effective visual stimulus presentation- Advanced signal processing
3. Clinical applications- Communication for ALS patients- Glaucomatous visual field assessment
4. Summary
Outline
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
1. Introduction- Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)- An SSVEP-based BCI- Current status
2. Our contributions to the field- Effective visual stimulus presentation- Advanced signal processing
3. Clinical applications- Communication for ALS patients- Glaucomatous visual field assessment
4. Summary
Outline
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ The brain’s electrical responses to repetitive visual stimulation
§ Sinusoidal-like waveforms at stimulus frequency and its harmonics
Steady-state VEP (SSVEP)
Vialatte et al., Prog. Neurobiol., 90(4): 418-438, 2010
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
An SSVEP-based BCI
Wang et al., IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag, 27(5): 64-71, 2008
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Comparison of EEG features for BCIs
Nicolas-Alonso et al., Sensors, 12: 1211-1279, 2012
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Comparison of EEG features for BCIs
Nicolas-Alonso et al., Sensors, 12: 1211-1279, 2012
→ 300~ bits/min→ Even higher
The performance of an SSVEP-based BCI has been dramaticallyimproved in the past decade.
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
SSVEP-based BCI speller ten years ago
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
- 20 healthy adults- 40 commands- 800 ms / input- 89.83 ± 6.07 %- 325.33 ± 38.17 bits/min
Chen et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015; Nakanishi et al., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 2018
High-speed BCI speller today
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Information transfer rate (ITR) [bits/min]
Accuracy of target identification
The number of targets Average time for a selection [s]
Cheng et al., IEEE Biomed. Eng., 49(10): 1181-1186, 2002
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
BCI Performance improvement
Nakanishi et al., 2014
Chen et al., 2015
Nakanishi et al., 2018
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
1. Introduction- Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)- An SSVEP-based BCI- Current status
2. Our contributions to the field- Effective visual stimulus presentation- Advanced signal processing
3. Clinical applications- Communication for ALS patients- Glaucomatous visual field assessment
4. Summary
Outline
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Designing effective stimulus presentation- Display-based stimulation method- Challenges in designing visual stimulation
§ Proposing advanced signal processing- Preprocessing – Spatial filtering- Target identification algorithm – Model-based method, Template-based method
Our achievements
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Display-based stimulus presentation§ Display-based stimulation is better than LED-based one because parameters (e.g.,
color, size, frequency) can be flexibly configured.§ Stimulus frequency can be produced by reversing the stimulus pattern between
white and black (e.g., ‘000111000111’).
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Stability of the stimulation MUST be tested before experiments to make sure if the stimulation is precise.
§ Our laboratory uses a phototransistor to measure luminance changes.
Stability test of stimulation
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Designing effective stimulus presentation- Display-based stimulation method- Challenges in designing visual stimulation
§ Proposing advanced signal processing- Preprocessing – Spatial filtering- Target identification algorithm – Model-based method, Template-based method
Our achievements
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Frequency which can be presented on a computer monitor was limited byits refresh rate- Impossible to present the frequencies by which the refresh rate cannot be divided.- e.g., 11 Hz cannot be presented under 60 Hz refresh rate
=> We solved it by proposing a frequency approximation method (Nakanishi et al., 2014a)
§ Stimulus frequencies still need to be selected from a narrow range- SSVEPs have different amplitudes in three different frequency ranges (Wang et al., 2006)- Higher frequency resolution required longer SSVEP data epochs to reliably classify- e.g., 0.5 Hz resolution requires 2-s data; 0.2 Hz resolution requires 5-s data.
=> We solved it by proposed hybrid frequency and phase tagging techniques(Nakanishi et al., 2014b; Chen et al., 2015)
Challenges in designing visual stimulation
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Frequency which can be presented on a computer monitor was limited byits refresh rate- Impossible to present the frequencies by which the refresh rate cannot be divided.
- e.g., 11 Hz cannot be presented under 60 Hz refresh rate
=> We solved it by proposing a frequency approximation method (Nakanishi et al., 2014a)
§ Stimulus frequencies still need to be selected from a narrow range- SSVEPs have different amplitudes in three different frequency ranges (Wang et al., 2006)
- Higher frequency resolution required longer SSVEP data epochs to reliably classify
- e.g., 0.5 Hz resolution requires 2-s data; 0.2 Hz resolution requires 5-s data.
=> We solved it by proposed hybrid frequency and phase tagging techniques(Nakanishi et al., 2014b; Chen et al., 2015)
Challenges in designing visual stimulation
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Frequency approximation approach
Nakanishi et al., PLoS One, 9(6): e99235, 2014
f:Stimulus frequencyi:Frame index
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Frequency which can be presented on a computer monitor was limited byits refresh rate- Impossible to present the frequencies by which the refresh rate cannot be divided.
- e.g., 11 Hz cannot be presented under 60 Hz refresh rate
=> We solved it by proposing a frequency approximation method (Nakanishi et al., 2014a)
§ Stimulus frequencies still need to be selected from a narrow range- SSVEPs have different amplitudes in three different frequency ranges (Wang et al., 2006)
- Higher frequency resolution required longer SSVEP data epochs to reliably classify
- e.g., 0.5 Hz resolution requires 2-s data; 0.2 Hz resolution requires 5-s data.
=> We solved it by proposed hybrid frequency and phase tagging techniques(Nakanishi et al., 2014b; Chen et al., 2015)
Challenges in designing visual stimulation
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Frequencies from differentfrequency ranges shouldnot co-exist in a system.
Amplitude responses in SSVEPs
Wang et al., IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 14(2): 234-239, 2006
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Frequency which can be presented on a computer monitor was limited byits refresh rate- Impossible to present the frequencies by which the refresh rate cannot be divided.
- e.g., 11 Hz cannot be presented under 60 Hz refresh rate
=> We solved it by proposing a frequency approximation method (Nakanishi et al., 2014a)
§ Stimulus frequencies still need to be selected from a narrow range- SSVEPs have different amplitudes in three different frequency ranges (Wang et al., 2006)
- Higher frequency resolution required longer SSVEP data epochs to reliably classify
- e.g., 0.5 Hz resolution requires 2-s data; 0.2 Hz resolution requires 5-s data.
=> We solved it by proposed hybrid frequency and phase tagging techniques(Nakanishi et al., 2014b; Chen et al., 2015)
Challenges in designing visual stimulation
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Mixed frequency-phase modulation
Nakanishi et al., Int. J. Neural Syst., 24(6): 1450019, 2014
Φ:Initial phase
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Stimulus design for a BCI speller
- 26 English alphabets, 10 digits, 4 symbols
- Frequency range : 8 – 15.8 Hz with an interval of 0.2 Hz
- Phase range : 0 – 2 ! with an interval of 0.35 !
Stimulus design for our speller application
Freq. (Hz)
Phase( )
>> HIGH SPEED BCI 8.0
0.00
8.2
0.35
8.4
0.70
8.6
1.05
8.8
1.40
9.0
1.75
9.2
0.10
9.4
0.45
9.6
0.80
9.8
1.15
10.0
1.50
10.2
1.85
10.4
0.20
10.6
0.55
10.8
0.90
11.0
1.25
11.2
1.60
11.4
1.95
11.6
0.30
11.8
0.65
12.0
1.00
12.2
1.35
12.4
1.70
12.6
0.05
12.8
0.40
13.0
0.75
13.2
1.10
13.4
1.45
13.6
1.80
13.8
0.15
14.0
0.50
14.2
0.85
14.4
1.20
14.6
1.55
14.8
1.90
15.0
0.25
15.2
0.60
15.4
0.95
15.6
1.30
15.8
1.65
Freq. (Hz)
Phase( )
>> HIGH SPEED BCI 8.0
0.00
8.2
0.35
8.4
0.70
8.6
1.05
8.8
1.40
9.0
1.75
9.2
0.10
9.4
0.45
9.6
0.80
9.8
1.15
10.0
1.50
10.2
1.85
10.4
0.20
10.6
0.55
10.8
0.90
11.0
1.25
11.2
1.60
11.4
1.95
11.6
0.30
11.8
0.65
12.0
1.00
12.2
1.35
12.4
1.70
12.6
0.05
12.8
0.40
13.0
0.75
13.2
1.10
13.4
1.45
13.6
1.80
13.8
0.15
14.0
0.50
14.2
0.85
14.4
1.20
14.6
1.55
14.8
1.90
15.0
0.25
15.2
0.60
15.4
0.95
15.6
1.30
15.8
1.65
>> HIGH SPEED BCI>> HIGH SPEED BCI
AA B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
Q R S T U V W X
Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 , . <
Nakanishi et al., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 65(1): 104-112, 2018
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Designing effective stimulus presentation- Display-based stimulation method- Challenges in designing visual stimulation
§ Proposing advanced signal processing- Preprocessing – Spatial filtering- Target identification algorithm – Model-based / Template-based method
Our achievements
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Scalp EEG recordings can be modeled as an instantaneous linear combination ofcortical source signals.
EEG mixture model and spatial filtering
! = #$ = #%& = & ((ℎ*+ #% = 1)§ Source signals can be estimated as:
Spatial filter
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Comparison of spatial filtering techniquesApproach Hypothesis
Average combination (AVG) The SSVEP manifests globally over the scalp without phase variations.
Principal component analysis (PCA) The SSVEP signal is uncorrelated from the background EEG.
Independent component analysis (ICA) The SSVEP signal is statistically independent from the background EEG.
Minimum energy combination (MEC) The optimal spatial filter results from minimizing an estimate of the noises.
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) The optimal spatial filter can maximize correlation between SSVEPs and computer-generated SSVEP models.
Task-related component analysis (TRCA) The optimal spatial filter can maximize inter-trial correlation
Garcia-Molina et al., IEEE EMBS Conf. Neural Eng., 2011
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Task-related component analysis (TRCA) finds a linear coefficient which maximizes the reproducibility across trials
TRCA-based spatial filtering
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Assume there are two source signals: 1) task-related signal ! " ∈ ℝ; 2) task-unrelated signal %(") ∈ ℝ.
§ A linear generative model of observed multi-channel signal ((") ∈ ℝ)* is assumed as:
Problem setting for TRCA
+, " = ./,,! " + .2,,% " , 3 = 1,2, … , 78
§ The problem is to recover the task-related signal ! " from a linear sum of observed signals ((") as:
9 " =:,;/
)*<,+, " =:
,;/
)*<,./,,! " + <,.2,,%(")
§ Ideally, the problem has a solution of ∑,;/)* <,./,, = 1 and ∑,;/)* <,.2,, = 0, leading to
the final solution 9 " = !(")
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ The problem can be solved by inter-trial covariance maximization§ The h-th trial of EEG signal and the estimated task-related component are
described as ! " and # " , ℎ = 1,2, … , *+.§ The covariance between ℎ,-th and ℎ--th trials of # is described as:
Problem solution using TRCA (1/2)
."/,"0 = Cov # "/ , # "0 = 45/,506,
7895/950Cov :5/
"/ , :50"0
§ All possible combination of trials are summed as:
4"/,"06,"/;"0
7<."/,"0 = 4
"/,"06,"/;"0
7<4
5/,506,
7895/950Cov :5/
"/ , :50"0 = =>?=
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ To obtain a finite solution, the variance of ! " is constrained as:
Problem solution using TRCA (2/2)
Var !(") = )*+,*-./
012*+2*-Cov 6*+, 6*- = 7897 = 1
§ The constrained optimization problem can be solved using the method of Lagrange multiplier as:
; 7, < = 78=7 − < 7897− 1?@ 7,A?7 = =7 − < 97 = 0
§ The optimal coefficient vector is obtained as the eigenvector of the matrix 9C/=
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Designing effective stimulus presentation- Display-based stimulation method- Challenges in designing visual stimulation
§ Proposing advanced signal processing- Preprocessing – Spatial filtering- Target identification algorithm – Model-based method, Template-based method
Our achievements
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Model-based methods§ Canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based method- CCA takes two sets of multi-dimensional variables as an input
- CCA finds a pair of linear coefficients that maximize the correlation between two variablesprojected onto the coefficients.
- Target stimulus frequency can be identified by finding the model maximizing correlation.
Multi-channel EEG
Computer-generated SSVEP models
Lin et al., IEEE. Trans. Biomed. Eng., 54(6): 1172-1176, 2007
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Correlation between scalp EEG and individual templates after spatial filtering.§ Individual template can be obtained by averaging training data across trials
Template-based method
Nakanishi et al., Int. J. Neural Syst., 24(6): 1450019, 2014
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Performance comparison (Template-based)§ 40 visual stimuli were presented on a
23.6-inch LCD monitor.§ EEG data were recorded from 35
subjects with 9 electrodes placed over parietal and occipital areas.
§ The experiment consisted of 6 trials,in which the subjects gazed at one of the stimuli for 5 s.
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
1. Introduction- Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)- An SSVEP-based BCI- Current status
2. Our contributions to the field- Effective visual stimulus presentation- Advanced signal processing
3. Clinical applications- Communication for ALS patients- Glaucomatous visual field assessment
4. Summary
Outline
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Glaucoma -緑内障 / 青光眼
Normal optic nerve
Glaucomatous optic nerve
Retinal ganglion cells
Weinreb, et al., JAMA, 2014
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Early detection- Glaucomatous visual field losses progress without
noticeable initial symptoms, resulting frequently in latediagnosis or late detection of progressive damage.
Challenges in glaucoma assessment
§ Lack of objectivity and portability- Conventional assessment methods have significant
drawbacks such as large test-retest variability,cumbersome clinic-based setting.
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Previous studies showed a good correspondence between the results of conventional visualfield assessment and the amplitude of SSVEPs
§ Current data recordings are time consuming and uncomfortable for patients due to skinpreparation and gel application
Glaucoma assessment using VEPs
Hood et al., Vis. Neurosci., 2000
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Glaucoma assessment using VEPs
Hood et al., Vis. Neurosci., 2000
§ Previous studies showed a good correspondence between the results of conventional visualfield assessment and the amplitude of SSVEPs
§ Current data recordings are time consuming and uncomfortable for patients due to skinpreparation and gel application
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Glaucoma diagnosis with a portable BCINeuromonitoring unit
- High-precision data acquisition unit- Bluetooth + Wi-Fi modules
Electrodes- 6 EEG + 2 EOG sensors- Sampling rate at 500 Hz
VR Display- Visual stimuli were programed by Unity
Pz
PO4PO3
OzO2
O1
Dry electrodes
Visual stimulus
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ Visual stimuli eliciting multi-focal SSVEPs in 20 sectors over the 35-degree field of vision were presented on the nGoggle’s display
§ Stimulus frequencies: 8 - 11.8 Hz with an interval of 0.2 Hz
Stimulus design
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Demographical characteristicsGlaucoma
(n = 62 eyes of33 subjects)
Control (n = 30 eyes of
17 subjects)
P-Value
Age, years 68.2 ± 11.0 66.1 ± 9.9 0.57
Gender, female, n (%) 8 (47) 16 (48) 0.92
Race, n (%) 0.50
White 19 (58) 9 (53)
Black 12 (36) 8 (47)
Asian 2 (6) 0 (0)
SAP 24-2 MD, dB -4.0 (-12.7 to -1.8) -0.6 (-2.4 to 1.0) < 0.001
SAP 24-2 PSD, dB 4.7 (2.2 to 9.9) 1.9 (1.4 to 3.0) < 0.001
SSVEP CCA ! 0.289 ± 0.020 0.334 ± 0.024 < 0.001
* SAP: Standard automated perimetry; MD: Mean deviation; PSD: Pattern standard deviation;CCA: Canonical correlation analysis
Nakanishi et al., JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Demographical characteristicsGlaucoma
(n = 62 eyes of33 subjects)
Control (n = 30 eyes of
17 subjects)
P-Value
Age, years 68.2 ± 11.0 66.1 ± 9.9 0.57
Gender, female, n (%) 8 (47) 16 (48) 0.92
Race, n (%) 0.50
White 19 (58) 9 (53)
Black 12 (36) 8 (47)
Asian 2 (6) 0 (0)
SAP 24-2 MD, dB -4.0 (-12.7 to -1.8) -0.6 (-2.4 to 1.0) < 0.001
SAP 24-2 PSD, dB 4.7 (2.2 to 9.9) 1.9 (1.4 to 3.0) < 0.001
SSVEP CCA ! 0.289 ± 0.020 0.334 ± 0.024 < 0.001
* SAP: Standard automated perimetry; MD: Mean deviation; PSD: Pattern standard deviation;CCA: Canonical correlation analysis
Nakanishi et al., JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Assessment of visual field deficits
Nakanishi et al., JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
Diagnostic ability
AUC: 0.92 (95%CI: 0.88 - 0.96)
AUC: 0.81 (95%CI: 0.72 - 0.90)
Nakanishi et al., JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
1. Introduction- Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)- An SSVEP-based BCI- Current status
2. Our contributions to the field- Effective visual stimulus presentation- Advanced signal processing
3. Clinical applications- Communication for ALS patients- Glaucomatous visual field assessment
4. Summary
Outline
UCSD, COGS 189, 02-28-2020
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Masaki Nakanishi [email protected]
§ The performance of an SSVEP-based BCI has been significantly improved in the past decade.
§ SCCN has contributed to the improvement.- Designing effective visual stimulation (frequency approximation, Mixed freq/phase tagging)- Proposing advanced signal processing (TRCA, Template-based target identification)- Clinical applications (Communication support for ALS patients, Glaucoma detection)
Summary
We are looking for volunteers that would like to participate in our experiments. Each participant will be paid at a rate of $15/hour. Please contact Nicole Wells ([email protected]) for more info.