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Manaal Ali APUSH Chapter 13 Notes Page 1 Chapter 13: An Age of Expansionism Index Page 2 ……………………………………………………………………………… Table of Dates Page 3 …………………………………………….. Young America; Borderlands of the 1830’s Page 4 ………….……………………………… The Texas Revolution; The Republic of Texas Page 5 …………………………………….. Trails of Trade and Settlement; The Mormon Trek Page 6 …..…………… Tyler and Texas; The Triumph of Polk and Annexation; The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny, Polk and the Oregon Question Page 7………………………….. War with Mexico; Settlement of the Mexican-American War Page 8 ……………………………………………………………… The Triumph of the Railroad Page 9 ……………………………………………………… The Industrial Revolution Takes Off Page 10 .………….………………………… Mass Immigration Begins; A New Working Class Page 11…….…………………………………… A New Working Class Continued; Figures 1-3
Transcript of Real Chapter 13 - genrich-harrisburg.wikispaces.comgenrich-harrisburg.wikispaces.com/file/view/Ch 13...
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13: An Age of Expansionism !Index!!
Page 2 ……………………………………………………………………………… Table of Dates!
Page 3 …………………………………………….. Young America; Borderlands of the 1830’s!
Page 4 ………….……………………………… The Texas Revolution; The Republic of Texas!
Page 5 …………………………………….. Trails of Trade and Settlement; The Mormon Trek!
Page 6 …..…………… Tyler and Texas; The Triumph of Polk and Annexation; The Doctrine of
Manifest Destiny, Polk and the Oregon Question!
Page 7………………………….. War with Mexico; Settlement of the Mexican-American War!
Page 8 ……………………………………………………………… The Triumph of the Railroad!
Page 9 ……………………………………………………… The Industrial Revolution Takes Off!
Page 10 .………….………………………… Mass Immigration Begins; A New Working Class!
Page 11…….…………………………………… A New Working Class Continued; Figures 1-3
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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Important dates this chapter
1840’s and early 1850’s Young America movement
1818 US and Britain agree to joint occupation of Oregon
1820-1840 700,000 immigrants arrive in the US
1821 Mexico becomes independent
1829 Mexico frees all slaves under its jurisdiction
1830 Mexican Congress prohibits American immigration and importation of slaves in Texas
Two American railroads start commercial operation
1833 Secularization Act
1834 Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico
Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper
1836 Texas Americans voted to declare independence
The Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto
1837 The Panic of 1837 John Deere’s steel plow
1839 Fighting between Canadian lumberjacks and Maine militia
Charles Goodyear: vulcanization of rubber
1840-1860 4.2 million immigrants arrive (Including 1.5 million Irish)
1860: New working class had emerged
1842 The Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Mexican government bans American goods and export of gold and silver
1843 American traders are denied full access to Santa Fe
Mass migration (mostly to Oregon) begins
1844 Samuel F. B. Morse: Electric telegraph
1846 Joint occupation with Britain is terminated
Elias Howe: Sewing Machine
1848 Utah comes under American sovereignty
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Discovery of gold
1846-1848 Mexican-American War
1853 Gadsen Purchase Railroad links New York and Chicago
1840’s and 1850’s Rise of railroad systems 1840’s: More men became involved in factory work
1850’s: Factory production grows
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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The Spirit of Young America !Young America Characteristics: !- Market economy and industrial growth!- Aggressive and belligerent foreign policy!- Increased industrialization and immigration!- Expansion of western lands and internal development!- Supported across all political party lines- primarily young Democrats!
Moby-Dick by Herman Melville!- A cautionary saga about the dark side of human ambition!- Made for the New Man of the New Age!
Movement to the Far West!Borderlands of the 1830’s!
- 1818: US and Britain agreed to joint occupation for ten years of Oregon (See Figure 1)!
• During this time:!1. Americans acquired Spain’s rights to the Pacific northwest in Adams-Onís Treaty!2. British gained northern portion of the Oregon Country through Hudson’s Bay
Company (a financed fur-trade concern)!3. Neither surrendered Columbia River!
- 1839: Fighting broke out between Canadian lumberjacks and Maine militia until resolved by the 1842 treaty!
- 1842: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty gave half of the disputed territory to the US and established a definite northeastern boundary of Canada!
- Oregon Country:!
• Scarcely populated!
• 1820: 40,000 of the population is engaged in sheep raising and mining!- 1821: Spain granted independence to Mexico!
• Opted for a more open trade policy which stimulated commercial prosperity and increased expansion appetites in the US!
- California:!
• 1827: Only about 4,000 Mexicans and 30,000 Indians made up the population!
• Indian population declined significantly due to strains of forced labor and exposure to European diseases!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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- 1833: Secularization Act: Emancipated the Indians from church control and opened the missions lands to settlement!
• Government awarded large tracts of mission land to Mexicans and left the Indians landless!
• Rancheros (large landowners) became masters of the indigenous population for 15 years, exposing them to even harsher environments!
The Texas Revolution!- Early 1820’s: Mexican officials encouraged settlers from the US to settle in Texas!- Stephen F. Austin: Granted a huge piece of land by Mexican government in hopes to attract
new colonists!- Friction developed between Mexican government and Anglo-Americans !
• Americans refused to emancipate slaves, evaded import duties on goods from the US, and failed to convert religions, and become Mexican citizens!
• 1829: Mexico freed all slaves under its jurisdiction!
• 1830: Mexican Congress ineffectively prohibited American immigration and importation of slaves to Texas!
- 1833: Stephen F. Austin went to Mexico City! !
• Got ban against immigration lifted!
• Got vague promises about tariff relief!
• Failed to win agreement to the separation of Texas from Coahuila (A Mexican state)!
• Got imprisoned for writing a letter recommending Texans to set up government without Mexico’s consent!
- General Santa Anna:!
• 1834: Made himself dictator of Mexico!
• Sent reinforcements to deal with Texans who resisted customs collections!
• 1835: William B. Travis captured the Mexican garrison at Anahuac and Austin laid siege to San Antonio!
The Republic of Texas!- 1836: Texas Americans voted to declare independence!
• Tejanos (Texas Mexicans): Some chose to fight with Americans!
• Juan Seguin: Tejano leader who served as a captain in the Texas army!- 1836: Alamo:!
• 187 rebels fought off a larger number of Mexican soldiers for more than a week until they capitulated!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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- 1836 (After the Alamo): !
• Texas army assaulted Mexican troops at San Jacinto River and captured Santa Anna!
• Santa Anna was forced sign treaties recognizing independence of Texas and the claim of territory all the way to Rio Grande !
• General Sam Houston: Hero of San Jacinto and first president of Texas!- Panic of 1837: impelled many debt-ridden and land-hungry farmers to flee to Texas!
Trails of Trade and Settlement!- William Becknell: First merchant to reach the New Mexican capital in late 1821!- In 1841: !
1. Expedition of Texas businessmen and soldiers to Santa Fe!2. Mexican authorities arrested these men!3. Volunteer force of Texas attacked Mexican troops along Santa Fe Trail!
- 1842: Tariff banned the importation of many American sold goods and prohibited the export of gold and silver!
- 1843: Denied American traders full access to the Santa Fe market!- Oregon Trail:!
• Overland route that brought American migrants to the West Coast during the 1840’s!
• Two thousand miles long!
• Typical journey was six months long! The Mormon Trek!
- Mormons: !
• the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints!
• Persecuted in the eastern states!- Joseph Smith: Founder of Mormonism!
• Book of Mormon: a new scripture that he claimed to have discovered and translated with the aid of an angel!
- Smith led followers to Illinois where he got a charter to found a town at Nauvoo!
• Authorized polygamy (plural marriage)!
• 1844: Smith was killed by a mob while being held in jail in Carthage, Illinois!- Brigham Young: Smith’s successor!
• Sent a party of 1,500 men to assess the Great Salt Lake!
• “The state of Deseret” (Utah) became very successful!- 1848: Utah came under American sovereignty !
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- 1857: President Buchanan sent a military force to Utah to enforce American law but heavy snowfall stopped the troops!
• Buchanan offered general pardon for Mormons who had violated federal law but agreed to cooperate with US authorities!
• Mormons accepted!
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War!Manifest Destiny: Expansion of the US until it absorbs all of North America, including Canada and Mexico!
Tyler and Texas!- President John Tyler: States’ rights, proslavery Virginian!
• Initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny!
• 1843: Put weight on the annexation of Texas!- John C. Calhoun: leading political defender of slavery and state sovereignty who helped
Tyler with the annexation treaty of Texas !- Treaty was rejected in 1844 !
The Triumph of Polk and Annexation !- Van Buren opposed annexation of Texas which cost him the election!- James K. Polk: won the election !
• Called for annexation of Texas and assertion of American claims to all of Oregon!
• Annexation was approved a few days before Polk took office!The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny!
- John O’Sullivan: proponent of Young America movement and editor of United States Magazine and Democratic Review!
• Coined the term ‘Manifest Destiny’ which pointed to three main ideas that lay behind it:!1. God was on the side of American expansionism!2. Spread of American rule extended the area of freedom!3. More land was needed for the population growth!
Polk and the Oregon Question!- “Fifty-four forty of fight:” Democratic expression (refers to the latitude of the northern
boundary) for the demand of what is now ‘British Columbia’!- 1845: Authorized Secretary of State (James Buchanan) to offer boundary along the 49th
parallel to British!
• British rejected the proposal!
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• 1846: Congress complied when Polk called on it to terminate the agreement for join occupation of the Pacific Northwest!
- British government made new proposal that:!
• Accepted the 49th parallel!
• Retained their Vancouver Island!
• Gave them navigation rights on the Columbia River!- Senate ratified this treaty on the term that British rights to navigate the Columbia be made
temporary!War with Mexico!
- Mexicans rejected Texas’s claim to the unsettled territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande!
- Polk dispatched John Slidell as an emissary to Mexico City to resolve the boundary dispute!
• Mexican government refused to receive Slidell!- January, 1846: Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor, commander of American forces in the
Southwest, to advance well beyond the Nueces!- April, 1846: Taylor took up position near Matamoros on the Rio Grande!- May, 1846: Congress declared war!- Polk ordered Kearny to march to Santa Fe and take possession of New Mexico!- Polk, angered by Taylor’s inability to advance farther into Mexico, ordered General Scott to
prepare attack on Veracruz!- February, 1847: !
• Taylor claimed victory over a sizable Mexican army at Buena Vista!
• Kearny captured Santa Fe, proclaimed annexation of New Mexico, and set off for California where the Americans had already declared independence as the ‘Bear Flag Republic’!
- March, 1847: General Scott finally landed and laid siege to Veracruz!- April, 1847: Scott met forces under Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo on a barricaded mountain top!
• Scott called for soldiers to scramble up the mountain side where they prevailed!- September, 1847: Scott captured Mexico City!
Settlement of the Mexican-American War!- Nicholas P. Trist: A diplomat who was authorized to negotiate a peace treaty!
• November, 1847: Polk ordered Trist to return to Washington!
• Trist ignored Polk and lingered in Mexico City where he signed a treaty!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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• February 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Added 500,000 square miles of territory (20%)!
! 1. Ceded New Mexico and California to the US for $15 million!! 2. Established the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico!! 3. Mexican residents of the new territories would become US citizens!- March 1848: Senate approved the treaty!- 1853: Gadsen Purchase: Acquired the southernmost parts of present-day Arizona and New
Mexico!- Wilmot Proviso: A proposal to prohibit slavery in any territories that might be acquired from
Mexico!
Internal Expansionism!- 1844: Samuel F. B. Morse created the electric telegraph which would make communication
easier across the region!- Improvements in manufacturing and agricultural methods led to an upsurge in the volume and
range of internal trade!- 1848: Discovery of gold led to a flood of emigrants and projects of transcontinental telegraph
lines and railroad tracks!- The spirit of Manifest Destiny waned after the Mexican-American war!- Focus was now on internal development !
The Triumph of the Railroad!- 1840’s-1850’s: The rise of the railroad transformed the American economy!- 1830 and 1831: Two American railroads (The Charleston and Hamburg in South Carolina and
the Baltimore and Ohio in Maryland) began commercial operation!- Railroads were the same length as canals but the latter carried a much larger volume of
goods and cost less!
• Also, states had heavily invested in canals and resisted new forms of transport!- Later, railroads drove most canals out of business due to their reduced costs (due to
improved track construction and more powerful locomotives)!- Railroads spurred development of the domestic iron industry!- 1860: All states east of the Mississippi had rail service (See Figure 2)!- Railroad Companies:!
1. Sold stock to general public!2. Set pattern for the separation of ownership and control!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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3. Developed ‘preferred stock:’ no voting rights but the assurance of a fixed rate of return!
4. Long-term bonds at a set rate of interest!! !- State and local governments: Loaned the railroads money, bought their stock, and
guaranteed their bonds!- Laissez-faire: the government should keep its hands off economy!- The federal government became involved despite the philosophy of laissez-faire by surveying
the routes of projected lines and proving land grants! The Industrial Revolution Takes Off!
- The factory mode of production was introduced to a variety of other products besides cotton!
• 1850: Iron: Forged and rolled in factories !
• 1860: Wool: Largest textile industries were producing wool cloth!- Essential features of the emerging mode of production:!
1. Gathering of a supervised workforce in a single place!2. The payment of cash wages to workers!3. The use of interchangeable parts!4. Manufacture by ‘continuous process’!
- Mass Production: Division of labor into a series of relatively simple and repetitive tasks!- Small workshops continued to predominate in most industries; however, mass production was
the future!- The development of new and more reliable machines revolutionized other industries!
• 1846: Elias Howe: Sewing Machine !
• 1839: Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization of rubber!- Factory workers remained a small fraction of the workforce!- Agriculture was still first place as a source of livelihood and gross national product!
• 60% of the gainfully employed worked on the land!
• 1837: John Deere’s steel plow: enabled the cultivation of tough prairies!
• 1834: Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper: Offered enormous saving in labor required for harvesting grain!
- Railroads offered western farmers better access to eastern markets!- 1853: The linkage of New York and Chicago shifted trade flow from north-south direction to a
east-west pattern!- Laborsaving features of mechanization released workers for other economic activities!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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Mass Immigration Begins!- Early 19th century: The US economy was labor-scarce!- Women and children were used extensively in the early textile mills!- 1820-1840: 700,000 immigrants arrived in the US, mainly from the British Isles and German-
speaking areas!- 1840-1860: 4.2 million people arrived in the US!- 1845-1854: 1.5 million Irish fled for America due to a potato famine!
• The Irish usually arrived in Canada or northeastern states and remained there!
• Looked down on by most native-born Americans due to their poor-stricken nature and devotion to Catholicism!
- Germans:!
• Escaped with a small amount of capital !
• Many were artisans !
• Many became successful midwestern farmers!
• Encountered less prejudice and hostility than Irish!- Most immigrants came to America for the promise of economic opportunity!- Immigration rates: affected by domestic prosperity and high demand for labor (See Figure 3)!- Large amount of immigration led to a more segregated environment!
• The affluent moved to the suburbs, leaving newcomers in the slums!- Emerging slums: characterized by overcrowding, poverty, disease, and crime!- Middle-class reformers worked to better the environment but had little effect! !
The New Working Class!- Majority of immigrants ended up as wage workers in factories, mines, and construction
camps!- 1830’s: Most men were artisans and factory work was mostly for women and children!- 1840’s: The proportion of men engaged in factory work increased!- Depression after the Panic of 1837: bosses cut wages, increased the speed of machinery,
and gave each worker more machinery to operate!
• This caused unions (such as the Female Labor Reform Association) to form in protest of shorter hours!
- 1850’s: Factory production in port cities grew due to the influx of low-wage immigrants!- By 1860, industrial expansion and immigration had created a working class of men and women who seemed destined for a life of low-paid wage labor!
Manaal Ali!APUSH Chapter 13 Notes
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- Stephen A. Douglas:!
• Senator of Illinois!
• Combined expansionist foreign policy with encouragement of economic development within territories already acquired!
• Sought to neutralize slavery through compromise and evasion
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
