Reading Writing Skills of Arabic
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Transcript of Reading Writing Skills of Arabic
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Reading and Writing
Skills
Edited on 5th Rabee3u-th-thaanee 1431
21st March 2010
READINGREADINGREADINGREADINGANDANDANDAND
WRITINGWRITINGWRITINGWRITING
SKILLSSKILLSSKILLSSKILLS
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INDEX
Introduction 2PART ONEPART ONEPART ONEPART ONE
Revision of the step by step book 3My beautiful letters 4Table of Arabic letters 5
Writing exercices 7The Marks 9Fat-hah 9Letter Hamzah 10Fat-hah and Alif Maddiyyah 12The shortened Alif 15kasrah 16Kasrah and yaa' Maddiyah
17Dammah 20Dammah and waaw Maddiyah 22Sukoon 24How to pause on Arabic words 25Shaddah 26
PART TWOPART TWOPART TWOPART TWO
Rules of reading more than a word 29Introduction to the Arabic word 30Tanween 31Tied Taa' 35Connecting Hamzah 37Disconnecting Hamzah 38Laam in (Al of definition) 39
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INTRODUCTION
All praise is for Allah. We praise Him, seek His help and forgiveness. Weseek refuge in Allah from the evils of ourselves, and the evils of our actions.I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah alone
and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant andMessenger.
- In the book you have in hand, we will complete the needed lessons to
be able to read and write any Arabic text
- We will start with a revision of the Step by Step book: Arabic letters,how to connect or separate them, the Arabic marks and the comparisonbetween short and long vowels.- Few new important lessons are added to make you able to readwords together are added.- It is important to know that this is a book of reading and writingpractice book, not a book to learn the language, so you might find fewwords that do not have meaning in Arabic but we are only using them forpractice.
- We will keep transliteration for most of the words, as probably it willbe a self-studying book, but always try to read the words without thetransliteration first then check if it is correct.- A question that might come to your mind when doing these lessons
is:
Why does the same word appears with different marks on the
last letter?
The ending of an Arabic word changes after its position (role of theword in the sentence e.g. subject, object etc ). However, the wordstill means the same.The reason of these changes will be explained later in the Qur'aanicArabic lessons
Hope you find these notes useful. May Allaah keep you straight on hispath, and teach you what will be beneficial for you, give you success in thislife and in the hereafter.
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PART 1
REVISION OF THE "STEP BY STEP" BOOK
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My beautiful letters
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Letter
Name
Figure
Vocaliza-
tion
Transliter-
tion
Example
N
ew
Heavy
Light
Atthe
end
Inthe
middle
Atthe
beginning
Connected
fromright
only
1
Ham
zah
firstsoundin
(a,o,e,
i)
a,o,e,
i
'Apple
*
2
Baa
b
b
Back
*
3
Taa
t
t
Tab
*
4
Th
aa
th
th
Thank
*
5
Jeem
j
j
Jar
*
6
Haa
-
h
-
*
*
7
Kh
aa
-
kh
-
*
*
8
Daal
d
d
Data
*
*
9
Dh
aal
th
dh
That
*
*
10
Raa
r
r
Right
*
*
11
Za
ay
z
z
Zoo
*
*
12
Se
en
s
s
Sand
*
13
Sheen
sh
sh
Shado
w
*
14
a
ad
S
s
s
Sauce
*
15
a
ad
D
-
d
-
*
*
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16
T
aa
t
t
-
*
17
Dhaa
th
dh
-
*
18
3ayn
-
3
-
*
*
19
Gh
yne
-
gh
-
*
*
20
F
aa
f
f
Fat
*
21
Q
aaf
-
q
-
*
*
22
K
aaf
k
k
Kid
*
23
La
am
l
l
Lamp
*
24
Meem
m
m
Map
*
25
Noon
n
n
Name
*
26
H
aa
h
h
Hat
*
27
W
aaw
w
w
Wing
*
*
W
aaw
Mad
diyah
oo
oo
Moon
*
__
*
28
Y
aa
Y
Y
You
*
Y
aa
Mad
diyah
ee
ee
Deep
__
29
A
lif
Mad
diyah
Longa
aa
sad
*
*
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WRITING EXERCISESWRITING EXERCISESWRITING EXERCISESWRITING EXERCISES
Connect the letters of the word
...............................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
Separate the letters of each word
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Remember that the non connectors (the letters connected from
right side only) are:
Connect the letters of the word
.............................................................................
..................................................................
...............
...................................................................................
Separate the letters of each word
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*1 THE MARKSTHE MARKSTHE MARKSTHE MARKS
ammah, Kasrah, Sukoon and Shaddah)Dah,h-(Fat
1111----FATFATFATFAT----HAHHAHHAHHAHis a small diagonal line placed above a letter, and represents a short (a).
This (a) is pronounced as (a) in (tablet). The word Fat-hahmeans opening,
and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an (a)
The mark of Fat-hah is up, and my mouth goes up
ahh-FatThe letters with the
2*'abatathajahakha dadharazasashasa
datadha3aghafaqa
kalamanahawaya*1-The letter ( ) you see at the beginning of that word is not a long vowel
(long vowels cannot start a word) but it is a type of Hamzah called Hamzah
of connection that will be explained later in that book.
*2- We have only chosen the form of the Hamzah without a seat as an
example, anyway the Hamzah sound will not change with all her seats. Lookat the next page for a quick revision of Hamzah.
ba
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LETTER HAMZAHLETTER HAMZAHLETTER HAMZAHLETTER HAMZAH
The Hamzah is represented by a sign. This sign is sometimes written overor under certain letters called seats, or else aloof.
:(The seats can be((((or(The seat is not pronounced, but is only an orthographic convention in thespelling of words with Hamzah.
There is a cardinal rule in the reading of Hamzah:
The writing of Hamzah:
1- Aloof ( ) not connected from right or from left.2- With a carrier, in which case it becomes like a diacritic:
a- Above and under an Alif ( ( (This is how it appears at the beginningof a word)
b. Above a waaw )(c. Above a dotless yaa' )( The rules of writing The Hamzah will be studied later
Important comment:Note that the Alif and Hamzah are two different letters. The letter Alif is
a long vowel, always written free from any type of Harakah, and it nevercomes at the beginning of a word. But Hamzah is a consonant thatcomes anywhere in the word with a Harakah.(Step by step book page 61)
But because the Hamzah is mostly using Alif as a seat, people call the
Hamzah on the top of Alif () : "Alif" also.This might cause lot of confusion to the beginners but soon you will get
used to it.
In our lessons, we will always follow the correct way of differentiatingbetween them as they are not the same.
If there is a seat, ignore it.
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ahh-Words with Fat
Read, Copy and revise how to connect the letters
fatahakatabaghasaladhalamahasada
jama3afa3alanasarakasaba3amala
qatalaghafaranasakanaharayabasa
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yah (long vowel)yah and Alif Maddih-Fat
If the letter Alif ) ) comes after a letter with Fat-hah (Alif is alwayspreceded by Fat-hah), then this Alif will be pronounced like double Fat-hah as (a) in dad. We call it Alif Madiyyah.
-Alif Maddiyyah is the long form of Fat-hah
An Arabic word cannot start with Alif Maddiyah because Madd is likeSukoon.
StandardArabic)+=(
Qur'aanscriptz#
'aabaataathaajaahaakhaa
daadhaaraazaasaashaasaa
daataadhaa3aaghaafaaqaa
kaalaamaanaahaawaayaa
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ah and with long vowel Alifh-Comparison between letters with Fat
Madiyyahah and Alifh-Words that have Fat
'aababaatataabathaarajaalahaamakhaaba
daanadhaqaraajazaalasaahashaahasaagha
daa3ataaradhaa'a3aathaghaasafaazaqaada
kaalalaahamaa'anaasahaabawaalayaaya
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in wordsah and long vowel Alifh-Comparison between Fat
zt#u
amanaaamanarafa3araafa3aahfataahfaata
You should be able to continue reading without help
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2222----KASRAHKASRAHKASRAHKASRAHIs a small diagonal line placed below a letter and represents a short (i).
This (i) is pronounced as (i) in bin. The word Kasrahmeans breaking.
The mark of Kasrah is down, and my mouth goes down bi
Words with kasrah'ibitithijihikhi
didhirizisishisi
ditidhi3ighifiqi
kiliminihiwiyi
ah and kasrahh-Words with Fat
habitakhasiranasiyakarihaibili
farihaya'isafazi3aya3iya3alima
asifabariqalabithawasi3abakhila
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Kasrah and yaa' Maddiyah (long vowel)
- If the letter Yaa' ( ) comes after a letter with Kasrah and has no markover or below it, then this Yaa' will be pronounced like double Kasrah as(ee) in beep. We call it Yaa' Madiyyah.
- Yaa' Maddiyyah is the long form of kasrah.
- An Arabic word cannot start with Yaa' Maddiyyah (Madd is like Sukoon)
'eebeeteetheejeeheekhee
deedheereezeeseesheesee
deeteedhee3eegheefeeqee
keeleemeeneeheeweeyee
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Comparison between letters with kasrah and long vowel Yaa'
Words that have long vowel Yaa'
'eemaanakabeerateenakatheerarajeemaraheemarakheesa
deenanadheerareema3azeezayaseelarasheedaqaseera
nadeedateeba3adheema3eeragheedafeelaqeela
makeenaqaleelasameenaneelaraheebaraaweenaayee
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Comparison between kasrah and long vowel Yaa' in words
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3333---- DAMMAHDAMMAHDAMMAHDAMMAHIs a small curl placed above a letter and represents a short (u). This (u)is pronounced as (u) in bull . The word Dammahmeans a hug.
The mark of Dammah looks like a whistle, that I blow in.bu
ammahDLetters with
'ubututhujuhukhu
dudhuruzusushusu
dutudhu3ughufuqu
kulumunuhuwuyu
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ammahDWords with
kutubusubuluhurumurusuluturuqu
3urubunudhuru3umurukuthuruzuburu
ammah and waaw Maddiyah (long vowel)D
- If the letter Waaw ( ) comes after a letter with Dammah and has no
mark above or below it, then this Waaw will be pronounced like doubleDammah as (oo) in boot. We call it Waaw Madiyyah.
- Waaw Maddiyah is the long form of Dammah.
- An Arabic word cannot start with Waaw Maddiyah (Madd is like Sukoon)
'oobootoothoojoohookhoo
doodhooroozoosooshoosoo
dootoodhoo3ooghoofooqoo
kooloomoonoohoowooyoo
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waawammah and long vowelDComparison between letters with
Words that have long vowel waaw
'oolaabooruyatoobunathooru3ujooluhoorukhooru
doonaadhuqamuroojiyazoorusooruqushooraqusooru
doora3utoorihudhoodhuya3oolanaghoosufoolutaqoodu
akoona3uloomiyamoorunoorusuhooladawoodu3uyooni
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in wordsammah and long vowel waawDComparison between
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4444----SUKOONSUKOONSUKOONSUKOON (Absence of the vowel)
This mark written on the top of the Arabic letter indicates that this letter isnot followed by any vowels sound (Absence of the vowel).It is pronounced as t in ant, b in cobraetc
..... ..
ra'sunabneeyat3abunath'arumujmalumuhsinufakhra
.......
madyanu3adhbibarqawizriyasma3uqirshunasru.......
fadlee3itrunaahadhruba3leenaghfootaftahunaqli
. . ....
maktabahalamhalaminhusahlusawsansaylu
This is to show the way to pronounce Sukoon in the middle of a word, to stop beforethe dot then to continue the word. The correct way of writing is on the next line.
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How to pause on Arabic words
- An Arabic word never starts with Sukoon.- If you pause on any word, you have to keep a Sukoon on the last letter
of the word e.g. the last letter must be 'still' (in reading) even if there is adifferent mark on it (in writing).
Pausingform
The word
Word ending with Fat-hah or Dammah or Kasrah, wepause with sukoon on the last letter. walad -
Word ending with a long vowel, we pause on a longvowel as well. Fee
Maa
yarjoo
Word ending with Shaddah, we pause on sukoon butwith doubling the letter. 3aduww
If the last letter is a waaw without Shaddahpreceded by a Dammah, or a yaa' without Shaddahpreceded by a Kasrah, we change the waaw and yaa'to long vowels when pausing.
hoo
hee
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5555----SHADDAHSHADDAHSHADDAHSHADDAHThis mark written on thshould be stressed (whisame letter with a vow
Shaddah can be with th
Help Shaddathe ton
1-Shaddah with Fat-Example: when you say
On the first 't' there is
2-Shaddah with KasExample: when you say
On the first 't' there is
3-Shaddah with DaExample: when you sayOn the first 't' there is
+ ( with
+ with)+ ) with
ss.com
e top of the Arabic letter indicatesch means to pause on the letter al).
e Fat-hah or the Kasrah orth is repeating the letter twice with
ue: once with a sukoon and once
hah
: what time is it?
Sukoon and on the second there
rah: Do you like hot tea?
Sukoon and on the second there i
mah : I like it too!Sukoon and on the second there i
(Step by Step
shaddah and Fat-hah) is batta = shaddah and Kasrah) is batti = shaddah and Dammah)is battu =
Page
that the letterd then to say the
eDammah ut moving
ith a vowel
is a Fat-hah.
s a Kasrah.
s a Dammah.
age 21)
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Words with Shaddah at the end of the word
abbaabb
abbiabb
abbuabb
fullpausal*
battabattibattubaththabaththibaththu
3ajja3ajji3ajjumahhamahhiuhhma
rakhkharakhkhirakhkhusaddasaddisaddu
hadhdhahadhdhihadhdhusarrasarrisarrumazzamazzimazzuhassahassiuassh
rashsharashshirashshuqassaqassiussqa
haddahaddihadduda33ada33ida33u
zaghghazaghghizaghghukaffakaffikaffu
daqqadaqqidaqqushakkashakkishakku
jallajallijalluhammahammihammu
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hannahannihannusahhasahhisahhu
qawwaqawwiqawwu3ayya3ayyi3ayyu*You should read each word once in full form keeping the last vowel (when youcontinue reading after that word) and once when pausing on Sukoon by keepingthe stress (doubling the letter) on the last letter.
Words with Shaddah
Full formPausal formMeaning
Allaahusharruhubbafannaanukhayyaatu
AllaahsharrhubbfannaankhayyaatAllaahevilloveartisttailor
sittoonamuttaqeesaffumudarrisunajjaarusittoonmuttaqeesaffmudarrisnajjaarsixtypiousrowteachercarpenter
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PART 2NEW LESSONS
RULES OF READING MORE THAN A WORD
1- INTRODUCTION OF THE ARABIC WORD2- TANWEEN3- TAA' MARBOOTAH
4- HAMZA-TUL-WASL5- LAAM AT-TA3REEF
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1111---- INTRODUCTION TO THE ARABIC WORDINTRODUCTION TO THE ARABIC WORDINTRODUCTION TO THE ARABIC WORDINTRODUCTION TO THE ARABIC WORD
The Arabic Word
Noun ParticleVerb
Human
Past tenseverb
Preposition
..
Animal
Present
tense verb Conjunction
Particle ..
Solid Command
verb( imperative)
NegationParticle
Plant CallingParticle
PlaceEtc.TimeAdjective
Pronoun Demonstrative
RelativePronounEtc.
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2222----TANWEENTANWEENTANWEENTANWEEN Tanween is a sound of Noon with Sukoon, that you hear at the end of
Arabic indefinite nouns, but you do not write as a letter. It is written in aspecial way, by writing the vowel marktwice.
=bintan =bintin =bintunorTanweenFat-hah
(Fat-hataan)*
Tanween Kasrah(Kasrataan)
TanweenDammah
(Dammataan)
Fat-hataan means 2 Fat-hah, Kasrataan means 2 kasrah and Dammataan
means 2 Dammah. (as if the first is the vowel and the second in for )
- Note that the Fat-hataan marks are regularly followed by an Alif,written as the last letter in the word, but this Alif does not indicate a longvowel except in the pausal form.
- The sound of Noon is heard only when we continue to read after thatword, but if we pause on that word, we pause on Sukoon over the lastwritten letter and we do not hear Noon sound of Tanween.
Full form Pausal form
(Continuing reading after that word) (Stopping on that word)
1- Dammataan un: bintun bint (like in Dammah)2- Kasrataan in: bintin bint (like in Kasrah)3- Fat-hataan an: bintan bintaa(different than
Fat-hah due to the long vowel Alif that is added to the end)
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The letters with Tanween and how to pause at the end of the word
full
pausalda'un
da'da'inda'
da'anda'aa
abunab
abinab
abanabaa
batun
batbatinbat
batanbataa
bathunbath
bathinbath
bathanbathaa
3ajun
3aj3ajin3aj
3ajan3ajaa
mahunmah
mahinmah
mahanmahaa
rakhun
rakh
rakhin
rakhrakhan
rakhaasadun
sad
sadin
sadsadan
sadaa
hadhunhadh
hadhinhadh
hadhanhadhaa
sarunsar
sarinsar
saransaraa
mazun
mazmazinmazmazanmazaabasunbasbasinbasbasanbasaa
rashun
rashrashinrash
rashanrashaa
qasunqas
qasinqas
qasanqasaa
hadunhad
hadinhad
hadanhadaa
batunbat
batinbat
batanbataa
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nadhunnadh
nadhinnadh
nadhannadhaa
da3unda3
da3inda3
da3anda3aa
zaghun
zaghzaghinzagh
zaghanzaghaa
kafunkaf
kafinkaf
kafankafaa
daqun
daqdaqindaq
daqandaqaa
shakunshak
shakinshak
shakanshakaa
jalunjal
jalinjal
jalanjalaa
hamunham
haminham
hamanhamaa
fanunfanfaninfanfananfanaasahunsahsahinsahsahansahaa
lawunlaw
lawinlaw
lawanlawaa
nayunnay
nayinnay
nayannayaa
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Words with short vowels and Tanween and how to pause on them
TanweenDammah
DammahTanweenKasrah
KasrahTanweenFat-hah
Fat-hah
Fullform
baytunbaytubaytinbaytibaytanbaytaPausal
form
bayt
bayt
bayt
bayt
baytaa
bayt
meaninghousehousehousehousehousehouseFullform
kitaabunkitaabukhayrinkhayrirasoolanrasoola
Pausalform
kitaabkitaabkhayrkhayrrasoolaarasool
meaningbookbookgoodgoodmessengermessenger
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3333 ----TAA' MARBOOTAHTAA' MARBOOTAHTAA' MARBOOTAHTAA' MARBOOTAHThe Tied Taa'
- Taa' Marbootah occurs only as the last consonant of a noun.- It is a sign of femininity in singular nouns.
- It is a combination of the letter and the letterEx - If we continue the reading after a word ending with Taa' Marbootah, we
pronounce it as a Taa' , but if we pause on such word, we pause ona Haa'with Sukoon.
*Notice that the long vowel Alif that comes after Tanween Fat-hah is notwritten after Taa' Marbootah and that the pausal form is on Haa' Sukoonas well.
Ex.
TanweenDammahDammah
TanweenKasrahKasrah
TanweenFat-hahFat-hah
Full formwardatun
wardatu
wardatin
wardati
wardatan
wardata
Pausalform
wardahwardahwardahwardahwardahwardahmeaningroseroseroseroseroserose
Full formsalaatunsalaatukalimatinkalimatijannatanjannata
Pausalform
salaahsalaahkalimahkalimahjannahjannah
prayerprayerwordwordparadiseparadise
If you fly to the next word, take the upperdots of with you
& if you stop suddenly and fall, you say oh!
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/Read
.1- bintun jameelah. A beautiful girl .hin kabeerat'iraaat-2
A big plane
..hahaliasnutu zawjathadeejak-3Khadeeja is a good wife
Notice that when we pause at the end of the sentences, we change thesound of Taa' Marbootah to a Haa' with sukoon.
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4444---- HAMZATHAMZATHAMZATHAMZAT----ULULULUL----WASLWASLWASLWASLThe connecting Hamzah
If the Alifis not carrying the sign of Hamzah, then it must be a long vowel
EXCEPT when it occurs first letter in the word.
In that case, the Alif is a Hamzah (consonant), but it is a special type ofHamzah that is pronounced only when it is the first sound coming outof the mouth (i.e. when you begin speaking by pronouncing that Hamzah).
This Hamzah is called 'Hamzat-ul-Wasl' or the 'connectingHamzah'
- It comes only at the beginning of the word.- It looks like long vowel Alif, but you already know that this last cannot beat the beginning of a word, as it is a sukoon.
- In the Quraan it has a symbol like smallon the top. )( ,but instandard Arabicbooks it is free of any sign.
- This Hamzah is pronounced only at the beginning of the speech, i.e. whenno other speech sound has been pronounced immediately before it;Otherwise, it is silent.
- If we start with the word we say: Allaah. (we hear the sound ofBut if we start with a word before it Ex. We say: Jazaka-llaah (We dont pronounce A of the word Allaah,we directly go from the Kaafof Jazaaka to the letter Laam of the word
(Allaah). The Hamzah is omitted)
StandardArabic
Qur'aanscriptuO$#y yuO$#
'ithnaynzawjayni-thnayn
starting withHamza wasl
reading a wordbefore it
meaningtwotwo pairs
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HAMZATHAMZATHAMZATHAMZAT----ULULULUL----QATQATQATQAT3333The disconnecting Hamzah
-The other outspoken Hamzah ( ) at the beginning of a word, with thediacritic on the top is called 'Hamzat-ul-Qat3' orthe"Disconnecting Hamzah";that one is always pronounced, whether you
start with that word or you read a word before Ex. Huwa Ahmad
/
: aal?h-l-ayfakammad:hMu How is the situation? (How are you?)
: .illaah.-amdu lh-l-khayrin wa-assan: biH In good and thanks to Allaah.
: smuk?-ammad: mahMuWhat is your name?
: .assan.Hassan: IsmeeHMy name is Hassan
Standard Arabic Qur'aan
script59r& A>$s)59r&aleem3iqaabin aleem
srarting with
Hamzat-ul-Qat3reading a word
before it
meaningpainfulpainful punishment
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5---- LAAM IN AL ATLAAM IN AL ATLAAM IN AL ATLAAM IN AL AT----TATATATA3333REEFREEFREEFREEFThe letter Laam that occurs in Al of Definition
1- * is connected to nouns to make them definite.It is equivalent to the English word "The", but should be connected at thebeginning of the noun not separate from it as in "The"
Ex. - 3- The nouns that have Al of Definition cannot have Tanween. Reading the letter Laam that occurs in Al of Definition
The letter Laam in "Al at-Ta3reef" can be read in one of two waysdepending on the letter following it:- Pronouncing that Laam clearly.- Omitting that Laam by inserting it in the following letter.
a-Pronouncing that Laam clearly
When that Laam precedes a noun beginning with any of the fourteen letters
in the group:
Thein that case is calledLaam Qamariyyah from(moon)due to the first letterthat is one of the previous fourteen letters
al-gha al-3a al-kha al-ha al-ja al-ba al-'a
al-ya al-wa al-ha al-ma al-ka al-qa al-fa
*Al of definition is starting with Hamzat-ul-Wasl
That Laam can be recognized easily by the Sukoon appearing over it.
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/
b-Omitting that Laam by inserting it in the following letter:
When that Laam precedes a noun beginning with any of the remainfourteen letters of Arabic
The
in that case is called Laam Shamsiyyah
from
(sun)
duetothefirstletter whichisoneofthepreviousfourteenletters.
al-ghuraab al-3arab al-khayr al-hajar al-jamal al-bayt al-'a3laaThe crow The
ArabsThe good The
stoneThe
camelThe girl The
highest
al-yawm al-walad al-hudaa al-mawz al-kitaab al-qamar al-feelThe day The boy The
guidanceThe
bananaThebook
Themoon
Theelephant
an-na az-za ar-ra adh-dha ad-da ath-tha at-ta
al-la adh-dha at-ta ad-da as-sa ash-sha as-sa
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Ayyaamu-l-usboo3Days of the week
A word with Hamzatu-l-wasl and Laam shamsiyyah
an-noor az-zayt ar-raqm adh-dhurah ad-deen ath-thawb at-tawheedThelight
The oil Thenumber
Thecorn
Thereligion
Thedress
Themonotheis
m
al-layl adh-dhufr at-teen ad-daalleen as-sawt ash-shams as-samaa'The
night
The
nail
The
clay
The
misguided
The
sound
The
sun
The
sky
ath-thulaathaa' al-ithnayn al-ahad as-sabt
Tuesday Monday Sunday Saturday
al-jumu3ah al-khamees al-arbi3aa'
Friday Thursday Wednesday
Standard Arabic Qur'aan
script$9$#
7=t$9$#an-naasmaliki-nnaas
starting withHamza wasl
reading a wordbefore it