�

Reasserting the RuralDevelopment Agenda

title TOC.indd 1 6/5/2007 3:56:35 PM

��

The Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) �s one of the reg�onal research and tra�n�ng centres of the Southeast As�an M�n�sters of Educat�on Organ�zat�on (SEAMEO), an �ntergovernmental body founded �n 1965 to promote cooperat�on among Southeast As�an nat�ons through act�v�t�es �n educat�on, sc�ence, and culture. SEARCA’s programmes are des�gned to strengten �nst�tut�onal capac�t�es �n agr�cultural and rural development �n Southeast As�a through graduate educat�on, short-term tra�n�ng, research, and knowledge exchange. It �s hosted by the Ph�l�pp�ne Government on the campus of the Un�vers�ty of the Ph�l�pp�nes Los Baños, wh�ch �s based �n Los Baños, Laguna, Ph�l�pp�nes. It �s supported by donat�ons from SEAMEO member and assoc�ate member states, other governments, and var�ous �nternat�onal donor agenc�es.

The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was establ�shed as an autonomous organ�sat�on �n 1968. It �s a reg�onal centre ded�cated to the study of soc�o-pol�t�cal, secur�ty and econom�c trends and developments �n Southeast As�a and �ts w�der geostrateg�c and econom�c env�ronment.

The Inst�tute’s research programmes are the Reg�onal Econom�c Stud�es (RES, �nclud�ng ASEAN and APEC), Reg�onal Strateg�c and Pol�t�cal Stud�es (RSPS), and Reg�onal Soc�al and Cultural Stud�es (RSCS).

ISEAS Publishing, an establ�shed academ�c press, has �ssued almost 2,000 books and journals. It �s the largest scholarly publ�sher of research about Southeast As�a from w�th�n the reg�on. ISEAS Publ�sh�ng works w�th many other academ�c and trade publ�shers and d�str�butors to d�ssem�nate �mportant research and analyses from and about Southeast As�a to the rest of the world.

title TOC.indd 2 6/5/2007 3:56:35 PM

���

Reasserting the Rural Development Agenda

Lessons Learned and Emerging Challenges in Asia

Arsenio M. BalisacanNobuhiko Fuwa

Editors

INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES

SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGIONAL CENTER FOR GRADUATE STUDY AND RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURE

title TOC.indd 3 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

�v

F�rst publ�shed �n S�ngapore �n 2007 byISEAS Publ�sh�ngInst�tute of Southeast As�an Stud�es30 Heng Mu� Keng TerracePas�r Panjang, S�ngapore 119614E-ma�l: publ�sh@�seas.edu.sgWebs�te: http://bookshop.�seas.edu.sg

and

Southeast As�an Reg�onal Center for Graduate Study and Research �n Agr�culture (SEARCA)College, Los Baños, Laguna, Ph�l�pp�nes 4031E-ma�l: post@agr�.searca.org

All r�ghts reserved. No part of th�s publ�cat�on may be reproduced, stored �n a retr�eval system, or transm�tted �n any form or by any means, electron�c, mechan�cal, photocopy�ng, record�ng or otherw�se, w�thout the pr�or perm�ss�on of the Inst�tute of Southeast As�an Stud�es.

© 2007 Inst�tute of Southeast As�an Stud�es, S�ngapore

The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors, and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the publishers or their supporters.

ISEAS L�brary Catalogu�ng-�n-Publ�cat�on Data

Reassert�ng the rural development agenda: Lessons learned and emerg�ng challenges �n As�a/ ed�ted by Arsen�o M. Bal�sacan and Nobuh�ko Fuwa1. Rural development—As�a.2. Agr�culture—Econom�c aspects—As�a.3. Rural poor—As�a.4. As�a—Rural cond�t�ons.I. Bal�sacan, A.M.II. Fuwa, Nobuh�ko

HN655.2 C6R28 2007

ISBN 978-981-230-403-2 (soft cover)ISBN 978-981-230-412-4 (hard cover)

Pr�nted �n S�ngapore by Utop�a Press Pte Ltd

title TOC.indd 4 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

v

CONTENTS

TablesFiguresPreface Contributors

1 Challenges and Pol�cy Opt�ons for Agr�cultural Development - Overv�ew and Synthes�s

Arsenio M. Balisacan and Nobuhiko Fuwa2 The Econom�cs of Agr�cultural Development: What Have We

Learned? James Roumasset3 The Role of Soc�al Structures and Norms �n Agr�cultural

Development: Afr�ca and East As�an Commun�t�es Compared Yujiro Hayami4 Food Secur�ty �n a Global�sed Sett�ng Jock R. Anderson5 Poverty and Vulnerab�l�ty Arsenio M. Balisacan and Nobuhiko Fuwa6 As�an Agr�cultural Development: From the Green Revolut�on to

the Gene Revolut�on Prabhu Pingali and Terri Raney7 Dryland Agr�culture �n As�a: Ideas, Parad�gms, and Pol�c�es William D. Dar, M.C.S. Bantilan, P. Anand Babu, G.V. Anupama, H. Deepthi, and R. Padmaja8 EstablishingEfficientUseofWaterResourcesinAsia Randolph Barker and Mark Rosegrant

viiixxixv

1

33

63

81

121

159

191

227

title TOC.indd 5 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

v�

9 Improv�ng the Del�very of Extens�on Serv�ces to Rural People: New Perspect�ves

Dina Umali-Deininger10 Land Tenure and Forest Resource Management �n As�a Keijiro Otsuka11 Global�sat�on and the Poverty-Env�ronment L�nk �n As�an

Agr�culture Ian Coxhead12 The Supermarket Revolut�on w�th As�an Character�st�cs Thomas Reardon and C. Peter Timmer

Index

267

303

335

369

395

title TOC.indd 6 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

v��

TABLES

1.1 Income Growth1.2 Agr�cultural Performance 1.3 Populat�on L�v�ng Below $1 (PPP) a Day 3.1 World Food Product�on by Reg�on, 1963-20004.1 Overv�ew of Hunger and Poverty �n Develop�ng Countr�es �n 20056.1 Performance Advantage of Bt Over Convent�onal Cotton, Percentage6.2 Performance Advantage of Bt over Non-Bt Cotton �n Ind�a, by State, 2002-03, Per cent7.1 Total Cereal Area, Y�eld, and Product�on �n Ra�nfed Areas: 1995 Basel�ne Data Compared to 2025 Project�ons7.2 Descr�pt�ve Stat�st�cs of Crop Y�eld �n Ra�nfed and Irr�gated Ind�a, 1966-97 7.3 Number of Rural Poor (�n m�ll�ons) �n Develop�ng Countr�es Categor�zed by Agro-ecolog�cal Zone, 19968.1 Growth �n Irr�gated Area of As�an Countr�es, 1962-2002 8.2A Increase �n Rough R�ce Product�on (‘000 mt) �n Selected As�an Reg�ons, 1963-20038.2B Percentage Increase �n Rough R�ce Product�on �n Selected As�an Reg�ons, 1963-2003

367

66

85

179

181

194

199

203

230

239

240

title TOC.indd 7 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

v���

8.3 Investments �n Infrastructure Development �n the Irr�gat�on and Dra�nage Sector by the Afr�can Development Bank, As�an Development Bank, Inter Amer�can Development Bank, and World Bank Reg�on, 1961-20029.1 Nat�onal Producer Federat�ons/Assoc�at�ons and the�r Ma�n Act�v�t�es9.2 D�rect and Ind�rect Determ�nants of Cost and Returns toPrivate-for-ProfitExtension10.1 Importance of Forest, Rate of Change �n Forest Area, and Importance of Fuelwood Across Major Reg�ons of the Develop�ng World10.2 Hypothes�sed Relat�onsh�ps Among the Cost of Protect�on, ManagementIntensity,andEfficientLandUseandLand Tenure Inst�tut�ons10.3 Character�sat�on of Study S�tes 11.1 Growth Ind�ces of R�ce Product�on, Area, and Y�eld11.2 Agr�cultural Land Use Trends �n Southeast As�an Econom�es (Per cent of Land Area)

248

279

289

307

319321352

355

title TOC.indd 8 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

�x

FIGURES

2.1 Incent�ve Compat�b�l�ty �n Irr�gat�on F�nance4.1 Snapshots of Future Food Insecur�ty from the IFPRI IMPACT Model5.1 Growth Convergence5.2 Poverty Convergence7.1 The Global Extent of Drylands7.2 All-Ind�a Product�on, Y�eld, and Cult�vat�on Area of Coarse Cereals, R�ce, and Wheat, 1950-20037.3 Y�elds of Cereal Crops �n Irr�gated and Ra�nfed Ind�a, 1966-97 7.4 Populat�on �n As�a, 1961-20037.5 Entry Po�nts for Development �n Dryland Agr�culture7.6 ICRISAT’s Research for Development Model8.1 Evolut�on of Large Dam Construct�on �n As�a (Pre-1900 to Post-1980)8.2 Trend �n Cereal Gra�n and Urea Pr�ces (Computed as F�ve-Year Mov�ng Average)8.3 Trend �n Area Irr�gated by Groundwater �n Ind�a8.4 Number of Irr�gat�on Pumps �n Agr�culture �n Bangladesh and V�etnam, 1975-20008.5 Trend �n Water Suppl�ed by Zhanghe Reservo�r and R�ce Product�on �n Zhanghe Irr�gat�on D�str�ct, 1965-20039.1 EconomicClassificationofAgriculturalInformation and Technolog�es9.2 Accountab�l�ty Relat�onsh�ps Between Farmers, Extens�on Prov�ders, and Pol�cymakers

50

86123124193

195

197201217220

231

232234

235

257

271

273

title TOC.indd 9 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

x

9.3A AlternativeChannelsforPublicandNon-ProfitSector Extens�on Serv�ce Del�very9.3B Alternat�ve Channels for Pr�vate Sector Extens�on Serv�ce Del�very10.1 Cho�ce of Natural-Resource-Intens�ve vs Labour-Intens�ve Land Use Systems10.2 Evolut�onary Changes �n Stock of Natural Resources11.1 The Env�ronmental Kuznets Curve: Relat�onsh�ps Between Per Cap�ta Income, Pol�c�es, Inst�tut�ons, and Env�ronmental Change11.2 The Harr�s-Todaro Model and Effects of Populat�on Growth 11.3 Effects of the Green Revolut�on �n Lowland Agr�culture11.4 Effects of Industr�al Job Growth11.5 Southeast As�a: Area of O�l Palm Harvested, 1980-200511.6 Southeast As�a: Area of Coffee Harvested, 1990-2005

276

277

313317

340343346348356357

title TOC.indd 10 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

x�

PREFACE

Thisvolume is thefinalproductofefforts to revisit familiar themesandcontrovers�es that have played a cruc�al role �n shap�ng the way we v�ew rural development. We are �n deep grat�tude to all the colleagues and organ�sat�ons that have ass�sted us �n the d�fferent stages of the project.

The �dea for th�s volume drew �nsp�rat�on from a SEARCA �n�t�at�ve �n 1979, wh�ch, �n cooperat�on w�th then Agr�cultural Development Counc�l (ADC) of New York (now W�nrock Internat�onal), resulted �n the publ�cat�on of a book ent�tled Risk, Uncertainty and Agricultural Development, featur�ng such respected authors as Hans B�nswanger, Jean-March Boussard, Robert Evenson, Dav�d Newberry, James Roumasset, Inderj�t S�ngh, and Joseph St�gl�tz, to name a few. Now, three decades and many global changes after, SEARCA has found �t t�mely and relevant to rev�s�t the�r v�ews of agr�cultural development v�s-à-v�s the current s�tuat�on �n the reg�on. The ma�n object�ve �s to draw up pol�cy lessons from the major �deas and paradigmsthathaveinfluencedacademicandpolicythinkinginagriculturaland rural development �n the past 30 years.

SEARCA began formulat�ng the plan for a conference as early as the first quarter of 2004, with the end goal of producing this book. It wasdec�ded that the conference would mark the beg�nn�ng of the celebrat�on of SEARCA’s 40th Ann�versary �n November 2006. We sought the ass�stance of Emmanuel Esguerra �n draft�ng a concept paper for the conference. We are thankful to h�m for the �n�t�al d�scuss�ons and thoughts he shared w�th us toward th�s volume.

By br�ng�ng together an �nternat�onal group of acknowledged research scholars �n agr�cultural and rural development �n d�alogue w�th pol�cymakers

title TOC.indd 11 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

x��

from the As�an reg�on, the conference, held �n November 2005, prov�ded a venue for art�culat�ng pol�cy opt�ons on emerg�ng development �ssues �n the reg�on. The d�scuss�ons focused on several themat�c and �ssue papers on agr�culture and rural development, food secur�ty, populat�on and env�ronment, �nst�tut�ons, and b�otechnology, among others. The papers presented were rev�sed accord�ngly, tak�ng �nto account the suggest�ons from the ed�tors and d�scussants. The result�ng volume attempts to �dent�fy the rural development challenges �n the next 10 years and draws up poss�ble d�rect�ons for future academ�c and pol�cy research. In add�t�on, a separate publ�cat�on, a monograph ent�tled Challenges and Priorities for Agricultural Research in the Next Decade, synthes�zes the �ssues ra�sed at the panel d�scuss�on among Mahfuzudd�n Ahmed, Taco Bottema, W�ll�am Dar, Mark Rosegrant, and Robert Ze�gler dur�ng the conference.

R�chard Day, �n h�s foreword �n the 1979 volume, sa�d that the volume “�s no doubt an �ntermed�ate product, for ev�dently much rema�ns to be done inthefieldanddoubtless,aswell,thepresentworkswillstimulatemanynew�nvest�gat�ons �n what must surely be a most cruc�al branch of econom�c research.”Certainly,muchhasbeendone in thefieldofdevelopment, inpart�cular, agr�cultural development. Nevertheless, the work �s a cont�nu�ng saga and �t w�ll rema�n to be as people, technology, and �nst�tut�ons cont�nue to evolve and propel development.

Spec�al thanks are �n order to all the book’s contr�butors: Jock Anderson, K.V. Anupama, P. Anand Babu, Ma. Cynth�a S. Bant�lan, Randolph Barker, Ian Coxhead, W�ll�am Dar, Deepth� Harkar, Yuj�ro Hayam�, Ke�j�ro Otsuka, R. Padmaja, Prabhu P�ngal�, Terr� Raney, Thomas Reardon, Mark Rosegrant, James Roumasset, C. Peter T�mmer, and D�na Umal�-De�n�nger, who contr�buted papers w�th only grat�s �n exchange. W�thout the�r support and enthus�asm, th�s volume would not have been poss�ble.

Wearealsogratefulforthefinancialsupportandgenerositygivenbythefollow�ng organ�zat�ons: AusAID Internat�onal Sem�nar Support Scheme (ISSS), Internat�onal Food Pol�cy Research Inst�tute (IFPRI), Internat�onal Crops Research Inst�tute for the Sem�-Ar�d Trop�cs (ICRISAT), Internat�onal R�ce Research Inst�tute (IRRI), Austral�a Department of Pr�mary Industr�es and Fisheries-Queensland Government (DPIF), Worldfish Center,Ph�l�pp�nes Department of Agr�culture – Bureau of Agr�cultural Research, and Lapanday Foods Corporat�on.

title TOC.indd 12 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

x���

D�scussants and other speakers at the November 2005 conference �n MakatiCity,Philippineshelpedenhancethequalityandusefulnessofthepapers and th�s volume. A note of thanks to the follow�ng colleagues who part�c�pated �n th�s respect: Mahfuzudd�n Ahmed, Germel�no Baut�sta, Taco Bottema, Ramon Clarete, Cr�st�na Dav�d, Larry D�gal, Des�ree Hautea, Mahabub Hossa�n, El�seo Ponce, Agnes Rola, Sush�l Pandey, and Robert Ze�gler.

Our apprec�at�on also goes to the follow�ng �nd�v�duals who k�ndly fac�l�tated and cha�red sess�ons dur�ng the conference: N�comedes Br�ones, Rhoel Br�ones, Gel�a Cast�llo, Emmanuel Esguera, Arnold Garc�a, Em�l Jav�er, Ed�lberto de Jesus, T�rso Par�s, N�pon Poapongsakorn, and Noel Vock.

Th�s project could not have been poss�ble but for the concerted effort of the people at SEARCA, part�cularly the staff of the Research and Development Department managed by Arnulfo Garc�a. Majah-Leah Ravago and JessaineSorayaSuguiwerenotonlyefficient assistantsbut alsokindnaggers, always demand�ng adherence to deadl�nes. Adm�n�strat�on and other log�st�cs were ably accompl�shed by Ruby Johnson. V�v�an Teresa M. Ledesma and the staff of the Knowledge Management Un�t headed by Lorna Mal�cs� worked under a t�ght deadl�ne to del�ver the conference program and in transforming themanuscript to the final polished version of thisvolume. A number of people from all departments and un�ts of SEARCA ass�sted dur�ng the conference and �n var�ous stages of the project: Althea Aragon, Nel�a Belen, Ed�th Ced�col, Jaymark D�a, V�c Evan, Jess Fernandez, Susan Fernandez, Randy Foronda, Jolo Logon, Nyhr�a Rogel, Tot� Menorca, Sonny Tababa, L�ly Tallafer, Carol Tolent�no, and Wanah Velo. Collect�vely, they d�d a good job.

We thank our co-publ�sher, Inst�tute of Southeast As�an Stud�es (ISEAS) of S�ngapore, for �ts support to th�s project, part�cularly to K. Kesavapany, Ch�n K�n Wah, Tr�ena Ong, Tan K�m Keow, and Rah�lah Yusuf for the�r �nterest �n see�ng the volume through to �ts present form.

Arsen�o M. Bal�sacanNobuh�ko Fuwa

title TOC.indd 13 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

x�v

title TOC.indd 14 6/5/2007 3:56:36 PM

xv

CONTRIBUTORS

Arsenio M. Balisacan is a professor of economics at the University of the Philippines Diliman since 1988, and serves as the director of the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) in the Philippines on secondment basis starting July 2003. He has also been serving as President of the Human Development Network (a UNDP-assisted organisation producing the Philippine Human Development Report) since 2003, and as Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the Asian Institute of Management-Mirant Center for Bridging Societal Divides since 2004. His research interests are poverty, inequality, food security, agricultural and rural development, globalisation, and political economy of policy reforms.

Nobuhiko Fuwa is an associate professor of agricultural economics at the Graduate School of Science and Technology of Chiba University in Japan. He is also a visiting research fellow of SEARCA. He previously served as an international research fellow at the Social Sciences Division of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines and was on the staff of the World Bank’s Gender and Development Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. His research interests are poverty, rural development, household decision-making, and gender and development.

contributors.indd 15 6/6/2007 8:57:47 AM

xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Jock R. Anderson works on impact assessment at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, DC, aside from doing other consultancy undertakings. He is an elected fellow of the Australian Institute of Social Sciences in Australia and the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, and an honorary life member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists.

Guvvala Venkata Anupama works as scientific officer in the Global Theme on Institutions, Markets, Policy and Impacts at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India. Her expertise is statistical analysis and database management. She has worked on research projects on agricultural transformation, research impacts, ICRISAT’s Village Level Studies, and strategic assessments of the Institute.

Prakasam Anand Babu a scientific officer in the Global Theme on Institutions, Markets, Policy and Impacts at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India. His research fields are agricultural economics, applied econometrics, and development economics. His current research looks at dryland agriculture, climate change, global policy issues, the economics of commodity markets, and the macroeconomics of developing countries.

Ma. Cynthia S. Bantilan is currently the theme leader of the Global Theme on Institutions, Markets, Policy, and Impacts of International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India. She specialises in agricultural research evaluation and impact assessment, poverty and income distribution, econometrics, agricultural economics and agricultural statistics, information systems management, and applications for decision support and policy analysis. She currently heads the development of key research resources on agriculture and health at ICRISAT based on village level studies in Southern Africa and India.

Randolph Barker has been involved in teaching and research on issues related to agricultural and rural development in Asia. Much of his work has been related to rice production, irrigation management, and water resource development. At present, he is a professor emeritus at Cornell

contributors.indd 16 6/6/2007 8:57:47 AM

xviiCONTRIBUTORS

University. He has won several awards, including best publication from the American Agricultural Economics Association for The Rice Economy of Asia, which he co-authored with Bob Herdt. This has been the most widely cited publication among his written works.

Ian Coxhead is a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and concurrent chair of the UW Development Studies Ph.D. program. His research interests are trade, development policy, agricultural development and the environment in developing economies; land use, technology choice and environmental consequences in upland agriculture; and policy lessons from upland- and watershed-based research.

William D. Dar has been director-general of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Andhra Pradesh, India since January 2000. He is the first Filipino chairman of the Alliance of Future Harvest Centers, an international body that governs the collective functioning of individual CGIAR centers. He is a member of the UN Millennium Task Force on Hunger. Since leading ICRISAT, he has intensively advocated for a “Gray to Green Revolution” in the dry tropics of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa through “Science with a Human Face.”

Deepthi Harkar is currently working as data analyst in ICRISAT’s Global Theme on Institutions, Markets, Policy and Impacts. She was actively involved in SWOT analysis of the Institute and had contributed to the implementation of many research projects.

Yujiro Hayami is the chairman of the graduate faculty in the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID) in Japan. His current research interests focus on the role of communities in economic development, specifically the participation of local people, the relative positions of peasants and plantations in agricultural production, and the interactions among community, market, and state in economic development. He is a fellow of the American Agricultural Economics Association and an honorary lifetime member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists.

contributors.indd 17 6/6/2007 8:57:48 AM

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Keijiro Otsuka is currently the director of the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID) Graduate Program and a professor at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) in Japan. His research interests include land rights, land tenure, and natural resource management. His current research attempts to formulate an “East Asian model of industrial development” primarily on case studies of industries in Japan, Taiwan, and China.

Ravula Padmaja is a senior scientific officer in the Global Theme on Institutions, Markets, Policy and Impacts of International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India. Her research interests are social analysis, poverty and gender analysis in research technology design and diffusion for the semi-arid tropics, strategic assessments for Semi-arid Tropics (SAT) agriculture, social capital, and social networks. She has co-authored and contributed to several publications and collaborated in the production of a video documentary showcasing the process of empowerment through technology.

Prabhu Pingali is the director of the Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in Italy. He was the president of the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) in 2003-06. He co-chairs the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Panel’s working group on Future Scenarios. He is editor of the newly established e-Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics (e-JADE). He has authored many books and journal articles on technological change, productivity growth, and resource management issues in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Terri L. Raney is a senior economist at the Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Italy. She concurrently serves as the editor of The State of Food and Agriculture, a publication by FAO. She was conferred with the Quality of Communications Award in 2005 by the American Agricultural Economics Association for “Agricultural biotechnology: meeting the needs of the poor?” in The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-04. A significant body of her research focus is on agricultural biotechnology, international trade, and food security.

contributors.indd 18 6/6/2007 8:57:48 AM

xixCONTRIBUTORS

Thomas Reardon has been a professor at the Department of Agricultural Economics at the Michigan State University since 1992 where part of his research and teaching hours are devoted to supervising master’s and doctoral thesis students. He is also currently involved in research projects in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Mexico, China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. His research interests include links between the rapid rise of supermarkets and agricultural development in developing countries; food safety and quality standards; fruit and vegetable and dairy product markets; and international joint ventures in the produce industry.

Mark W. Rosegrant is the director of the Environment and Production Technology Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in the USA. His research interests include policy analysis in agriculture and economic development, with emphasis on agricultural and natural resource policies as they affect regional and global food security, rural livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. He developed IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT), which has become a standard for projecting global and regional food demand, supply, trade, and prices; and global water supply and demand to 2020. He is a prolific writer of books and professional papers on agricultural economics, water resources, and food policy analysis.

James Roumasset is a professor of economics at the University of Hawaii-Manoa, where he has taught since 1976. He specialises in agricultural development, environmental and resource economics, and public microeconomics. He is on the Board of Directors of the Western Economic Association International and a member of the American Economic Association, American Agricultural Economics Association, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, and International Society for New Institutional Economics. He has published widely on agricultural development, environmental and natural resource economics, transaction cost economics, risk and decision-making, and the nature, causes, and consequences of public policy.

contributors.indd 19 6/6/2007 8:57:48 AM

xx CONTRIBUTORS

Charles Peter Timmer is currently a senior research fellow at the Center for Global Development in the USA. He is also a professor emeritus of Harvard University and University of California, San Diego. His professional affiliations include membership in the American Economics Association, the American Agricultural Economics Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has received several professional awards and has authored many publications.

Dina Umali-Deininger is the lead agricultural economist in the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Unit (South Asia Region), where she oversees the preparation of analytical studies. She has authored several World Bank reports and papers on agricultural policy, food security and nutrition, food grain, cotton, and livestock sector policy in India and Sri Lanka. Prior to joining the South Asia Region, she worked on agricultural policy issues in East Asia and Eastern Europe.

contributors.indd 20 6/6/2007 8:57:48 AM