UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Revised Edition
""­UN I VE RSI TY OF THE PHILIPPINl:-S OUEZON CITY, 1956
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
University of the:: Philippines
RIGHTS RESERVED
36 - II 7
41+ - II 17
47 .. 11 17 11 fo11rtb. 11 not "fourtn
l+G - f ootnot C) 2, line 7 - 11 an 11 not 11 .:md 0
59 - line 15 HfJonti st P.ban ;i not nsatisteban 11
61 - II 6 11 1556 ;i not ;r155211
71 - Ii 22 lif;ip)lt l H r.ot t!Ti' i !7 h" •.. , 0.1.
82 ··· :foot.note 3, l:ine 11 -· 11 at, 11 not rrao 17
85 - 88 - 97
omit the [,enten<:(:), 11 _:.nd of those who die ••• 17
109 - footnote J., line 1 - 11:nytholo~:.Y, 11 not ;1rne;tho lop:yn
111+ - line 30
120 ~ a 12
123 - I! 17
148 - last line n sp0ken, 11 not :r Dpokcm i;
155 line 27
155 - ii 17
add 11 that 11 after 11 sum 11
11 It, 11 not liJfll
"rewards, ri not are,:;,.,rcl. s 11
Hencomienda, 17 not Hencomiendas 11
add 11 for 11 after 11 personsH
11 Islands, 11 not a Islans 11
11gates, 11 not agaves 11
add "andY after 11 Spanishn
11 pepper, 11 not 11 papper 11
11 merchanclise, H not 11merchanduse 11
271+ - footnote 2, line 7 - Hcontrary, 11 not 11 contrarty"
275 - line 29 11 those, r1 not Hwhose;i
285 - footnote ( second to the last line) - Hdecrees, 11 not
iidecreed 11
299 - line 6 llHistoria ••• , rr not rtHistorica"
312 - ii 14, "vengeance, II not 11 veangeance 11
318 - I! 7 "condition, 11 not 11 conditon 11
338 - 2nd to last line - 11Real, ii not 11 head 11
339 - line 5 - riprogress," not 11 pr ogres 11
341 - ii 1/+ - omit "byli after 11 rendered 11
351 - ii 3 - 11 that,ri not nwha_tii
353 - 71 13 - l!Jf, 11 not 11rtn
362 - Line
11 ,Sturgis, •1 not "Stur:::i_ssn
i1·1,C1PJ~1'ng f\' r1·ot iiJ'r.:,r:>r•·;ncrfl i.J1....,._,, 1_..,, . J v(...i. •• _ U
last line) - add ;rw;~r, 11 ,?fter 11 fact' 1
lt:[~t line) - non, II not 71 no 11
last line) 11 howitzers, !i not 11 hot it zer s 11
- 11 o·u·•r'·'nteP.~ 11 no·t 11 'Ytl"lI'enteed" L.) --~ . c:;., .., l.:. ' .''.':> _. c... -·
- n ·, r ·i ·~ p ,-, ·" lu-· .1.·1 " H not fl rn l' ,-.u1 P, r :> 1-) J 8 1? 'L---• . .l,.~.i.::.J.• ~;, ,_ ,.J l.J. ~., ... .i.~,,.),/,••
- 11 tanlee., 11 not i1tailo,s;;
add 11 not n after 11 c:ohu11"
h47 {3rd from lnt;t 1:.ne) .. 1ocollcge, ,; no~ :1J.'olle?ge 11
4h9 - line i .,,
451 - It r, ()
11 fr,mc, n not 11 :f:'rac:1
11 orphan, 11 not rrorph::tnc"
11 nverturE;t::," not ;rovertunres 11
it-·1,,·,.ou"" 11 no1·- n.;oJ',)v.,.,.,., L •..; . i..J' J J • ,, ,I 1 ••
p. 11-58 - line
19 11 pesos, ii not 11 per so s 17
line - 11Girls', II not ;;Gir 1 r sr1
15 nwhere in 1872,H not 1'where 187111
paragraph, 6th line) -· "rd::;ecl, ;1 not rayed"
11th line) - 17 concession, ii not
"succession11
1 11 SIX, H not 11SEVENrt
3 oCTit 0 on" after 11 Affaira
17 11Fort,n not "Forst"
31 °virtudes, n not 11 vitudes 11
10 Nevr parac;raph beginf; with 11 Uninformed 11
666 - footnote, line 4 - Period after 11 Cabinet 11
-ii-
Brief accounts in the form of summaries of leading events of various periods of Spanish history have been included to enable the student to understand nore clear­ ly the nature and significance of events in the Philip­ pines and their relationships to contemporary events in Spain an,d in Europe.
I wish to express hereby my e;rc1.titnde to many of my former students and to friends and colleagues who, in one way or another, helped me in the pr1=!paration of the Rgag- ing§_. I wish to tr1ank particularly Miss Jes efa IVi. Saniel who gave much of her time and offort to the reading of the proofs.
University of the Philippines Nov emb er, 194 7
N. ZAFRA
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Readin:2:s in Philir:mine History has been prepared meet the-needf'o·r~r88d.ing materials of students who tab the course, History 5, glven in the first two years oft College of Liberal Arts. This course takes up the his­ tory of the Philippines from Magellan' s voyase of discov to the outbreak oi' tbe PldJ.ippine Revolution. Not ever: thing in this period, ho~9ver, is considered. The gene~ outlines of the history cf this period, as well as the main events and personalities of Philippine history, are presumed to be quite farr1~:_1i::',:.' to tl;.os e who enroll in this1
course. Main intE-3rE,st :.f? di:i.'E,ctr-d to a few selected facts, incidents and epLsodes of this period nnd these are studied on the basis of matE-;riaJ.s gathered fr'om vario\ sources, primary a:1d secondary. It is hoped that, in this1
way, the student not only will acquire a fuller knowledge of the subjects studied, bu.t e1lso may gain famili'.3.rity wit and appreciation of, the vast store house of materials from which a history of the Phili:ppines may be written. Moreover, throt,gh frequent handlin13 and analyzing of some of these rnateriDls, the student may gain valuable ex-1 perience and training in the application of the princi­ ples and methods of historical criticism.
The ft.§JidJ.-r-:.g_s_ is not designed to supply the needs of the historical r·9S()archeJ' or investigator. The latter will have to explore the vast field of Philippine historical lite:1rature itself, using as guides such bibliographical aids as Rotana 1 s Aoara t,o B::i.bJ. ior:rafic o. Rob ertcon r s Biblio-'
I • • -. ,,...-,,._., ,. .. •,.n·--,o..-. .,. .• ,,_ ____ ,.~ ... ..--.-.- ., ... -~ •-. a I
o-y,•cin 1-.,.r of tn;:, Dl,,, · -,T,Dl'}P Tc.·] ·,r;(1C~ "1 r1r, T-ovura's B- '"'] ic,·-e~a Q..;~.J:..-.. ~."':,L,_ __ ·-_...,_,;..1. .. :,'..,.,.,3:.. ;;.,~.-:::~·;_.;;:°.J;;:.Jh,..,.,.:: ..... ~ ... 1..)_ -'?,,;_·:..,.;....~ .. ' Cl. U. Cl v _-1;_~_::,.__.. ... ~--~
Fi.lipind., 'l'r!e 5.eadj.n.~s is intended mainly to meet an urg e::-it and imperative need ,9.r;is ing from the inadequacy the facilities of our libraries in the way of handy and convenient collections of historical sources suitable a1 proper for our purpose.
Most of the :materials contained in the Readings ha been takEm from the 55-volume collection, ThePtII'}.jj_rine Is1ang_§., compiled and edited ,by Emma H. BJ.air and James , Robcirtson, and published by the Arthur H. Clark Co., Clev land, U. S. A. This is the most complete and extensive compilation of Philippine source materia.J.s in English so far produced. Spne of the materials in the Read,t_ngs, ho' ever, have been drown from sour-ceo outside of Blair and 4
Robertson's The Phi1i.n~Jine Islands. Th,2re are a few c ~ ments which, as L1ras I know, have not appea.red in a1 \work -in English translations before this time.
-iii-
PREFACE TC THE NEW EDITION
In this new cdi tion of the Readin2:s- in Phil ippinc Historv:, many cl1;;-u1ges have been introduced. Apart from numerous corrections, irrprovement2 and additions through­ out the text, chringeE, were made in some of tLe documents which uppcD1·cd -i_r1 ti:'ifJ precr:;ding edition. Some docu- rients ha'1e brcn ordttecl aJtogether. In-tho case of other documents, pas:-rnges ha;ie been 1 c;ft out for the sake of brevity. In their a bbrcvia.+~ccl forms, ho111 ever, the latter still retain their e:Jsenti2l character and value as sources of bi~'ltoric:al information. These ch2ng0s have been made to mo.k e pos,3ibl e the addition. of new mc1- terial without increabiw_:i: too much th8 volume of the new edition •
Notable among the new features of tho present edition are the material bearinp: on the life and works of Rizal• Thes 8 hav G been add,ed. in view of the enact- ment of Republic Act No. 1425, popularly known 1s th8 Rizal bill. The lav; provid E~s for the giving of cour­ ses on th~ life, works and writings of Rizal as a part of the curricula of all schools, colJeges and universi- ties of tl1e Pnl.lip:_Jines, public and priv2te. Such c0ur- s es -are ner-:;d ed, according to th\~ spomwrs of the meas­ ure in Congress, to imbue the 7<.mth of the country with the ideals of freedom and nationalism of Rizal. The new material on Rizal in the Rendirnrn will, it is hoped, contribute in some way to the .fulfilJmcnt of the aims and objeclives of the law. Select passages from well known works of Rizal have been included in the nrE':sent edition to enable the student in the course in PLilip­ pine history to acquire a clearer undorstandin~ and a better appreciation of Rizal and of his place and signi­ ficance in the history of the Philippines.
A new chapter, the last, has also been added in the Readinp:s. Under t.110 title, "Philippine Indepen- dence in the Now Age", the cba.pt(~r is intended to serve as a fitting epilogue to the story of the Philippine Re- volution. It t L~lls of the c ontir:.uo ticn, durinv the American regime, of the independence strugrde ·which was sta:::--ted by the lCatipunan Society under Andres Bonifacio in August 1896.
-iv-
I am grateful to all my colleagues in the Depart­ ment -of History w]·10 have rendGred valuuble assistance, in one form or another, in the~ prepc1r,Jtion of the pres- ent edition. I v-rish to thank in particular, Dr. Guadalupe Fores-GRnzon, Professor Josefa M. Saniel, MiE3ses Justina A. Saltiva and Donc1ta Taylo, l'ilr. i,u.rsulio ;3. Estani::,lao Jr., 1\I ' Al.i r-, t. C' rv: . .., . J . C r,.'[ CJ C' ·:. IvT ·: 1 ·'' -·1 ,, . 1\/f L ,. ld rr. ,)_,r ,) ,. 1101a_e,.), 1-. .r .... ,cc.1r .. ,. i. JUL.,.,l), 1',.r. eo 1Jo o TI. Serrano, ;_mcl. J'/[if3S Flordcliza Vicent(:o,
DcpartmeQt of History lJ ll • e r, • t' - .,... ·t· h C) p 1,. • ] _• r O
• :::, C-' ._J.V r,,1 y u_._ . ,, uL.J. 1)!)l.i18,_,
Di1irn.r:m, Que::;on City Decem1)er, 1956
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter One - Background of Magellan's Voya:I,c of Dis­ covery
1. Introductory Survey • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 2. Pope Alexanc~er VI 's Bull arnter Cs.etera 11 • • • • • • 4 3. The Treaty of Tord2slllas • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
Chapter Two - The Magellan Expedition
1. Pigafettc2 's Account of the Expeo.it ion ••••••••• 12 2. Transylvanus Ace ount of the Magellan Ex-
pec:ition .................................. 33
1. 2 • 3. 4. 5 •
The The The The The
Loaisa Expetlition ••.•••••••••••••••••••••. 46 _S2c1vecli--a Ex~eclition ..................•.... 49 T :re J ·0 3r of i~ c1 r a 6 oz a . • . . . o ••• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 2 Ville: lobos E:xpe di tion ••••••••••••••••••••• 55 Leg2zpi Expedition •.•••••••••••••••••••••• 61
Chapter Four - Early l7il5.pino Civilization
1. Morga 's -~,1cesos de le?..!? Islas F:LJJpinas • • • • • • • 8),. 2. Loarco's Relac~6n d0 las Irlas Fj_lip~_nas ••••• 106 3. Plasencia r-;; i1Las Costunibre:::i de los Tai,alos 11 ••• 11$
... 1+ .• C ol_in 's Labor EvangeJ.ic a •••••••••••.••••••••• 132
PART T"u!O - Tm~ FIRST C cJ\JTUR.Y Qli' SPAJ'JIS H RULE
Chapter One - Spain and the Philippines ir1 ·c.~1e 16th and 17t:,l1 Centuries ........................... 167
Chapter Two - Mo"'.",:;G. on ·the Eorly Years o::° Spanish Rule •• 18'5
Chapter Three - EcclesiG stical Fatroru ,·:2 in the Indies •• 213
Chapter Four - Ecclesiastical Affairs L1 the 16th and 17th Centuries
1. Creation of the Diocese of Manila •••••••••••• 224 2. Origin of the Privileres 3njoyed by the
Frid r's i~1 t.:,1~e Ir1d ies ...................... 227 3. Incidents of the Diocesan Controversy •••••••• 229
-vi-
Chapter Six -- Spanish Commercial Policy
1. Laws Regardinr:: Navi2;ation and Commerce • • • • • • • • 244 2. Memorial of Juan Grao y Monfalcon ••••••••••••• 255
PART THREE - THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Chapter One - Spain in the 18th Century
Chapter Two - The Manila-Acapulco Trade
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • •
261
272
Chapter Three - The British Occupation of Manila • • • • • • • 279
Chapter Four - Filipinc Revolts During t.hG 18th Century -
1. The 1745-46 Uprisings .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 292 2. Revolts During the British Occupation • • • • • • • • • 298
Chapter Five - Ecclesiastical Affairs, 1767-1776
1. The Question of the Curacies Durin0 the Times of Santa Justa and Governor Anda • • • • • • • • • 313
2. The Expulsion of the Jesuits • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 320
':IT'fua:pter Six - GovGrnor Basco's AdministrEition
1. Bascovs Plc.ms and. Policies •••••••••••••••••... 325 2. The Tobacco Monopoly •••.••••••••.•.••••••••.•• 329 3. The Real Compafiia de Filipinas ••••••••••.••••• 331
Chapter Seven - The Philip-pines At The Clos(~ of the lest h Century
1. The Governnent of the Philippines • • • • • • • • • • • • • J40 .2. The Provinces •••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••.•••••••• 353 3. Social Life - Manners and Customs • • . • • • • • • • • • • 357
\ PART FOUR - POLITIC1LL' ECONm:rc AND CULTURAL PH OGRESS 1800-:187;
Chapter One - Philip~ine Representation in the Spanish Cortes
1. European :3ackground of Philippine RGDresen- t a ti on •• o •••••••••••••• ~ • o ......... Cl •••••••
-vii-
2. The Philippines and the Cortes of 181C-181J ••• J. The Constitution of Cadiz •..•.••.••.••••••••• 4. The IJ.ocos Revolt, Hn4-1815 ................ . 5. The Cortes of 1$20-1823 •••.••.••••••••••••••• 6. The Cortes of 183/+-1[;37 •••.•.•.......••.•• · • •
Chapter Two - :Material Pron-r()SS
1. Regidor-l',fu.sonr s Account on Philippine Com- mercial Prcrress ••••••••.••••••••••••••• 388
2. Economic c1.nd Soci-11 1(r,sul t::., er" the O~cning of the PhilippirH:s to Foreign Nations
(a) Economic and Social Development •..••••• (b) Commercial and Ao.::riculturel Progress .•• (c) 'social and Political Results •• ~ ••.•..•
J. Other Aspects of Philippines Material Pro­ gress
(a) Improvement of Communication F'c.1ci- J.itj_es .........•............. · • • · •
(b) Campaigns Against Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Three - Provincinl and Municipal Reforms
Ji,04 406 l.i,C~ ' ' ,-i
J.i-1, 41t
1. Defects o.f the· Administrative System ••••...•• 424 2. The Rofprn Decree of 1844 .............•.....• 436 J. 'Ihe Provi.nc es AbclJt the Middl s of · thri 19th ----
C er1 t ur :;:r • • • • • • • • " • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • •••••• 4. The Municipal Reform Decree o.f lt47 •..•.....•
Chapter Four - Educatiorwl Reforms
1. Educational and Cultural Conditibns about the :viicldl e oE th0 19th Century ..•••••••••• 4
2. The Educational Decree of 1g63 •........••... ~ L 3. Other Notable El~ucationa1 DEvel.orments ••••••• 466
Chapter Five - The Spanish Revolution and Its Results
1. Bae kg round of the Hevol ution ................. 2. Effects Upcn the PhiJ.ippinE.~s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter Six - The Cavite Affair of 1872
~-69 478
1. Background of the Cavite Affair •..•••.••••••• 483 2. The Cc1vi te Affair :rnd Its Results •••..••••••• 499
PART FIVE - THE LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE
Chapter One - Spain, 1871-1898 ....................... ..
Chapter Three - Reforms Granted to the Philippines
1. The Tax Reform of l88L1- •.•••••••••••••••••• : •• 2. The Provincial He.form of 1886 ...•..••...•...• 3. The Reform DecreE: of 1885 ......•.•••••.....•. 4. The Extension of the Spanish Codes ••••••••••• 5. The Royal Order of November 12} 1Ss9 ........ . 6. The B.oyal Decree of Hay 1 7, 1893 ............ . 7. Suppression of the Tobacco Monopoly ••••••••.•
Chapter Four - The Propaganda Campaign
1. Rizal as a Propagandist .••..••••••••••••••.•• 2. La Solidaridad ..•..••..•••••••••••••••••••••• J. The PetitioP of 1888 and the Calamba Episode •• 4. La Liga Filipina •••••••..•••••.••••••••••••.•
Chapter Five - The Philippine Revolution
1 • Tl:-1e Ka ti'iJu11an ..... ~ .........................• 2. The Philippines on the Eve of the Revolu-
tion ..................................... . 3. Outbreak of the PlJil ippine Revolution ••••••••
Chapter Six - Philippine Independence in the New Age •••
----o:o----
1. Introductory Survey
The voyage of Magellan to, the Philippines, one of the
great accomplishments of Spain in early modern times, was an
event of the reign of Ch~rles I. (1516-1556) •1 It ranks in
historical importance with Columbus' voyage to· the New World
in 1492 and Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in 149S. These
voyages. were the prelude to that great event of early modern
times which history writers refer to as the Commercial Revo­
lution.
From the standpoint of Spanish national history, the
voyages of Columbus and Magellan were the sequel of an impor-.
tant event which took place in the Spanish Peninsula in the
1 - Charles I was the son of Mad Joan ( Juana la Loca), daughter .of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Philip, the Handsome ( el Hermosa), son of ¥1aximilian of Austria, Emperor of the Hol-y Roman Empire. Besidcf; being King of Spain, he was Em­ peror Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected Emperor of the E:rnpire shortly after his accession to the Spanish throne.
. A descendant of the Hapsburgs of Austria,. Charles I founded the Spanish Hapsb~rg dynasty which ruled Spain for nearly two hundred years. The other Spanish Hapsburgs were Philip II (1556-1598}, Philip III (1598-1621), Philip IV (1621-1665) and Charles II (1665-1700).
-2-
later Middle Ages. This was the union through marriage of
two of the then leading states in the Peninsula, the kingdom
of Castilla.-Leon and the kingdom of Aragon. On October 14th,
1469, Princess Isabel of Castilla-Loon was betrothed to
Ferdinand, · heir to the throne of Aragon. This event signal-
ized the culmination of the centuries-old process of national
evolution which had been in progress in the Peninsula and in
which the small independent Cr1ristian otntes in Spain were
united and consolidc:ited into bigger states and kingdoms. The
ultimate outcome of' this process was the emergence of l-:'fodern
Spain, destined to play a leading role in European affairs
in early modern times.
Under Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516), frequently ~ '
referred to by Spanish 1f,lr1t. 0..r~_,:'l.r1 J;,o:=1 .R.ffVG.S. .. C®nl_j..c.os., t . .rv:'. ·
new Spain, following the example of Portugal, emb0.rk<)rl uJ,ol\
the task of finding a new trade route to the countries of
the Far East. The need for such a route was keenly felt at
that time throughout Western Europe. For the old trade
rqutes over which the riches of the Orient, from immemorial
time, found their -way to Europe, no longer Yc)r'Oved adequate --...-------
and ~~tisfactory. For one thing, the Mediterranean Sea,
over which the goods from the East were carried to Western
Europe, was con\I:oll-ed by the maritime city states of Italy•
Because of their favorable geographical situation in relation
-3-
to the terminals of the old trade routes, the merchants of
the Italian city states had a decided advantage over the mer­
chants of Western Europe in the international competition
for control and domination of the trado with the East. Be­
sides, the countries in the eastern Mr3diterranean, where the
old trade routes had their terminals, wore gradually fall­
ing into the hands of· Moslem Powers.
Portugal pioneered in the task of finding new routes
to the countries of the East. Under the patronage and en­
couragement of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), Por­
tuguese sailors undertook voyages of discovery and explora­
tion along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Princfa Henry did
not live long enough to see the roalization of the Portu­
guese dream of reaching the East by a direct all water route.
However, the project that he had started was carried on by
the Portuguese with undiminished zeal. In 1486, Bartholo-
mew Diaz reached the southernmost tip of Africa. The Por­
tuguese called the place "Cape of Good Hope, 11 a name chosen
to express their undying faith in the ultimate success of
their undertakings. Twelve years later, they had the great
satisfaction of seeing their dream come true. In 149£5,
Vas co da Gama sailed into the harbor of Calicut, India,
bringil}g to a successful conclusion one of the most memor-
able voyages in early modern times. At last a direct all-
-4-
watElr route to the East had been found which could give
traders from Western Europe freedom ::rnd immunity frcm inter­
ference or control on the part of the marit,ime city states
of Italy and the Moslem states in Western Asia.
It was; however, to the Spnin of Ferdinand and IGabella
that the honor belongs of accomplishing the first truly epoch
making voyage of modern times. Six years before Vasco da
Gama accomplished his memorable voyage, Chrictophor Columbus,
sailing under the flag of Spain, and, following a bold plan
of his own to get to the countries o·f Eastern Asia, h.ad suc­
cessfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean and had come upon a
new world, (1492),
Columbus' achievement gave rise to misunderstanding
and controversy between Spain and Portugal. For it was gen­
erally believed. then that the world was much smaller than
its actual size and that Columbus had reached islnnds off
the eastern coast of India. Portugal contended that Columbus
had gone into reeions which at that time wero being disco­
vered and explored by her own navigators.
To settle the controversy bet-ween Spain and Portue;al,
Pope Alexander VI issued in 1493 a papal bull establishing
a line of demarcation between the areas assicned for dis-
-5-
covory and exploration to the rulers of these states. The
YVInter Caetera, r; as this document is known, was promulgated
May 4, 1493.
Important portions of the document are the
Arnone other works well pleasing to his di­ vine llf.aj csty and cherished of our heart, this as­ suredly ranks highest: that in our times especial­ ly the Catholic faith and the Christian law be exalted and overywh.ere increased :.crnd sp:tead •.• Wherefor o, recognizing that as true Catholic kings and princes such as we have always known you to be, and as your illuf;trious deeds already known to almost t, he whole worJ.d declo.re, you not only eagerly desire but with every effort, zeal, and diligence, without regard to hardships, ex­ penses, dangers, with the shedding even of your blood, are laboring to that end; thnt besides you have already long ago dedicated to this purpose your whole soul and all your endeavors, as wit­ nessed in these times with so much glory to the divine name in your recovery of the kingdom of Granada from the yoko of the Moors, we therefore not unrichteously hold it as our duty to grant. you even of our own accord and in your .favor those things whereby daily and with heartj_er ef­ fort you may be enabled .for the honor of God him­ self and- the spread of the Chrj_stian rule to ac­ complish your saintly and praiseworthy purpose so pleasing to immortal God. In sooth we have learned that according to your purpose long ago you were in quest of some far-away islands and mainlands not hitherto discovered by othors, to the end that you might bring to the wors:1ip of our Redeemer and the profession of the Catholic faith tl1e inhabit:rnts of them; ••• thc1.t with the wish to fulfill your desire, you chose our be-
l - Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands, vol. 1, pp. 97 ff. In subseguont citations, BJ.cdr and Robert­ son, The Philippine Islands, will be referred to by the abbreviated form, B. & R.
-6-
loved son, Christopher Colon, ••• to make dili­ gent quest for these far-away, unknown mainlands and islands through the sea, where hitherto no one has sailed; who in fine, with di.vine aid, nor without the utmost di1i6ence, sailing in the Ocean Sea discovered certain very far-away islands and even mainlands th:it hitherto had not bean disco- vered by others... Wherefore, as becoming to Catholic kings and princes, after earnest considera­ tion of all matters, especially of the rise and spread of the Catholic faith, you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring unde:)r your sway tho said mainl&nds E,.nd island;3 vdth their inhabitants 2.nd 7-he dw8llers therein, and
· br;i.ng them to the Catholic f,1ith. ~. By tenor of these pros ents, we do give, gr&nt, and assign to you and you:;:' heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, forever, together with all thoir domin­ ions, cities, camps, places, c:;.nd towns as well as all rights, jurisd:i .. ctions, 2.ncl appurtenances, all isl2nds 2nd m2inlands found E:nd t-'.) be found, dis - covered and to be discoverod towards the west and south, by drawing and 9stablishing a line; from the Arctic pole, nr.-'l.mely the north, to t:.ie Antartic pole, namely the south, no matt.er whethor tho said mainlands and islands are found and to be found in the direction of India or towards any other quarter, the said line to the west. and south to be distant one hundred leagues from any of the is-· lands commonly known as the Azores and Cc:.:i.to Verde-. With this proviso however that none of the is­ lands and ma.inland,s found and to be found, disco­ vorcd and to be discoverec: bevond that said line towards the 1,wst and south, b;.3 in tlic actual pos­ session of any Cllristian kinF; or i'):.:ince up to the birth duy o.f our Lord: Jesus Christ ju2t pa.st in the present year o".1e thousand four hnr:id:cr;d and ninoty threP. Mol.·"eOVP."" ,.·o Yil" 1,e 'l~lPO ·1' 1·1./-· ~ nd de_,_ ._ • ..,,..,. Vv v - C!, ,l_ ' C i._- ..... V et -. V
pute you and your sE1 :j.d J.1c-)::l.rs anc s11.ccesr;ors own­ ers of them with .full and freo powcir, authority, and jurisdiction of every kind; with this proviso however that throue;h th:i.s gift, g:rant, and as­ signment of ours no ri.f:i;ht conferred on any Ch:r·is­ tian prince, who mny be in actual possession of said is1u.nds cJ.nd muinl,111ds up to the said birth­ day of our Lord Jesus Christ, j_s nureby to be consider8d as ·withdrawn or to be wit·,hdrawn, More-
-7-
over we command you in virtue of holy obedience that, cmployin:::; all due diligence in the pre­ mises, a,s y0i..,1_ promise, nor do we doubt your com­ pliance therein to the best of your loyalty and royal greatness of spirit, you send to the said aforesaid mainlands and islands worthy, God­ fearing, learned, skilled, and experienced men, in order to instruct. the aforesaid. inhabitants and dwellers therein, in the Catholic faith and train them in good morals •••
2. Treaty of Tordesillas
tory the arrangement established by the Pope. He felt that
the demarcation line established by the Papal Bull was not
far enough to the west to- include regions which, by reason
of prior discovery and exploration by Portuguese naviga-
tors, properly belonged to Portugal. He demanded that the
line be moved farther to the west. The Portuguese demand
was taken up in a conference of Portuguese and Spanish
commissioners held at Tordesillas in l/i..94. - In that con­
ference the Treaty of Tordesillas "fas concluded, June 7,
1494. Important portions of the Treaty al'e the following: 2
Whereas, a certain controversy exists be­ tween the said lords as to what lands, of all those discovered in the Ocean Sea pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; there~ fore, for the sake of peace and concor6, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said _, _______ _ 2 - ~-
-8-
King and Queen of Castilla, Aragon, etc., they, their s&id represcmtativos, acting in their rwme and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pal~ to pole~ on the said Ocean Seu --- from the Artie to the Antarctic pole. ?r..is boundary, or line shall be JrEiW11 straLr,Lt, as aforesaid, at a di::,tanco of three hundrnd .s.nd seventy 1 eagues west of the Caba Verde islands, being ca:culated by deg1~ees, 01· by L,ny other r:1.e.n.ner.f as :nay be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no 2:rei1ter than above said. And all lands, both i;ldnds and mainlands, found and discove~od alr0adyi or tote found and dis­ covered hereafter by the said Kin[,; of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either no:::-th or south latitude, on t:1e east­ ern side of the said bound, provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the poss2ssion of, and pertain forever to the said King of Portugal .:J.nd his succosso:i. ... :.=;. And all other lands --- bo-:-h islancis and ma:.i.nJands, found or to be found her ea ft er, d:Lscover·ec: or to be discovered herenfter, whi~~ have been disco­ VGrcd or sh2lJ. be discovered bv the said King and Queen of Ca.3tilla, Ara9:;on, eteJ~, ~tr1d by their vessels, on the w2stern side of the said bound, deter~ined as above, after hRving passed the said bound toward the west, in either its no~th or south latitude, shc,11 bolcng tc, and remo.in in possession of, and pertGin forever to tho said King and QuGon of Castilla, Leon, otc,, and to their successors •••
Yten: In order that the said line o~ bound of the ~sc::id division may be made straight &nd as ready as possible the suid distance of three :iundr2d c1nd seventy 1 eagues west o.f the Cc;bo Ver­ de isla,1ds, .'.ls l1.e1~einbefore sJca.ted, the sc=.:id re­ pre$ertatives of both the said parties acree and assent that wi.thin the ten months irnrnedir1.tely following the date of tills t:c8c:,ty, thEdr said const ituer.t J.ords sb.all despatch t°\JO or four en - ravels. Thasc vessels shall meet at the island o.f Grande Ca:1aria ( Grand Canary IsJ.n.nd), during
this time~ and each one of the said parties shall send cert&in persons in them, to wit, pilots, as­ trologers, sai.lors, and any others they may deem desirable. But there must be 8S many on one side as on the other, and cert&in o~ the said pilots, astrologers, sailors, and others of those sent by the said King and Queen of Castilla, Aragon, etc., and who are experienced, shall embark in the ships of the said lCing of Portwi;al anet t11e Algarbes; in­ like manner certain of the s1.id persons sent by the said Kine; of Portugal shall embark in the ship or ships of the said King and Quee:1 of C.::wtilla, Aragon, etc.: a like number in each case, so that they may jointly study and examine to better ad­ vantage the sea, courses, winds, and the degroes of the sun or of north latitude, and lay out the leagues aforesaid, in order t.hat, in determining the 1 ine and boundary, all sent and empowered by both the said parties in the said vessels, shall jointly concur. These said vessels shall con- tinue their course to2:ether to the said Cabo Verde islands, from whence Ehey shall lay a direct course to the west, to the distance of the said three hundred and seventy degrees, measured 3.S
the said persons _shall agree, and measured with- out prejudice to the said parts. When this point is reached, such point ·;,,iill constitute tl1e plo.ce and mark for measuring degrees of the sun or of north latitude eith0r by daily runs measu::.~ed in 1 eogues, or in any other mann-Jr thJ.t sha11 mutual- ly be deor.1ed bettlf;r. This said line shc..11 be drawn north and south as efo~esaid, from the said Arctic pole to the said Anta:.:·ctic }Jole ~ And when this line ha.s been det9rmined as above said, thos·e sent by the aforesaid parties, to whom each one of the said parties must delegate his own au­ thority and power, to determine the said mark and bound, shall draw up a writing concerning it and affix thereto their signatures. And when deter~ mined by the mutual consent o.:' all of tl1em, this line shall be consider2d forAver as a perpetual mark and bound, in Sl.1ch wise that the said par­ ties, or either of them, or their future succes­ sors, shall be unable to deny it, 01· erase or re­ move it, at any time or in an:r manner whatsoever.
---: 0: _.;. .. _
-10-
The Treaty of Tordesillas gav~ Spain the right to ven;..
ture into the unexplored regions of the South Seas as the
Pacific Ocean was then called. Spain, however, did not
make use of this right until many years later. In the mean-
time, Portugal had ;:one to the Eas-s ctncl had started in
earnest laying down the foundations of a vast colonial em-
pire in that part of the world. In 1498, Vas co da Gama ar-
rived at Calicut, India. In 1509, Albuguerq110 acquired Goa,
on the western coast of India, and made it th3 capital of
Portugal's colonial empire in the East. In 1511, Albuquer-
que captured lVIalac::ca from the Malays. That sa1i1e year he
dispatched an expedition in Gearch of the Spice Islands.
In 1519, Spain launched an e:{pedi:~ion ol her own to
the East. That yeal' Ferdinand Ma'Iellan J.eft the port of
Snn Lucar de Barrameda on a voyage cf discovery which even­
tually took him to the Philippines.
The story of the Magellan e:xpcdition is told in two
importcmt source documents: Pj_gafette' s account, first pub­
lished in Italim1 in 1800 under the title, i1?rimo viaggio
intorno al globo tcrracqueo"; and a letter written in Latin
-11-
Insulis 11 • 1
the events related therein. For Pigafetta was a member of
the Magellan expedition. He went through the hardships
and vicissitudes of the voy~ge and was one of the few among
the members of ,the expedition who came bf.lck to Spain alive.
He wrote the story of that memorable voy:Jge o.round the world
using as his main source of information the copious notes
that he had taken down from time to time of things that
happened in the course of the voyage.
Transylv.::tnus wrote his story on the basis of the tes­
timonies gathered by him from Sebastio.n dGl Cano; the navi­
gator who piloted the Victoria back to Spain in 1522, and
from the other survivors of the expedition. Transyl vanus'
"De Moluccis Insulisi1 has a significance of its own in Phil­
ippine historical literature. It was the first account to
be published in Europe relative to the Philippines.
(1) The following is the story, in part, of the Ma­
gelian expedition as told by Pigafetta:
1 - Pigafetta's account is in vols. 33, Jh, B.&:, R. Transylvanus' i1De Moluccis Insulisit is in vol. 1, B.&, R., p. 30 5, .ff.
-12-
Departure from Spain
. On Mondny. morning,. August X, St. La:;4re:r:ice' s Day, 111 the year aboves-11c.;., 2 the fleet, naving been supplied with all the things n0ccsso.ry to the sea, (and counting those of every nationality, we were two hundred and thirty-s ·3ven m.cm), made rea - dy to leave the harbor of Siviglia.3 ••• From Sivi.glia to this point (i.e., San ~ucar), it is 17 or 20 leaguas by river. Some dn:rs after, the captain-ceneral, with his other ca~~ains, descend­ ed the river in the small boats belonging to th~ir snips. We remained there for a c:JnniderG.ble num­ ber of days in order to finish (providing) the fleet with some things that it needed. Every day we w_ent a.shore to hear mass in a village called Nostra Dofla de Baremeda (our Lady of Barra­ meda), near San Lucar, Before the departure, the captain-general wished all tho--men to confess, and would not allow any woman to sail in the fleet for the best of considerations.
We left that village, by name San Luchar, on Tuesday, September XX of thG same yec,r, and took a southwest course. On the 26th of the said month, we reached an island of the Great Can2ria, called 'r · , h · b 1 · · 1 · t ct -r ,...,r). , eneripno, w ic j ies in n at:.. u· e o.L ,:;,..) c.egrees, (landing thore) in order to get flesh, water, and ,vood •••
Mutiny 3.t San Julian
In tha~ port which we called the port of San­ to Julinnno, 1~ we remained about 5 months. IVbny
2 - 15·, q J. .· •
3 - Sevilla. Mag2llan's fleet consisted of the fol­ lowing vessels: Trinid~d (Flagship, 110 tons), San Antonio (120 tons), Concepcion (90 tons), Victoria (85 tons), and Santiago (75 tons). . 4 - This port, located at latitude 49° South on the shores of Argentina, was reached Ma~ch 31, 1520.
. After C:i:'ossiag the Atlantic, Mi:1gellnn' s fleet took time exploring the coa.st of South A1nerica. Cape Santo
-13-
things happened there. In order that your most illustrious Lordship may know some of them, it happened that as soon as we had entered the port, tho captains of the other four ships plotted trea­ son in order that they might kill the captain­ general. Those conspirators consisted of the overseer of the fleet, one Johan de Cartagena; the treasurer, Alouise de Mendosa; the accountant, Anthonio Gocha and Gaspar de Cazada. The over­ seer of the men having been qunrtered, the trea­ surer was killed by dagger blows, for the trea­ son was discovered. Somedays after that, Gaspar de Cazadq, was banished with a priest in that land of Patagonia. The captain-,general did not wish to have him killed, because the emperor, Don Carlo, had appointed him captain. • ••
At the Strait of Magellan
Then going to fifty-two degrees to~-Jard the same pole, we found a strait on the dai (feast of the) eleven thousand virgins (i.e., October 21), whose head is called Capo de le Undici Millia Vergine (i.e., cape of the Eleven Th6usand Vir­ gins) because of that very great miracle. That stro.it is one hundred and ten leguas or 1+40 millas long, and it is one-half legua broad, more or less. It leads to another sea called the Pa­ cific Saa, and is surrounded by very lofty moun­ tains laden with snow. There it was impossible to find bottom (for anchoring), but (it was neces­ sary to fasten) the moorings on land 25 or 30
Agustino on the most eastern headland of Brazil was reached toward the end of November, 1519. Rio de Janeiro was reached on December 13. Leaving Rio de Janeiro on Decem­ ber 26, the fleet proceeded to the estuary of the Rio de la Plata. Here it remained until February. 2, 1520. From the Rio de la Plata IVhgellan sailed to the port of Santo Juliano. Winter had begun and I'-'Tagellan decided to stay there throughout the winter months.. He left port San Julian August 24, 1520. On October 21, 1520, the fleet arrived at the cmtrance to the Strait of Mugellan.
-14-
brazas away. Had it not been for the captain- general, we wo~ld not have found that strait, for we all thought and said that it ·wrw closed on all sides.
After entering that strait, we found two openings, one to the southeast, and the other to the southwes~.,. We went t,'J ex~lore the other opening toward the sout.hwest. ··Finding, however, the same strait continuously, we came upon a ri­ ver which we called the river Sardi~e (i.e., Sar­ dines), because there were ma~y sardines near it. So we stayed ther.J for four d&ys. Du.r::.ng that period we sent a ·wt-;11-eciuipped boat to e:xplore the cane o~ the other s6a. The men returned with­ in thr~e days~ and reported that they had SGen the cape· and'the open sea. The captain-general wept for joy, and:called that cape, Cap0 Dezeado (i.e., Desire), for we h&d been desirin6 it for a long time,,. In'order that your most illustrious Lord ship may believe it, when we were in that. strait, the ni6hts were only three hours long, arid it was then the month of Octob or. The la.nd on the- left-hand side of that strait turned to~1ard the southeast and was low. We called that strait the strait of Fatagonia. One finds· the safest of ports every hulf legua in it, water, the finest wood (but not of cetj.ar Y, fish, sa::...-·clines,. and· mis­ siglioni, while smullage, a s-weet herb (c.1lthough there is also some that is bitter) grows around the spr~ngs. -We ate of it for mnny days as we had nothin.2: else. I bclievG tha-i:, there is not a more beautiful strait in the world than that one. • ••
The Voya·ge· Across the Pacific
Wednesday·, 'November 28, 1520, we debouched from that strait, engulfing ourselves in the Paci- fic Sea. We were three months 1.nd twenty dnys without getting any kind of fresh food. We. ate biscuit, which wa.J no longer biscuit, but powder of biscuits swarming with worms, for they had eaten the good. It s~Gnk s~rong:v of the urine of rats, vfe drank yellow water ·€:1nt had been pu­ trid for many days. We also at8 ~3omo ox hides that covered thG top of the mainyard to prevent
-15-
the yard from chafing the shrouds, and which had become exceedingly hard because of the sun, rain, and wind. We left them in the sea for four or five days, and then placed thr:~m for a few momonts on top of the embers, and so ate thern; and often we ate sawdust from boards. Rats were sold for one-half duc.Jdo apiece, and even ti1cn we could not get them, But above all the other misfortunes the following was the worst. The gums of both the lower and upper teeth of some of our men swelled, so that they could not eat under any circumstances and therefore died, Nineteen ffien died from that sickness, and the giant together with an Indian from the country of Verzin. Twenty-five or thirty men fell sick ( during that time), in the arms, legs, or in cmother place, so that but .few r,:;rnained well. However, I, by the giace of God, suffered no sickness. We sailed about four thousand le­ guas during tJ:wse three months and twenty days through an open stretch in that Pacific Sea. In truth it is very pacific, for during that time we did not suffer any storm. We $aW no land excopt two desert islets, where we found nothin3 but birds and trees, for which we called them the Ysolle Infortunate (i.e., the Unfortunate Isles). They are two hundred leguas apart. We fo1111d no anchorage, ( but 1 near them saw many :::harks. The first islet lies fifteen degr0es of south latitude, and the other nine. Daily we made runs of fifty, sixty, or seventy leguas at the caten2, or at the stern. Had not God and His blessed mother given us so good weather we would all have died of hun­ ger in that exceeding .vast sea. Of a vor:i.ty I believe no such voyage will ever be made (again).
·Arrival at the· Philippines
At dawn on Saturday, March 16, 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of throe hundred leguas from the islands of Latroni, an is­ land named Zamal (Sa:mar). The following dctY the captain-Joneral desired to land on another is­ land which was uninhabited and lay to the right of the above mentioned isJ.and in order to be more secure and get water and have some rest, He had two tents s~t up on the shore for the sick and
-16-
had o. sow killed for them. On Monday after­ noon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain­ general ordered that no one should move or say a word. without his Derrnis~don. When those men reached the shore, their chief went immediate­ ly to the captain-general giving sirns of joy because of our arrival. Five of the rr~st or­ nately adorned of them remained with us, while the rest wont to get some oth,:irs who were fish­ ing, and so thoy all cam,3. The captain-gen­ eral seeing that they were re:1sonablo men, or­ dered food to be set before th9m, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bell,s, ivory, boca­ sine, and other things. ·when they sa-w thn 9ap­ tain' s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which t hoy call 111:il,_Ca {i.e. arrack), figs more than one palmo J.oni:; IT. e. ban,g,nas), and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two cocoanuts. They had nothing else then, but rnade us signs with their hands that they would bring umay or rice, and coconnuts and many other articles of food within four days ••••
Those people became very familiar with us. They told us many things, th::dr names and those of some of the islands that could be seen from that place. Their own island was called Zuluan and it is not ve~y large. We took great pleas­ ure wit;,1 them, for they were very ploc:i.sant and conversable. In order to show then gren.ter honer, the captain-eeneral took them to ~is ship and showed them all his merchandise - cloves, cinnamon, p_epp'er, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, and all things .. in the ship. He had some mor­ tars fired for them, whereas they exhibited grent fear, and tried to jump out of the qhip. They rnado signs to us that the abovesaid ar­ ticles grew'in that place where we were going. When thoy were about to :cetiro they took· their leave very_ grace.fully and ne:3.tly, s.1.yini; that they would return accor.::ling- to their promise. The islan,d where we werJ .1.s ca:::..J ed I-Iuri,unu; but inasmuch as we: four1d- two cp1:0 i:riL)"' there of the clearest water, we call2d it Ac(~ada da li buoni Segnialli (i.e. the Watering nlace of good Sig~~) foi there were the fi;si signs of
-17 ...
gold which wo found in those districts. We found a great quantity of white coral there, and large trees with fruits a trifle smaller than the almond. and resembling pine seeds. There 3.re <1lso many palms, some of them good and others bad. There are many islands in that district, and therefore we call©d them the the archipelago of San Lazaros, as they were discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazarus. They lie in X degrees of latitude toward the Arctic pole, 3.nd in a longitude of one hundred and sixty one degrees from the line of demarcation.
At noon on Friday, March 22, those men came as they had promised us i~ two boatc with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of palm-wine, and a cock, in order to show us thut there were fowls in that district. They exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us, We purchased all those articles from them. · Their seignior was an old man who was paintod {i,E~., tattooed). He wore two r,old earrings (.§..£1:li~) in his ears, and the others many gold arml(:;ts on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads. We stayed there one week, and ,during that time our captain went ashore daily to visit the sick, and every morning gave them cocoanut water from his own hand, which comforted them greatly. There nre people living near that island who have holes in their ears so large that they can pass their arms throw:;h them. Those peoples 2re CC'.phri, that is to say heathen. They go nak~d with a cloth woven from the bark of a tree about their uriviss excent some of the chiefs who wear cot­ ton cloth embroidored with silk at the ends by means of a needle. They anoint themselves with cocoanrrt and with leensced oil, as a protection against sun and wind. They have ·1ery black hair that falls to the waist, and use dnggers, knj_ves, and spears ormunented with gold, large shields, fascines, javelins, and fishing nets that resemble rizali, and their ooats are li~e ours. . ••
On the afternoon of holy Monday, the day of our Lady, lV:[arch twenty-five, while wo were on the point of weighing anchor, I '\.1ent to the
-18-
side of the ship to fish, and putting my feet upo11 a yard le,e.ding down into the storeroom, they slipped, for it was rainy, ,:md consequently I felJ. into t ho sea, so thut no one Grrw mo. When I wns all but under, my left hnnd hDppenod to catch hold of the clew-gnrnet of the mainsaii, which wa~ dansling (&scos~) in the water. I held on tightly, ::ind o,3g.:::rn to cry out so lustily that I was rsscued by tha small boat. I was aided, not, I 'believo, indeed throurh my merits, but through the mercy of that font of ch&rity (i,e., of the Virgin). That saffie day we shaped our course toward the west southwest between four small islc;nds, namely, Cone.lo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien,
At Lirnasawa
On Thursday morning, Mar~h tvrnnty-c-dght, as we had seen a firf? on 2n isJ.and the night be­ fore, we anchored ne.sr it .5 We saw a small boat which the natives call oo::.oto with ciin:ht men in it, ap:µroacning the fl::1gshi:'.). A slave belonging to the captain-general, -,'lho was a na­ tive of ZamatrL~ (i.o., Sumatra); w:i:i.ch -was for­ merly called Traprobana spoke them. Tnsy im­ mediately understood him, ca~e alon~side the ship, unwilling to ente:c but takin:~ 2 po;J:i.tion at some little distance. The c2ptr:.iin see~.ng that thoy would not trust us, threw theD out ,'-l red cap and other thine:s tied to a bit of' wu0d. They received them very gladly, and went away quickly to advise their king. Aoout two hours latbr we saw two balang~ni ;o~i~~. Thev are large boats 2nd a::~e so~ cD.llod J~by -::.hcse· :ooople7. They -were full of mon, and thej_r kine; wus in the larger of them, being seated un-ier a;1 awn­ ing of rn2.ts, When the king cnme ne,:;r th,..; flag­ ship, the slnve spoke to him. Thr_: 1,:-ine; tmder­ stood him, for in those di2tricts -<:,he lcLncs know more languages thnn the oth-3r PCOP~.e. He ordered some of his men to enter the ship~, but he al-
5 - Tho island referred to h,3re was Limasawa, a smetll island lying a short distence sout:-1 of LGyte.
-19-
ways remained in his balane.;hai, at some little distance from the ship until his own men re­ turned; and as soon as they returned he depart­ ed. The captain-general showed great honor to the man who entered the ship, and gave them some presents, for which the king wished before his departure to give the captain a large bar of gold and basl~etful of ginger. The J.atter, how- ever, thanked the king heartily but would not ac- cept it. In the afternoon we went in the ships Land anchored? near the dwellings of the king.
Nex~ day, holy Friday, the captain-general sent his clave, who acted as our interpreter, ashore. in a smaJ.l boat to ask tho king j_f ho had any food to have it carried to the ships; and to say that they would be well satisfied with us, for he /and. his rnen? had come to the island as friends and-not as enemies. The king came with six or eight men in the same bo3.t and enterod the ship. He embraced the cc1ptain-general to whom he gave three porcelain j2rs covered with leaves and full of raw rice, two very large pradc, and other things. The captain-general gave the king a gnrmont of red and yeJ.J.ow cloth rnn cie in the Tur­ kish fashion, and a fine red cap; and to the others (the king's men), to some knives ~nd to others mirrors. Then the captain··:?:eneral huc1 a colla- tion spread for them, and had the king told through the slave that he dosired to -oe c.1si £§..Pi with him, that is to say, brother. 1fhe king re­ plied that he also wished to enter the same rela- tions with the captain-general. The capt1in showed him cloth of various colors, linen, coral Lornaments7, and many other ert:LcJ.es o.f.' merd1an­ dise, and all the artillery, some of which he had discharged for him, wherea'e, the riati vec were great­ ly frightened. Then the captain-gene:ral had a man armsd as a soldier, and placed him in the raidst of three men armed with swortis and daggers, who struclc him on all parts of the body. There­ by was the kinz rende:;."'ed alr!1ost ,speechless. The captain-general told him t~rough the slave that one of those armed men was worth one hundred of his own men. The king answered that that was a fact. The captain-general said that he had two hundred mGn in each ship who were armed in that
manner. He showed the king cuirasses, swords, and bucklers, and had a review made for him. Then he led the kinr._: to the deck of the ship, that is located above at the stern; and had his sea-chart and compass brought. He told the kinr.; through the interpreter how hG had found the strait in order to voyage thither, and how many moons he had been without seeing land, whereat the king was astonished, Lastly, he told the king that he would like, if it were pleasing to him, to send two of his men with him so that he might show them sorJ1e of his things. The king replied that he was agreeable, and I went in coL:pany with one of the other men.
/
-21-
words, they were all astonished. While engaged in that the supper hour was announced. Two large porcelain dishes were brought in, one full of rice and the other of pork with its gravy. We ate with the same si:?:ns and ceremonies, after which we went to the palace of the king which was built like a hayloft and. was thatched with fig LI. e., banang_7 and palm leaves. It was built up high from the ground on huge posts of wood and it was necessary to ascend to it by mean.s of ladders, The king made us sit down there on a bamboo mat with our feet drawn up like tailors. After a half-hour a platter of roast fish cut in pieces was brouglffi in, and ginger· freshly gathered, and wine. 'J'he king's eldest son, who vias the prince, came over to us, whereupon the king told him to sit down near us, and he accordingly did so. Then two platters were brought in (one with fish and its sauce, and the other with rice}, so that we might eat with the prince. My companion became intoxicated as a con­ sequence of so much drinking and eating. They used the ~m of a tree called anjE!Q wrapped in palm or fig £i.e., banarJ.J l~aves for lights. The king made us a sign that he was going to go to sleep. He left the prince with us, and we slept with the lat­ ter on a bamboo mat with pillows made of leaves, When day dawned the king car~ and took me by the hand, and in that manner we went to where WG had had supper, in order to partake of refreshments, but the boat came to get us. Before we left, the king kissed our hands with great joy, and we his. One of his brothers, the king of another island, and three men came with us. The captain-general kept him to dine with us, and gave him many things.
Pieces of cold, of the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our ships. All the dish­ es of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house, as we were to].d by that king himself. According to their customs he wao very grandly decked out ,[niolto in ordin2,7, and the .finest look­ ing man that we saw among those people. His hair was exceedingly black, and hung to his shoulders. He had a covering of silk on his head, and wore two large golden earrings fastened in h:i.s e.al"s, He wore a cotton cloth all embroidered with silk, which covered him from the waist to the knees. At
his side hung a da~ger, the haft of which was some­ what long and all of gold• and its scabbard of carvGd wood, He had three spots of 80ld on every tooth, and his his teeth appear3d as if bound with gold. He wo.s perf'urmed wi.t,h storax and benzoin. H8 was tawny and paintnd Li,e., tELttoeiJl all over. That island of 11:.Lt: w:u~1 call cd Butuan and. Calagal).. When those kinss wished to see one another, they both went to hunt in tl~wt islanl v1here we were• 'l'he nar.··e or -L. h'-'· '"' i r· ·~i- k1· r1,,. ·i c:, 0 ·~ i ,::, C oJ· ""mbu and .J. ,1. V V --l .• ..,. ti'.J . ·.::: --0 ll.-..A.u~~ -C.4, J
the second Raia Siaui.
Easter Sunday Mass e..t Limasawa
Early bn the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter day, the captain-general sent the priest with ao@e men to prepare the place where mass was to be said; togethc:r with the interpreter to tell the king that wo W8I'e not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass, There­ fore the king sent us two sw:.ne that h2 Lad h&d killed. When the hour for li~Ss arrived, ~G l~nd­ ed with about fifty men, wi:-hcuL body arr;1or~ but carrying our other arms; and c!'f')Ss,ed in our 'best clothes. BeforB we reached +:.he shore with our boats, six pieces were disch2r1~i as a sign of peace. We landed; tl1e two ld,1(:;'o 9rnbracecJ the captain-general, 2nd p~_aced liir,, ~'Je+;weqn tr.em, We went in mnrching order to t11e !)2_aco consecrat- ed, which was not far from tl;l.13 3:so: .. e. I::efore the cor.nnencoment of mas~, tne c -,,}:;f:,c in-s ereral sprin:VJ.ed the en-~ire boG'J.(:)S of :,he; two r:in~s with musk water. The mass was off ere1 up. The k::i.ngs went forward to kiss the cross ai we did, but they did not off er the sacrifice. \i!h,~1. t :1e body of our Lord was elev~ted, they reIT~i!ed on their knees and worshiped Him with cl~s;ed hands. ThG ships fired all their artill0ry a~ on~G, when the body of Christ was €levated, the sj_gno.l having been given from the shore witL .r:-'.uslc:e-':-s. After the conclusion of the mass son;e o: our men took communion, The captain-f:':,ancr'al arranged a fencing tournament, at which ·;~Le :~J.ngs were great-­ ly pleased. 'I'hGn he hE:cl a cross ce.rried in nnd the nails and a crovm, to which irmnediate reverence was made. He tolC::. the kinss through thu interpre­ ter that they we11 e the standai·ds given to him by
-23-
the emoeror his sovereign, so that wherever he might go he might set up those his tokens. (He said) that he wished to set it up in that place for their benefit, fo~ whenever any of our ships came, they would know that we had been there by that cross, and would do nothing to displease them or harm their property (property~ doublet in original rtlS.) If any of their men were captured, they would be set free immediately on that sign being shown. It was necessary to.set that cross on the summit of the highest mountain, so that on seeing it every morning, they might adore it; and if they did that, neither thunder,. li~htning, nor storms would harm them in the least. They thanked him heartily and (said) that they would do every­ thing willingly. '11he Captain-general also had them asked whether they were Moros or heathens, or what was their belief. They r2plied that they wor­ shiped nothing, but that they raised their clasped hands and their face to the sky; and that they ~alled their god "Abba". Thereat the captain was very glad, and seeing that, the first king raised his hands to the sky and said that he wished that it were possible for him to make the captain see his love for him. 'I'he interpreter asked the king why there was so little to eat there. The latter replied that he did not live in that place except when he went hunting and to-see his brother, but that he lived in another island where all his fa­ mily are. The Captain-general had him asked to declare whether he had any enemies, so that he might go with his ships to destroy them and to render them obedient to him. The king thanked him and said that he did indeed have two islands hostile to him, but that it was not the season to go there. The Captain told hirn that if God would again allow him to return to those districts, he would bring so many men that he would make the kingrs enemies subject to him by force~ He said that he was about to go to dinner, and that he would return after-­ ward. to have the cross set up on the sun1.mit of the mountain. They replied that they were satis­ fied, and then forming in battalion and firing the muskets, and the captain embracing the two kings, we took our leave.
After dinner we all ·returned clad iE our dou­ blets, and that afternoon went together with the two·
·24-
kings to the summit of the highest mountain there. Wheri we reached the summit, the Captain-general told them that he esteemed highly having sweated for them, for since the cross was therc1 it could not but be of great us0 to them. On asldng them which port was the best to get food, they replied that there were three, Ceylon, Zubu, and Cnlaghann-, but that Zubu wa.s thG lcir:,;u~,t '..1nd the one with most trad·3 ~ They offered-- of thc~ir own accord to ·­ give us pilots to show us the wayl The Captain­ general thanked them and determined. to go there,,_. for so did his ur..hap:py fate wi1l., Aft,er tho cross was erected in position, eGch.of us repeated a Pater Nost;~r anJ Ave Marin E.md adored the cross; and the kinzs-'afd the--s iinc-:--irhen we descend.ed through their c~ltivated fields, and went to the place where the balanghni was. The ki-ngs had some cocoanuts brought in so that Wi:~ might refresh ourselves. The Captain-~eneral asked the kings for the pilots for he intended to d0p2rt the following morning, and (said). that he. vwuld treat them as if they were the kings thems0lves, and would leave one of us as hos­ tage. The l:ing replied that every hour he wished the pilots were at his command, but that night the first king changod his mind, and in the morning when we were about to depart, sent word to the Cap­ tain-general, asking him for love of him to wait
_two days until he would, have his rice harvested, and other trifles attEmded to. He asked the Cap­ tain-general to send him some men and help hirri, so that it might bo sooner; and said that he intended to act as pilot himself. The Captain sent him some men, but t·h8 kings ate and drank- so much that they slept all the day. Somo said to excuse them that they were slightly sick. Our men did nothing on that day, but they worked the next two days. • ••
Those people arc heathGns, nnd go naked and painted. They wear a piece of cloth woven from a tree about their privies •. They are very hoavy drinkers. Their ~omen aro clad in tree cloth from their waist down, and tbeir hair is black and reaches to the ground, They have holes pierced in their ears which are f111ed with 2:old.-. Those peopl0 are constantly chewing a fruit whic!1 they call "arsca" and which resembles a pear. They cut the fruit into four parts, end then wrap it in the
-25-
1 eaves of their tree which they call 71 betroi1 (i. c., betel}. Those leaves resemble the leav8s of th8 mulberry. 'I'hey mix it with a little lime, .and ·when they have chewed it thoroughly, they spit it out. It makes the mouth exceedingly red. All tho people in those parts of the world use it, for it is very cooling to the heart, and if they ceased to use it they would die. There ar(3 dogs, cats swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, cocoanuts, figs ttananas), oranges, lemons, millet, panicum, sorgo, wax? and a quantity of gold in that island. It lies in a latitude of nine and two thirds degrees toward the Arctic pole, and in a longitude of-ono hundred sixty-two degrees from the line of demarcation. It is twonty five from the Acquada, called M:1.zaua.6
We remained there seven days, after which we la id our course tovrnrd the northwest, passing among five islands, Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baybai and Gati1shan ••••
Arrival at Cebu
At noon on April seven, we entered the port of Zubu passing many villages, where 1ve saw many houses built upon logs. On approaching the city, the captain-general ordered the ships to fling their banners. The sails were lowered and ar­ ranged as if for battle and all the artillery was fired, and action which caused ereat fear to those people. The captain-general sent a foster-son of his as ambassador to the king of Zubo and an in­ terpreter. When they reached the city, they found a vast crowd of people together with the Kine, all of whom had been frightened by the mortars. Th(.3 interpreter told them that that was our custom when entering into such places, as a si.gn of peace and friendship, and that we had d.ischnrf,'.ed all our mortars to honor the kin2: of the vi11 n:'2:c. The king and all of his men ;ere reassured; and the king had us as!<.:od by his govE',rnor whaJc we ,:vant ed. The interpreter rQplied th'.:3.t his riast8::- was a cap­ tain of the grGatest king and prince of the world o.nd that he was going to discover Malucho, but that he had comG solely to visit the king because of the good repo1~t which he had h(')ard from the king
6 - It is now called Limasawa.
-26- ,
/ I
of Masau3, and to buy food with his morchandise,, The king told him that he was welcome(literaly: he had coma at a good time); but that it was their custom for all ships that entered their port to pay tribute and that it was but four days since a junk from Ciama (i.e. Siam) laden with gold and slaves had paid him tiibut e. As proof of his state­ ment the king pointed out to the interpreter, a mer­ chant from Ciam3 w:10 hctd rerna.ined to trade the gold and slaves. The interpreter told the king that, since his master was the captain of so [;reat a . king, he did. not pay tribute to any signior in the world, and that if the king wished peace, he would have peace, but if war instead, war.· Thereupon, tl . . h . . d t i ' • ,., • , • t 1e Moro mere ant sai to .,(ie King li,1.ta nun. C':11.....E., that is to say i7Look well, sire". These rne1'l are the same who h3VC': conquered Calicut, Malaca, and all· India Magiore (i.e., India Mn.jor) .•. If they are treated well, tht;y e:ive·good treatn;ent, but if they are treated evil, evil and worse-treatment as they have done to Calicut and }falaca. The interpreter understood it all and told the king that his mas­ ter's king vrns more powerful in men ancl ships than the king of Portogalo, that he was king of Spagnia and emperor of all the Christians, and that if the king did not care to be his friend he would next time send us many man that would destroy him. The Moro related everything to the king who said there­ upon that he would deliberate,with his men, and would answer the captain on the following day. Then he had refreshments of many dishes, all li,.qde from meat and contained in porcelain potters, besides many j8rs of wine brought in. After our men had re­ freshed themselves, they returned and told: us every­ thing. The kinz of .lYbzaua who w:1s th() r.1ost influen­ tial after that king and the Si.r.:nior of 3. number of islands went ashore-~ to speak to _,the king of the great courtesy of our captain-general. •••
On Sunday morning, April fourteen, forty men of us went ashore, two of whom wore coupletely armed and pr--cceded th<"J roy:1.l bannero When we reached l1nd all the artillery was firod.
-27-
Mass Baptism in Cebu
After dinner the priest and some of th~ others went ashore to baptize the queen, who came with forty women. We conducted her to the plat­ form and she was made to sit down upon a cushion, and the other women near her, until the priest should be ready. She was shown an image of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden Child Jesus, and a cross. Thereupon she was overcome with contri­ tion and asked tor baptism amid her tears. We named her Johanna after the emperor's mother; her daughter, the wife of the prince, Catherina, the queen of Ma.zaua, Lisabeta, and the others each their (distinctive) name. Counting men, women and children, were baptized eight hundred souls. The queen was young and beautiful, and was entirely co­ vered with a white and black cloth, Her mouth and nails were very red, while on her heud she wore a large hat of palm ..Leaves in the manner of a para­ sol, with a crown. about it of the same leaves, like the tiara of the pope; and she novor soes any place without an attendant. She asked us to give her the little Child Jesus to keep in place of her idols; and then she went aw3y. In the after­ noon the king and queen, accompanied by numerous persons came to the shore. Thereupon, the captain had many trombs of fire and largo rnort:::irs discharged, by which they were most highly delighted. The captain and the king called one another brothers. That king's name was Raia Humabon. Before that week had-gone, all the persons of that island, and some from the other islands were baptizod. We burned one haw.lot tihich was locat8d in a neighbor­ ing village because it refusetl to obey the king or us. We set up the cross there for those people were heathens,. Had they been Moros, W8 could havq erected a column there as a token of greater hard~ ness, fo-r the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen. , ••
There are many villages in that island. Their names and those of their chiofs are as follows: Cinghapala, and its chiefs, Cilatan, Ciguibucan 1 Cimaningha, Cimatichat, and Cidantabul; one, man­ daui, and its chief, Apanoaan; one Lalan, and its chief, Theteu; one, Lalutan, and its chief, Tapan;
-28-
one Cilumai; and one, Lubucun. All those villa­ ges render0d obedience to us, and gave us food and tribute. Near that island of Zubu was an island called :Matam, which formed the part whore we were anchored. The name of its village was Matan and its chiefs were Zula and Cilapulapu. 'fhat city which was burned was in that island and was called Balaia. • ••
The Mactan Affair
• On Friday, April twenty~six, Zula, a chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to the captain-general, and to say he would send him all that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because o.f the other chief Cilalulapu_, who refused to obey the ki"ng of Spagnia. He requested the cap­ tain to send him only one boatload of men on the next night, so that they might help him and fight against tha other chief. The captain-general de­ cided to go thither with three boatloads. We begged hirn repeatedly not to go' but he, like a good shepherd, refused to abandon his flock. At midnight, sixty men set out e.rmGd with corselots and helmets, together with the Christian King, the prince, some of the chief men, and twenty or thirty balanguais. We reached l'ffatan three hours before dawn. The cantain did not wish to fight then, but sent a mes'.sage to tne natives by the Moro to the effect that if they ·:JOl:.ld obey the king of Spagnia, recognize the Christian King as their sovereign, and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but if they ~iohod other­ wise, they should see our lanbes wound. They replied that if v1e had lances they h.J.d lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with f~.re. ( They asked us) not to proceed to attack them at once, but to wait until morning, so that tnoy might have ~ore men. They said that in order to in- duce us to go in search of them) for they had dug certain pitholes between the houses in order that we might .f al1 into them. When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two c:cossbow flir(hts before we could reach
-29-
the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of cert2in rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached the land, three men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than on(! thousand five hundred persons. When they heard of us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and the other on our front. When the c-aptain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and thus did we begin to fight. The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-houl'', but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields which 'lvere made of thin wood and the arms (of the bearers). The captain cried to thorn, "Cease firing1 cease firingl II but his order was not at all heeded. ·when the natives saw tht1.t we were shooting our muskets to no purpose, crying out they determined to stand firm but they re­ doubled their shouts. When our muskets were dis­ charged, the natives would never stand still, they leaped hither and thither, covering themselves with their shields. They shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears ( ;:'JOfi;_e of them tipped with iron) at the captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones, and mud, that we could scarcely defend ourselves. Seeing that, the captain-general sent ~,ome 1::ien to burn thoir houses in order to terrify them. When they saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury. Two of our men wore killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty houses. So many of them charged down upon us that they shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned atrow. On that account, he ordered us to retire slowly, but the men took to fli[.ht, except six or eight of us who remained with the captain. 'rhe natives shot only at our 1 egs, for the latter were bcJre; and so many were the spea~s and stones that they hurled at us, that 1,ve could offer no resistance. The mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far avJay. So, we continued to retire for more than a good crossbow flight from the shore al­ ways fightin8 up to our knees in the water. The natives continued to pursue us, nnd picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at
-30-
us a~Din and a~ain. Recognizing the captai~, so many turnod upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head t,-iice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, to~ether with some others. Thus did we fight .for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the
·Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could. draw it out but halfway, because he had been wound0d in the nrm by a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resernbl es a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they :r.usr~ed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wound­ ed him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the 'Joats, Thereupon, bE,holding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to tho boats, which were already pulling off. · The Christian Kin:?; 1rnuJ.d huve aided us, but the captain charged him before wo landed, not to leave his ba­ langhai, but to stay to se8 how we fought. When the ~ir~ learned that the captain was dead, ho wept. Had it not been for th&t unfortunate captain, not a single one of us would have been saved in the boats, for while he was fizhtin~ the others retired to the boats. I hope thr6ugh 1the efforts) your most il­ lustrious Lordship, that the fame of so noble a captain will not become effaced in our times. Among the virtues which he possessed, he was more constant than ever any ono else in the greatest of adversity. He endured hunger better than all the others, and more nccur:=i.tely than any man in the wo:tld did he understand sea charts 2,nd navigation, And that this was the truth was seen openly, for no other had had so much natural talent nor the boldness to learn how to circumnavigate the world, as h0 had almost done. Tllat battle was fought on Saturday, April twenty-seven, 1521. The captain desired to fight S:1turday, especially holy to him. Eight of our men were killed with him in that battle, and four Indians, who ha.d b eGome Christians and who come afterwnrd to aid us ware killed by the mortars
-31-
of the boats. , Of the enemy, only fifteen were killed, while many of us were wounded,
In the afternoon, the Christian king sent a message with our consent to the people of :Matan, to the effect that if they would give us the cap­ tain and the other r.ien who had been killed, we would give them as much merchandise as they wished. They answered that they would not give such a man, as we imagined- ( they should do) and that they would not give him for all the riches in the world, but, they intended to keep him as a memorial.
On Saturday, the day on which the captain was killed, the four men who had remained in the city to trade, had our merchandise carried to the ships • • • •
The Return Voyage t6 Spain
On Tuesday night as it dre1,I/ near Wednesday, February eleven, 1522, we left the island of Timar and took to the great open sea called Laut Chidol. Laying· our course toward the west southwest, we 1 eft the island of Zamatra, formerly called Traprobana, to the north on our right hand, for fear o.f the king of Portoghala; ••• In order that we might double the cape of Bonna Speranza (i,e., "Good Hope"), we descended to forty-two degrees on the side of the Antarctic Pole. We were nine weeks near t\1at cape with our sails hauled down because we had the west and northwest 1,d.nds on our bow quarter and because of a most furious storm. That cape lies in a la­ titude of thirty-four and one•half degrees, and is one thousand six hundred leguas from the cape of Nalaca. It is tho largest and most dangerous cape in the world. Some of our men, both sick and well, wished to go to a Portuguese settlement called Mozambich, bGcause the ship was leakJ.ng badly, be­ cause of the severe cold, and especially because we had no other food than rice and water; for as we had no salt, our provisions of meat had putrefied. Some of the others however, n~re desirous of their honor than of their own lif8, determined tb go to Spagnia living or dead. Finally by God1 s help, we doubled that capo on May six at a distence of five
-32 ...
leguas. Had ,,. e not approached so closely, we could never have doubled it. Then we sailed nortrr-­ west for two months continually without taking on any fresh food or water (r.gfrj.gerio). Twenty-one men died during that short time. When we cast them into the sea, the Christians went to the bottom face upward, while the Indians always went down face downward. Had not God given us good weather we would all have perished of hunger. Finally, constrained by our great extremity, we went to the islands of Capo Verde. Wednesday, July nine, we reached one of those islands called Sancto Jacobo, and immediately sent the boat ashore for food, with the story for the Portuguese that wo had lost our f,oremast under the equinoctial line (although we had, lost it upon the cage of Bonna Speranza), and when we were rcstepping it, our capit,~in-gencral had gone to Spagnia with the other two ships; With those good words and with our merchandise, we got two boatloads of rice. We charged our men when they went ashore in the boat to ask what day it was, and they told us that it was Thursday v1ith the Portu­ guese. We were greatly surprised for it was Wed­ nesday with us, and we could not see how we had made a mistake; for as I had always kept well, I haa set down every day withou4 .any interruption •. How­ ever, as was told us lator, it was no error, but as the voyage had been made continually to,1ard the west and we hrtd returned to the same place as does the sun, we had made that gain of twenty-four hours, as is clearly seem. The boat having returned to the shore again for rice, thirteen men and the boat wen detai~ed1 boc~use one of them!, as we learnen after• ward in ~pagnia, told the Portuguese that our cap­ tain was dead, as w~ll as others, and that we were not going to Spagnia. Fearing lest W8 also be taken prisoners by certdin ca:pavols, we hastily de· parted. On Saturday, Septemb,0r six, 1522, we en- . tered tho bay of San Lucar wi"i:;h only eighteen men \ and the majority of them sickt all that were left ' of the sixty rnen who left Malucho. Some died of hunger; some dessert ed at the island of Timor; and some wore put to death for crimes. From the time we loft that bay (of San Lucar) until the present day (of our return), we had sailed fourteen th-ousani four hundred and sixty legua.s, and furthermore had completed the circumnavi.l!ation of the world from east to west. On Monday; September oight, we cast .
-33-
anchor near the quay of Seviglia, and discharged all our artillery. Tuesday, we all went in shirts and barefoot, each holding a candle, to visit the shrine of Santa Maria de la Victoria (i.e., trSt. Mary of Victory"), and that of Santa Maria de 1 1 Anti qua (i.e. 2 t1St. Mary of Antiquity").
Leaving Seviglia, I went to Vagliadolit (_i.e., Valladolid), where I presented to his sacre_d I,lajesty, Don Carlo, neither gold nor silver, but things very highly esteemed by such a sovereign. Among other things I gave him a book, written by my hand, concerning all the niatters that had oc­ curred frorn day to day during our voyage. I left there as best I could and went to Portngalo where I spoke with King Johanni of wh9.t I had,_ s ee:1 ~ Passing through Spagnia, I went to Fransa where I made a gift of ce1"tain things from the other he­ misphere to the mother of the most Christian king, J2on Francisco, Madame_ the regent. Then I c.'lme to .Ltalia, where I established my permanent abode, and devoted my poor lab ors to ·the famous and r;iost illustrious Lord, Fhilipo de Villers Lisleadam, the most worthy grand master of RhodL,
The Cavalier
ANTONIO PAGAPHETTA.
Background of the Exp edit ion
Not long ago one of tr10s e five ships re­ turned which the emperor, while 118 was at Sara­ gossa some years aDo, had sent into a strm1ge and
1 - B. & R., Vol. 1, P• 305, ff.
-34-
hitherto unknown part of the world, to search for the islands in v1hich spices grow. For al though the Portuguese brine; us a great quantity of them from the Golden Chersonesus, which we now call .Malacca, nevertheless their own Indian possessions _produce none but pepper. For it is well known that th8 other spices, as cinnamon, cloves, and the nutme.g, 1:Jhich we call mus cat, and its cover­ ing (mace J which we call muscat-flower, are brought to their Indian possessions from distant islands hitherto only known by name' in ships held toge­ ther not by iron fastenings, but merely by palm­ leaves and having round 5ails also woven out of palm-fibers. Ships of this sort they call "junks" and they are impelled by the vdnd only when it blows directly fore or aft.
Nor is it wonderful that th~se islands have not been known to any mortal, almost up to our time. For \-1hatever statements of ancient authors we have hitherto read with respect to the native soil of thase spices, are partly entirely fabulous, and partly so far from truth, that the very re­ gions, in v.Jh5_ch th(;y asserted that these spices were produced, are scarcely less distant froB the countries in whic:1 it is now ascertained that they grow, than_we ourselves ••••
Now it was necessa~y for our sailors, who have recently returned, to sail round the w