Realizing Kampung Pelangi as a Sustainable Village City Using Asian New Urbanism: Ideological Approach

Leoni Dwi Agitha1,*, and Rina Kurniati2

1Student of Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia 2Lecturer of Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia

Abstract. Sustainable development is defined as fulfillment of the current needs without

sacrificing the needs of future generations. This concept has long become the concern of experts

until a goal of world development called Sustainable Development Goals/SDGs is born.

Sustainable development have three pillars, namely economic, social and environment that

integrated to achieve the method related to the condition of Kampung Pelangi. The analysis was

using Doxiadis theory is reviewed by the Asian New Urbanism: Ideological Approach which is

consisting of five planning instruments: Self Suffiency, Land as Resource, Shifting and Floating

Values, Transport and Mobility, Conservation of Environmental. In the end there are several new

program was initiated such as the implementation vertical garden using orchid, made the roadmap

application to facilitate the tourist and increase community cooperation to improve the social

economic life. The results of this research with the concept of Kampung Pelangi will be able to

develop new programs based on sustainable development.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Village City (Kampung Kota), Asian New Urbanism :

Ideological Approach.

1 Introduction

The concept of sustainable development has long been

the concern of experts. According to Brundlandt (1987,

pp 8-9) [1], sustainable development is development in

meeting the needs of the present without compromising

the right to meet the needs of future generations. Agreeing

with this, by 2015 the United Nations issues a world

development goal called Sustainable Development

Goals/SDGs. This goals have three pillars, namely

economic, social and environmental, which requires them

to be well integrated. The integration of these three

aspects becomes a challenge to achieve a livable city.

Many panning concepts are not able to provide balance to

the three pillars, one of the development program of

Wonosari Village become a tourist destination Kampung

Pelangi.

The concept of Kampung Pelangi initially looks

beautiful because every building is painted in color with

interesting pictures. However, this concept is less in line

with the principle of sustainability, painting the entire

building is a short-term action. This is due to the absence

of clarity of the program and the certainty of the fixed

budget to continue the concept of sustainability.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design a new

based on characteristics analysis according to Doxiadis’s

theory [2] which is then reviewed through the approach of

Asian New Urbanism: Ideological Approach. Asian New

Urbanism : Ideological Approach is defined as a new

urbanism movement that is at the level of ideological

search for problems and potentials. According to Lim

(1998, pp 228) [3], there are five planning instruments,

namely Self Sufficiency, Land as Resource, Shifting and

Floating Values, Transport and Mobility and

Conservation of Environmental. Hopefully, this

approachment could make Kampung Pelangi be a

sustainable urban village.

2 Methodology

This research applied descriptive method by collecting

data containing characteristics and nature of a

phenomenon in Kampung Pelangi The data collection is

done by surveying to see the physical condition of the area

directly and interview the community to know the

perspective view related to the social, cultural and

economic aspects. After we get the data, we should

analyze and interpret the results based on theories that

used for the basis of this research.

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© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

3 Literature Review 3.1 Kampung Kota

In the spatial dictionary, Kampung Kota is the part of

the city that consist of housing groups with high

population, lack of facilities and infrastructure, there are

no obvious boundary, area coverage is larger than usually

and the character is informal housing. According to

Antony Sihombing [4] , Kampung Kota is defined as

irregular, unstructure and informal settlements in the

broader social-economic system. Kampung Kota can be

seen as urban settlements that has a lack infrastructure,

planning and urban networking. The worst, could create

poverty and poor quality of life. Kampung Kota is a form

of Indonesia indigenous settlement that brings the nature

of rural life but still has irregular physical and

environmental forms, building density accompanied by

high population density and mixed land use pattern.

Urban irregularity is usually synonymous with slums, but

population density and mixed use can be an efficient

alternative to land use. Certainly, it can be realized if there

is good planning on the mix pattern of land use so

Kampung Kota approachment could able to create the

liveable and sustainable city.

3.2 Sustainable City

Sustainability is not only reducing the natural

resources exploitation or maintaining environmental

sustainability but to maintain the balance of social and

economic system. Sustainable cities are a city that

develops in an integrated, dynamic and balanced in

environment, economic, socio-cultural and good

governance. Based on Government Regulation number

26/2008 about National Spatial Planning, sustainable

development has three dimensions. First, the

sustainability of economic growth to involve the

environment management that must be carried out

effectively and efficiently with the principles of

community, government and business. Second,

sustainability of socio-cultural which are the values are

formed to accordance with the role of the climate and

stability political. Third, sustainability of environment

(ecology) where the existence of harmony between

human and ecosystem (natural environment and unnatural

environment).

3.3 Identification of Settlement Characteristics in Kampung Kota.

Constantinos A. Doxiadis [2], argued the principle of

settlement has five basic elements, namely the nature as

land to reside, the man as personal or social beings, the

society related to interaction and social relations between

human, the shells are residence buildings and the

networks as the means of infrastructure to support natural

and unnatural environment. Based on the theory, the

characteristics of slums can be identified as inhabitant,

dwelling, facilities and infrastructure and environmental

characteristics.

The four characteristics can be described as follows,

first the characteristics of the inhabitants where is looking

at the community social and economic conditions. These

characteristics are identified based on the level of

education, livelihood, population, density and level of

public opinion. Second, the dwelling characteristics

which are seen in the activity and social activities, the

distortion occurs, the condition of residence buildings,

the density and the community awareness to maintain the

building. Third, the characteristics of facilities and

infrastructure known as the availability to service

management as a supporter the urban activities. Fourth,

the environment characteristics which seen from the

inside and outside activities that occur in neighborhood

settlement.

3.3 Asian New Urbanism : Ideological Approach

Urbanisation could occur anywhere and anytime,

unexpected levels of progress and related actors. Asian

societies are confronted by issues such as cultural

diversity, welfare, poverty, high population, increased

economic growth and environmental degradation. Not

only that, modernisation, globalisation and technological

advances make the Asian community must adapt and

filter as anticipation of global cultural flows The situation

forms a crucial issue for urban dwellers that impact on

sustainable urban development. Therefore, Lim [3]

argued that the concept of Asian New Urbanism:

Ideological Approach can be anticipated and criticized

the modern planning process. This concept consists of

five innovative instruments of planning, namely :

1. Self sufficiency, an effort to fulfill urban needs

consisting of the production and reproduction

process of the city itself, reducing dependence from

the surrounding area, in particular in balancing the

proportion of funding and urban service allocation

2. Land as Resource, a land use efforts by setting

location, capacity, optimal intensity and control over

development. Development is not always oriented in

the city center but can also be at a point of growth

that can be reached throughout the community.

3. Shifting and Floating Values, an efforts to prevent

the expansion of the commercial sector location,

preserve historic area and the placement of

residential land in accordance with the needs of

residents. It is oriented towards the theory of the

value of land that is floating and placed at growth

points.

4. Transport and Mobility, an effort to provide an

affordable and reasonable mass transportation system

that reduces pollution and environmental degradation

of the city. Utilization of traditional facilities is still

possible by regulating the hierarchy of ministry.

5. Conservation of Environmental Areas, an effort to

conserve the buildings or historic areas by giving

economic values. So could become the identity and

has a strong role as one component of the city.

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4 Result

4.1 Kampung Pelangi

Kampung Pelangi is located at Wonosari Street III,

Randusari Village, South Semarang Subdistrict,

Semarang City, Central Java. Administratively, Kampung

Pelangi has two hamlets (RW), namely RW III and RW

IV. The topography of the area is quite steep because it

has a high and varied slopes. This resulted in the location

between buildings become irregular, the absence of

distance between buildings and border of the building so

as to create a fairly solid impression. Initially, Kampung

Pelangi is one of the slums area in Semarang City called

Wonosari Village. But the concept of color in every wall

of its building gives its own uniqueness, thus making this

village as a tourist destination. Kampung Pelangi has

social interaction by be done in the form of community

gathering, between heads of hamlet and neighborhood,

establishing communication between neighbors and

children's and teenager's play activities.

4.2 Analysis of Settlement Characteristics in Kampung Pelangi 4.2.1 Inhabitants Characteristic

Kampung Pelangi has a high population density. This

can be seen from the total population of approximately

3,000 people with an area of 40 Ha. The social character

of the community is still very high where children and

adolescents gather and play while adults and elderly are

gathered to talk among neighbors or hold deliberations

between neigbourhoods or hamlets. The level of

education is good enough because almost the entire

community has graduated from high school. While the

economic condition of the community is still classified as

downward because the average amount of community

income is Rp 1,000,000.00 - Rp 3,000,000.00 per month.

The livelihood of the community in the form of workers

(civil servants or private), laborers, traders and drivers

and with the concept of Kampung Pelangi tourism

community has opened many shops or dining room for

tourists.

Fig. 1. Social Interactions Source : Author Survey, 2018

4.2.2 Infrastructure and Facilities Characteristic

Kampung Pelangi still has problems in the provision

of facilities and infrastructure both in the number and

condition. One example is a damaged in temporary dump

sites that is not feasible to accommodate garbage but still

used by the community. Availability of Facilities and

Infrastructure in Kampung Pelangi can be seen in Table

1. Settlements that have become a tourist destination and

give an impact on the development of public facilities and

infrastructure. The government is improving the river in

front of the village by building inspection and dredging

rivers from garbage and mud. The government is also

conducting the development of public space in the form

of Kasmaran Park, parking lot, public toilets and food

stalls in the hope that the tourism and social activities of

Kampung Pelangi could be well supported.

Table 1. The Availability of Facilities and Infrastructure in

Kampung Pelangi

Source : Kampung Pelangi Kalisari – Semarang,

Perumaham & Permukiman Sederhana Berbasis Kampung

Wisata dan Kreativitas Karya

Fig. 2. Temporary Dump Sites

Source : Author Survey, 2018

No Type of

Infrastructure Infrastructure Quantity

1 Worship

Mosque 3

Muslim Prayer

Romm 3

2 Education Kindergarten 1

Primary School 1

3 Government

Community Hall 2

Village Security

Post 2

4. Health

Center for Pre-and

ostnatal Health

Care

2

5 Sport Sporty Field 1

6 Bussiness Small Shop 60

7 Garbage Temporary Dump

Sites 3

8 Green Public

Space Park 1

9 Transportation Bus Stop 1

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4.2.3 Shelter Characteristic

The house has not been able to provide comfort

because of the location is quite close and dense. The

density is very high due to the lack of distance between

buildings and there is no separation between private and

public space. The concept of Kampung Pelangi makes the

walls of every house painted colorful with interesting

paintings. However, the building maintenance and

preservation are still less because the color in the building

is fading so it requires repainting.

Fig. 3. The Shelter Condition in Kampung Pelangi

Source : Author Survey, 2018

4.2.4 Environmental Characteristic

Analysis of environmental conditions can be seen

from two aspects, consist of social and natural aspects.

Social aspects could be seen from community interaction

form community groups, like Pokdarwis (Kelompok

Sadar Wisata/Tourism Awereness Raising Grop), Karang

Taruna (Neighborhood Youth Association) and PKK

(Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga/Family Welfare

Program). While the natural aspects in the inside village

is clean enough and there is a public park, namely

Kasmaran Park. But this is inversely proportional because

of the outside village did not has a garbage to provide

Kalisari Flower Market.

4.3 Applying the Asian New Urbanism Approach: Ecological Approach to the Kampung

Pelangi Development

Based on the analysis of settlement characteristics,

Kampung Pelangi is still needs development to make it as

a sustainable urban village. The main problems that are

found are the lack of green area, innovation to develop

Kampung Pelangi as tourism destination and low

economic level. Therefore, there are several development

programs based on the concept of Asian New Urbanism:

Ideological Approach, namely the application of vertical

garden using orchid plants, the development of the Nyi

Brintik Tomb, the making of roadmap application and the

improvement of community cooperation with the spirit of

gotong royong (cooperation or sharing burden). The

following is a program development outline based on five

instruments of planning approaches Asian New

Urbanism: Ideological Approach.

4.3.1 Self Sufficiency

Implementation of Self Sufficiency could be done

with vertical orchid gardens program to increase

communities economy from the sale income and the

tourism attractiveness by creating a good photographing

spots. The realization of this program in the form of

orchid aid at the beginning of the plan so it can be sold so

that income is reused to buy new orchid plants. The

location of Kampung Pelangi that in the city center could

be creating conformity from the benefits provided by

orchid plants, which is able to eliminate pollution to

create a clean, healthy and comfortable environment.

Great hope, this program could create a new tourist

attraction so as to establish a linkage location between the

Kalisari Flower Market with Kampung Pelangi.

4.3.2 Shifting and Floating Values

Application of Shifting and Floating Values is the preservation of the historical grave of Nyi Brintik located in the upper region. The existence of Nyi Brintik Tomb should be able to serve as a tourist attraction for Kampung Pelangi tourism destination not only take pictures and see the sights but can do religious tours in the city center. The development program of Kampung Pelangi as a tourism destination with vertical garden is not enough to increase the cultural and historical value of Kampung Pelangi. Therefore, the program is created making history information boards Nyi Brintik Tomb and making a roadmap application that can be downloaded. The information boards are placed at the entrance and the roadmap application are contains of route roads, cafe/restaurants, photographing spots and the location of Nyi Brintik Tomb so could provide a convenience to the Kampung Pelangi tourists.

4.3.3 Transport and Mobility

Implementation of Transport and Mobility is the

community cooperation to arrange the parking system and

to utilize the bus stop so providing regularity and comfort

to the community and the tourists. This program is an

effort to increase the use of affordable mass transportation

to reduce air pollution. The integrated and centralized

parking arrangement system is conducted in Kasmaran

Park, thus could be overcome parking problems,

unlicensed use of space and vehicles theft. This is also

supported by establishing regulations where the vehicles

of tourists are not allowed to enter the village. Of course,

a central integrated parking program creates jobs and

become an community income While the utilization of

bus stop could provide convenience for tourists who do

not have a private vehicle and a liaison between the city

center with Kampung Pelangi.

4.3.4 Conservation of Environmental Areas

Kampung Pelangi development program with vertical

gardens concept is the application of Conservation of

Environmental Areas planning instrument. Limited land

and dense population become a problem in building the

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greening area. However, with the concept of this vertical

gardens community needs for green areas can be met. The

sustainability of vertical gardens program using orchids

requires community cooperation with the principle of

mutual assistance. In Indonesia, the community

cooperation is known as gotong royong (cooperation or

sharing burden) terminology. According to Rahmi,

Wibisono, Setiawan, [5] gotong royong could help

Kampung Kota to sustain the pressure from urbanization

and un-equality of urban areas. The form of cooperation

is to exchange ideas and consumers in the orchid sales

activities and awareness together to take care the orchid

plants.

4.3.5 Land as Resource

The concept of vertical garden as the fulfillment of the

need of reforestation area is one of the application of Land

as Resource planning instrument. Application of the

concept of vertical garden does not require extensive land

because the plants simply stick to the walls, tree trunks or

depend on the home residents. Therefore, the density and

lack of land is not a problem for the fulfillment of the

greening area because the community is easy to find and

choose the location to grow orchids. This concept is

expected to ensure sustainability in environmental aspects

so as to create harmony between urban activity with the

environment.

5 Conclusion and Recomendation

5.1 Conclusion

The development of sustainability principle in

Kampung Pelangi is expected not only to highlight the

concept of colorful buildings but could able to build

synergies between economic, social and environmental

aspects. Based on the analysis of area characteristics

according to Doxiadis, there are four programs based on

the approach of Asian New Urbanism: Ideological

Approach. First, self sufficiency with the application of

vertical garden using orchids to enhance the tourist

attraction and the community economy. Secondly,

shifting and floating values with the history information

boards of Nyi Brintik Tomb to preserve historic buildings

and making roadmap applications to facilitate the tourists.

Third, transport and mobility with the program of

increasing community cooperation in the integrated and

centralized parking system and the utilization of bus

stops. Fourth, the conversation of enviromental areas with

the program of increasing community cooperation with

the principle of mutual assistance in selling and

maintaining orchids to improve the economy. Fifth, land

as resource with vertical garden to fulfill the green area in

order to create harmony with the environment.

5.2 Recomendation

The new program will not be realized if there is no

cooperation between government, private and

communites. However, seeing the concept of Kampung

Pelangi that has not been able to guarantee the principle

of sustainability, the Government of Semarang City and

Central Java Provincial Government are expected to be

more critical in the implementation of the program,

especially the programs that have been prepared. While

the private sector and the community must be actively

involved in creating and innovating developing the

village. Moreover, because the program is based on the

approach of Asian New Urbanism: Ideological Approach,

the community cooperation based on mutual cooperation

is the main basis in making Kampung Pelangi a

sustainable urban village.

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