Reading Reading is an is an

Interactive ProcessInteractive Process

Dina Ocampo, Ph.D.Dina Ocampo, Ph.D.

UP College of EducationUP College of Education

Factors that Influence ReadingFactors that Influence Reading

Prior Knowledge Type OrganizationPrior Knowledge Type Organization

Knowledge About Reading Linguistic PropertiesKnowledge About Reading Linguistic Properties

Attitudes and Motivation Structural FeaturesAttitudes and Motivation Structural Features

Purpose/TaskPurpose/Task

InstructionInstruction

SettingSetting

Figure 1. Figure 1. Factors that influence reading.Factors that influence reading.

(Source:Lipson and Wixson, 1991)(Source:Lipson and Wixson, 1991)

READER

CONTEXT

TEXT

Comprehension is the result of the Comprehension is the result of the Interaction between the Reader and the TextInteraction between the Reader and the Text

CC OO MM PP RR EE HH EE NN SS II OO NN

READERTypes of prior knowledge Stored in reader’s memory

1. Script KnowledgeKnowledge and beliefs aboutThe world derived fromrepeated experiences withpeople, places, events,situations in day-to-dayliving.

2. Knowledge about language• graphophonic information• syntactic information• semantic information• pragmatics

3. Knowledge of text structure• text cohesion• different types of text

TEXT

Text Schemata

Content Information• subject matter/concepts• theme

Linguistic features• spelling patterns/written conventions• language structure• vocabulary, word meanings• language functions (context in which language is used)

Cohesive devices and general text structure• story grammar (narratives)• Top-level structure (exposition)

Script Knowledge

Content theme

Can you guessCan you guess

what the paragraphwhat the paragraph

is about?is about?

A newspaper is better than a magazine and A newspaper is better than a magazine and on a seashore is better than a street. At first, on a seashore is better than a street. At first, it is better to run than walk. Also you may it is better to run than walk. Also you may have to try several times. It takes some skill have to try several times. It takes some skill but it is easy to learn. Even young children but it is easy to learn. Even young children can enjoy it. Once successful, complications can enjoy it. Once successful, complications are minimal. Birds seldom get too close. One are minimal. Birds seldom get too close. One needs lots of room. Rain soaks in very fast. needs lots of room. Rain soaks in very fast. Too many people doing the same thing can Too many people doing the same thing can also cause problems. If there are no also cause problems. If there are no complications, it can be very peaceful. A rock complications, it can be very peaceful. A rock will serve as an anchor. If things break loose will serve as an anchor. If things break loose from it, however, you will not get a second from it, however, you will not get a second chance.chance.

(Brandford & Johnson, in Aulls, 1982)(Brandford & Johnson, in Aulls, 1982)

KITE!KITE!

Let’s try this one!Let’s try this one!

• Its physical make up is very similar to Its physical make up is very similar to the make up of an orange.the make up of an orange.

• Sometimes an orange has one seed in Sometimes an orange has one seed in its center.its center.

• This also has a single central giant seed This also has a single central giant seed about 760 miles in radius.about 760 miles in radius.

• This inner core serves to give it life, just This inner core serves to give it life, just like the orange seed gives it lifelike the orange seed gives it life..

• Its interior is as liquid as the interior of Its interior is as liquid as the interior of an orangean orange

• However, the liquid of an orange is However, the liquid of an orange is what we call orange juice.what we call orange juice.

• The liquid in this sphere is known as the The liquid in this sphere is known as the outer liquid core.outer liquid core.

• This liquid core is about 1400 miles in This liquid core is about 1400 miles in depth.depth.

• The liquid iron is confined by what is The liquid iron is confined by what is called a rocky mantle; the juice of the called a rocky mantle; the juice of the orange is confined by a white spongy orange is confined by a white spongy cellulose material.cellulose material.

• The difference is that the white cellulose The difference is that the white cellulose is only a fraction of the orange’s radius, is only a fraction of the orange’s radius, while the rocky mantle accounts for while the rocky mantle accounts for about a third of its radius, about 1300 about a third of its radius, about 1300 milesmiles

• As you may have guessed by now, both As you may have guessed by now, both the orange and this sphere have a crust the orange and this sphere have a crust or skin, which serves to protect the or skin, which serves to protect the interior.interior.

Can you guessCan you guess

what the what the

sphere is?sphere is?

The Usual SuspectsThe Usual Suspects

The sun!

A planet!

What helped?What helped?

Knowledge

About science Motivation

Words I’ve digested

Experience with oranges

earth!earth!

Knowledge About Language

Linguistic Features

Do you know all these Do you know all these words?words?

relationrelation setset tabletable valuesvalues

variablesvariables variationvariation withwith setset

areare betweenbetween consistsconsists continuouslycontinuously

correspondingcorresponding curvecurve drawsdraws graphgraph

itit isolatedisolated knownknown makingmaking

onlyonly oftenoften oneone pointspoints

If so, then do you know what this If so, then do you know what this means……..means……..

If the known relation between the If the known relation between the variables consists of a table variables consists of a table of corresponding values, the of corresponding values, the graph consists only of the graph consists only of the corresponding set of isolated corresponding set of isolated point. If the variables are point. If the variables are known to vary continuously, one known to vary continuously, one often draws a curve to show the often draws a curve to show the variationvariation

GOOD SHOW!GOOD SHOW!

It’s a line on a graph!

Knowledge of Text Structure

Cohesive Devices

Narrative Text StructureNarrative Text Structure

Story Structure of NarrativesStory Structure of Narratives

• SettingSetting

• PlotPlot

• Initiating eventInitiating event

• Internal responseInternal response

• AttemptAttempt

• ConsequenceConsequence

• ReactionReaction

Narrative Text StructureNarrative Text Structure

• Is more similar to ordinary conversationIs more similar to ordinary conversation

• Is more familiar to childrenIs more familiar to children

• Is organized into a sequential pattern – Is organized into a sequential pattern – with a beginning, a middle and an endwith a beginning, a middle and an end

• Is easy of keep track ofIs easy of keep track of

Expository textsExpository texts

Structure of Expository TextsStructure of Expository Texts

Types of Types of OrganizationOrganization

1.1. EnumerationEnumeration2.2. Time orderTime order3.3. Comparison/ Comparison/

ContrastContrast4.4. Cause & EffectCause & Effect5.5. Problem - Problem -

SolutionSolution

The Evolution of the DodoHow did the dodo change from being big birds with strong wings and beaksto a big, flightless bird?

CAUSES:______________________

EFFECT:They grew bigger.

CAUSES:No one chasedthem.

Cause and Effect:__________________________

EFFECT:______________________

EFFECT:The dodos wereno longer able tofly.

Expository textsExpository texts

• Provide informationProvide information

• Provide factsProvide facts

• Usually found in content area materialsUsually found in content area materials

• Usually used in newspapersUsually used in newspapers

• Differ from ordinary conversationDiffer from ordinary conversation

• Are used in most school materialsAre used in most school materials

The Reader and the TextThe Reader and the Text

The way the information is The way the information is organized makes a organized makes a

difference in the way we difference in the way we understand and use understand and use

information.information.