REARING OF DAIRY GOATS -...
2
milk in the teat is squeezed down and not pulled. Squeezing slowly downward makes milk come out. Repeat this in rhythm and quickly using full hand to avoid finger and thumb striping. Milking should take about 7 minutes so as to get optimum milk yield. Compared to cow’s milk goat milk has relatively higher contents of fatty acids such as histidine, aspartic acid and tyrosine. It also contains larger amount of non protein nitrogen. The sodium, iron and copper contents of goat milk are relatively high. It has higher content of Vitamin A, nicotinic acid, choline and inositol but has lower amounts of Vit B6 and Vit C. An important feature of goat milk is that unlike cow's milk it contains no precursors of Vitamin A, the vitamin being present intact. Hence goat milk is highly nutritious and healthy to use in diet. 6. Disease control A healthy goat has • A smooth shiny coat • Bright eyes • Good appetite • Easy quick movements • Will rest and chew cud regularly • Will pass normal feaces and urine (color and consistency can change with change in feeds) • Normal body temperature of 40°c (+- 1°c) higher in the morning than in the evening. • Normal respiration rate of 12-15 breaths per minute (faster in kids). Diagnosis of sick animal Early awareness of sickness in animals is important to successful treatment. The longer an animal is sick the more difficult it will be to cure. Early signs of sickness: • Sick goat stands apart from others in a group. • They are restless. • They do not lie down and rest even when others in their group do so unless it gets very ill. • They hold their head down. • They have dull and show little interest in their surroundings. • Often have rough coat and look weak and tired. • Do not like to feed. 7. Animal house structures A good goat house should be • Rain proof • Damp proof • Well ventilated • Free from direct wind • Free from sharp objects that might cut the goat • Pest and wild animal proof • Slats on floor for free fall of droppings • With an area of at least 2m² per animal • Outside space for exercise, play and exposure to the sun during the day Building specifications for dairy goats Houses should be raised at least 1.5 feet (= 0.5 m or just below knee height) from the ground. A slatted wooden floor is very important. This has small gaps about half an inch wide (or the width of a side of a match box) between the planks or rafters. The gaps must not be large enough for the adult goats or kids feet to go through as this can cause serious injury. Use of local materials means you can use off cut planks, etc. To facilitate the cleaning, goat houses should measure 1.5 m x 1.5m x 1m high. Feed trough. A goat does not like to graze on the ground like a sheep or cow. Goats like feeding at a knee high on the bush or goat house wall. Goats need to be able to drink fresh water at all times. The feeding area is built 1 metre (3 feet) above the platform with rafters, off-cuts or timber. Troughs must be easy to clean. Floor of trough can be made of off cuts but must be able to hold hay. Feeding space is 0.15 m per mature goat. Water Trough. A water trough is placed 1 foot above the floor in the feeding area or a 5 litre can is hanged on the outside of the door to the sleeping room. The door should have a small window or a slot so that goats can have access to water day and night. Mineral trough Mineral trough should be made where the goats sleep, 1 foot square box is ideal for this purpose. A halved long plastic container nailed to the board, at least 1 foot wide can be useful, or just as good - hang the salt so that goat has to reach for it. 8. Record keeping • Helps one to know about the goat • It increases the animal value and therefore sales income • Helps to manage animal well A farmer should keep the following records • Birth date • Birth weight • Sire and dam • Milk records • Treatment records • Service dates REARING OF DAIRY GOATS AS AN ADAPTATION STRATEGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER ZERO/SEMI-ZERO GRAZING SYSTEM. CAPro PROJECT Disease Cause Symptoms Method of control Coccidiosis Bacterial disease • Sudden onset of diarrhea • Foul smelling feaces containing mucous and blood • Anus smeared with blood stained feaces • Sudden death may occur • Severe straining • Eat less • Common in housed goats • Reduce stock rate • Clean and make sure pens are well drained and dry Colibacillosis Bacterial disease • Fever at the beginning and later fever drops down • Mouth dry and cold • Diarrhea [yellowish to whitish] • Depression and weakness • Goat found lying down • Survivors of the infection may show nervous signs and problem with the joints • Give colostrums at birth • House new born kids separately • Disinfect the navel with iodine solution at birth • Avoid contamination of the feed and utensils by keeping clean • Avoid overcrowding • Regular feeding should be kept Mastitis Bacterial disease • Infection of the udder • Swelling, gangrene of the udder, belly wall. • Udder becomes hot and painful. • Milk is watery and contains blood clots • Milk affected teat last • Good clean hands and equipments and teat at all times before milking • provide clean bedding area Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia[CCPP] Bacterial disease • Usually many animals sick at the same time • Animals cough and have discharge from the nose • They breath hard • animals become weak, tired with high fever • Many goats die after 4-5 days • Vaccinate for CCPP • Restrict the animals so that they do not come into contact with the sick animal Nairobi sheep disease Viral disease • Grey/white discharge comes from the nose and eyes • Diarrhea • Feaces often green and watery with blood and mucus • Fever • Can cause abortions • Control ticks Worms Worms • Coughing and no fever • Eggs may be observed in the feaces • Rough coat • May have swelling under the jaw • May have diarrhea • Avoid contaminated feeds • Deworm before the rains and just after the rains and after every 3 months
Transcript of REARING OF DAIRY GOATS -...
2. Their adaptability to a changing climate• Less feed is needed to keep a goat than a cow.• Goat will eat many different plants• Does not need a lot of water• Can use many farm products as feed
3. Selection of breeding stock and breedingA good breeding male goat should have no deformities, with two well-developed testicles, strong feet and legs, good body condition and high libido. Libido is observed by the ability of the male to vigorously detect and mate with females on heat. These qualities will ensure successful mating.A good breeding female should have good body condition and a soft udder, two functional teats and strong teeth and legs. Age at first mating should be about 16 months. Breeding too early can result in weak kids and stunted females.A goat can only be bred when she is ready and this condition is referred as “the goat is on heat
The heat signs are:• The goat becomes restless and mounts each other • Cries loudly
• The vulva may become swollen • The goat wags the tail• frequent urination• Last 3-4 days• Reduced feeding• Clear mucus discharge from the vulva• Tends to move more nearer the males pen
A doe should be mated 12-24 hours after you have seen her on heat
• Heat signs in the afternoon, the goat should be mated next morning• heat signs in the morning the goat should be mated in the afternoon
Inbreeding should be avoided hence buck rotation is recommended and breeding records kept so that one can determine the related and non related goats.Once the doe is mated and becomes pregnant
• 3 weeks later doe not on heat • 8 weeks later the vulva shows an enlargement• 12 weeks later the abdomen enlarges noticeably
Signs of approaching birth are • Discharge from the vulva• On the day of kidding, the doe bleats, paws the bedding and becomes restless
With proper feeding and management, goats normally give multiple births
4. Feeding – (types, amounts and frequency)All the goat requires is good health for better yields. Good feeding increases milk production. Dairy goats can feed on the following: Calliandra, leucena, desmodium, mulbury,
nappier grass, rhodes grass, sweet potato vines, hay and other fodder trees.The feed should be chopped and the goat should be given clean water and enough mineral salts. The mineral block should be kept dry. Feed the goat at least 3 times a day and at the same time every dayPut some feed in the feed trough or hung up some feed to be eaten overnight. The amount of feed needed by goats depend on their size and stage of development. As a general rule of thumb, an animal will need 3.5% of its bodyweight daily in the form of dry matter in feed to satisfy its appetite.Goat has a much bigger rumen in comparison to its body size. The rumen of the goat can be as much as 1/3 of the total body volume. This makes the goat a very efficient converter of rough feeds/ browse, but the process uses up a lot of energy and there is also a need for minerals especially phosphorous. One reason goats prefer browse bushes and trees is that these plants are deep rooted and bring up many more essential minerals from deep inside the soil that the goat needs, than shallow rooted plants do.Dairy goats are much more discerning browsers. They will graze as a herd, on one particular food for a short period of time before moving on to a different plant. They do not therefore cause much damage to the environment as other goats
Recommended feeding for lactating does
5. Milking schedule Dairy goats are milked twice per day using hand milking where one has to hold and squeeze the base of the teat with thumb and fore finger to trap the milk in the teat; close the other three fingers, squeeze down in turn. The
milk in the teat is squeezed down and not pulled. Squeezing slowly downward makes milk come out. Repeat this in rhythm and quickly using full hand to avoid finger and thumb striping. Milking should take about 7 minutes so as to get optimum milk yield.Compared to cow’s milk goat milk has relatively higher contents of fatty acids such as histidine, aspartic acid and tyrosine. It also contains larger amount of non protein nitrogen. The sodium, iron and copper contents of goat milk are relatively high. It has higher content of Vitamin A, nicotinic acid, choline and inositol but has lower amounts of Vit B6 and Vit C. An important feature of goat milk is that unlike cow's milk it contains no precursors of Vitamin A, the vitamin being present intact. Hence goat milk is highly nutritious and healthy to use in diet.6. Disease control A healthy goat has • A smooth shiny coat • Bright eyes • Good appetite • Easy quick movements • Will rest and chew cud regularly • Will pass normal feaces and urine (color and consistency can change with change in feeds) • Normal body temperature of 40°c (+- 1°c) higher in the morning than in the evening. • Normal respiration rate of 12-15 breaths per minute (faster in kids).Diagnosis of sick animalEarly awareness of sickness in animals is important to successful treatment. The longer an animal is sick the more difficult it will be to cure. Early signs of sickness: • Sick goat stands apart from others in a group.• They are restless. • They do not lie down and rest even when others in their group do so unless it gets very ill.• They hold their head down.• They have dull and show little interest in their surroundings.• Often have rough coat and look weak and tired.• Do not like to feed.
7. Animal house structures
A good goat house should be • Rain proof• Damp proof• Well ventilated• Free from direct wind• Free from sharp objects that might cut the goat• Pest and wild animal proof• Slats on floor for free fall of droppings• With an area of at least 2m² per animal• Outside space for exercise, play and exposure to the sun during the day Building specifications for dairy goats
Houses should be raised at least 1.5 feet (= 0.5 m or just below knee height) from the ground. A slatted wooden floor is very important. This has small gaps about half an inch wide (or the width of a side of a match box) between the planks or rafters. The gaps must not be large enough for the adult goats or kids feet to go through as this can cause serious injury. Use of local materials means you can use off cut planks, etc. To facilitate the cleaning, goat houses should measure 1.5 m x 1.5m x 1m high.Feed trough. A goat does not like to graze on the ground like a sheep or cow. Goats like feeding at a knee high on the bush or goat house wall. Goats need to be able to drink fresh water at all times.The feeding area is built 1 metre (3 feet) above the platform with rafters, off-cuts or timber. Troughs must be easy to clean. Floor of trough can be made of off cuts but must be able to hold hay. Feeding space is 0.15 m per mature goat.Water Trough.A water trough is placed 1 foot above the floor in the feeding area or a 5 litre can is hanged on the outside of the door to the sleeping room. The door should have a small window or a slot so that goats can have access to water day and night.Mineral trough Mineral trough should be made where the goats sleep, 1 foot square box is ideal for this purpose. A halved long plastic container nailed to the board, at least 1 foot wide can be useful, or just as good - hang the salt so that goat has to reach for it.8. Record keeping• Helps one to know about the goat• It increases the animal value and therefore sales income• Helps to manage animal well A farmer should keep the following records• Birth date • Birth weight• Sire and dam• Milk records• Treatment records • Service dates
1. Dairy goats Dairy goats are improved breeds of goat for high milk production levels compared to local goat. Although there are many breeds of dairy goats in Kenya, only three are the most common and therefore important. The choice of dairy goat breed depends on locality because each breed is suited to certain climatic conditions. The three important breeds are Alpines, Toggenburg and Saanen.These three breeds are adaptable to a wide range of climates. Alpines and Saanen are hardy and can do well in hot areas. Toggenburg do well in cold areas.
AlpineThis breed of dairy goat is adapted to the tropics better than the Saanen. German Alpines are more widespread and the color is variable but can be grouped into:• Grayish front and black hind• Black neck and white hind
ToggenburgThey are brown or grayish brown in colour with distinctive white stripes on the face and legs. They can be horned or polled; horns in male are long and curving back.This is the least successful exotic breeds in the tropics. They have white legs, white stripe from nose to eyes and a characteristic white triangle at the back.
REARING OF DAIRY GOATS AS AN ADAPTATION
STRATEGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER ZERO/SEMI-ZERO GRAZING SYSTEM.
CAPro PROJECT
Disease Cause Symptoms Method of control Coccidiosis Bacterial disease • Sudden onset of diarrhea
• Foul smelling feaces containing mucous and blood
• Anus smeared with blood stained feaces • Sudden death may occur • Severe straining • Eat less • Common in housed goats
• Reduce stock rate • Clean and make sure pens are well
drained and dry
Colibacillosis Bacterial disease • Fever at the beginning and later fever drops down
• Mouth dry and cold • Diarrhea [yellowish to whitish] • Depression and weakness • Goat found lying down • Survivors of the infection may show
nervous signs and problem with the joints
• Give colostrums at birth • House new born kids separately • Disinfect the navel with iodine
solution at birth • Avoid contamination of the feed and
utensils by keeping clean • Avoid overcrowding • Regular feeding should be kept
Mastitis Bacterial disease • Infection of the udder • Swelling, gangrene of the udder, belly wall. • Udder becomes hot and painful. • Milk is watery and contains blood clots
• Milk affected teat last • Good clean hands and equipments
and teat at all times before milking • provide clean bedding area
Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia[CCPP]
Bacterial disease • Usually many animals sick at the same time • Animals cough and have discharge from the
nose • They breath hard • animals become weak, tired with high fever • Many goats die after 4-5 days
• Vaccinate for CCPP • Restrict the animals so that they do
not come into contact with the sick animal
Nairobi sheep disease Viral disease • Grey/white discharge comes from the nose and eyes
• Diarrhea • Feaces often green and watery with blood
and mucus • Fever • Can cause abortions
• Control ticks
Worms Worms • Coughing and no fever • Eggs may be observed in the feaces • Rough coat • May have swelling under the jaw • May have diarrhea
• Avoid contaminated feeds • Deworm before the rains and just
after the rains and after every 3 months
2. Their adaptability to a changing climate• Less feed is needed to keep a goat than a cow.• Goat will eat many different plants• Does not need a lot of water• Can use many farm products as feed
3. Selection of breeding stock and breedingA good breeding male goat should have no deformities, with two well-developed testicles, strong feet and legs, good body condition and high libido. Libido is observed by the ability of the male to vigorously detect and mate with females on heat. These qualities will ensure successful mating.A good breeding female should have good body condition and a soft udder, two functional teats and strong teeth and legs. Age at first mating should be about 16 months. Breeding too early can result in weak kids and stunted females.A goat can only be bred when she is ready and this condition is referred as “the goat is on heat
The heat signs are:• The goat becomes restless and mounts each other • Cries loudly
• The vulva may become swollen • The goat wags the tail• frequent urination• Last 3-4 days• Reduced feeding• Clear mucus discharge from the vulva• Tends to move more nearer the males pen
A doe should be mated 12-24 hours after you have seen her on heat
• Heat signs in the afternoon, the goat should be mated next morning• heat signs in the morning the goat should be mated in the afternoon
Inbreeding should be avoided hence buck rotation is recommended and breeding records kept so that one can determine the related and non related goats.Once the doe is mated and becomes pregnant
• 3 weeks later doe not on heat • 8 weeks later the vulva shows an enlargement• 12 weeks later the abdomen enlarges noticeably
Signs of approaching birth are • Discharge from the vulva• On the day of kidding, the doe bleats, paws the bedding and becomes restless
With proper feeding and management, goats normally give multiple births
4. Feeding – (types, amounts and frequency)All the goat requires is good health for better yields. Good feeding increases milk production. Dairy goats can feed on the following: Calliandra, leucena, desmodium, mulbury,
nappier grass, rhodes grass, sweet potato vines, hay and other fodder trees.The feed should be chopped and the goat should be given clean water and enough mineral salts. The mineral block should be kept dry. Feed the goat at least 3 times a day and at the same time every dayPut some feed in the feed trough or hung up some feed to be eaten overnight. The amount of feed needed by goats depend on their size and stage of development. As a general rule of thumb, an animal will need 3.5% of its bodyweight daily in the form of dry matter in feed to satisfy its appetite.Goat has a much bigger rumen in comparison to its body size. The rumen of the goat can be as much as 1/3 of the total body volume. This makes the goat a very efficient converter of rough feeds/ browse, but the process uses up a lot of energy and there is also a need for minerals especially phosphorous. One reason goats prefer browse bushes and trees is that these plants are deep rooted and bring up many more essential minerals from deep inside the soil that the goat needs, than shallow rooted plants do.Dairy goats are much more discerning browsers. They will graze as a herd, on one particular food for a short period of time before moving on to a different plant. They do not therefore cause much damage to the environment as other goats
Recommended feeding for lactating does
5. Milking schedule Dairy goats are milked twice per day using hand milking where one has to hold and squeeze the base of the teat with thumb and fore finger to trap the milk in the teat; close the other three fingers, squeeze down in turn. The
milk in the teat is squeezed down and not pulled. Squeezing slowly downward makes milk come out. Repeat this in rhythm and quickly using full hand to avoid finger and thumb striping. Milking should take about 7 minutes so as to get optimum milk yield.Compared to cow’s milk goat milk has relatively higher contents of fatty acids such as histidine, aspartic acid and tyrosine. It also contains larger amount of non protein nitrogen. The sodium, iron and copper contents of goat milk are relatively high. It has higher content of Vitamin A, nicotinic acid, choline and inositol but has lower amounts of Vit B6 and Vit C. An important feature of goat milk is that unlike cow's milk it contains no precursors of Vitamin A, the vitamin being present intact. Hence goat milk is highly nutritious and healthy to use in diet.6. Disease control A healthy goat has • A smooth shiny coat • Bright eyes • Good appetite • Easy quick movements • Will rest and chew cud regularly • Will pass normal feaces and urine (color and consistency can change with change in feeds) • Normal body temperature of 40°c (+- 1°c) higher in the morning than in the evening. • Normal respiration rate of 12-15 breaths per minute (faster in kids).Diagnosis of sick animalEarly awareness of sickness in animals is important to successful treatment. The longer an animal is sick the more difficult it will be to cure. Early signs of sickness: • Sick goat stands apart from others in a group.• They are restless. • They do not lie down and rest even when others in their group do so unless it gets very ill.• They hold their head down.• They have dull and show little interest in their surroundings.• Often have rough coat and look weak and tired.• Do not like to feed.
7. Animal house structures
A good goat house should be • Rain proof• Damp proof• Well ventilated• Free from direct wind• Free from sharp objects that might cut the goat• Pest and wild animal proof• Slats on floor for free fall of droppings• With an area of at least 2m² per animal• Outside space for exercise, play and exposure to the sun during the day Building specifications for dairy goats
Houses should be raised at least 1.5 feet (= 0.5 m or just below knee height) from the ground. A slatted wooden floor is very important. This has small gaps about half an inch wide (or the width of a side of a match box) between the planks or rafters. The gaps must not be large enough for the adult goats or kids feet to go through as this can cause serious injury. Use of local materials means you can use off cut planks, etc. To facilitate the cleaning, goat houses should measure 1.5 m x 1.5m x 1m high.Feed trough. A goat does not like to graze on the ground like a sheep or cow. Goats like feeding at a knee high on the bush or goat house wall. Goats need to be able to drink fresh water at all times.The feeding area is built 1 metre (3 feet) above the platform with rafters, off-cuts or timber. Troughs must be easy to clean. Floor of trough can be made of off cuts but must be able to hold hay. Feeding space is 0.15 m per mature goat.Water Trough.A water trough is placed 1 foot above the floor in the feeding area or a 5 litre can is hanged on the outside of the door to the sleeping room. The door should have a small window or a slot so that goats can have access to water day and night.Mineral trough Mineral trough should be made where the goats sleep, 1 foot square box is ideal for this purpose. A halved long plastic container nailed to the board, at least 1 foot wide can be useful, or just as good - hang the salt so that goat has to reach for it.8. Record keeping• Helps one to know about the goat• It increases the animal value and therefore sales income• Helps to manage animal well A farmer should keep the following records• Birth date • Birth weight• Sire and dam• Milk records• Treatment records • Service dates
1. Dairy goats Dairy goats are improved breeds of goat for high milk production levels compared to local goat. Although there are many breeds of dairy goats in Kenya, only three are the most common and therefore important. The choice of dairy goat breed depends on locality because each breed is suited to certain climatic conditions. The three important breeds are Alpines, Toggenburg and Saanen.These three breeds are adaptable to a wide range of climates. Alpines and Saanen are hardy and can do well in hot areas. Toggenburg do well in cold areas.
AlpineThis breed of dairy goat is adapted to the tropics better than the Saanen. German Alpines are more widespread and the color is variable but can be grouped into:• Grayish front and black hind• Black neck and white hind
ToggenburgThey are brown or grayish brown in colour with distinctive white stripes on the face and legs. They can be horned or polled; horns in male are long and curving back.This is the least successful exotic breeds in the tropics. They have white legs, white stripe from nose to eyes and a characteristic white triangle at the back.
Sannen
Concentrates 16-18% protein 0.3-0.8 kg/day Grass with legumes (fresh) 1.8 - 2.5 kg/day Grass/grass mix (fresh) 2-3 kg/day Grass/grass mix (dry hay) 0.7 - 1 kg/day Grass with legume (dry) 0.6 - 0.8 kg/day
