REALISMMaham Naveed

2015-245

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION All teachers have a personal philosophy

that colors the way they teach

Philosophy helps clarify

what they do or intend to do justify or explain why they do what they do

in a logical, systematic manner

Philosophical Question Eric Berne’s three important questions: Who am I?

Why am I here?

Who are all these other people, and what do they want of me?

REALISM Universals have a real objective

existence

The theory that particular things exist independently of our perception

Matter has its own existence independently of our mind

Each thing has a purpose or function

REALISM Knowing one’s self is the beginning of all wisdom

Only through studying the material world is it possible to clarify or develop ideas

Matter is real independent of ideas

The inductive method moves to generalizations from specifics

Reason is the instrument to help individuals achieve balance and moderation

WHAT IS REALISM?

A doctrine that the objects of our senses exist independently of their being known or perceived by mind

Deals with the fact that reality has an absolute existence independent from our thoughts, ideas and even consciousness

Connection between the classroom and reality

INDUCTIVE METHOD

A tree creates sound waves as it falls Sound comes from things that exist

Sound waves are moving patterns of air compression

These compressions are heard as sound when they strike the eardrum

All falling trees create air compression patterns

Therefore, all trees create sound as they fall

REALITY AND ITS 4 CAUSES

Material cause (the substance of which the thing is made)

Formal cause (its design that shapes the material object)

Efficient cause (its maker or builder)

Final cause (its purpose or function)

SARA SAEED

2015-202

ARISTOTLE Believed that people

be much involved in studying and understanding the reality of all things

Aristotle believed that everything had a purpose and that human purpose is to think.

THOMAS AQUINASReligious Realist

Believed God teaches us and, teachers motivate us.

Each person is born with an immortal soul

God made it possible to acquire true knowledge so that we may know him better.

SIR FRANCIS BACONModern RealistHe challenged Aristotle logic and use of

theological methods for examining scientific principles

Focused on scientific—or inductive—method

Science is a tool for creating new knowledge

Human knowledge is divided into three part: History, Poetry, Philosophy

JOHN LOCKEModern Realist

His major contribution was the development of an acute awareness of experience

He believed we gain knowledge from what we experience

We are born as a blank slate.

JOHN R. SEARLE The external world

exists independent of human thought

The truth system about that world on dependent

Consciousness is as much an ordinary biological phenomenon as is digestion

HILARY PUTNAM

Attempted to construct a variant form of realism he called “internal realism”

FORMS OF REALISM

MARYYAM NAWAZ

2015-224

FORMS OF REALISM Realism has acquired different meanings and even contradictory ones at different periods of history. Applied to education, realism manifested itself in 4 forms namely:

Scholastic Realism

Humanistic Realism

Social Realism

Sense Realism

SCHOLASTIC REALISM A demand for truth or reality rather

than beauties of Roman days arose

It started when medieval thinkers wanted to bring together a relation between faith and reason.

St. Thomas Aquinas who wrote Summa Theological used philosophy to help explain the guideline and ambiguities of the church

CHARACTERISTICS OF REALISM

Relied on authorities from the past

Synthesizing of knowledge

Deductive approach to reasoning

Use of syllogistic logic

METHODS OF TEACHING • Scholastic schools had two methods of

teaching: • Lection (the simple reading of a text by a

teacher/ no questions were permitted) Disputation (where question to be disputed

was announced beforehand)• Education is the process by which he lifts

himself up to the eternal.

HUMANISTIC REALISM

A reaction against emphasis on form & style of old classical literature

Humanist realist emphasized content and ideas

Aim: To acquire meaning & spirit of the classics

Purpose: to master his own environing life, natural & social through knowledge of broader life of ancients

HUMANISTIC REALISM The study of old literature (Literature of

the Greeks & Roman) is a means to understand the practical life.

Basic concerns in education: Physical, moral and social development

Humanists believed that classical literature should be studied for the information and the knowledge of the facts of the pasts so that such knowledge could be used for the preparation for practical living (answer to any problem that man might need).

SOCIAL REALISM

Reaction against a type of education that produces scholars and professional men to the neglect of the man of practice

Aim: To train a “gentleman” for active participation in social life and social judgment and to prepare the practical man of the world

Social realists follow the method of travel of journey method.

SOCIAL REALISM• Direct contact with things, people &

social conditions through travel rather than books.

• Study of gymnastics, sports, riding, modern languages, customs of other countries

• Study of one’s self but also others• Social realism explains that education

should equip learners for a happy and successful life as a man of the world.

SENSE-REALISM

• Emphasizes the training of the senses:• Senses = gateways of knowledge• Learning takes place = operation of the

senses.

• Amalgam of humanistic & social realism

• Sense-realism attached more importance to the study of natural sciences and contemporary social life.

SENSE-REALISM• Aim: To develop a natural society by

working in according with the laws of nature.

• Purpose: Happiness with God

• Through education, man can still know laws of nature and thereby control nature.

SENSE-REALISM

Two characteristics of representatives:

• formulation of basic assumptions

• formulation of new curriculum based on natural sciences & contemporary life

SENSE-REALISM The sense-realists emphasized the three things:

Application of inductive method (Bacon) in order to organize and simplify the instructional process

To replace instruction in Latin by the instruction in Vernacular

To substitute new scientific and social studies in place of the studies in language and literature

to manAs Innovators, their goal is discovery and utilization of the secrets of nature for the real and practical benefits they could bring

Differences between

REALISM AND IDEALISM

Marukh Shazadi2015- 246

DIFFERENCES

Idealism Realism

See things in an ideal or perfectly

Focus on ‘what could be’

See things in hopeful manner

Reality is shaped by our thoughts and ideas

See Actual view of a situation

Focus on ‘what actually is’

View a situation through less hopeful eyes

Deals with the fact that reality has an absolute existence

DIFFERENCES

Idealism Realism

Willing to make more risky decisions

Not clarity to achieve focus goals

Realists make safer and more practical choices

More goals oriented

AMNAH NOREEN2015-225

IMPLICATIONS OF REALISM IN EDUCATION

AIMS CURRICULUM METHODS OF TEACHING TEACHER SCHOOL

• Understanding the material world through inquiry

• A study of science and the scientific method

• A need to know the world in order to ensure survival and good life

• Basic, essential knowledge with a no-nonsense approach

• Transmit culture and develop human nature

AIMS OF REALIST EDUCATION

• Problem-centered (subject-centered)• Practical and useful• Highly organized and systematic• Physical activity has educational value

(Locke) • Extensive use of pictures (Comenius) • Attention to the complete person (Locke)• Use of objects in education (Maria

Montessori)• Highly organized, separate and

systematically arranged (Science, Social Sciences and Mathematics)

THE REALIST CURRICULUM

• Emphasis on critical reasoning through observation • Supports accountability and performance-based teaching• Scientific research and development • Mastery of facts: Recitation, experimentation,

demonstration, drills, exercises• Education should proceed from simple to complex and from

concrete to abstract. • Enhanced learning thru direct or indirect experiences: Field

trips, lectures, films, TV, audio-visual aids, computer technology & library.

• Learning is based on facts – analysis – questioning.• Vernacular to be the medium of instruction. • Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods, daily

lesson plans, pre-packaged curriculum materials• Children should be given positive rewards

REALIST METHODS OF TEACHING:

• A teacher should be educated and well versed with the customs of belief and rights and duties of people, and the trends

• He must have full masteryof the knowledge of present life.

• He must be able to expose and guide the student towards the hard realities of life. (neither pessimist, nor optimist)

• He must be able to co-relate between utility in daily life and education.

• He should define simple rules• He should teach subjects in proper order• He needs to find out the interest of the child and

to teach accordingly

REALISM AND THE TEACHER

1) School organization would be based on the real needs of society. (not due to politics)

2) The opening of science classes in every school is a must.

3) Co-education is a natural happening so it cannot be rejected.

4) School is the mirror of the society. It is a miniature form of society and it presents the real picture of the society.

SCHOOL ORGANIZATION INFLUENCED BY REALISM