Reading List - Unit 1: Introduction to Life & Evolution ... · Ch 2.1 - 2.3 chemistry and water Ch...

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ReadingList-Unit1:IntroductiontoLife&Evolution,Chemistry,Biomolecules,CellStructure,CellDivision,Nutrition&HealthInquiryintoLife(14thEd)byMader&Windelspecht: Ch1(all) introductiontobiologyandevolution Ch2.1-2.3 chemistryandwater Ch2.4-2.8 biomolecules Ch3 cellstructure,organelles Ch4 membranestructureandtransportacrossmembranes Ch5 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis

Ch25.5 cancer Ch6 metabolicpathways&enzymes Ch12.5 cardiovasculardisorders Ch14.3&14.4 nutrition Ch20.1,20.5,p403-404endocrinesystem,pancreas,diabetes Ch25 DNAreplication,transcription,translation, Ch27.1 evolutionbynaturalselectionWebsite:http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

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Lecture#1:WhattoexpectfromthissemesterLecturePrep:GetthetextbookandlabmanualforclassUpdateyouremailaddressatSFC/CanvasVisitthecoursewebsiteLectureReview/Assignment:1.Reviewthesyllabusthoroughlyandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.Usetheinformationprovidedinthesection“Policyformissedexams,quizzesanddeadlinesfor

assignmentsorextra-credit”toanswereachofthefollowingcommonquestions:

WhatifIknowinadvancethatIwillmissanin-classquizorexambecauseImadeplansalongtimeago[togosnowboardingwithmyfamily,toattendanimportantmeeting,togoonmyhoneymoon,etc]……canImakeupthequizorexam?

Imissedanin-classquizbecauseIwassick,butIdidn’tgotoadoctor’soffice……canImake-upthequiz?WhatifImissedclasswhenatake-homequizwasgiven……canIstilltakethetake-quiz?…andwillyouemailittome?

B.TrueorFalse:Theinstructorwillnotemailatake-homequiztoanystudentunlessthereisadocumentedemergencythatpreventsthestudentfromvisitingtheinstructor’soffice.

C.Whichofthefollowingisthebestcourseofactionifyourcarbrokedownonthewaytoclassthedayatake-homequizorextra-creditassignmentisdue?

a.useyourcellphonetotakeaphotoofyourcompletedassignmentandthenuseyourcellphonetoemailthephotototheinstructorbeforeclassbegins.

b.turnitlatewhentheclassmeetsagaininafewdays.c.dropitoffintheinstructor’sofficethefollowingday(butwithin24hoursoftheduedate).d.Both(a)and(c)areequallygood.e.noneoftheabove:lateassignmentsarenotaccepted.

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2.GettingpreparedforthePhotoSafariproject:A.ListentothetwoNPRstorieson“Guam”and“KatiePerry”(followlinksoncoursewebsiteunderthePhotoSafaritab),andthenanswerthefollowingtwoquestions:

WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdeemKatiePerry’slatestCDa“biologicalhazard”? WhyisthereisonlyonekindofsnakeontheIslandofGuam?

B.Readthe“PhotoSafariFAQ”documentonthecoursewebsite,andthendeterminewhichoftheseorganismsarenotnativetonorthcentralFlorida?(circleallthatarenon-native):

o Brownanole,Mediterraneangecko,Cubantreefrog,red-earedslidero Dog(subspeciesofwolf),cat,human,horseo Honeybee,lovebugo Lemonandorangetrees

C.Whyistheinvasionofecosystemsbynon-nativespeciesmorecommon/problematicnowthanitwas100yearsago(orbefore)?D.ReviewthedescriptionofthePhotoSafariassignment(fromthecourseportfolioorwebsite)andthenexaminethelistofparksbelow.OnlyoneofthemisacceptableastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafari–circletheacceptableparkandexplainwhytheotherthreeparksarenotacceptable:

Disney’sAnimalKingdom OlenoStatePark SantaFeCollegeZoo KanapahaBotanicalGardens E.WhatparkareyouplanningtovisitastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafariproject? (seethecoursewebsiteforlinkstosomeacceptableparksintheGainesvillearea) F.Foreachpairoforganismsshownbelow,circlewhichofthetwo“commonnames”issufficiently

specificsoastoclassifytheorganismatthegenuslevel(seewebsite“PhotoSafariFAQ”forhelp):

Pair1: mosquito bumblebee

Pair2: squirrel raccoon

Pair3: lizard cottonmouth

G.Whatisthelowest(mostspecific)phylogeneticclassificationshownonthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treeprovidedbytheinstructorforacottonmouth?

H.WhatClassoforganismsismostcloselyrelatedtotheclassthatincludesthecottonmouth?

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Lecture#2:“WhatisLife?”LecturePrep: read: OverviewofBiology(chapter1),and OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter27.1) Overviewofcelltypesandcellstructure(chapter3)

Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite).

Listsomecharacteristicsthatarecommontoalllivingthings.Considerthemanypeopletowhoareyourrelatives,andthenconsiderthemanydifferentspeciesoforganismsintheworld.Withthisinmind,examinetheexampleofafamilytreeshownbelow(left),andcompareittothephylogenetic(evolutionary)treenexttoit.Whatdobothdiagramsattempttoillustrate?

Biologistsorganizealllivingthingsintoincreasinglyspecificcategoriesbasedontheirdegreeofrelatedness.Listtheeightcategoriesofbiologicalclassificationfromthemostinclusive(broadestcategory)totheleastinclusive(mostspecific).Whoseresponsibilityisittodecidehowtousetheinformationcollectedbyscientists?Giveanexampleofacontentiousissueinsocietythatinvolvestheinterpretationofscientificinformation.

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Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite),andthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyouregularlyemploy.B.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyourarelyemploy.C.SummarizetheexperimentaldesignofthememorytestdescribedinthesecondChewvideobyansweringthefollowingquestions:

Whatwasthespecificquestionthestudywastryingtoanswer? Whatdatawascollectedtocomparetheeffectofeachexperimentalvariable? Listthefourtestgroupsintheexperiment,andforeachgroupdescribetheoneexperimentalvariable

thatwasuniqueforthatgroup. Describethecontrolgroupusedintheexperimentandwhyitwasimportanttohavethisgroup. Whatconclusionwasdrawnfromthisstudy?

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LectureReview: Whatunifyinganduniquefeatureissharedbyalllivingorganisms,butnotfoundinnonlivingthings?Alllivingthingsseparatethemselvesfromtherestoftheworldwithaselectivelypermeablecellmembrane(“themselves”=“whatisencodedbytheirDNAprogram”).Explainwhatismeantbyselectivelypermeable,andthenexplainwhyalllivingthingsmusthavesomekindofseparationbetween“self”andtherestoftheworld.Describethedifferencebetweenthefollowingwordpairs(leftvs.right)haploid

diploid

germcell(akagamete)

somaticcell

mitosis

meiosis

autotroph

heterotroph

Labelthefollowingfigureasdescribedbelow(thinandthicklineseachcorrespondtoacompletesetoftheDNAprograminheritedfromtheindividualsparents): Write1NbeloweachcellthathasonlyonecopyoftheDNAprogram(haploidcells).

Write2NbeloweachcellthathastwocopiesoftheDNAprogram(diploidcells).Label(a)–(c)aseithermitosis,meiosis,orbinaryfission

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Cellshavespecificparts,eachwithaparticularfunction.Ineukaryoticcells,someofthesepartsareseparatecompartmentssurroundedbyamembrane–thesearecalledorganelles.Inordertohelpunderstandthepartsandfunctionsofacell,completethetablebelowusinganyresourceyouwish(textbook,internet,etc.).Forthe“Cityanalogy”column,comparetheorganellesofthecelltothestructureofanentirecity:matcheachorganelletoananalogous(similar)partofthishypotheticalcity(usethe“Cityanalogywordlist”foralistofcityparts).Thefirstorganelleisprovidedasanexampleofhowtocompletetheotherorganelles.

Cityanalogywordlist:

Citywall CityHall Wastedisposal/recyclingplantManufacturingplant/assemblyplant Cityborder FossilFuelEnergyplantSteelBeams,roads,bridges,railroadtracks StorageWarehouse SolarEnergyplant

Cellpart(organelle)

Whohasit…prokaryotes,or

eukaryotes,orboth?

Features&Functions Cityanalogy

Cellmembrane

Bothprokaryotesandeukaryoteshaveacellmembrane.

Thecellmembraneisaflexibleandselectivelypermeablebarriersurroundingthecell.Itcontainsspecialproteinsthatactlikegates,channelsandpumpsthatletin,orforceout,selectedmolecules(likefood,orwaste).Thecellmembranealsohelpsthecellcommunicatewithitssurroundingsthroughchemicalmessengers.Thegeneralpurposeofthecellmembraneistocarefullyprotectthecell’sinternalenvironment.

Cityborder

CellWall

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Lysosome

Vacuoles

Cytoskeleton

Ribosome

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Lecture#3:IntroductiontotheChemistryofLife

LecturePrep: readsectiononthechemistryoflife(Chapter2.1-2.3)

Whatarethethreesubatomicparticlesatomsaremadeof,andwhatistheelectricchargeofeachsubatomicparticle?Examineaperiodictable(e.g.Figure2.3intextbook)andfindtheboxcorrespondingtocarbon(C).

Whatdoesthenumberabovethe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberabovethe“C”?

Whatdoesthenumberbelowthe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberbelowthe“C”?

DrawtotherightamodelillustratingaHydrogen(H)atomshowingthenucleusandthelowestenergyelectronshell.Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesaHydrogen(H)atomcontain?

Protons:

Neutrons:

Electrons:

Addtoyourillustrationthenumberandlocationofeachofthesubatomicparticleslistedinthepreviousquestion.

ModeloftheHydrogenatom:(seeexamplesintextbook,figure2.6)

Whatisthedifferencebetweenanatomandamolecule?Hint:howmanyatomsareinamoleculeofwater(H20)oramoleculeofhydrogengas(H2)

Whatisthedifferencebetweenanionicbondandacovalentbond?Considerthechemicalreactionbelowthatdescribeswhatoccurswhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucosetoreleaseenergy,andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

C6H12O6+ 6O2 à 6CO2+ 6H20+energy glucose oxygen carbondioxide water

Whatthreethingsareproducedwhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucose?

Howmanymoleculesofglucoseareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanymoleculesofoxygenareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontheleftsideofthearrow? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontherightsideofthearrow?

Waterhasseveralpropertiesthatmakeituniqueamongliquidsandarealsoverysignificanttoalllife.Describesomeoftheseuniqueproperties.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenacidicwaterandbasic(alkaline)water?

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LectureReview:Livingorganismsareverydiverse,yetthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treebelowshowsthatalllifeisrelatedbydescentfromacommonancestorlabeled“Firstancestralcell.”Describewhatismeantby“acommonancestor.”

Howmany“originoflife”eventsarenecessarytoaccountforallthedifferentkindsoflivingthingspresenttoday?Whatobservationswouldleadyoutoconcludethatallthediverselivingorganismsarerelatedbydescentfromacommonancestor?

Ifallatomsaremadeofthesamethreesubatomicparticles,whatmakesoneelementdifferentfromanother?Whatarethesixprimaryelementsfromwhichlifeisbuilt?Describetheoctetrule:

Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthefirstelectronshell?Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthesecondelectronshell?

Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesacarbonatomcontain?

Howmanymoreelectronsdoescarbonneedtofillitsoutervalenceshell?

Drawamodelillustratingthenucleus,theelectronshells,andthenumber&locationofthesubatomicparticlesforeachofthefollowingmolecules: CO2 H20 Whatisthedifferencebetweenacovalentbond,anionicbond,andaHydrogenbond?

Hint-whichtypeofbondisshownhere:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/NaF.gif

Whydoeswaterhavetheuniquepropertiesthatitdoes?Considerthestructureofthewatermoleculeandtheelectronegativityofeachatom.ComparethestructuresofCO2andH20–whydoesn’tCO2havethesameuniquepropertiesasH20? Givespecificexamplesofhowtheuniquepropertiesofwaterareessentialforaplant,ahumanandafish.

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Lecture#4:Carbohydrates

LecturePrep: readsectionon:organicmoleculesandcarbohydrates(Chapter2.4&2.5),and Nutrition,carbohydrates,proteins,lipidsandvitamins(Ch14.3&14.4)Whatisanorganicmolecule?Whyiscarbon,ratherthananyotherelement,thecentralbuildingscaffoldforthethousandsofmoleculesthatcomposelivingthings?Whatarethefourcategoriesofbiomoleculesfromwhichlivingorganismsarebuilt?Organizethefollowingtermsinorderfromsmallesttolargest:

monomer atom electron molecule polymerWhichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesabiomoleculesuchasDNAorprotein?Whichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesthesubunitfromwhichbiomoleculesarebuilt?Distinguishbetweenhydrolysisanddehydrationsynthesis.Iswaterapolarmolecule?

Isoctaneapolarmolecule?

Thestructureofwaterisshownbelow.

Octane,acommoncomponentofpetroleumoil,isshownbelow.

Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ispolarornonpolar?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.

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LectureReview: Groupthefollowingexampleswiththepropertypeofcarbohydrate,andthendeterminethebiologicalfunctionforeachexample.

Typesofcarbohydrate examples functions

Monosacharride

glucosegalactosefructosesucroselactosecellulose

pectinchitinstarch

glycogenmonomerpolymer

Long-termenergystorage

Short-termenergystorage

Structuralsupport

Disaccharide

Polysacharride

Whatisthedifferencebetweenglycogenandglucose?Whatisthedifferencebetweenlactoseandlactase?Which of the following is the correct structural formula for the smallest monosaccharide, CH2O ?

Basedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionoftheenzymeamylase?Whyarehumansabletodigestsomepolysaccharidesbutnotothers?Besuretospecifythenameofthekindofpolysaccharideshumanscandigestandthekindtheycannot,andthendescribehowthetwopolysaccharidesaredifferent. Whatkindofpolysaccharideisalsocalled“insolublefiber”?Describethedistincthealthbenefitsofeatingbothsolubleandinsolublefiber.Listafewfoodsthatcontainsolublefiberandafewfoodsthatcontaininsolublefiber.Whydosomepeoplegetdiarrheawhentheyconsumemilk?(acompleteanswerhastwoparts:whatistheirdefect?...andthenexplainwhythisdefectresultsindiarrhea?)Giveanexampleofwherewouldyoufindeachofthefollowingcarbohydrates: sucrose fructose lactose cellulose

pectin starch glycogen glucose

Compareandcontrastthechemicalstructuresofglycogen,starch,celluloseandchitin.

Explainwhyanimalsbenefitfromstoringglucoseasabranchedpolysaccharideratherthanalinearpolysaccharide?

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Lecture#5:proteins

LecturePrep: readsectiononproteins(chapter2.7),and enzymes(chapter6),and membraneproteins,andtransportofmoleculesacrossmembranes(chapter4),and endocrinesystemanddiabetes(Ch20.1,20.5,andp403–404) Gotothe“coolscience”sectionofthecoursewebsite,watchthelinkunder“hydrophobicandhydrophilic,”andthencategorizethefollowingitemsashydrophobicorhydrophilicbycirclingtheonesthatarehydrophobic:

oliveoil mustard Gatorade uncookedeggs butterExplainthedifferencebetweenhydrophobicandhydrophilicmolecules.Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ishydrophobicorhydrophilic?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.

Whatisthenameofthekindofmonomerthatproteinsarebuiltfrom? Howmanydifferenttypesofthismonomerareusedtobuildproteins?Howarethevariousmonomersthatmakeproteinsdifferentfromoneanother?Hint:considerthevariouschemicalpropertiesofthefunctionalgroupsonthedifferentmonomers.TrueorFalse Allaminoacidscontainnitrogen(N).TrueorFalse Nitrogen(N)isfoundinallproteins.Describeafewexamplesofproteins(namesandfunction)fromthebook.

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LectureReview:

Whichofthestructuresbelowisamonomerusedtobuildprotein?

Ifproteinscontainhydrophobicmonomers,whyareproteinssoluble(dissolved)inwater?ListthesixexamplesofproteinswediscussedinclassandthefunctionofeachBasedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionofpeptidase?Whatdeterminestheproperties(andthereforefunction)ofanyparticularprotein?ExplainhowchangingasingleaminoacidintheADHenzymethatconvertsethanolintoacetaldehydecanhaveabigimpactonalcoholism.Cevicheisakindoffoodpreparedbysoakingrawfishinlemonjuiceforseveralhours.Explainhowthiswayof“cooking”fishischemicallysimilartoboilinganegg.Whatisthedifferencebetweenglucose,glucagonandglycogen?

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Whereisthereceptorforglucagon,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforinsulin,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforepinephrine,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Explainhowyourbodycontrolsbloodsugarlevelsusingproteinhormones.DescribethedifferencesbetweenTypeIandTypeIIdiabetes.Besuretodescribethecauseorriskfactorsforeachdisease,andthespecificdefectineachdisease.Explainthedifferencebetweenosmosis,diffusion,andactivetransport.Describeanexampleinyourbodyofwhereactivetransportisused.Howdoesadrugthatisa“protonpumpinhibitor”relieveheartburnandacidreflux?

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Examinethegraphbelowthatdepictsthebloodsugarconcentrationsforthreepeoplethroughouttheday.The optimal blood glucose concentration for the body is approximately 85 mg/dl.

Whattimeofthedaydideachpersoneatfood?Whichpeoplemaysufferfromdiabetes?Howcanyoutell?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?

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Lecture#6:nucleicacidspart1

LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(2.8),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter25)Whatdoestheacronym“DNA”standfor?WhatisthefunctionofDNA?WhatisthenameofthetypeofmonomerthatDNAandRNAaremadewith?WhatisthespecificnameforeachofthefourmonomersusedtomakeDNA?EachmonomersusedtomakeDNAorRNAcontainsthreeparts:whatarethesethreeparts?HowisRNAdifferentfromDNA?Definecancer,thendescribethemolecularchangesinacellthatleadstocancer,andhowsunscreenpreventsthesemolecularchanges.Whichofthefollowingecologicalscenariosismostanalogoustocancer?1.Algaegrowthinlakesandstreamsisusuallylimitedbythelowconcentrationofnitratesinthewater,but

fertilizerrunofffromgolfcoursesincreasetheconcentrationofnitrates,resultinginalgaebloomsthatkillofffish.

2.Squirrelpopulationgrowthisusuallykeptinbalancebypredatoryhawks,butamutationinabirdvirusremovesthepredatorybirdsandthesquirrelpopulationgrowssolargethattheyadverselyaffectotherpartsoftheecosystem.

3.PythonsareintroducedintotheEvergladeswheretheyhavenonaturalpredators,allowingtheinvasivesnakepopulationtogrowrapidly,therebyadverselyaffectingthenormalEvergladesecosystem.

Whichofthefollowingscenariosismostanalogoustoapoptosis?1.AVictorianmansionslowlydeterioratesuntiliteventuallycollapses.2.Anaccidentalfiredestroysanoldwoodenfarmhouse.3.Thecontrolleddemolitionofanobsoletebuildingmakesroomforanewdevelopment.Describethreebehaviorsthatincreasetheriskofcancer.Describedietarypracticesthatincreasetheriskofcancer,andothersthatreducetheriskofcancer.Treatingcancercanbeextremelyexpensive.Becauseriskfactorsforsomecancersarecontrollable(suchasobesityandsmoking),somepeoplearguethatpatientswiththesetypesofcancershouldberesponsibleforthecostoftheirtreatment(ratherthanpassingthesecostsontothepublicthroughhigherinsuranceratesandtaxes),thusprovidingafinancialincentivetoavoidtheseriskybehaviorsinthefirstplace.Whatdoyouthink?

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LectureReview:

Whichofthestructuresbelowisanucleotide?

Whatarenamesofthetwolarge(purine)nucleotides?Whatarenamesofthetwosmall(pyrimidine)nucleotides?ExplainhowChargaffdeterminedthatAispairedwithTandthatGispairedwithCwithinallDNA.WritethecomplementarystrandforthefollowingsequenceofDNA: 3’-ATGCAGCAT-5’ Answer: 5’--3’WhattypeofbondconnectsonenucleotidetotheadjacentnucleotidesinonestrandofDNA?Whattypeofbondholdsthenucleotidesofonestrandtogetherwiththeirpairontheother(complementary)strand?WhenyouheatupaDNAdoublehelix,thetwostrandsofDNAseparatefromeachotherasthewaterapproachesaboil,buteachstrandofDNAremainsintact,andthetwostrandswillre-formadoublehelixifthewateriscooleddown.Basedonthisinformation,whichchemicalbonddoyouthinkisstronger,covalentbondsorhydrogenbonds?

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Describethedifferencebetweenahaploidcellandadiploidcell,andthengivetwoexamplesofeach.Doesmitosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Doesmeiosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Eachgermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)createdbyyourbodycontainsacompletesetofDNA,anidenticalandspecificsequenceofapproximately3,000,000,000nucleotides.Butthisinstructionset(genome)isnotonesinglepolynucleotidestrand–itisbrokenintopieces.WhatisthenameforthepiecesofDNAthatcompriseyourentiregenome?Howmanychromosomesdoeseachofyourgermcells(gametes)contain?Whentwogametesfuse(egg+sperm)tocreateasomaticcell,howmanychromosomesdoesthatsomaticcellscontain?Whatisagene?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesagermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)contain?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesasomaticcellcontain?WhatarethethreetypesofRNAthatareusedtoconvertinformationstoredinDNAintoaprotein?

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Lecture#7:nucleicacidspart2

LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(2.8),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter25) Watchepigeneticsvideofromwebsite.Matchtheenzymeontheleftwithitsroleincopying/replicatingDNAdescribedontheright.

Helicase

DNApolymerase

DNAligase

A.SeparatesthetwostrandsoftheDNAdoublehelix.

B.Createscovalentbondstosealanybreaksinthesugar-phosphate(phosphodiester)backboneofonestrandofDNA.

C.CreatesanewstrandofDNAbycovalentlybondingnucleotidemonomers(floatinginthenucleus)toeachotheroppositetheircomplementarybaseintheparentstrand.

Pairtheenzymeontheleftwiththenameanddescriptionofthechemicalstepitcontrols.

RNApolymerase

Ribosome

A.translation

B.transcription

C.CreatesmRNAcopiesfromaDNAtemplate.

D.Createsapolypeptide(protein)fromasequenceofmRNA.

IfmRNAhasthecodon5’-AGG-3’,whatisthesequenceoftheanticodononthetRNAthatpairswiththiscodon?

anticodon 3’-AGG-5’Whatkindofbiomolecule(s)istheRibosomemadeof?Whatisatransgenicorganism?Givefiveexamplesfromthebookoftransgenicorganisms(specifytheorganismandhowitwasbeengeneticallymodified).

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LectureReview:

WhyisitadvantageoustomakeproteinsfrommRNAratherthandirectlyfromDNA?IfallthecellsinyourbodycontainthesamesetofDNA(genome),howdolivercellsbecomesodifferentfrombraincellsorskincells?Explainhowchangingwhichgenesaretranscribed(turnedon)andwhichgenesareturnedoffcanaffecttheoverallcharacteristicsoftheentireorganism.IfyouweretofindlifeonMarsthatwascomposedofDNA,mRNAandproteinsmuchlikelifeonearth,buttheMartianlifecontainedonly12aminoacids,wouldyouexpectitwouldtranslatemRNAintoproteinusing3-lettercodonsora2-lettercodons?Explainyourreasoning.TranscribethefollowingsequenceofDNAintothecorrectmRNAstrand,thentranslatethatmRNAintothepolypeptideitencodes.

DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTGATGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:

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SimulateDNAreplicationandmutation:ImaginetheDNAtemplateshownbelowiscopied,butduringreplication,theDNApolymerasemakesamistakeandmutatestheoriginalsequenceatposition9.RolladicetodeterminewhathappenswhentheDNAmutatesbyapplyingtherulesinthetablebelow(ifthenumberyourolldoesnotchangethenucleotide,keeprollinguntilitmutates).Writedownthemutation,andthentranscribethemutatedsequenceintomRNA,andthenintothecorrespondingproteintodeterminetheeffectofthismutation.[adaptedfrom:Gonzalez,B.Y.andJ.H.vanOostrom2009.UsingDicetoExploretheConsequencesofDNAMutations,JournalofCollegeScienceTeaching8(5):56-59.]

RulesformutatingDNA:Ifyouroll thenthemutationis:

1 substituteyournucleotidewithanA2 substituteyournucleotidewithaG3 substituteyournucleotidewithaC4 substituteyournucleotidewithaT5 deletethenucleotide6 keeptheoriginalnucleotidebutinsertanothernucleotideafterit(toss

againuntilyouget1–4todeterminewhichletternucleotidetoinsert)123456789101112131415

DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTG__TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Keepthefirstmutation,andnowmutateposition8usingthesameprocedure.123456789101112131415

DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCT____TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Whatwasthereasonforsimulatingmutationwiththerollofadie?Whydidyoukeepthefirstmutationwhenmutatingthesequencethesecondtime?Inotherwords,whydidn’tyoufixit?

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Writethedefinitionofthetermmutation.Ifanerroroccursduringtranscription,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?WhatifanerroroccursduringDNAreplicationortranslation,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?Whichofthefollowingfourmutations(showninbold)willhavethegreatestimpactontheproteinsequence(deletionsareshownwith“-“).Remember,proteinsalwaysstartwiththeaminoacidMethionine. originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCCTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCATGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTAC-CTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACACTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein:Usethefollowingwordstodescribethe“mutationtype”showninthefourexamplesabove:

missense,silent,frame-shift,nonsenseExplainhowthingsthatlikesmokingorexcessivesunbathingcausecancer.Besureyouranswerdefines“cancer”.

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Lecture#8:Lipidspart1

LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter2.6),and Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter12.5),and http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

Whatpropertydoalllipidshaveincommon?

Whichofthefollowingarecarbohydrates(C+H2O)andwhicharehydrocarbons(H+C)?Octane,acomponentingasoline.

carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?

Howmanypolarbonds?

Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?

Ribose(bothdrawingsareribose,buttheoneontherightdoesn’tshowalltheCatoms)


Howmanypolarbonds?


α-Linolenicacid(ALA)isanessentialomega3fattyacidfoundinchia&flaxseedseeds,nuts(notablywalnuts),andmanycommonvegetableoils.


Howmanypolarbonds?


Glycogen


Howmanypolarbonds?


Namethethreebroadclassesoflipidsanddescribethefunctionofeachtype.

Whichbiomoleculestoresmoreenergy:lipidsorcarbohydrates?

Whatpropertydophospholipidspossessthatallowsthemtointeractwithwaterandalsootherlipids?

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LectureReview:

Whatisthedifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmonounsaturatedfatsandpolyunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweencisunsaturatedfatandtransunsaturatedfat?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Cantherebecisortranssaturatedfat?Matchthefatontheleftwithitssourceinthemiddleanditschemicalpropertiesontheright.(someanswersareusedmorethanonce)fat source propertiesSaturatedfatCismonounsaturatedfatCispolyunsaturatedfatTranspolyunsaturatedfat

plantoilanimalfatnonaturalsource:madebychemistsbypartiallyhydrogenatingunsaturatedoils

SolidatroomtemperatureLiquidatroomtemperature

Explainhowchemical/structuraldifferencebetweenpalmoilandmostplantoilsrelatestotheirphysicalproperty.Why does natural peanut butter separate into a solid layer and an oil layer, but peanut butter in which the peanut oil has been drained away and replaced with palm oil does not separate into two layers. What could you use other than palm oil to make peanut butter that doesn’t separate into two layers? (don’t worry about taste, but think of a few examples). What chemical/structuralpropertyofthereplacementpreventsthepeanutbutterfromseparatingintotwolayers? How and why does the peanut butter made with palm oil affect orangutans?

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Imaginethatinsteadofcontainingliquidwater,livingthingswerecomposedofanonpolarliquidlikegasoline.Couldphospholipidsbeusedtoformaphospholipidsbilayercellmembraneinthisliquid?Drawtotherightwhatsuchacellwouldlooklike,focusingonthephospholipidsbilayer.

Comparethestructureoftriglycerides(fats&oils)tophospholipids-whatissimilar,andwhatisdifferent?Whatisthedifferencebetweentheheadandthetailofaphospholipid?Does“0%transfat”onafoodlabelreallymeanthattheitemisfreeoftransfat?Whatkindofbiomoleculeisphospholipase:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacidorlipid?Basedonthename,whatdoyoupredictaphospholipasedoes?Whichpartofthecellwillbemostaffectedbyadefectintheenzymenamedphospholipase?

34

FattyAcids,NutritionandHealth:

Itstimeforyourannualphysicalexamination…Supposethatyouwerevisitingyourdoctorforanannualphysicalexamination.Whileyouwereinthewaitingroom,youpickedupandbegantoreadapamphletaboutdietaryfats(lipids)andtheirimpactsonhealth.Thepamphletseemedimportant,soyoukeptit(nextpage).

So,thedoctorsaysyourcholesterolistoohigh…Whenyouwerefinallycalledbacktoaroom,yourdoctorsaidthatastandardanalysisofyourbloodshowedthatyourtotalcholesterollevelwas250mg/dL(adL=deciliter,or1/10ofaliter,100mL).He/sheexplainedthatatotalcholesterollevelof240mg/dLoraboveisconsideredhighandisariskfactorforcoronaryarterydisease(CAD).

Incontinuingconversationswithyourphysician,youlearnedthatasageneralrulecholesterolisnotalways“bad.”Infact,cholesterolisanecessarycomponentofcellmembranesandisavitalpartofnormalmetabolicprocesses,includingformationofothersteroids.Inadditiontolookingattotalcholesterolconcentrationinyourblood,yourdoctoremphasizedthatitisimportanttotakenoticeofhighdensitylipoprotein(HDL)cholesterolandlowdensitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,whichmakeupmajorfractionsofthetotalcholesterolandmaybemoreaccurateindicatorsofCADrisk.

YourLDLfractionwasfoundtobe195mg/dLwhichisconsideredveryhigh.

AfterseeingyourveryhighLDLnumber,yourphysicianwentontosaythattheroleofLDLsistocarrycholesterolaroundinthebloodstreamanddeposititwhereitisneeded.Unfortunately,ifthelevelofLDLsbecomestoohightheycanalsodepositthecholesterolinarteries,forming“plaques”andcloggingthearteries.Ontheotherhand,HDLsareresponsibleforcarryingexcesscholesterolawayfromthearteriestotheliverwhereitcanbemetabolizedor“reprocessed”forotherpurposes.So,withthisinmind,cholesterolboundinLDLsisoftencalled“badcholesterol”andcholesterolboundinHDLsiscalled“goodcholesterol”.InordertoavoidCAD,theaveragepersonshouldattempttoraisethelevelofHDLsintheirbloodandlowerthelevelofLDLs,althoughbothareneededatsomelevelintheblood.

Atthispoint,yourdoctorstronglyurgedyoutoexerciseregularlyandwatchyourdietbecauseconsumptionoffatscanhaveaprofoundeffectoncholesterollevelsinthebody.However,itturnsoutthatitisprobablythetypesoffat,notthetotalamountoffatthatyoueatthatmaydetermineincidenceofCAD.Infact,a2001studybyFrankHuandcolleaguesattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthshowedthatdifferentpartsoftheworldwithsimilartotalfatintakehadverydifferentamountsofdeathfromCAD.IndividualsincountrieswherethefatseatenweremainlyintheformofsaturatedfatsandtransfatshadmuchhigherincidencesofdeathfromCADthanindividualsincountrieswherethefatsweremainlyconsumedintheformofpolyunsaturatedfatscontainingomega-3fattyacids.Ingeneral,thestudyshowedthatconsumptionofsaturatedfatsandtransfatstendedtoincreaseLDLcholesterolwhileconsumptionofpolyunsaturatedfatstendedtobothdecreaseLDLcholesterolandincreaseHDLcholesterol.

UsefulLinks:

MoreexplanationabouttransfatsfromtheFDAhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm109832.htm#unhide

Understandingcholesterolnumberswebsitehttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/understanding-numbers

Governmentinformationaboutreadingnutritionlabelshttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm078889.htm

35

Pamphlet: Fatty Acids and Nutrition

True lipids (triglycerides)

• composed of a glycerol molecule covalently bound to three fatty acid side chains

• hydrophobic molecules, meaning they are non-polar and don’t mix with water

• a group of triglycerides is called a fat

Saturated fats

• solid at room temperature (think of fat on an uncooked steak)

• hydrocarbon chains in fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

• maximum number of hydrogens are covalently bound to the carbons, thereby “saturating” them

• animal fats such as lard and butter are usually high in saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fats

• liquid (oils) at room temperature • hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids have at least

one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

• double bonds cause bends in the molecules and also leave them “unsaturated” with hydrogens

• unsaturated fats are found in plant oils such as olive or canola oil

Saturated Fatty Acid

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

36

Dietary fatty acids

• fatty acids are a necessary component of a complete diet • fatty acids are found in foods such as fatty meats, plant oils

and dairy products • certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (called essential fatty

acids) cannot be synthesized by the human body and must come from the diet

• one such essential fatty acid is linoleic acid which can be found in foods such as sunflower oil and almonds

• both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found in plant oils

• in cis fatty acids, the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule.

• Almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis isomers

Trans fats

• are triglycerides that contain trans fatty acids • Trans means “across” so… • a trans fatty acid is an unsaturated one in which the

hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule

• produced by the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated vegetable oils

• hydrogenation decreases the number of carbon-carbon double covalent bonds in the molecules and creates what are known as “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” vegetable oils

• trans configuration gives the fatty acids chemical properties more similar to saturated fatty acids (such as lack of bends in the molecules) and can also lead to some accumulation of “bad” types of cholesterol when consumed

• trans fats are found in any hydrogenated oils, so margarines and shortening made from vegetable oils are major sources

• since they are made from plant oils, these were once touted as being much healthier than saturated animal fats

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

37

Questionstotestcomprehension:

• NamesomespecificfoodsthatmightleadtoincreasedLDLcholesterolinthebloodstream.

• Whatdothesefoodscontainthatcouldcausethis?

• Lookatthefoodlabelsfromthecoursewebsiteandanswerthefollowingquestions:

http://bsc2005mattcarrigan.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/food-labels5.pdf

o Howmuchtransfatisinoneservingofthefoodinfigure(a)

o Whatingredientisthesourceofthetransfatinthefoodshowninfigure(a)?

o Estimatehowmuchtransfatistheentirepackageshowninfigure(b).

• Whatisthereasonbehindhydrogenatingvegetableoils?Whateffectdoesthehydrogenation

processhaveontheirchemicalandphysicalproperties?

• Drawbothacisisomerandatransisomerofapolyunsaturatedfattyacid.Whichwouldbe

producedbythehydrogenationprocess?

38

Lecture#9:Lipidspart2

LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter2.6),and

Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter12.5),and

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

Whatkindofbiomoleculeischolesterol:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacid,orlipid?

Drawthestructureofcholesterol:

Whatchemicalpropertydoescholesterolsharewithtriglyceridesandphospholipids?

WhatdoesHDLandLDLstandfor?

WhatisthefunctionofHDLs?

WhatisthefunctionofLDLs?

Listfourthingsthatyourbodyusescholesterolfor.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenastrokeandheartattack?

39

LectureReview:

Whatisthefunctionofbile?

Whatsimilaritiesexistbetweenbile,soapandphospholipids?

Ifyoudonotneedagallbladderinordertolive,whydowehaveone?

WhattwothingsdoesyourbodyneedtomakeVitaminD.

Howdomammalswithfur(whichisalmostallofthemexcepthumans)getenoughUVtomakeVitaminD?

WhydoesyourbodyneedVitaminD–describespecificallywhatVitaminDdoes.

Explainwhyhumans,unlikeallotherprimates,havelittlebodyhair.

Doyouexpecttheskinofmosthairymammalstobedarkorlight?Explainwhy.

Allhumans,includingthoseinEurope,Asia,AustraliaandtheAmericas,descendedfromhumanslivingin

Africa-whatskincolordidtheseancestralhumanshave?Whatbiologicaladvantagesweregainedby

humanswhoseskinchangedcolor.

Whydoyousupposehydrophobicmolecules(likethesteroidsandcorticosteroidsmadefromcholesterol)are

usedtocontrolsomanyprocessesinthebody,fromsexualmaturation,musclegrowth,electrolytebalance,

theimmunesystem,inflammation,andmetabolism?[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26813/]

40

Completethetablebelow:First,listineachboxlifestyleschangesthatleadtothedesignatedeffect.Then

identifyhowtheselifestylechoicesaffectplaqueformationonarterywalls.

Effect:increasesHDL

Dotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?

Effect:increasesHDL


Effect:decreasesHDL


Effect:decreasesLDL


ExplainhowtofindoutyourHDLandLDLlevels.

Doyouthinksocietyshouldallowprofessionalathletestousesteroids(orotherperformanceenhancing

drugs)iftheywantsinceitonlyaffectstheirbody.Isthisanydifferentthanallowingcoalminers,fire

fighters,orsoldierstogotoworkwithoutthepropersafetygear?Shouldpeoplebeexpected(orallowed)to

puttheirhealthatriskinordertobemoresuccessfulintheircareers?

Howdoyouthinkthisappliesto“studydrugs”likeRitalinorAdderallthatstudentsmighttaketoimprove

theirconcentration?

Doyouthinktheuseofperformanceenhancingdrugsbycollegeandprofessionalathletescontributesto

unrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?Doyouthinkmagazinesandmoviesthat

celebrate“beautiful”peoplecontributetounrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?

41

Lecture#10:fromAristotletoDarwin,andtheCentralDogmaofbiology

LecturePrep: read OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter27.1)

watchthisTEDtalk:mindingyourmitochondria(linkoncoursewebsiteunder“coolscience”)

prepareforupcomingexam!

Giveafewexamplesofdietaryrequirementsotherthanlipids,carbohydrates,andproteins.LectureReview:

Youprobablywouldnotbesurprisedtoseethatfamilymembersoftenlooksimilar.

Whydotheylooksimilar?“Becausetheyarerelated,”isthecommonanswer…butnoteverythingthatlooks

similarisrelated,andnoteverythingthatisrelatedlookssimilar.Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatlook

similar,butwherethissimilarityisnotbecausetheyarerelated.

Iftheexamplesyougavearenotrelated,thanwhatreasoncanyouofferforwhytheylooksimilar?

Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatarerelated,butlookverydissimilar.

Whatmakesyoubelievetheyarerelatediftheylooksodissimilar?

ExplaintheCentralDogmaofModernBiology?

42

Whatsignificantsimilaritiesaresharedbyalllivingthings?

Whatmakesyouthinkthesesimilaritiesarenotmerelycoincidences,ortheoptimal(oronly)waytobe?

Explainwhatismeantbythe“chickenortheegg”paradoxasitrelatestotheCentralDogmaofModern

Biology?

ExplaintheRNAworldhypothesisandhowitresolvesthe“chickenortheegg”paradoxthatplaguesour

understandingoftheoriginoflife?

WhatevidencesupportstheRNAworldhypothesis?(Inotherwords,whatpeculiarobservationsare

explainedbytheRNAworldhypothesis?)

IftheRNAworldhypothesisistrueandlifecanexistwithonlyRNA(withoutDNAorproteins),whatmightbe

somereasonsforwhywedon’tweseeanylife-formstodaythatareonlyRNA?Hint:thinkaboutwhytheabacususedtobecommon,butisnotanymore.

44

ReadingList-BSC2005Unit2:MovingfromMitosis&MeiosistoGenetics&Evolution

InquiryintoLife(14thEd)byMader&Windelspecht:

Ch23 Mendel,Genetics

review Ch5 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis

Ch24 Chromosomesandsex-linkedinheritance

Ch.26 DNABiotechnology

Ch27 Evolution

Ch33 Behavior:Nature(Genetics)vsNurture,andtheAffectonFitness

Studylecturenotes! Knowdetailsofexamplesdiscussedinclass

Makealistofallthetraitswecoveredinclass

Quizyourself:whatisthedominancerelationshipforeachtrait?

Whenyougetawordproblem,whatsymbols/letterswillyouuse?

Whatcategory(epistasis,co-dominance,etc)isthisexample?

Readbookthebook!

Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.

Understandvocabularyandexamplesforeachofconceptslistedbelow:Mitosisvs.meiosis

Diploidvs.haploidDaughtercells

Germcells,gametes

Crossingover/recombination

Chromosomes&Independentassortment

Mendeliangenetics:

Particulatetheoryvs.blendingtheory Completedominance(andrecessive)

GenotypeandPhenotype;“genotypicratio”vs.“phenotypicratio” Allelevs.gene HomozygousandHeterozygous

Monohybridcross–heterozygousforonetrait:AaxAa

RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio)

RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio)

Dihybridcross–heterozygousfortwotraits:AaBbxAaBb

RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio)

RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio)

(continuedonnextpage)

45

Post-Mendeliangenetics:

Co-dominanceandincompletedominance(vs.complete“Mendelian”dominance)

Multipleallelesforasinglegene:e.g.A,BandOallelesforbloodtype(nottheRh+/Rh-)

Pleiotropy

Epistasis

Polygenicinheritance

Impactofenvironmentonphenotypicexpression

Sex-linkedrecessive

Autosomalrecessiveinheritance

Autosomaldominantinheritance

Evolution

Artificialvs.NaturalSelectionDarwinianvs.Lamarckianevolution

Impactofenvironmentonallelefrequencies

Microevolutionvs.Macroevolution

Directionalvs.Stabilizingvs.DisruptiveSelectionSympatricvs.Allopatricspeciation

Prezygoticvs.Postzygoticmechanismsforreproductiveisolation

Causesofmassextinction

Evidencesupportingevolution:

Comparisonofmodernlife(homologousstructures,includingmolecular/DNAhomologies)

Fossilrecordindicatesprogressivechangethroughtime

Biogeography:patternsofspeciesarenotrandombutarrangedbygeographicproximity

Convergentevolutioninsimilarecosystems

Directobservationofmicroevolutionduringhistoricaltimes.

Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:

Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)

Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)

Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)

Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)

Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)

Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)

Labs:#5 Cellcycle(Mitosis,Meiosis)andCancer

#6 Genotypes,Phenotypes,MitosisandMeiosis

#7 Biotech:bloodtypes,howtointerpretDNAfingerprintsfromgels

#8 homologous,analogousandvestigialstructures

Anatomyisrelatedtoenvironmentaladaptations(dentalformulaanddiet)

Sexualdimorphisms

46

Lecture11-IntroductiontoMendelianGenetics

LecturePrep: readChapter23;reviewmitosisandmeiosisandcrossingover

Inthefiguresbelow,athinlinedesignatesDNAinheritedfromoneparent,andathicklinedesignatesDNA

inheritedfromanotherparent.

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmitosis?

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmeiosis?

Whichoftheprocessesshownabovegeneratesgermcells(gametes)withhalfthenumberof

chromosomesastheparentcell?

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesthetypeofcelldivisionbywhichafertilizedegg

growsintoanadult?

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveisusedbyyourliverorskintocreateidenticalcellsin

ordertoreplacecellsthathavedied?

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveinvolvesrecombinationofthegenesfromeachparent?

Howmanydaughtercellsareproducedbymeiosis?

Arethedaughtercellsproducedbymeiosisgeneticallyidentical?

Giveoneexampleofahaploidcell.

Explainthebenefitofcrossingover(geneticrecombination):

47

LectureReview:

Definethefollowingterms:

TruebreedingplantParentalgenerationF1generationF2generationgene

allele

genotype

phenotype heterozygous homozygous genotypicratio

phenotypicratio

48

GiveafewexamplesofphenotypesMendelobservedinpeaplants,andthealternateformsthatphenotype

cantake:

Example: colorofpeaseed-yelloworgreen

Howmanyallelesdothesepeaplantshaveforeachgenethatcontrolsaphenotype?

Whydon’tpeaplantshavemoreorlessalleles?

Providestwoexamplesofahomozygousgenotype: Canaphenotypebeheterozygous?

Ifyourphenotypeisdominant,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is

(pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)

Ifyourphenotypeisrecessive,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is

(pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)

Explainwhyaphenotypeproducedbyarecessiveallele(likegreencoloredpeas)mightbemorecommon

thanthephenotypeproducedbythedominantallele(yellowcoloredpea).[Youmightalsoconsiderwhya

traitproducedbythedominantallele,suchaspolydactylism,islesscommonthanthetraitproducedbythe

recessiveallele].

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:“Theformationofgametes”–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/gametes.htm

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:“MonohybridCrosses”–inamonohybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswho

arebothheterozygotes(hybrid)forone(mono)gene.

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/mono.htm

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:“DihybridCrosses”–inadihybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswhoareboth

heterozygotes(hybrid)fortwo(di)differentgenes:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross.

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dihy.htm

warning...the"hints"demonstratehowtosolvetheseproblemsthehardway;Irecommendusing

the“productrule,”asillustratedinclass,andonpage469ofthetextbook(yetanotherexampleof

the“productrule”methodcanbeseenoncetheanswertothegeneticsextracreditproblemis

postedonthecoursewebsite).Nonetheless,youcanusetheproblemsabovetotestyourself.

49

Lecture#12-Genetics

LecturePrep: readCh23

LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele)

Incompletedominance Codominance Multiplealleles Onegenecontrolswhetheraparticularspeciesofsnakehasadiamondpatternonitsbackandalsowhether

ithasastripeonitsbelly.Youbreedasnakewithdiamondsonitsback(butnostripesonitsbelly)with

anothersnakethathasstripesonitsbelly(butnodiamondsonitsback).Alloftheiroffspringhaveboth

diamondsandstripes!Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishto

designatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)

Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?

Ifyouweretobreedtwooftheoffspringwitheachother,whatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?

…andwhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?

Whatifyoubreedoneoftheoffspringwithoneofitsparents(YUCK!)?

50

Marylovesdairyproducts,andsuffersnoilleffectsfromeatingthem,butherhusbandJosephisabsolutelylactoseintolerant(evenalittlelactoseandhe’sgotterriblediarrhea).JosephandMaryhaveachildnamed

Jose’,andthischildcantoleratesomedairyproductsaslongasitisnottoomuch.Whatkindofinheritanceis

exemplifiedbythisexample?

Jose’goesontofatherachildwithawoman(whoisalsonamedMary,likeJose’smother,lovers

dairyproducts).WhatarethepossiblegenotypesofJose’andMary’schildren?

isthegenotypicratioexpectedforJose’andMary’schildren?

WhatistheprobabilitythatJose’andMaryfirstchildwillhavethesamephenotypethathehas?

IfJose’andMaryhavethreechildren,whatistheprobabilityallthreewillhavethesamephenotype

asMary?

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:IncompleteDominance–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/incom.htm

51

Lecture#13-Genetics

LecturePrep: readCh23


Pleiotropy

Epistasis

PolygenicinheritanceImaginethatthreedifferentgenescontrolthenumberofeyelashesapersonhas,andforeachgenethere

aretwoalleles(onethatproducesaboutteneyelashes,whiletheotheralleleproducesaboutfiveeyelashes).

Brianhasthemaximumnumberofeyelashespossible,andhemateswithJulia,whohasthefewestnumber

ofeyelashespossible.Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishto

designatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)

Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?

WhatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia?

WhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia?

52

Adulthumanshaveawideandcontinuousrangeofshoesizes,butmostmenarenearsize10,andmost

womenarenearsize7.5.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

Someindividualsarebornwithouttheabilitytosmell.Alloftheseindividualsalsohavereducedcapabilityto

detecttheflavorofmostfoods.Let’sassumetheinabilitytosmellisageneticdefectinasinglegene(not

developmentaldefect).Ifyoubelievetheabilityto‘detectflavor’isdistinctfrom‘smell‘(somearguesmell

andflavordetectionarethesame),thenwhatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Assumingthistraitisgenetic,whatevidence(above)suggeststhistraitiscausedbyasinglegene?

Howwouldyoudetermineifthiswasageneticdefectoradevelopmentalproblem?

Approximately40%ofcatswithwhitefurandblueeyesaredeaf.Aninitialhintthatonegenecontrolledbothpigmentationanddeafnesscamefromtheobservationthatwhitecatswithoneblueeyeandone

yelloweyeweredeafonlyontheblue-eyedside.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythis

example?

Phenylketonuria(PKU)isadiseaseinhumanscausedbyadeficiencyoftheenzymephenylalanine

hydroxylase.Thisenzymeconvertstheessentialaminoacidphenylalaninetotyrosine.Adefectinthisgene

results(ifuntreated)inmentalretardation,eczema(askindisorder),andpigmentdefectsthatmakeaffected

individualslighterskinned.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

WalterLandauerandElizabethUphamobservedthat

chickensthatexpressedthedominantalleleforfrizzle

geneproducedfeathersthatcurledoutwardratherthan

lyingflatagainsttheirbodies(seephotototheright).

Thesesamefowlsalsohaveabnormalbody

temperatures,highermetabolicandbloodflowrates,

greaterdigestivecapacity,andalsolaidfewereggsthan

theirwild-typecounterparts.Whatkindofinheritanceis

mostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

Ethanolismetabolizedintovinegarbyatwostep-process.Inthefirststep,ethanolisconvertedinto

acetaldehydeanenzymecalledAlcoholdehydrogenase(let’sjustcallitenzymeA).Inthesecondstep,the

acetaldehydeisconvertedintovinegarbyadifferentenzymecalledAldehydedehydrogenase(letsjustcallitenzymeB).Foreachofthetwoenzymes,A&B,thereexisttwoalleles,onethatencodesafunctional

enzyme(thedominantform,AorB)andonethatencodesamutatedandnon-functionalenzyme(the

recessiveform,aorb).Considerindividualswiththefollowinggenotypes;iseachindividualabletoconvertethanolintovinegar?

AABB aaBB AaBb

Aabb aaBb aabb

Ifyoudefinethephenotypeofinterestastheabilitytometabolizeethanolintovinegar,thenwhatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

53

Lecture#14-Genetics

LecturePrep: readCh23andCh24


Sex-linkedrecessiveinheritance Autosomalrecessiveinheritance AutosomaldominantinheritancePRACTICEPROBLEMS:Sex-linkedtraits–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dragons.htm

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/xlinked.htm

54

Lecture#15-Evolutionpart#1LecturePrep: reviewChapter27,andcompletethegraphingexercisebelow

Thecommonfemalehouseflieslaysapproximately100eggsinherone-monthlife(columnEbelow).Howmanyofthose100eggsdoyouthinkwilllivelongenoughtoreproduce?________

Convertthisnumberofsurvivingfliesintoapercent(divideby100),andplaceitincolumnGbelow.

Usethestartingdatafor“month0”andyourestimateofflysurvivalrate(columnG)tocompletethetable.

Graphthetotalnumberoffliesineachgenerationonthegraphbelow(monthontheX-axis,total#offlies

fromeachgeneration,columnB,ontheY-axis–makesureyoulabelthenumbersontheY-axis)

A.

month

B.

Total#offlies

(males+

females)alive

ineach

generation

(columnHfrom

precedinggeneration)

C.

#ofmaleflies

(C=1/2ofcolumnB)

D.

#offemale

flies

(D=1/2ofcolumnB)

E.

howmany

eggsdoeseach

femalelay?

F.

totalnumber

ofeggsthat

arelaidthis

generation

(F=DxE)

G.

percentageof

thoseeggs

thatlivelong

enoughto

reproduce.

(yourownestimate,usethesame%forallrows)

H.

totalnumber

ofadultflies

reproducingin

nextround

(H=FxG)

0 2 1 1 100

1 100

2 100

3 100

4 100

5 100

6 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 month

55

2 -

1 -

9 – 8 – 7 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 –

Continuethelinebelowtoshowwhatyoupredictthehumanpopulationwillbein100years.

Whatfactorswillaffecttheoverallsizeofthehumanpopulationin100years?

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

year

56

LectureReview:Whilewatchingthemovie“TheEvidenceforEvolution,”answerthequestionsbelow.

TheRecordintheRocks

1.Namethreethingsthatcanfossilize.

2.Lookatthehorse-likeskeletons.Howaretheychanging?(i.e.,size,numberoftoes,wayofwalking,

presenceofhooves)

3.Scientificevidencesuggeststhatthecontinentslookedverydifferent350millionyearsago(mya).Briefly

describeinwhatways.

EvidencefromLivingThings

4.Definewhathomologousstructuresare.Givethreeexamples.

5.Whatisdivergentevolution?

6.Definewhatanalogousstructuresare.

7.Giveoneexampleofavestigialstructure.

8.Accordingtothevideo,howcanweexplainthefactthattherearelargeflightlessbirdsonlyinthe

southernhemisphere?

57

TheTheoryofEvolution

9.Whatdidthetheoryofacquiredcharacteristicsstated?Whoformulatedthisincorrecttheory?

10.Whoformulatedthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection?

11.Whenindividualsreproduce,theygeneratemanymoreoffspringthanneededtoreplacetheparents.

Whataresomeofthereasonswhyearthisnotoverrunwiththeresultantprogeny?

12.Ifcharacteristicsareinherited,thoseindividualswhoreproduceareabletopassontheirtraitstothe

nextgeneration.Thisisreferredtoas…

13.WhatdidDarwinmeanwhenhesaidthatthereisa“struggleforexistence”?Howcanthisinfluence

whichtraitsaccumulateinanygivenpopulation?14.Whatisdefinedasnaturalselection?

15.Defineconvergentevolutionandgiveatleasttwoexamples.

16.Whyisthenumberoflightanddarkpepperedmothschanginginapopulation?Isthecolor

characteristicgeneticallydetermined?

VariationandEvolution

17.Whatisthedefinitionofaspecies?

18.Whencanwesaywehaveanewspecies(speciationhasoccurred)?

19.Howcanyoutellwhensomeorganismsareanewspecies,versusvariantsfromthesamespecies?

20.Whatisartificialselection?Namesomespeciesthatmaychange(orhavebeenproduced)dueto

artificialselection?

21.Howcannewtraitsappearinapopulation?Giveanexplanationatthemolecularlevel.

22.Isitpossibletoinducemutationsinordertocreatenewtraits?Whichexampleisshowninthevideo?

58

Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2-Microevolution

LecturePrep:

Aregrizzlybearsandpolarbearsthesamespecies?Howwouldyoudeterminethat?

http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-02/climate-change-species-are-increasingly-hybridizing-survive

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124115253

Read546-550ofyourtextbook,andcompletethe“MechanismsofMicroevolution”exerciseonnexttwo

pages.

59

MechanismsofMicroevolution.Reviewpages546-550ofyourbookforthisexercise.Thepurposeofthisactivityistoanalyzeahypotheticalsituationanddeterminethemechanismof

microevolutioninvolved.Ineachofthefollowingscenarios,thereisatleastonemechanismof

microevolutionoccurring,butpossiblymore.Howmanycanyouidentify?

Wordbank: mutation nonrandommating directionalselection sympatricspeciation

geneticdrift naturalselection disruptiveselection allopatricspeciation

geneflow artificialselection stabilizingselection

1.Atypeofshortgroundclovergrowsinaremotemeadownearthetopofamountain.Themeadowis

small,withonlyenoughspaceforabout100cloverplantstogrow.ADNAreplicationerroroccursduring

oogenesisinoneoftheseclovers.ThiserrorchangestheDNAsequenceofaplantgrowthgene(g),therebyproducinganeggwithanewallele(G).Thiseggissuccessfullyfertilizedbyawildtype(g)pollen,givingrisetoaheterozygoteclover(Gg).BecauseoftheGallele,theGgheterozygoteinitiatesgerminationfasterthan

theggclovers.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

2.Becausetheheterozygote(Gg)clovergerminatesfasterthanitsneighboringclovers,itistallerandgets

moresunlightthanitsshadedneighboringclovers.Theadditionalsunlightenablesthe‘Gg’clovertoproducemorepollenthanitsneighbors,andoverthecourseofafewgrowingseasons,theGallelebecomesmore

common.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

3.Afewyearspass,andastheGallelebecomesincreasinglycommon,afewGGgenotypesareproduced.Asitturnsout,theGalleleexhibitsincompletedominance,sotheGGgenotypegrowsevenfaster(andthereforetaller)thantheGggenotype.Overthenextfewgrowingseasons,theGGgenotypebecomeseven

morecommonthantheGggenotype.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthat

illustratestheinitialgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#1.

Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthat

illustratesthenewgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#3.

60

4.Awanderingherdofgoatpassthroughthemeadow.Thegoatslikeeatingthecloverflowers,buttend

toeatthetallestflowersinthepatch.Inthefewdaysthegoatsareinthismeadow,theyeatalmostall

thetallflowers.

Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

Predictwhatclovergenotypewouldbemostfitif

thegoatsreturnedtothismeadowregularly:

Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthat

illustrateswhatyouexpectgenotypefrequency

wouldlooklikeifscenario#3and#4persistedformanygenerations.

5.Theshortgroundcloverisnormallypollinatedbyabeetlethatlivesontheground.Thisbeetledoes

notoftencrawluptothetallestflowers(perhapsbecauseitwouldbemoreeasilyeatenbybirds).

However,asthetallGGplantsbecomemorecommon,butterfliesbegintopollinatetheGGplants(thebutterfliesrarelypollinatetheshortggplants,perhapsbecausetheflowersontheshortplantsaremore

difficultforthebutterfliestoreach).Fortunatelyfortheclovers,thereisenoughpollenandpollinators

toensurethatnearlyeveryeggissuccessfullyfertilized,regardlessoftheplants’heightandpollinator.

Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

Suggestapossibleexplanationforwhybirdsmighteatthebeetlesbutnotthebutterflies.Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthat

illustrateswhatyouexpectthegenotypefrequency

wouldlooklikeifscenario#5persistedformany

generations.(assumetheherdofwanderinggoats

doesnotreturntothismeadow).

6.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthetallerplantseatenbygoatsinscenario4hadalreadybeenpollinatedand

producedseedswithaprotectiveoutercoating.Therefore,thegoatsatetheseseedsalongwiththeflowers,

andthenwanderedmanymilesaway,depositingseedsastheywent.Becausethegoatsatealmostonlythe

tallflowers,mostoftheseedsintheirpoopwastheGGgenotype.Someseedsweredepositedinaremote

meadowwhereonlyshort(gg)cloversweregrowingwhileotherseedsweredepositedinawindy,rockymountainpasswherenoclovershadpreviouslyexisted.Thebutterfliesandbeetlesthatpollinatethisclover

don’tusuallyvisitrocky,windyareas,sotheclovergrowingintherockyareasbecamedependentonthewind

topollinateitsflowers.Variousallelesofanothergene(Horh)affectthesizeandweightofthepollen,which

thenaffectshoweasilythepollenisspreadbythewind.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

7.Withinafewyears,thecloversonthemountainpassgrewintoalushcloverpatch;butinoneparticularly

hardwinter,99%ofthecloversfrozeanddied.Itturnsoutthatoneclover(anditsfewdescendants)hada

mutationthatshiftedenergystoragefrompredominantlystarchtoarelatedapolysaccharidecalledinulin,

andtheinulinpreventedtheseplantsfromfreezing.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolved?

61

Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2–Microevolution

LectureReview:

Classifythefollowingscenariosasexamplesofeitherartificialornaturalselectionbyplacingtheletter

foreachscenariointotheappropriateboxbelow. Scenarios

A.Rattlesnakesblendinwiththeirwoodedsurroundings.

B.Desertplants,suchascacti,areadaptedtostorewaterduringdryconditions.

C.Avariationthatincreasesthespeedofarodentincreasesitschancesofescapingpredatorsand

reproducing.

D.AdogbreederwantstheagilityofabordercollieandthecoloringofanAustralianshepherd,sohe

breedsthetwo.

E.Agardenerchosestheseedsfromarosethatproduceslargerflowerstoplant.

F.Brusselsprouts,kohlrabi,andChinesecabbagearedomesticatedplantsthatalldescendedfromthe

sameancestor. ArtificialSelection

NaturalSelection

Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Eachtermisusedonlyonce.

Alllivingorganismsusesimilarbiomolecules,suchas_____,RNA,ATPand

proteins.Thisleadsscientiststoconcludethatalllifedescendedfroma

commonancestorthatalsousedthese_____.

Organismsalsousethesamegeneticcode(UniversalCodonChart)tospecify

which_____isencodedbyaparticular3-nucleicacidcodonwhenbuilding

proteins.

Thus,differencesbetweenspeciesexistmainlyduetosmalldifference

betweenthe_____eachoneproducesanduses.

A.RNA

B.DNA

C.proteins

D.aminoacid

E.biomolecules

62

Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Structuresthatareanatomicalllysimilarbecausetheywereinheritedfroma

commonancestorarecalled____structures.

Forexample,theforearmsofabat,bird,whaleandcatallcontainthesame____

ofbones,buteachservesadifferent____.

Someinheritedstructuresarenolongernecessaryandlosetheiroriginalfunction,

inwhichcasetheyareconsidered_____structures.Thepresenceofthesenon-

functionalstructuresimpliesdescentfromanancestorthatoncehadafunctional

form.

Oppositely,____structuresarethosethatservethesamefunctionintwo

organisms,butareanatomicallydifferentanddon’tshareacommonancestry.

Thepresenceof____structures,notanalogousstructures,isevidencethat

organismsarerelated.

Scientistsconcludethatalllifedescendedfromacommonancestorbecausethey

share_____biomoleculessuchasDNA,RNAandproteins.

A.analagous

B.function

C.homologous

D.arrangement

E.vestigial

Classifythefollowingexamplesaseitherhomologousoranalogousstructuresbyplacingtheletterfor

eachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow. examples

A.Cactusesandspurgeshaveconvergent(similarbutindependent)adaptationstohotclimates.

B.Forearmsofchickens,whales,andhumans.

C.Insectwingsandbatwings.

D.Structuresthatarerelatedtoeachotherbecauseofdescentfromacommonancestor.

E.Toeofahorseandwingofabat.

F.Arisebecauseofadaptationstothesametypeofenvironment.

G.Structureswiththesamefunctionbutdifferentevolutionaryancestry.

HomologousStructures

Analogousstructures

Explainhowvestigialtraitsandhomologoustraits(includingbothanatomicalandbiochemicalfeatures)

supportthetheoryofevolution.

63

Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

A.Britishlandsnailshavetwoverydifferentphenotypesastheyarebothadaptedtodifferenthabitats.

B.Individualfincheswithinonepopulationoccupydifferentnichesandeventuallyevolvetohavedifferent

beaksizes.

C.Verylargeandverysmallnewbornsaremorelikelytosufferserioushealthproblems.

D.Chloroquineisnolongereffectiveagainstmalariabecauseithasevolvedresistanceagainstit.

E.Anewfluvaccineisneededeveryyear.

F.Birdclutchsizeconsistingof4-5eggsaremorelikelytohatchthanlargerorsmallerclutches.

Disruptiveselection Stabilizingselection Directionalselection

Usethespacebeloweachgraphtoillustratehowtheinitialpopulationdistributionthatisshownwould

changeafterundergoingdisruptive,stabilizing,ordirectionalselection.

Thex-axisrepresentsthephenotypeofthepopulationbeingmeasured,suchasthesizeofananimal

(smallanimalsontheleft,mediumsizedanimalsinthemiddle,andlargeranimalsontheright).

They-axisisthefrequencyofeachphenotypeinthepopulation(i.e.thenumberofindividualsinthe

populationthataresmall,mediumorlarge).

InitialPopulationDistributions:

smalllargesmalllargesmalllarge

size size size

NewPopulationDistributionAfterSelection:

Disruptiveselection stabilizingselection directionalselection

smalllargesmalllargesmalllarge

size size size

64



Sicklecellisa_____geneticallyinheriteddisorderthataffects_____

moleculesthatcarryoxygenintheblood.

Individualsthatare_____havethesicklecelldisease,whileindividuals

thatbelongtotheothertwogenotypesdonot.

Individualsthatcarryanalleleforsicklecellalsocarryaresistanceto

malaria,asthesickleshaped_____lack_____andmalarialparasitesdie.

Therefore,individualsthatare_____carryanadvantage,astheyare

resistanttomalariaanddonothavesicklecelldisease.

A.autosomaldominant

B.homozygousdominant

C.heterozygous

D.homozygousrecessive

E.autosomalrecessive

F.hemoglobin

G.whitebloodcells

H.redbloodcells

I.calcium

J.potassium



Aprocesswheresmallmeasurablechangesoccurfromgenerationto

generationiscalled_____.

Aprocesswherelargechangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftimeiscalled

_____.Thisprocessrequires_____,orthesplittingofonespeciesinto

twoormorenewspecies,tooccur.

The_____describesaspeciesasgroupsoforganismsthatinterbreed,

haveashared_____,andarereproductivelyisolatedfromallother

species.

Onelimitationofthiswayofdefiningspeciesisthatitappliesonlyto

_____organisms.

A.asexuallyreproducing

B.biologicalspeciesconcept

C.extinct

D.genepool

E.macroevolution

F.microevolution

G.naturalselection

H.sexuallyreproducing

I.speciation

Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

ExamplesofreproductivebarriersA.F2fitness

B.habitatisolation

C.gameteisolation

D.zygotemortality

E.hybridsterility

F.behavioralisolation

G.temporalisolation

H.mechanicalisolation

Postzygoticisolatingmechanisms

Prezygoticisolatingmechanisms

65



Inordertomate,maleblue-footedboobiesmustdisplayanelaborate

courtshipdance.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Becausesugarmaplesandredmaplesoccupydifferenthabitats,theydonot

exchangepollen,eventhoughtheyliveinthesamelocations.Thisisan

exampleof_____.

Maleinsectsofaspecieshavereproductivegenitaliathatmakeitimpossibleto

reproducewithfemalesofothercloselyrelatedorganisms.Thisisanexample

of_____.

Twospeciesoftermitesliveinthesamelocationbutdon’tmatebecausethey

havedifferentbreedingseasons.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Pollenofonespeciesofflowerisnotabletosurvivethejourneytoreachthe

eggproducedinembryosacofaflowerofanotherspecies,sotheycannot

reproducetogether.Thisisanexampleof_____.

A.behavioralisolation

B.habitatisolation

C.mechanicalisolation

D.gameteisolation

E.hybridsterility

F.temporalisolation

Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow. Examples

A.Speciationthatisbasedongeographicseparation.

B.Organismsindifferentlocationsaresubjecttodifferentselectivepressuresandevolveintodifferent

species.

C.Organismsarereproductivelyisolatedbypostzygoticmechanismsandevolveintodifferentspecies.

D.Speciationthatdoesnotrequiregeographicisolation.

E.Breadwheatevolvedfromtwospeciesofwheatwithdifferentnumbersofchromosomes.

Allopatricspeciation

Sympatricspeciation


Rapidanddramatic_____isasignificantcauseofextinction.

The_____changedglobalweatherpatternsandtheamountofshoreline

andinteriorland,leadingtothePermianmassextinctionof_____and

terrestrialorganisms250millionyearsago.

HighlevelsofiridiumandalargecraterintheGulfofMexicoindicatethe

impactofagiant_____duringtheCretaciousperiod66millionyearsago.

Thisimpactwouldlikelyhavecausedlargeenvironmentalchanges

includingaprolongedglobalwinter,andisbelievedtohavecontributedto

amassextinctionthatkilledofthe_____.

Thereappearstobeanon-goingmassextinctioncausedby_____.

A.driftingofcontinents

B.environmentalchange

C.dinosaurs

D.meteorite

E.human-induced

environmentalchanges

F.marine

66

Lecture#17-Evolutionpart#3–Humanevolution

Lectureprep:WatchtheTEDtalk:DebunkingthePaleodiet–byChristinaWarinnerThereisalinkunderthe“coolscience”tabonthecoursewebsite.

ComparethistalktotheTEDtalkwewatchedearlier(Mindingyourmitochondria).

Isthereanythingwecanconcludefromthesetwotalks?

LectureReview:preparefortheunit#2exam!

68

ReadingList-Unit3:DiversityofLifeandEcology

Textbook:InquiryintoLife(14thEd)byMader&Windelspecht:

DiversityofLife:

Chapter28 Viruses,Bacteria,andArchaea

Chapter29 Protistans

Chapter30 Plants

Chapter31 Animals:PartI

Chapter32 Animals:PartII

Ecology

Chapter33 AnimalBehavior

Chapter34 PopulationEcology

Chapter35 NatureofEcosystems

Chapter36 TheBiosphere

Chapter37 EnvironmentalConcerns

Labs:

#11 InvertebrateDiversity

#13 PlantDiversity

#14 Ecology

PostersondisplayinthehallsofBuildingX

TheexamwillplaceapproximatelyequalemphasisontheDiversityofLife(Chapters28–32)andEcology

(Chapters33–37).LectureswillemphasizethemainpointsoftheDiversityofLife(Chapters28–32),

butonlysomeoftheconceptsaboutEcology(Chapters33–37).Studentsarethereforeadvisedtospendsignificantamountoftimestudyingboththelecturematerial,andthematerialfromthebook.

Theportfoliohighlightsimportantaspectsofallchapters,includingmaterialnotcoveredextensivelyin

lecture.

Miscellaneous:

Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:

Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)

Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)

Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)

Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)

Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)

Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)

Studylecturenotes… and… readthebook!Knowdetailsabouteachexamplediscussedinclass.

Reviewtheportfolioandlabexercises.

Studythefigures(andphylogenetictrees)inthebookandportfolio.

Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.

69

Lecture#18-OverviewofLife’sDiversity

LecturePrep: ReviewChapter1

LectureReview:1.DrawaphylogenetictreethatrepresentstherelationshipamongthemajorDomains[andeukaryotic

Kingdoms]oflife:

Archaea,Bacteria,Eukarya[Protista,Plantae,Fungi,Animalia]

2.Whatfeaturesdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother?

3.Doyouthinkvirusesqualifyas“livingorganisms”?

4.Begincompletingthetableonthefollowingpage.Addmoretoitaftereachlecture.

70

Canitevolve?

Doesithaveitsownribosomestomakeitsprotein?

Doesithaveaphospholipidcellmembrane?

Doesithaveacellwall?(never,usually,sometimes)Ifyes,whatisitmadeof?

Doesithaveamembraneboundnucleusandorganelles?

Howdoesitgetits“food”?Isitaphotoautotroph,chemoautoroph,orheterotroph?

Aretheyalwayssinglecells,ormulti-cellular,orsometimesboth?

Interestingexamplesanduniquefeatures

Viruses

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista:Algae

Protista:Protozoan

Plants

Fungi(fungus)

Animals

71

Lecture#19-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumPorifera(Sponges)LecturePrep: readChapter31&32

Namefiveexamplesofanimals(themorediversethebetter).

Namefiveexamplesoflivingorganismsthatarenotanimals(themorediversethebetter).

Considertheexamplesofanimalsandnon-animalsyoujustmade(andothers),andthendescribeasmanydifferencesasyoucanbetweenthetwogroups.Vocabulary:

Truetissuesvscellular-leveloforganization

Protostomevsdeuterostome

Germlayers:endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm

Coelomvspseudocoelomvsacoelom

Radialvsbilateralsymmetery(andhowitrelatestocephalization)

Endothermvsectotherm

LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.TheninemajorPhylumwithinKingdomAnimalia 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?

WhatDomain,KingdomandPhylumdospongesbelongto?Whyisamouthanimportantfeatureamonganimals?Whatdistinguishesbetweenprotostomesanddeuterostomes? Hint-toseeonetrait,lookhere:http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/urchins/rad_spir.html

72

Drawapictureofasponge,labelingthethreetypesofcellsandthedirectionofwaterflow.Whyisaspongeconsideredananimalifitlackstruetissues?Doesaspongehaveamouth?Ifso,canitbiteyou?Ifnot,thenhowdoesaspongeeat?Doesaspongehaveaskeleton? Whatkindofbiomoleculeiscollagen,andwhatpurposedoesitserveinasponge? Whattwopurposesdospiculesserve?Whatarethethreeprimarycelltypesinasponge,andwhatroledoeseachserve?Describethreeimportantecologicalrolesthatspongesserve.Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow

Spongesare_____organismswitha_____leveloforganization,thereforeplacingthematthe_____oftheevolutionarytreeofanimals.

Thebodyofaspongeislinedwith_____thatuseflagellatocreatewatercurrentsthatflowthroughtheporesandoutthe_____.

Thesewatercurrentshelpthespongeobtainfood,asitisa(n)_____.

Spongesreproduceasexuallythrough_____andsexuallybyreleasingeggandspermintothewater.

Mostspongeshave_____madeof_____andfibersof_____toprovidesupport.

A. BaseB. BuddingC. CellularD. ChoanocytesE. EndoskeletonsF. ExoskeletonsG. FilterfeederH. MulticellularI. OsculumJ. SpiculesK. collagenL. unicellular

Labelthephylogenetictreeonthenextpagewiththedescriptionsineachofthethreeboxes.

73

Usethefollowingphrasestolabelthemajorevolutionarychangesidentifiedbytheletters(A-J)inthetreeabove:

Originsofmulticellularity

Bilateralsymmetry

Radialsymmetry

Twogermlayers

Threegermlayers

Protostomes(mouthfirst)

Dueterostomes(mouthsecond)

Truetissues/germlayers

Pseudocoelom

Acoelom

LabeleachPhyluminthetreeaboveusingthefollowingterms:

Molluscs

Platyhelminthes(flatworms)

Annelids(segmentedworms)

Cnidarians

Porifera(sponges)

Nematodes(roundworms)

Arthropods

Echinoderms

Chordates

Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththecorrectphylumabove:1.Hastwogermlayers,&doesnothaveaseparatemouth&anus.

2.Multicellular,butlackstruetissues.

3.Segmentedbody,jointedappendages&crunchyexoskeleton

(andthusgrowsbymoltingormetamorphosis)

4.Segmentedbody&growsbyaddingbodytissue.

5.Segmentedbody&hasdorsalrodandnervecord,pharyngeal

pouchesandpost-analtail.

6.Threemainbodyparts:visceralmass,foot,&mantlethatmay

becomeashell.

7.Hasapseudocoelomandgrowsbymolting.

8.Thelarvaearebilaterallysymmetrical,buttheadultisradially

symmetricalandhasnoheadorbrain.

9.Hasthreegermlayersbutnocoelom;doesnothavea

respiratoryorcirculatorysystemandusuallydoesnothavea

separatemouthandanus(althoughverylongonessometimes

havemultipleanuses).

Kingdom Animalia

74

Lecture#20-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumChordatesLecturePrep: readChapter31&32 LectureReview:Whatarethefourdefiningcharacteristicsofachordate? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasahumandevelops? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasabonyfishydevelops?Whatcharacteristicsdohumanssharewiththemarineorganismsknownastunicates?Classifythefollowingcharacteristicsasdescribingeitherechinodermsorchordatesorboth.A.HavepostanaltailB.DeuterostomesC.Havefree-swimminglarvalstageD.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryasadultsE.HavedorsaltubularnervecordsF.Exhibitradialsymmetryasadults

G.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryatsomepointintheirlifecyclesH.Havenohead,brain,orsegmentationasadultsI.Includesanimalswithvertebrae(thevertebrates)J.HavepharyngealpouchesatsomepointindevelopmentK.Havenotocordsatsomepointintheirlifecycle

Both

Echinoderms Chordates

Usethefollowingchoicestocompletethesentencesbelow.Somechoicesmaybeusedmorethanonce.

A. Dorsaltubularnervecord

B. Four

C. Invertebrates

D. Notochord

E. Six

F. Tail

G. vertebrates

Allchordatespossess_____basiccharacteristics.

Theypossessa_____atsomepointintheirlifetime.

Chordatesthatare_____possessa_____,butitisneverreplacedbyaboneyvertebralcolumnasinthecasewith_____.

Chordatesalsopossessa_____thatisfilledwithfluid.

In_____,this_____isprotectedbythevertebrae.

Atsomepointintheirdevelopment,allchordatesmustalsopossesspharyngealpouchesandapostanal_____.

Whatarethemajorevolutionaryinnovationsinthehistoryofchordates,andwhatadvantagedoeseachinnovationprovide?Howare“lancelets”and“hagfish”differentfromatruefish?Howaretheysimilar?What’sthedifferencebetweenashark,aray-finned(bony)fish,andalobed-finfish? Whichareyoumostcloselyrelated?Whicharemostlycloselyrelated:seasquirt,seaanemone,seacucumber,seaurchin,andseasponge. Why?

75 ancestral chordate

tunicates lancelets jawless fishes cartilaginous

fishes bony fishes mammals

vertebrae mammary glands

(and hair)

reptiles & birds amphibians

amniotic egg

lobe-finned fishes

Chordates

lungs

limbs bony skeleton

jaws

76

Lecture#21(part1and2)-DomainEukarya,KingdomPlantaeLecturePrep: readChapter30 LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.AllthemajorPhylumwithinKingdomPlantae 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatdistinguishesthemulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomPlantaefrom themulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomProtista(forexample,algae)?Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenalgae(astrictlywaterplant)andall“landplants”? Bemorespecificthanjust“onelivesinthewaterplant,andtheotherlivesonland.”Plantslivepartoftheirlifeasasporophyteandpartoftheirlifeasagametophyte(thisisknownas“alternationofgenerations”).Whichofthesegenerationsishaploid,andwhichisdiploid? Whenyoulookatagiantoaktree,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Ifyouseemossgrowingonarockinaforest,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Describewhatthehaploidformofapinetreelookslike.Whatchemicalsareinyourlawnfertilizer,andwhydoplantsneedit(seetextpage383)?Whydoesavenusflytrap"eat"insects?Dogymnospermsproduceafruitthatcontainsseedswithin? Howdogymnospermsdispersetheirseeds? Howdoesthepollenfromagymnospermgettothefemalegametophyteinordertofertilizeit? Howispollinationinangiospermsdifferentfromthatingymnosperms?IstheDNAinthefleshypartofanangiosperm’sfruitthesameastheDNAintheseedsofthatfruit?Offeroneexplanationforwhygymnospermsandangiospermsaremorewidespreadthroughouttheworldthanferns.Offeranotherexplanationforwhyangiospermsaremorewidespreadthangymnosperms.Explainhowaplantgetswaterfromtherootsuptoitsleaves,andsugarfromphotosynthesisfromleavesdowntotheroots,withoutahearttopumpit.Watch“Episode3,Flowering”ofthePrivateLifeofPlantsdocumentaryandthinkaboutthefollowingthreequestions:

Howdoflowersattracttheattentionofpollinators?Howdoflowersenticepollinatorstovisitthem?Whichanimalsfunctionasflowerpollinators?

77

1.UsethefollowingwordstolabelthemajorevolutionaryinnovationswithintheKingdomPlantae(designatedbytheblankboxesinthetree). A.Seeds B.Flowers C.EmbryoProtection D.Megaphylls E.VascularTissue F.Commongreenalgalancestor2.Circlethelandplants.3.Putacheckmarkabovethevascularplants.4.PutanXovertheplantsthatproduceseeds.

78

Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Mossesarelow-lyingplantsthatlack_____forwatertransportation,butdohavestructurestoprevent_____.

Thelycophytesarethefirstplantswith_____.Theyalsocontaintinynarrowleavescalled_____.

Fernsarethefirstlandplantstohavebranching_____toincreasetherateof_____andthereforesize.

Plantsdeveloped_____toprotectembryosandprovidethemwithnourishmentduring_____.

Angiospermscontain_____toattractpollinatorsandproducefruitstocover_____.

A.desiccation

B.flowers

C.germination

D.megaphylls

E.microphylls

F.photosynthesis

G.seeds

H.vasculartissue

Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Somewordsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

The_____plants,alsoknowasthe_____,includeliverworts,hornworts,andmosses.

Lycophytesare_____plantswithroots,stems,andleavescalled_____.Examplesoflycophytesinclude_____.

Fernsaregroupsof_____plantswithlargeleavescalled_____orfronds.Examplesoffernsinclude_____androyalferns.

Treesandgardenplantsareexamplesof_____plants,calledsobecausetheyproduce_____thatcontainaprotectivecoatingandfoodforthedeveloping_____.

Plantswithnakedseesarecalled_____andfloweringplantsarecalled_____.

Examplesof_____includespines,conifersandredwoods,whileexamplesof_____includeoaktress,Spanishmoss,andcorn.

A.angiospermsB.embryoC.gymnospermsD.megaphyllsE.nonvascularF.seedsG.bryophytesH.groundpinesI.maidenhairJ.microphyllsK.seedL.vascular

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AngiospermsandGymnosperms:Fillintheblanksbelowusingoneofthetermsprovided(eachtermisusedonlyonce): Gametophyte gymnosperm angiosperms sporophyte fruitordryshell pollen megaspore antherInthealternationofgenerationsofaplantlifecycle,the isdiploid,whilethe ishaploid.Thesearemulticellularhaploidstructures;ingymnospermstheycontainonemalegamete,whileinangiospermstheycontaintwomalegametes: .Thesearemulticellular,haploidreproductivestructuresthatcontainaneggandareenclosedwithinthediploidovule: .Infloweringplants,pollenisproducedinthe .Theirnamemeans“covered”or“enclosed”seed: . What“covers”or“encloses”theseed? .In ,pollenisusuallydispersedbywind.Angiosperms:

1.Fillintheblanks,andthen,2.Putastar(*)nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomestheseed.3.Puta“X"nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomesafleshyfruitordryseedcovering.

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Lecture#22-DomainEukarya,KingdomFungiLecturePrep: readchapteraboutFungi LectureReview:Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?PlacethefollowingitemsintotheappropriateKingdombelow

A.NoCellWallB.PhotosyntheticautotrophC.ChemoheterotrophicbyabsorptionD.ChemoheterotrophicbyingestionE.CellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidechitinF.Cellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidecellulose

Fungi

LandPlants Animals

Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Fungicontainanucleusandaretherefore_____organisms.

Fungilack_____andcannotproducetheirownfoodbyphotosynthesis;instead,manyserveasdecomposersintheenvironment.

Fungimustsecrete_____enzymesand_____fromtheirimmediateenvironment.

Theseorganismsdifferfromplantsandanimalsinmanyotherways,andcurrent_____evidencesuggeststhattheymaybethedescendantsofflagellatedprotists.

A.DNAB.absorbC.chloroplastsD.digestiveE.eukaryoticF.fossilG.mitochondriaH.photosyntheticI.prokaryotic

Describehowafungusobtainsitsorganicmolecules(usewordssuchasheterotrophic,autotrophic,saprotrophic,externalorinternaldigestion):Describewhatalichenis,andhowitobtainstheorganic(e.g.glucose)andinorganicmolecules(water,minerals)itneedstolive.

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Lecture#23-DomainEukarya,KingdomProtistaLecturePrep: readchapter29 Doallprotistshaveanucleus? Doallprotistshaveachloroplast? Wheredoprotistslive?LectureReview: Doallprotistshaveamitochondria? Whatisendosymbiosis?

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Lecture#24-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep: readchapter28 DoBacteriaandArchaeabelongtothesameDomain? ArevirusesinthesameDomainasBacteriaorArchaea? WhyareArchaeaandBacteriabothcalledProkaryotes?LectureReview: Giveexamplesofprokaryotesanddescribetheirsymbioticinteractionswithhumans. Arethesesymbioticinteractionscommensalistic,mutualistic,orparasitic?

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Lecture#25-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep:

Review the Questions below before listening to the following radio interview (answer the questions as you listen): http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/09/06/2013/do-your-gut-bacteria-influence-your-metabolism.html

What question did Dr. Gordon address by doing a fecal transplant from human twins into mice? How much of an individual’s weight and metabolism is influenced by their gut bacteria. What journal was this study published in? Science Is the community of bacteria in your gut the same as the community in my gut? No What trait was conferred by gut bacteria onto their host? (host = the organism the bacteria live in) Leanness What is the name (genus) of the type of gut bacteria that confer this trait? Bacteroides What kind of symbiotic relationship exists between humans and these bacterial invaders? Mutualistic How does standard mouse chow differ from the “modern human diet”? Standard mouse chow is low in fat, high in plant fiber Human diet is usually high in saturated fat, low in fruit and vegetables What does Dr. Gordon mean by “job vacancies”? There is an ecological niche to be filled. These job vacancies cannot be filled unless ____________________________________________.

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(the right diet is consumed) In this study, obesity is associated with ___________________________________________. less diverse gut microbiota (bacteria) Why isn’t there an epidemic of leanness among people? Diet, diet, diet: Most people aren’t eating a healthy diet that promotes invasion by the good Bacteroi des bacteria The researchers noticed that some kinds gut bacteria were correlated with low weight and high metabolism, but how did the researchers demonstrate that gut bacteria caused these changes in weight and metabolism, rather than the gut bacteria and weight both being caused by something else? (“correlation does not mean causation”) The researchers alter the bacteria in the guts of otherwise identical mice by performing a fecal transplant and determine if this causes a change in weight/metabolism. What are some of the next steps the researchers plan to address? What is the impact of age, culture, etc on bacterial invaders? How can current dietary patterns be modified to promote good bacteria? Why is the field of gut bacteria research growing so rapidly now? Draw a schematic (cartoon) to summarize the various experimental trials in Dr. Gordon’s study.

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LectureReview: Describethenitrogencycleandhowprokaryotescontributetoit. Howdoesfertilizerrun-offaffecttheenvironment?

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Lecture#26-EcologyLecturePrep: readChapters33-37 ReviewpostersondisplayinthehallwayofBuildingX WatchTEDtalk-themathematicsofweightlossbyRubenMeerman:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGKLpYtZ19QLectureReview:1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenacommunityandanecosystem?2.GiveanexampleofaMDCandofaLDC.

IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforMDC?

IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforLDC?

IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforMDC?

IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforLDC?

3.LabeleachofthefollowingascharacteristicofLess-developedCountries(LDC)orMore-developedCountries(MDC):

Overpopulationisobvious

Growthrateupwardsof1.5%

Overuseofresourcesisobvious

Growthratearound0.2%

4.Whatfactorsotherthanpopulationsizecontributestotheenvironmentalimpactofhumansocieties?5.Bioticpotentialishowquicklyapopulationcanincreaseovertime. Listfivecharacteristicsofapopulationthatinfluencebioticpotential.6.Populationgrowthislimitedbydensity-independentanddensitydependentfactors. Giveanexampleofeach(andspecifyifitisdensity-independentordensitydependent).7.Distinguishbetweenanopportunisticpopulationandanequilibriumpopulation. Provideanexampleofeach,andexplainbrieflywhatisdifferentbetweenthetwo.

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Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthataremostlikelytoinfluencebioticpotentialabundanceofresourceshowofteneachindividualreproducesusualnumberofoffspringperreproductionchancesofsurvivealuntilageofreproductionageatwhichreproductionbeginswasteproductionbodycompositiondurationoftimebetweenpost-reproductionanddeathfeedingpattern

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Classifyeachofthefollowingscenariosbasedonwhetherthecontributingfactorsaredensity-dependentordensity-independent:

Bioticfactorssuchascompetition,predation,parasitismTherearefewernestingsitesthanpairsofwoodpecksthatneednests.Asaresult,somewoodpeckersdonohavesuccesfulclutchesAbioticfactorssuchasweatherornaturaldisastersCompetitiondrivespartofadeerpopulationtostarvationAtornadodestroyshalfofthetreesinaforestAninsectpopulationistoolargeforalltofindsufficientcamouflagewithinaflowerpatch,somanybecomesubjecttopredation.Aslynxpopulationsincrease,harepopulationsdecrease.Asharepopulationsdecrease,lynxpopulationsdecrease,causingashiftingriseinharepopulationsagain.

Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthatincreaseaspeciesvulnerabilitytoextinction:

RestrictedgeographicrangeorExtensivegeographicrange

BroadhabitattoleranceorNarrowhabitattolerance

SmalllocalpopulationorLargelocalpopulation

increasedresourceusebyhumans

increasedhumanactivityinpreviouslyunsettledareas

tendtoexhibitequilibriumlifehistorypatterns

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Chapter1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenspeciescompositionandspeciesdiversity?2.Whatisapioneerspecies?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytobefastgrowingorslowgrowing?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytohaveasmallbodyorlargebody?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytobeshort-livedorlong-lived?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytoquicktomaturequickly,orslowly?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytoproducefewoffspring,ormany?

3.Whatisthecompetitiveexclusionprinciple,andhowdoesitrelatetoanecologicalniche?4.Whatisakeystonespeciesandwhatisanexotic/invasivespecies?5.The“ecologicalpyramid”describestherelationshipbetweenincreasingtrophiclevelsandenergyflow.

Describethisrelationship.Hint:Howisthecarryingcapacityoftheearthforhumansaffectedbythedifferencebetweenavegetarianvscarnivorousdiet?

6.Whyarechemicalslikecarbon,nitrogenandphosphorous(C,N,P)importantforlife? Whatarethemajorreservoirsofeach?7.Doesenergyflowinalinearorcircularfashion? Whataboutchemicalslike(C,N,andP)…dotheyflowinlinearorcircularfashion?8.Nametwoofthethreemostproductive(intermsofprimaryproductivity)ecosystems. Whatfactorstendtoinfluencetheproductivityofecosystems?

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Chapter1.Listthreeresourcesthateveryorganismneedstolive.2.Givethreeexamplesofbothrenewableresourcesandnon-renewableresources.3.Describebothbeneficialanddetrimentalenvironmentalconsequenceofdams.4.AccordingtotheUSFishandWildlifeService,asof2010thereare530animalspeciesand795plant

speciesintheUSthatareindangerofextinction.Whatarethreeoftheprimaryfactorsthatcontributetothisthreattobiodiversity?

5.Whichtrophiclevelwillhavethehighestconcentrationoftoxinsduetobiologicalmagnification?6.Describethree“direct”valuesofbiodiversity,andthree“indirect”valuesofbiodiversity.7.Listthreethingsyoucandotomakeyourlifestylemoresustainable(yes...thisisagoodtestquestion).

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Selectallofthefollowingfarmingpracticesthatareharmfultotheenvironment:

PlantingafewgeneticvarietiesoramonoculturePlantingseveraldifferentvarietiesofcropsadaptedtothearea’sclimateHeavyuseoffertilizers,pesticides,andherbicidesUsingbiologicalcontrolstoeliminatepestsandweedsGenerousirrigationtothepointwhereaquifersarereducedemployingtechniquesandpracticesthatreducewaterconsumptionExcessivefuelconsumptiontorunirrigationpumpsandlargefarmingmachinesUsingbiofuelsandsolarenergytoassistinenergyconsumptionneededforfarmingpractices

Selectallofthefollowingthatarethreatstobiodiversity:

HabitatlossDeforestationassociatedwiththesprawlofurbanareasIntroductionofexoticspeciesDiseaseMigrationtootherareasInterspeciescompetitionWaterandairpollutionPoachingandoverhunting

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Selectallofthefollowingthathelpmakeruralsocietiesmoresustainable:

PlantalienspeciesRemovealltreestomakemoreroomforcashcropsUsechemicalpesticidesandherbicidestokeepcropshealthyPlantavarietyofspeciestoreducedependenceontraditionalcropsMaintainandrestorewetlandsUseintegratedpestmanagement,whichutilizesbiologicalcontrolsmorethanchemicalmethodsSupportlocalbusinessbyshoppinglocallyPlantmultipurposetreesandcovercrops

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